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Chen L, Khan A, Dai S, Bermak A, Li W. Metallic Micro-Nano Network-Based Soft Transparent Electrodes: Materials, Processes, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302858. [PMID: 37890452 PMCID: PMC10724424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft transparent electrodes (TEs) have received tremendous interest from academia and industry due to the rapid development of lightweight, transparent soft electronics. Metallic micro-nano networks (MMNNs) are a class of promising soft TEs that exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties, including low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance, as well as superior mechanical properties such as softness, robustness, and desirable stability. They are genuinely interesting alternatives to conventional conductive metal oxides, which are expensive to fabricate and have limited flexibility on soft surfaces. This review summarizes state-of-the-art research developments in MMNN-based soft TEs in terms of performance specifications, fabrication methods, and application areas. The review describes the implementation of MMNN-based soft TEs in optoelectronics, bioelectronics, tactile sensors, energy storage devices, and other applications. Finally, it presents a perspective on the technical difficulties and potential future possibilities for MMNN-based TE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
- Division of Information and Computing TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDoha34110Qatar
| | - Shuqin Dai
- Department School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Amine Bermak
- Division of Information and Computing TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDoha34110Qatar
| | - Wen‐Di Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
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2
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Shankar U, Oberoi D, Bandyopadhyay A. A review on the alternative of indium tin oxide coated glass substrate in flexible and bendable organic optoelectronic device. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uday Shankar
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India
- Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju South Korea
| | - Deepa Oberoi
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Anasuya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus Saharanpur India
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3
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Chung CC, Su DS, Huang TY, Lee CY, Visser RJ, Kwak BL, Bang H, Chen CC, Lin WY, Yen TJ. Nanoscale plasmonic wires with maximal figure of merits as a superior flexible transparent conducting electrode for RGB colors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11029. [PMID: 35773308 PMCID: PMC9246941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on incredibly increasing applications in modern optoelectronic devices, the demand for securing a superior conductive transparent electrode (TCE) candidate becomes significant and urgent. However, boosting both transmittance and conductance simultaneously is an intrinsic limitation. In this work, we present silver nanoscale plasmonic wires (Ag NPWs) to function as TCEs in the visible light region by lowering their corresponding plasma frequencies. By carefully designing geometric dimensions of the Ag NPWs, we also optimize the performance for red, green, and blue colors, respectively. The demonstrated figure of merits for RGB colors appeared respectively 443.29, 459.46, and 133.78 in simulation and 302.75, 344.11, and 348.02 in experiments. Evidently, our Ag NPWs offer much greater FoMs beyond conventional TCEs that are most frequently comprised of indium tin oxide and show further advantages of flexibility and less Moire effect for the applications of flexible and high-resolution optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chien Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Sheng Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Yi Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Robert Jan Visser
- Advanced Technology Group, Corporate CTO Office, Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - B Leo Kwak
- Advanced Technology Group, Corporate CTO Office, Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Hyunsung Bang
- Advanced Technology Group, Corporate CTO Office, Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Chung-Chia Chen
- Advanced Technology Group, Corporate CTO Office, Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Advanced Technology Group, Corporate CTO Office, Applied Materials, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Ta-Jen Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
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Salvador-Porroche A, Herrer L, Sangiao S, Philipp P, Cea P, María De Teresa J. High-Throughput Direct Writing of Metallic Micro- and Nano-Structures by Focused Ga + Beam Irradiation of Palladium Acetate Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28211-28220. [PMID: 35671475 PMCID: PMC9227716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanopatterns are ubiquitous in applications that exploit the electrical conduction at the nanoscale, including interconnects, electrical nanocontacts, and small gaps between metallic pads. These metallic nanopatterns can be designed to show additional physical properties (optical transparency, plasmonic effects, ferromagnetism, superconductivity, heat evacuation, etc.). For these reasons, an intense search for novel lithography methods using uncomplicated processes represents a key on-going issue in the achievement of metallic nanopatterns with high resolution and high throughput. In this contribution, we introduce a simple methodology for the efficient decomposition of Pd3(OAc)6 spin-coated thin films by means of a focused Ga+ beam, which results in metallic-enriched Pd nanostructures. Remarkably, the usage of a charge dose as low as 30 μC/cm2 is sufficient to fabricate structures with a metallic Pd content above 50% (at.) exhibiting low electrical resistivity (70 μΩ·cm). Binary-collision-approximation simulations provide theoretical support to this experimental finding. Such notable behavior is used to provide three proof-of-concept applications: (i) creation of electrical contacts to nanowires, (ii) fabrication of small (40 nm) gaps between large metallic contact pads, and (iii) fabrication of large-area metallic meshes. The impact across several fields of the direct decomposition of spin-coated organometallic films by focused ion beams is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Salvador-Porroche
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Lucía Herrer
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Patrick Philipp
- Advanced
Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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Han Y, Hu Z, Zha W, Chen X, Yin L, Guo J, Li Z, Luo Q, Su W, Ma CQ. 12.42% Monolithic 25.42 cm 2 Flexible Organic Solar Cells Enabled by an Amorphous ITO-Modified Metal Grid Electrode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110276. [PMID: 35243697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Printed metal nanogrid electrode exhibits superior characteristics for use in flexible organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the high surface roughness and inhomogeneity between grid and blank region is adverse for performance improvement. In this work, a thin amorphous indium tin oxide (ITO) film (α-ITO) is introduced to fill the blank and to improve the charge transporting. The introduction of α-ITO significantly improves the comprehensive properties of metal grid electrode, which exhibits excellent bending resistance and long-term stability under double 85 condition (under 85 °C and 85% relative humidity) for 200 h. Both experimental and simulation results reveal α-ITO with a sheet resistance of 20 000 Ω □-1 is sufficient to improve the charge transporting within the adjacent grids, leading to a remarkable efficiency of 16.54% for 1 cm2 flexible devices. With area increased to 4.00, 9.00, and 25.42 cm2 , the devices still display a performance of 16.22%, 14.69%, and 12.42%, respectively, showing less efficiency loss during upscaling. And the 25.42 cm2 monolithic flexible device exhibits a certificated efficiency of 12.03%. Moreover, the device shows significantly improved air stability relative to conventional high-conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate-modified device. All these make the α-ITO-modified Ag/Cu electrode promise to achieve high-efficient and long-term stable large-area flexible OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Han
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Zishou Hu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano-Device and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nano Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wusong Zha
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolian Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano-Device and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nano Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Li Yin
- School of Science, School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Guo
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyun Li
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Wenming Su
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano-Device and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nano Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
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6
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Kim HJ, Kim Y. Copper micromesh-based lightweight transparent conductor with short response time for wearable heaters. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThickness-controlled transparent conducting films (TCFs) were fabricated by transfer printing a 100 nm thick Cu micromesh structure onto poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) substrates of different thicknesses (~ 50, ~ 80, and ~ 120 μm) to develop a lightweight transparent wearable heater with short response time. The Cu mesh-based TCF fabricated on a ~ 50 µm thick PVA substrate exhibited excellent optical and electrical properties with a light transmittance of 86.7% at 550 nm, sheet resistance of ~ 10.8 Ω/sq, and figure-of-merit of approximately 236, which are comparable to commercial indium tin oxide film-based transparent conductors. The remarkable flexibility of the Cu mesh-based TCF was demonstrated through cyclic mechanical bending tests. In addition, the Cu mesh-based TCF with ~ 50 μm thick PVA substrate demonstrated a fast Joule heating performance with a thermal response time of ~ 18.0 s and a ramping rate of ~ 3.0 ℃/s under a driving voltage of 2.5 V. Lastly, the reliable response and recovery characteristics of the Cu mesh/PVA film-based transparent heater were confirmed through the cyclic power test. We believe that the results of this study is useful in the development of flexible transparent heaters, including lightweight deicing/defogging films, wearable sensors/actuators, and medical thermotherapy pads.
