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Song SW, Lee S, Choe JK, Lee AC, Shin K, Kang J, Kim G, Yeom H, Choi Y, Kwon S, Kim J. Pen-drawn Marangoni swimmer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3597. [PMID: 37328461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pen-drawing is an intuitive, convenient, and creative fabrication method for delivering emergent and adaptive design to real devices. To demonstrate the application of pen-drawing to robot construction, we developed pen-drawn Marangoni swimmers that perform complex programmed tasks using a simple and accessible manufacturing process. By simply drawing on substrates using ink-based Marangoni fuel, the swimmers demonstrate advanced robotic motions such as polygon and star-shaped trajectories, and navigate through maze. The versatility of pen-drawing allows the integration of the swimmers with time-varying substrates, enabling multi-step motion tasks such as cargo delivery and return to the original place. We believe that our pen-based approach will significantly expand the potential applications of miniaturized swimming robots and provide new opportunities for simple robotic implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Woo Song
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Basic Science and Engineering Initiative, Children's Heart Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Meteor Biotech, Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Choe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Amos Chungwon Lee
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Meteor Biotech, Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoungseob Shin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junwon Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyeongjun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Huiran Yeom
- Division of Data Science, College of Information and Communication Technology, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Yeongjae Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Center for Multidimensional Programmable Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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2
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Hengsteler J, Kanes KA, Khasanova L, Momotenko D. Beginner's Guide to Micro- and Nanoscale Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:71-91. [PMID: 37068744 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical additive manufacturing is an advanced microfabrication technology capable of producing features of almost unlimited geometrical complexity. A unique combination of the capacity to process conductive materials, design freedom, and micro- to nanoscale resolution offered by these electrochemical techniques promises tremendous opportunities for a multitude of future applications spanning microelectronics, sensing, robotics, and energy storage. This review aims to equip readers with the basic principles of electrochemical 3D printing at the small length scale. By describing the basic principles of electrochemical additive manufacturing technology and using the recent advances in the field, this beginner's guide illustrates how controlling the fundamental phenomena that underpin the print process can be used to vary dimensions, morphology, and microstructure of printed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hengsteler
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karuna Aurel Kanes
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Liaisan Khasanova
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
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3
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Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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4
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Chen F, Yang Z, Li JN, Jia F, Wang F, Zhao D, Peng RW, Wang M. Formation of magnetic nanowire arrays by cooperative lateral growth. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0180. [PMID: 35089795 PMCID: PMC8797794 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires typically grow along their longitudinal axis, and the long-range order among wires sustains only when a template exists. Here, we report an unprecedented electrochemical growth of ordered metallic nanowire arrays from an ultrathin electrolyte layer, which is achieved by solidifying the electrolyte solution below the freezing temperature. The thickness of the electrodeposit is instantaneously tunable by the applied electric pulses, leading to parallel ridges on webbed film without using any template. An array of metallic nanowires with desired separation and width determined by the applied pulses is formed on the substrate with arbitrary surface patterns by etching away the webbed film thereafter. This work demonstrates a previously unrecognized fabrication strategy that bridges the gap of top-down lithography and bottom-up self-organization in making ordered metallic nanowire arrays over a large area with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zihao Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing-Ning Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fei Jia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Di Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ru-Wen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- American Physical Society, Ridge, NY 11961, USA
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5
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Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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6
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Chortos A. Extrusion
3D
printing of conjugated polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chortos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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7
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Jiang X, Jiang L. Superhydrophobic-Substrate-Assisted Construction of Free-Standing Microcavity-Patterned Conducting Polymer Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100949. [PMID: 34245121 PMCID: PMC8425917 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterned conducting polymer films with unique structures have promising prospects for application in various fields, such as actuation, water purification, sensing, and bioelectronics. However, their practical application is hindered because of the limitations of existing construction methods. Herein, a strategy is proposed for the superhydrophobic-substrate-assisted construction of free-standing 3D microcavity-patterned conducting polymer films (McPCPFs) at micrometer resolution. Easy-peeling and nondestructive transfer properties are achieved through electrochemical polymerization along the solid/liquid/gas triphase interface on micropillar-structured substrates. The effects of the wettability and geometrical parameters of the substrates on the construction of McPCPFs are systematically investigated in addition to the evolution of the epitaxial growth along the triphase interface at different polymerization times. The McPCPFs can be easily peeled from superhydrophobic surfaces using ethanol because of weak adhesion and nondestructively transferred to various substrates taking advantage of the capillarity. Furthermore, sensitive light-driven McPCPF locomotion on organic liquid surfaces is demonstrated. Ultimately, a facile strategy for the construction of free-standing 3D microstructure-patterned conducting polymer films is proposed, which can improve productivity and applicability of the films in different fields and expand the application scope of superwettable interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101407China
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8
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A Low-Cost Electrochemical Metal 3D Printer Based on a Microfluidic System for Printing Mesoscale Objects. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For the additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects, the powder-based fusion (PBF) method is routinely utilized to fabricate macroscale parts. On the other hand, electrochemical additive manufacturing (ECAM), in which metallic structures are deposited through the electrochemical reduction of metal ions, is a promising technique for producing micro- and nanoscale objects. However, a gap exists in terms of fabricating mesoscale objects within the current AM techniques. The PBF method is limited by fabrication precision due to pronounced residual stresses, and most current ECAM systems are difficult to scale up to print mesoscale objects. In the present paper, the novel design of a low-cost ECAM 3D printer based on a microfluidic system is proposed for fabricating mesoscale metal parts. The meniscus-guided electrodeposition approach is utilized, in which a meniscus is formed between the print head and substrate, and electrodeposition is confined within the meniscus. A 3D object is fabricated by the meniscus moving with the print head according to the programmed pattern and the material subsequently being deposited at the designated locations. The key to