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7
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Zhu X, Liu M, Qi X, Li H, Zhang YF, Li Z, Peng Z, Yang J, Qian L, Xu Q, Gou N, He J, Li D, Lan H. Templateless, Plating-Free Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Silver Mesh by Electric-Field-Driven Microscale 3D Printing and Hybrid Hot Embossing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007772. [PMID: 33829552 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with an embedded metal mesh are considered a promising alternative to traditional indium tin oxide (ITO) due to their excellent photoelectric performance, surface roughness, and mechanical and environmental stability. However, great challenges remain for achieving simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly manufacturing of high-performance FTEs with embedded metal mesh. Herein, a maskless, templateless, and plating-free fabrication technique is proposed for FTEs with embedded silver mesh by combining an electric-field-driven (EFD) microscale 3D printing technique and a newly developed hybrid hot-embossing process. The final fabricated FTE exhibits superior optoelectronic properties with a transmittance of 85.79%, a sheet resistance of 0.75 Ω sq-1 , a smooth surface of silver mesh (Ra ≈ 18.8 nm) without any polishing treatment, and remarkable mechanical stability and environmental adaptability with a negligible increase in sheet resistance under diverse cyclic tests and harsh working conditions (1000 bending cycles, 80 adhesion tests, 120 scratch tests, 100 min ultrasonic test, and 72 h chemical attack). The practical viability of this FTE is successfully demonstrated with a flexible transparent heater applied to deicing. The technique proposed offers a promising fabrication strategy with a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process for high-performance FTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Hongke Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Zhang
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Zilong Peng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Nairui Gou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongbo Lan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
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8
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He X, Cao Q, Pan J, Yang L, He S. Patterned few nanometer-thick silver films with high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11481-11489. [PMID: 35423615 PMCID: PMC8695985 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are experimentally demonstrated using patterned few nanometer-thick silver films on zinc oxide-coated rigid and flexible substrates. The grid lines are completely continuous, but only 8.4 nm thick. This is the thinnest metallic grid we are aware of. Owing to the high transparency of both the grid lines and spacing, our TCE with an opening ratio (OR) as small as 36% achieves an average optical transmittance up to ∼90% in the visible regime, breaking the optical limits of both the unpatterned film counterpart and the thick grid counterpart (whose optical transmittance is determined by the OR). The small OR enables a low sheet resistance of ∼21.5 Ω sq−1. The figure of merit up to ∼17 kΩ−1 is superior to those of the unpatterned film counterpart, our fabricated 180 nm thick ITO, as well as most reported thick metal grid TCEs. Our ultrathin TCE, firmly attached to the substrate, is mechanically more flexible and more stable than the film counterpart and ITO. As a flexible transparent film heater, it achieves comparable or even superior heating performances with previously-reported heaters and performs well in a thermochromic test. Patterned few nanometers thick silver films with high optical transparency, electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qijie Cao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jing Pan
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Liu Yang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China .,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China .,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China.,JORCEP, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Nizameev IR, Nizameeva GR, Faizullin RR, Kadirov MK. Oriented Nickel Nanonetworks and Their Submicron Fibres as a Basis for a Transparent Electrically Conductive Coating. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:288-292. [PMID: 33325116 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper demonstrates a technique for applying an oriented nickel network to a glass surface. The method is based on the chemical reduction of nickel salt. The shaping and orientation of the resulting system are carried out using a micellar template of a surfactant and a magnetic field. Submicron nickel fibres are used to impart unity to the plurality of individual-oriented nickel nanonetworks. The result is a single conductive coating on the surface of the glass, which has a transparency in the optical range. Investigations of the structure, chemical composition, morphology and electrical conductivity of the coating were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irek R Nizameev
- Laboratory of electrochemical synthesis, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation.,Department for Nanotechnologies in Electronics, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, K. Marx str. 10, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Guliya R Nizameeva
- Department of physics, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx str. 68, Kazan, 420015, Russian Federation
| | - Rashid R Faizullin
- Department for Nanotechnologies in Electronics, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, K. Marx str. 10, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Marsil K Kadirov
- Laboratory of electrochemical synthesis, Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
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10
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Wu H, Yang G, Zhu K, Liu S, Guo W, Jiang Z, Li Z. Materials, Devices, and Systems of On-Skin Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001938. [PMID: 33511003 PMCID: PMC7816724 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes function as an ideal platform for collecting high-quality electrophysiological (EP) signals due to their unique characteristics, such as stretchability, conformal interfaces with skin, biocompatibility, and wearable comfort. The past decade has witnessed great advancements in performance optimization and function extension of on-skin electrodes. With continuous development and great promise for practical applications, on-skin electrodes are playing an increasingly important role in EP monitoring and human-machine interfaces (HMI). In this review, the latest progress in the development of on-skin electrodes and their integrated system is summarized. Desirable features of on-skin electrodes are briefly discussed from the perspective of performances. Then, recent advances in the development of electrode materials, followed by the analysis of strategies and methods to enhance adhesion and breathability of on-skin electrodes are examined. In addition, representative integrated electrode systems and practical applications of on-skin electrodes in healthcare monitoring and HMI are introduced in detail. It is concluded with the discussion of key challenges and opportunities for on-skin electrodes and their integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Kanhao Zhu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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11
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Sun Z, He Y, Xiong B, Chen S, Li M, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Sun K, Yang C. Strategien zur Steigerung der Leistung von PEDOT:PSS/Si‐Hybrid‐Solarzellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Ya He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Banglun Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- School of Energy & Power Engineering State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Meng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Yongli Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- School of Energy & Power Engineering State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Kuan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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12
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Sun Z, He Y, Xiong B, Chen S, Li M, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Sun K, Yang C. Performance-Enhancing Approaches for PEDOT:PSS-Si Hybrid Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:5036-5055. [PMID: 31840360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emerging energy crisis has focused significant worldwide attention on solar cells. Although crystalline silicon solar cells are currently widely used, their high cost limits the development of solar power generation. Consequently, hybrid solar cells are becoming increasingly important, especially organic-Si hybrid solar cells (HSCs). Organic-Si HSCs combine a mature technology and high efficiency with the low-temperature manufacturing process and tunable optoelectronic properties of organic solar cells. The organic material can be P3HT, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and PEDOT:PSS. Here we review the performance of PEDOT:PSS/Si HSCs and methods for improving their efficiency, such as PEDOT:PSS modification, optimization of the trapping effect, passivation of the silicon surface, addition of an interface layer, improvement of a back contact, and optimization of the metal top electrode. This Review should help fill the gap in this area and provide perspectives for the future development of the PEDOT:PSS/Si HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ya He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Banglun Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Energy & Power Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Meng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yongli Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Kuan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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13
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Muzzillo CP, Reese MO, Mansfield LM. Macroscopic Nonuniformities in Metal Grids Formed by Cracked Film Lithography Result in 19.3% Efficient Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25895-25902. [PMID: 32396321 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cracked film lithography (CFL) is an emerging method for patterning transparent conductive metal grids. CFL can be vacuum- and Ag-free, and it forms more durable grids than nanowire approaches. In spite of CFL's promising transmittance/grid sheet resistance/wire spacing tradeoffs, previous solar cell demonstrations have had relatively low performance. This work introduces macroscopic nonuniformities in the grids to improve the short-circuit current density/fill factor tradeoff in small area Cu(In,Ga)Se2 cells. The performance of optimized baseline grids is matched by CFL grids with microscopic openings and macroscopic patterns, culminating in a 19.3% efficient cell. Simulations show that uniform CFL grids are enhanced by patterning because it leads to better balance among shadowing, grid resistance, and transparent conductive oxide resistance losses. Thin-film module efficiency calculations are performed to highlight the performance gains that metal grids can enable by eliminating the transparent conductive oxide losses and widening monoliths. Adding the patterned CFL grids demonstrated in this work to CIGS modules is predicted to reach 0.7% higher efficiency (absolute) than screen-printed grids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Muzzillo
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Matthew O Reese
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Lorelle M Mansfield
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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14
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Jeong G, Koo D, Seo J, Jung S, Choi Y, Lee J, Park H. Suppressed Interdiffusion and Degradation in Flexible and Transparent Metal Electrode-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with a Graphene Interlayer. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3718-3727. [PMID: 32223250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are attractive candidates for application in indium tin oxide (ITO)-free solar cells due to their excellent electrical conductivity and cost effectiveness. In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), metal-induced degradation with the perovskite layer leads to various detrimental effects, deteriorating the device performance and stability. Here, we introduce a novel flexible hybrid TCE consisting of a Cu grid-embedded polyimide film and a graphene capping layer, named GCEP, which exhibits excellent mechanical and chemical stability as well as desirable optoelectrical properties. We demonstrated the critical role of graphene as a protection layer to prevent metal-induced degradation and halide diffusion between the electrode and perovskite layer; the performance of the flexible PSCs fabricated with GCEP was comparable to that of their rigid ITO-based counterparts and also exhibited outstanding mechanical and chemical stability. This work provides an effective strategy to design mechanically and chemically robust ITO-free metal-assisted TCE platforms in PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyujeong Jeong
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Koo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyung Seo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungon Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseong Choi
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ag-fiber/graphene hybrid electrodes for highly flexible and transparent optoelectronic devices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5117. [PMID: 32198465 PMCID: PMC7083935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) have attracted considerable attention towards the development of flexible optoelectronic devices. In this study, mixed-dimensional TCEs are fabricated based on the two-dimensional graphene and one-dimensional electrospun metal fiber that can address the shortcomings of each electrode. In comparison with other TCEs, the Ag fiber/graphene hybrid electrodes exhibited a highly stable morphology (67% lower peak-to-valley ratio), low sheet resistance (approximately 11 Ω/sq), high transmittance (approximately 94%), high oxidation stability with excellent flexibility, and outstanding chemical stability. The multiple functionalities of the transparent and flexible hybrid structure highlight its potential for applications in emerging electronics and highly stable optoelectronics.
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16
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Li L, Fan Q, Xue H, Zhang S, Wu S, He Z, Wang J. Recrystallized ice-templated electroless plating for fabricating flexible transparent copper meshes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9894-9901. [PMID: 35498573 PMCID: PMC9052333 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductors as a replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) have been urgently pursued due to the inherent drawbacks of ITO films. Here, we report the fabrication of flexible transparent copper meshes with recrystallized ice-crystal templates. Completely different to conventional approaches, this novel method needs neither the fabrication of mesh patterns via micro/nanofabrication technologies nor the deposition of copper through evaporation or sputtering. The linewidth and mesh size of the prepared copper meshes can be regulated, as the ice recrystallization process is controllable. Therefore, the formed copper meshes have tailorable conductivity and transparency, which are critical for optoelectronic devices. Remarkably, the electrical performance of the copper meshes is maintained even after storing for 60 days in ambient conditions or bending for 1000 cycles. This strategy is modular and can also be employed to prepare other metal meshes, such as silver meshes, offering versatile substitutes for ITO in electronic devices. Herein, we report the fabrication of flexible copper meshes using recrystallized ice-crystal templates. The linewidth and mean size of the copper meshes can be tuned by adjusting the ice grains.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qingrui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Han Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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17
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Kim DW, Min SY, Lee Y, Jeong U. Transparent Flexible Nanoline Field-Effect Transistor Array with High Integration in a Large Area. ACS NANO 2020; 14:907-918. [PMID: 31895536 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transparent flexible transistor array requests large-area fabrication, high integration, high manufacturing throughput, inexpensive process, uniformity in transistor performance, and reproducibility. This study suggests a facile and reliable approach to meet the requirements. We use the Al-coated polymer nanofiber patterns obtained by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing as a photomask. We use the lithography and deposition to produce highly aligned nanolines (NLs) of metals, insulators, and semiconductors on large substrates. With these NLs, we demonstrate a highly integrated NL field-effect transistor (NL-FET) array (105/(4 × 4 in2), 254 pixel-per-inch) made of pentacene and indium zinc oxide semiconductor NLs. In addition, we demonstrate a NL complementary inverter (NL-CI) circuit consisting of pentacene and fullerene NLs. The NL-FET array shows high transparency (∼90%), flexibility (stable at 2.5 mm bending radius), uniformity (∼90%), and high performances (mobility = 0.52 cm2/(V s), on-off ratio = 7.0 × 106). The NL-CI circuit also shows high transparency, flexibility, and typical switching characteristic with a gain of 21. The reliable large-scale fabrication of the various NLs proposed in this study is expected to be applied for manufacturing transparent flexible nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-Gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Min
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-Gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-gu , 08826 Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-Gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
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18
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Park J, Lee S, Kim DI, Kim YY, Kim S, Kim HJ, Kim Y. Evaporation-Rate Control of Water Droplets on Flexible Transparent Heater for Sensor Application. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19224918. [PMID: 31718113 PMCID: PMC6891349 DOI: 10.3390/s19224918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To develop high-performance de- or anti-frosting/icing devices based on transparent heaters, it is necessary to study the evaporation-rate control of droplets on heater surfaces. However, almost no research has been done on the evaporation-rate control of liquid droplets on transparent heaters. In this study, we investigate the evaporation characteristics of water droplets on transparent heater surfaces and determine that they depend upon the surface wettability, by modifying which, the complete evaporation time can be controlled. In addition, we study the defrosting and deicing performances through the surface wettability, by placing the flexible transparent heater on a webcam. The obtained results can be used as fundamental data for the transparent defrosting and deicing systems of closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera lenses, smart windows, vehicle backup cameras, aircraft windows, and sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesoung Park
- Convergence Materials Research Center, Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi 39171, Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Suhan Lee
- Convergence Medical Devices Research Center, Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi 39253, Korea;
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Center for Integrated Smart Sensors (CISS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Young-You Kim
- Department of Physics, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea;
| | - Samsoo Kim
- Convergence Materials Research Center, Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi 39171, Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Han-Jung Kim
- Convergence Materials Research Center, Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi 39171, Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (Y.K.); Tel.: +82-54-479-2133 (H.-J.K.); +82-54-479-2120 (Y.K.)
| | - Yoonkap Kim
- Convergence Materials Research Center, Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi 39171, Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (Y.K.); Tel.: +82-54-479-2133 (H.-J.K.); +82-54-479-2120 (Y.K.)
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19
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Meng X, Xu Y, Wang Q, Yang X, Guo J, Hu X, Tan L, Chen Y. Silver Mesh Electrodes via Electroless Deposition-Coupled Inkjet-Printing Mask Technology for Flexible Polymer Solar Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9713-9720. [PMID: 31276416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of metal grids as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) in optoelectronic devices is significantly influenced by poor adhesion and thickness difference between the metal and the substrate, resistance distribution uniformity, and a high annealing temperature. Direct inkjet printing of the metal mesh can overcome junction resistance while maintaining high conductivity, but the metal mesh thickness is still unsatisfactory. In addition, inkjet printing of mechanically durable metal FTEs directly on flexible substrates is challenging because of the high-temperature sintering treatment. Electroless deposition is a well-established method for low-cost and large-scale deposition of metal films. Here, ultrathin and ultraflexible Ag mesh@polydopamine (PDA)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) FTEs were fabricated by integrating inkjet-printed polymer matrices on a PDA-modified flexible PET substrate to form consecutive patterns as a mask and performing subsequent electroless deposition of the Ag mesh. The FTEs exhibit an excellent sheet resistance (Rs) of 9 Ω/sq with 89.9% transmittance. The resultant polymer solar cells show a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.24% with 1 cm2 area and feature excellent flexural endurance (81% of initial PCE after 1500 bending cycles) and operational reliability (83% of initial PCE after 30 days). This ecofriendly and large-area fabrication technique has potential for future commercial applications of wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchuan Meng
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Yifan Xu
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Qingxia Wang
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Jinmao Guo
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Licheng Tan
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry , Nanchang University , 999 Xuefu Avenue , Nanchang 330031 , China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , China
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20
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Chung SI, Kim PK, Ha TG, Han JT. High-performance flexible transparent nanomesh electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:125301. [PMID: 30602141 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aafb94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective process for producing high-performance Ag-paste-based flexible transparent nanomesh electrodes (FTNEs) was developed by optimizing their linewidth, pitch, and height. These nanomesh electrodes, with a linewidth of several hundred nanometers and a pitch of 10-200 μm on a PET substrate, achieved wide ranges of transmittance (83.1%-98.8%) and sheet resistance (1.2-30.9 Ω/sq) and a figure of merit (992-1619) superior to those of indium tin oxide and silver nanowire (AgNW) electrodes. Our evaluation of their flexibility (testing up to 50 000 cycles) and their electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness verifies the applicability of these FTNEs to various flexible optoelectronic devices.
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21
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Lee SM, Oh S, Chang ST. Highly Transparent, Flexible Conductors and Heaters Based on Metal Nanomesh Structures Manufactured Using an All-Water-Based Solution Process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4541-4550. [PMID: 30609344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal mesh is a promising material for flexible transparent conducting electrodes due to its outstanding physical and electrical properties. The excellent control of the sheet resistance and transmittance provided by the metal mesh electrodes is a great advantage for microelectronic applications. Thus, over the past decade, many studies have been performed in order to realize high-performance metal mesh; however, the lack of cost-effective fabrication processes and the weak adhesion between the metal mesh and substrate have hindered its widespread adoption for flexible optoelectronic applications. In this study, a new approach for fabricating robust silver mesh without using hazardous organic solvents is achieved by combining colloidal deposition and silver enhancement steps. The adhesion of the metal mesh was greatly improved by introducing an intermediate adhesion layer. Various patterns relevant to optoelectronic applications were fabricated with a minimum feature size of 700 nm, resulting in high optical transmittance of 97.7% and also high conductivity (71.6 Ω sq-1) of the metal mesh. In addition, we demonstrated an effective transparent heater using the silver mesh with excellent exothermic behavior, which heated up to 245 °C with 7 V applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Tai Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
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22
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Su Y, Liu Y, Xu X, Zhou J, Xu L, Xu X, Wang D, Li M, Chen K, Wang W. On-Demand Versatile Prodrug Nanomicelle for Tumor-Specific Bioimaging and Photothermal-Chemo Synergistic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38700-38714. [PMID: 30360090 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy is a promising approach for antitumor application although regrettably restricted by available photothermal agents. Physical entrapment of organic near-infrared dyes into nanosystems was extensively studied to reverse the dilemma. However, problems still remained, such as drug bursting and leakage. We developed here an amphiphilic prodrug conjugate by chemically modifying indocyanine green derivative (ICG-COOH) and paclitaxel (PTX) to hyaluronic acid (HA) backbone for integration of photothermal-chemotherapy and specific tumor imaging. The prepared ICG-HA-PTX conjugates could self-assemble into nanomicelles to improve the stability and reduce systemic toxicity of the therapeutic agents. The high local concentration of ICG-COOH in nanomicelles resulted in fluorescence self-quenching, leading to no fluorescence signal being detected in circulation. When the nanomicelles reached the tumor site via electron paramagnetic resonance effect and HA-mediated active targeting, the overexpressed esterase in tumor cells ruptured the ester linkage between drugs and HA, achieving tumor-targeted therapy and specific imaging. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the easily prepared ICG- HA-PTX nanomicelles with high stability, smart release behavio r, and excellent tumor targeting ability showed formidable synergy in tumor inhibition, which provided new thoughts in developing an organic near-infrared-dye-based multifunctional delivery system for tumor theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xiangting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Department of Pharmacology , Nantong University Pharmacy College , Nantong 226000 , China
| | - Dun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Kerong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
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23
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Kang MS, Joh H, Kim H, Yun HW, Kim D, Woo HK, Lee WS, Hong SH, Oh SJ. Synergetic effects of ligand exchange and reduction process enhancing both electrical and optical properties of Ag nanocrystals for multifunctional transparent electrodes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18415-18422. [PMID: 30256372 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05212c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a low cost, room-temperature and atmospheric pressure based chemical method to produce highly transparent, conductive, and flexible nano-mesh structured electrodes using Ag nanocrystals (NCs). Sequential treatments of ligand exchange and reduction processes were developed to engineer the optoelectronic properties of Ag NC thin films. Combinatorial analysis indicates that the origin of the relatively low conductivity comes from the non-metallic compounds that are introduced during ligand exchange. The reduction process successfully removed these non-metallic compounds, yielding structurally uniform, optically more transparent, dispersive, and electrically more conductive thin films. We optimized the design of Ag NC thin film mesh structures, and achieved low sheet resistance (9.12 Ω □-1), high optical transmittance (94.7%), and the highest figure of merit (FOM) of 6.37 × 10-2. Solution processed flexible transparent heaters, touch pads, and wearable sensors are demonstrated, emphasizing the potential applications of Ag NC transparent electrodes in multifunctional sensors and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Cai J, Zhang C, Khan A, Wang L, Li WD. Selective Electroless Metallization of Micro- and Nanopatterns via Poly(dopamine) Modification and Palladium Nanoparticle Catalysis for Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28754-28763. [PMID: 30084253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The authors report a new patterned electroless metallization process for creating micro- and nanoscale metallic structures on polymeric substrates, which are essential for emerging flexible and stretchable optical and electronic applications. This novel process features a selective adsorption of catalytic Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) on a lithographically masked poly(dopamine) (PDA) interlayer in situ polymerized on the substrates. The moisture-resistant PDA layer has excellent stability under a harsh electroless plating bath, which enables electroless metallization on versatile substrate materials regardless of their hydrophobicity, and significantly strengthens the attachment of electroless plated metallic structures on the polymeric substrates. Prototype devices fabricated using this PDA-assisted electroless metallization patterning exhibit superior mechanical stability under high bending and stretching stress. The lithographic patterning of the PDA spatially confines the adsorption of PdNPs and reduces defects due to random adsorption of catalytic particles on the undesired area. The high resolution of the lithographic patterning enables the demonstration of a copper micrograting pattern with a linewidth down to 2 μm and a silver plasmonic nanodisk array with a 500 nm pitch. A copper mesh is also fabricated using our new patterned electroless metallization process and functions as flexible transparent electrodes with >80% visible transmittance and <1 Ω sq-1 sheet resistance. Moreover, flexible and stretchable dynamic electroluminescent displays and functional flexible printed circuits are demonstrated to show the promising capability of our fabrication process in versatile flexible and stretchable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
| | - Wen-Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
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25
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Li D, Han T, Ruan H. Solution-Assembled Ordered Grids Constructed with Silver Nanowires as Transparent Conductive Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7191-7195. [PMID: 31458881 PMCID: PMC6644755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) composed of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) have shown promising applications recently. In this study, we propose a solution-assembled process to obtain the pattern controllable and uniform-ordered Ag NW grid TCEs by combining with the lithographic technique. The transmittance of Ag NW grid TCEs is controlled by the pattern of grids, but its sheet resistance can be tuned by the diameter of Ag NWs in the grids. As the pattern of grids is fixed, conductive property will improve with the decline of the diameter of Ag NWs. This is a new and efficient strategy to resolve the trade-off between optical transmittance and conductive properties of the random metal nanowire networks for optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Li
- Chongqing
Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices,
Research Institute for New Material Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319, Honghe Road, Yongchuan District, Chongqing 402160, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Han
- Chongqing
Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices,
Research Institute for New Material Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319, Honghe Road, Yongchuan District, Chongqing 402160, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Ruan
- Chongqing
Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices,
Research Institute for New Material Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319, Honghe Road, Yongchuan District, Chongqing 402160, People’s Republic of China
- School
of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China, No.4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, China
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26
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Bermundo JPS, Ishikawa Y, Fujii MN, Ikenoue H, Uraoka Y. Instantaneous Semiconductor-to-Conductor Transformation of a Transparent Oxide Semiconductor a-InGaZnO at 45 °C. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24590-24597. [PMID: 29927571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emphasis on ubiquitous technology means that future technological applications will depend heavily on transparent conducting materials. To facilitate truly ubiquitous applications, transparent conductors should be fabricated at low temperatures (<50 °C). Here, we demonstrate an instantaneous (<100 ns) and low-temperature (<45 °C at the substrate) method, excimer laser irradiation, for the transformation of an a-InGaZnO semiconductor into a transparent highly conductive oxide with performance rivaling traditional and emerging transparent conductors. Our analysis shows that the instantaneous and substantial conductivity enhancement is due to the generation of a large amount of oxygen vacancies in a-InGaZnO after irradiation. The method's combination of low temperature, extremely rapid process, and applicability to other materials will create a new class of transparent conductors for the high-throughput roll-to-roll fabrication of future flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Paolo S Bermundo
- Graduate School of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Mami N Fujii
- Graduate School of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikenoue
- Department of Gigaphoton Next GLP , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Yukiharu Uraoka
- Graduate School of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
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27
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Lu H, Ren X, Ouyang D, Choy WCH. Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703140. [PMID: 29356408 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging novel metal electrodes not only serve as the collector of free charge carriers, but also function as light trapping designs in photovoltaics. As a potential alternative to commercial indium tin oxide, transparent electrodes composed of metal nanowire, metal mesh, and ultrathin metal film are intensively investigated and developed for achieving high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, light trapping designs via patterning of the back thick metal electrode into different nanostructures, which can deliver a considerable efficiency improvement of photovoltaic devices, contribute by the plasmon-enhanced light-mattering interactions. Therefore, here the recent works of metal-based transparent electrodes and patterned back electrodes in photovoltaics are reviewed, which may push the future development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Ren
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dan Ouyang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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28
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Kwon SJ, Kang JH, Kim SJ, Koh WG, Song HJ, Lee S. Effects of Organic Acids and a Fluoropolymer on the Conductivity and Transparency of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Lu S, Sun Y, Ren K, Liu K, Wang Z, Qu S. Recent Development in ITO-free Flexible Polymer Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E5. [PMID: 30966042 PMCID: PMC6414855 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer solar cells have shown good prospect for development due to their advantages of low-cost, light-weight, solution processable fabrication, and mechanical flexibility. Their compatibility with the industrial roll-to-roll manufacturing process makes it superior to other kind of solar cells. Normally, indium tin oxide (ITO) is adopted as the transparent electrode in polymer solar cells, which combines good conductivity and transparency. However, some intrinsic weaknesses of ITO restrict its large scale applications in the future, including a high fabrication price using high temperature vacuum deposition method, scarcity of indium, brittleness and scaling up of resistance with the increase of area. Some substitutes to ITO have emerged in recent years, which can be used in flexible polymer solar cells. This article provides the review on recent progress using other transparent electrodes, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanowires and nanogrids, conductive polymer, and some other electrodes. Device stability is also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudi Lu
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Kuankuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Kong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shengchun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
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30
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Khan A, Lee S, Jang T, Xiong Z, Zhang C, Tang J, Guo LJ, Li WD. Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28671661 DOI: 10.3791/56019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 Ω/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) - up to 1.5 x 104 - which are amongst the best values in the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong
| | - Sangeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan
| | - Taehee Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
| | - Ze Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong
| | - L Jay Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
| | - Wen-Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation;
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31
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Park J, Hyun BG, An BW, Im HG, Park YG, Jang J, Park JU, Bae BS. Flexible Transparent Conductive Films with High Performance and Reliability Using Hybrid Structures of Continuous Metal Nanofiber Networks for Flexible Optoelectronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20299-20305. [PMID: 28585812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an Ag nanofiber-embedded glass-fabric reinforced hybrimer (AgNF-GFRHybrimer) composite film as a reliable and high-performance flexible transparent conducting film. The continuous AgNF network provides superior optoelectronic properties of the composite film by minimizing transmission loss and junction resistance. In addition, the excellent thermal/chemical stability and mechanical durability of the GFRHybrimer matrix provides enhanced mechanical durability and reliability of the final AgNF-GFRHybrimer composite film. To demonstrate the availability of our AgNF-GFRHybrimer composite as a transparent conducting film, we fabricated a flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device on the AgNF-GFRHybrimer film; the OLED showed stable operation during a flexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Park
- Wearable Platform Material Technology Center, Laboratory of Optical Materials and Coating (LOMC), Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gwan Hyun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wan An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gyun Im
- Creative and Fundamental Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) , Changwon-si 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- Wearable Platform Material Technology Center, Laboratory of Optical Materials and Coating (LOMC), Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Soo Bae
- Wearable Platform Material Technology Center, Laboratory of Optical Materials and Coating (LOMC), Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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32
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Yu S, Han HJ, Kim JM, Yim S, Sim DM, Lim H, Lee JH, Park WI, Park JH, Kim KH, Jung YS. Area-Selective Lift-Off Mechanism Based on Dual-Triggered Interfacial Adhesion Switching: Highly Facile Fabrication of Flexible Nanomesh Electrode. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3506-3516. [PMID: 28245104 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With the recent emergence of flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices, the achievement of sufficient bendability and stretchability of transparent and conducting electrodes (TCEs) has become an important requirement. Although metal-mesh-based structures have been investigated for TCEs because of their excellent performances, the fabrication of mesh or grid structures with a submicron line width is still complex due to the requirements of laborious lithography and pattern transfer steps. Here, we introduce an extremely facile fabrication technique for metal patterns embedded in a flexible substrate based on submicron replication and an area-selective delamination (ASD) pattern. The high-yield, area-specific lift-off process is based on the principle of solvent-assisted delamination of deposited metal thin films and a mechanical triggering effect by soft wiping or ultrasonication. Our fabrication process is very simple, convenient, and cost-effective in that it does not require any lithography/etching steps or sophisticated facilities. Moreover, their outstanding optical and electrical properties (e.g., sheet resistances of 0.43 Ω sq-1 at 94% transmittance), which are markedly superior to those of other flexible TCEs, are demonstrated. Furthermore, there is no significant change of resistance over 1000 repeated bending cycles, with a bending radius of 5 mm, and immersion in various solvents such as salt water and organic solvents. Finally, we demonstrate high-performance transparent heaters and flexible touch panels fabricated using the nanomesh electrode, confirming the long-range electrical conduction and reliability of the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeuk Jin Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Yim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Sim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunhee Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hye Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ik Park
- Global Frontier R&D Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM) , Pusandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Division of Nano-Convergence Technology, Korea National NanoFab Center , 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Global Frontier R&D Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM) , Pusandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano-Convergence Technology, Korea National NanoFab Center , 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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33
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Lee S, Kim DI, Kim YY, Park SE, Choi G, Kim Y, Kim HJ. Droplet evaporation characteristics on transparent heaters with different wettabilities. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaporation characteristics of a droplet on the surface of a transparent heater depend on the surface wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhan Lee
- Convergence Medical Devices Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39253
- South Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Center for Integrated Smart Sensors (CISS)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Young-You Kim
- Department of Physics
- Kongju National University
- Gongju 32588
- South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Park
- Convergence Materials & Parts Technology Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39171
- South Korea
| | - Gyuseok Choi
- Convergence Materials & Parts Technology Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39171
- South Korea
| | - Yoonkap Kim
- Convergence Materials & Parts Technology Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39171
- South Korea
| | - Han-Jung Kim
- Center for Integrated Smart Sensors (CISS)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
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34
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Jang J, Im HG, Jin J, Lee J, Lee JY, Bae BS. A Flexible and Robust Transparent Conducting Electrode Platform Using an Electroplated Silver Grid/Surface-Embedded Silver Nanowire Hybrid Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27035-27043. [PMID: 27633097 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report flexible transparent conducting electrode (TCE) film using a silver grid (Ag grid)/silver nanowire (AgNW) hybrid structure (AG/NW-GFRHybrimer). The AG/NW-GFRHybrimer consists of an AgNW-embedded glass-fabric reinforced plastic film (AgNW-GFRHybrimer) and an electroplated Ag grid. The AgNW-GFRHybrimer is used as a flexible transparent substrate and a seed layer for electroplating. The Ag grid is fabricated via an all-solution-process; the grid pattern is formed using conventional photolithography, and Ag is deposited through electroplating. The AG/NW-GFRHybrimer exhibits excellent opto-electrical properties (transparency = 87%, sheet resistance = 13 Ω/□), superior thermal stability (250 °C for 720 min and 85 °C/85% RH for 100 h), and outstanding mechanical flexibility (bending radius = 1 mm for 2000 cycles). Finally, a touch-screen panel (four-wire resistive type) was fabricated using the AG/NW-GFRHybrimer to demonstrate its potential for use in actual optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungho Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan , Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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35
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Kim J, Nam YS, Song MH, Park HW. Large Pulsed Electron Beam Welded Percolation Networks of Silver Nanowires for Transparent and Flexible Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20938-20945. [PMID: 27463783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of transparent electrodes, including flexibility, are important in flexible electronics for sustaining electrical conductivity under bending with small radius of curvature. Low contact resistance of junctions in metal nanowire percolation networks is the most important factor to produce electrodes with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical performance. Here, we report the fabrication of welded silver nanowire percolation networks using large pulsed electron beam (LPEB) irradiation as a welding process of silver nanowires (AgNWs). It results in modification of electrical and mechanical properties because of the low contact resistance at welded junctions. Consequently, the flexible and transparent AgNW electrodes fabricated by LPEB irradiation showed lower sheet resistance of 12.63 Ω sq(-1) at high transmittance of 93% (at 550 nm), and superb mechanical flexibility, compared with other AgNW electrodes prepared by thermal treatement and without any treatment. Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) using AgNWs by LPEB irradiation were fabricated to confirm that the AgNW electrode by LPEB irradiation was able to become alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) and they showed good device performance as a maximum luminous efficiency of 7.37 cd A(-1), and excellent mechanical flexibility under bending with small radius of curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Kim
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea , 44919
| | - Yun Seok Nam
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea , 44919
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea , 44919
| | - Hyung Wook Park
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea , 44919
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36
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Jang S, Jung WB, Kim C, Won P, Lee SG, Cho KM, Jin ML, An CJ, Jeon HJ, Ko SH, Kim TS, Jung HT. A three-dimensional metal grid mesh as a practical alternative to ITO. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14257-14263. [PMID: 27404907 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of a practical alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) is one of the most important issues in flexible optoelectronics. In spite of recent progress in this field, existing approaches to prepare transparent electrodes do not satisfy all of their essential requirements. Here, we present a new substrate-embedded tall (∼350 nm) and thin (∼30 nm) three-dimensional (3D) metal grid mesh structure with a large area, which is prepared via secondary sputtering. This structure satisfies most of the essential requirements of transparent electrodes for practical applications in future opto-electronics: excellent optoelectronic performance (a sheet resistance of 9.8 Ω□(-1) with a transmittance of 85.2%), high stretchability (no significant change in resistance for applied strains <15%), a sub-micrometer mesh period, a flat surface (a root mean square roughness of approximately 5 nm), no haze (approximately 0.5%), and strong adhesion to polymer substrates (it survives attempted detachment with 3M Scotch tape). Such outstanding properties are attributed to the unique substrate-embedded 3D structure of the electrode, which can be obtained with a high aspect ratio and in high resolution over large areas with a simple process. As a demonstration of its suitability for practical applications, our transparent electrode was successfully tested in a flexible touch screen panel. We believe that our approach opens up new practical applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kang J, Park CG, Lee SH, Cho C, Choi DG, Lee JY. Fabrication of high aspect ratio nanogrid transparent electrodes via capillary assembly of Ag nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11217-11223. [PMID: 27187802 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the fabrication of periodic Ag nanogrid electrodes by capillary assembly of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) along patterned nanogrid templates. By assembling the AgNPs into these high-aspect-ratio nanogrid patterns, we can obtain high-aspect-ratio nanogratings, which can overcome the inherent trade-off between the optical transmittance and the sheet resistance of transparent electrodes. The junction resistance between the AgNPs is effectively reduced by photochemical welding and post-annealing. The fabricated high-aspect-ratio nanogrid structure with a line width of 150 nm and a height of 450 nm has a sheet resistance of 15.2 Ω sq(-1) and an optical transmittance of 85.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhoon Kang
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Khan A, Lee S, Jang T, Xiong Z, Zhang C, Tang J, Guo LJ, Li WD. High-Performance Flexible Transparent Electrode with an Embedded Metal Mesh Fabricated by Cost-Effective Solution Process. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3021-3030. [PMID: 27027390 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new structure of flexible transparent electrodes is reported, featuring a metal mesh fully embedded and mechanically anchored in a flexible substrate, and a cost-effective solution-based fabrication strategy for this new transparent electrode. The embedded nature of the metal-mesh electrodes provides a series of advantages, including surface smoothness that is crucial for device fabrication, mechanical stability under high bending stress, strong adhesion to the substrate with excellent flexibility, and favorable resistance against moisture, oxygen, and chemicals. The novel fabrication process replaces vacuum-based metal deposition with an electrodeposition process and is potentially suitable for high-throughput, large-volume, and low-cost production. In particular, this strategy enables fabrication of a high-aspect-ratio (thickness to linewidth) metal mesh, substantially improving conductivity without considerably sacrificing transparency. Various prototype flexible transparent electrodes are demonstrated with transmittance higher than 90% and sheet resistance below 1 ohm sq(-1) , as well as extremely high figures of merit up to 1.5 × 10(4) , which are among the highest reported values in recent studies. Finally using our embedded metal-mesh electrode, a flexible transparent thin-film heater is demonstrated with a low power density requirement, rapid response time, and a low operating voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sangeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Taehee Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ze Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - L Jay Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wen-Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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39
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Kim W, Kim S, Kang I, Jung MS, Kim SJ, Kim JK, Cho SM, Kim JH, Park JH. Hybrid Silver Mesh Electrode for ITO-Free Flexible Polymer Solar Cells with Good Mechanical Stability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1042-1049. [PMID: 27038288 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a tailored Ag mesh electrode coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The introduction of this highly conductive polymer solves the existing problems of Ag mesh-type transparent conductive electrodes, such as high pitch, roughness, current inhomogeneity, and adhesion problems between the Ag mesh grid and PEDOT polymer or PET substrate, to result in excellent electron spreading from the discrete Ag mesh onto the entire surface without sacrificing sheet conductivity and optical transparency. Based on this hybrid anode, we demonstrate highly efficient flexible polymer solar cells (PSCs) with a high fill factor of 67.11 %, which results in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.9 % based on a poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}):[6,6]-phenyl-C71 -butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction device. Furthermore, the PSC device with the Ag mesh electrode also exhibits a good mechanical bending stability, as indicated by a 70 % retention of the initial PCE after 500 bending cycles compared with the PSC device with a PET/indium tin oxide electrode, which retained 0 % of the initial PCE after 300 bending cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Iljoong Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sun Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Sung Min Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Im HG, An BW, Jin J, Jang J, Park YG, Park JU, Bae BS. A high-performance, flexible and robust metal nanotrough-embedded transparent conducting film for wearable touch screen panels. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3916-3922. [PMID: 26866678 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-performance, flexible and robust metal nanotrough-embedded transparent conducting hybrid film (metal nanotrough-GFRHybrimer). Using an electro-spun polymer nanofiber web as a template and vacuum-deposited gold as a conductor, a junction resistance-free continuous metal nanotrough network is formed. Subsequently, the metal nanotrough is embedded on the surface of a glass-fabric reinforced composite substrate (GFRHybrimer). The monolithic composite structure of our transparent conducting film allows simultaneously high thermal stability (24 h at 250 °C in air), a smooth surface topography (Rrms < 1 nm) and excellent opto-electrical properties. A flexible touch screen panel (TSP) is fabricated using the transparent conducting films. The flexible TSP device stably operates on the back of a human hand and on a wristband.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Gyun Im
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering (MSE), Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Byeong Wan An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Center for Smart Sensor Systems, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Jin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering (MSE), University of Ulsan, Ulsan Metropolitan City, Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering (MSE), Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Young-Geun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Center for Smart Sensor Systems, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Center for Smart Sensor Systems, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Soo Bae
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering (MSE), Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
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41
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Qi L, Li J, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhao S, Song W. Realization of a flexible and mechanically robust Ag mesh transparent electrode and its application in a PDLC device. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, flexible Ag electrodes with a hexagonal micromesh structure were fabricated on PET substrate using a photolithography technique. The Ag mesh electrodes were firstly applied to a polymer dispersed liquid crystal device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Qi
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
- Institute of Materials Science
| | - Jia Li
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoting Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Shijin Zhao
- Institute of Materials Science
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Weijie Song
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
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Park KT, Kim HJ, Park MJ, Jeong JH, Lee J, Choi DG, Lee JH, Choi JH. 13.2% efficiency Si nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cell using a transfer-imprinted Au mesh electrode. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12093. [PMID: 26174964 PMCID: PMC4502511 DOI: 10.1038/srep12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, inorganic/organic hybrid solar cell concept has received growing attention for alternative energy solution because of the potential for facile and low-cost fabrication and high efficiency. Here, we report highly efficient hybrid solar cells based on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) using transfer-imprinted metal mesh front electrodes. Such a structure increases the optical absorption and shortens the carrier transport distance, thus, it greatly increases the charge carrier collection efficiency. Compared with hybrid cells formed using indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, we find an increase in power conversion efficiency from 5.95% to 13.2%, which is attributed to improvements in both the electrical and optical properties of the Au mesh electrode. Our fabrication strategy for metal mesh electrode is suitable for the large-scale fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes, paving the way towards low-cost, high-efficiency, flexible solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Tae Park
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
| | - Han-Jung Kim
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
| | - Min-Joon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
- Department of Nano-Mechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
- Department of Nano-Mechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Choi
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
- Department of Nano-Mechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
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43
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Oh YS, Choi DY, Sung HJ. Direct imprinting of thermally reduced silver nanoparticles via deformation-driven ink injection for high-performance, flexible metal grid embedded transparent conductors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09431c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance metal grid transparent conductors, which were fabricated using a direct imprinting of thermally reduced Ag NPs via a deformation-driven ink injection, were embedded into transparent and flexible films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - D. Y. Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - H. J. Sung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
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44
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Min JH, Jang SY, Kim KY, Choi SB, Seong WS, Lee DS. Ag-mesh-combined graphene for an indium-free current spreading layer in near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current spreading could be improved by using Ag-mesh-combined graphene sheets due to dramatically reducing the sheet resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hong Min
- School of Information and Communications
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies
| | - So-Yeong Jang
- School of Information and Communications
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- School of Information and Communications
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies
| | - Sang-Bae Choi
- School of Information and Communications
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies
| | - Won-Seok Seong
- School of Information and Communications
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies
| | - Dong-Seon Lee
- School of Information and Communications
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies
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45
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Lim JW, Lee YT, Pandey R, Yoo TH, Sang BI, Ju BK, Hwang DK, Choi WK. Effect of geometric lattice design on optical/electrical properties of transparent silver grid for organic solar cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:26891-26899. [PMID: 25401837 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.026891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) grid transparent electrode is one of the most promising transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) to replace conventional indium tin oxide (ITO). We systematically investigate an effect of geometric lattice modifications on optical and electrical properties of Ag grid electrode. The reference Ag grid with 5 μm width and 100 μm pitch (duty of 0.05) prepared by conventional photo-lithography and lift-off processes shows the sheet resistance of 13.27 Ω/sq, transmittance of 81.1%, and resultant figure of merit (FOM) of 129.05. Three different modified Ag grid electrodes with stripe added-mesh (SAM), triangle-added mesh (TAM), and diagonal-added mesh (DAM) are suggested to improve optical and electrical properties. Although all three of SAM, TAM, and DAM Ag grid electrodes exhibit the lower transmittance values of about 72 - 77%, they showed much decreased sheet resistance of 6 - 8 Ω/sq. As a result, all of the lattice-modified Ag grid electrodes display significant improvement of FOM and the highest value of 171.14 is obtained from DAM Ag grid, which is comparable to that of conventional ITO electrode (175.46). Also, the feasibility of DAM Ag gird electrode for use in organic solar cell is confirmed by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Unlike a conventional ITO electrode, DAM Ag grid electrode can induce light scattering and trapping due to the diffuse transmission that compensates for the loss in optical transparency, resulting in comparable light absorption in the photo active layer of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₀BM). P3HT:PC₆₀BM based OSCs with the DAM Ag grid electrode were fabricated, which also showed the potential for ITO-free transparent electrode.
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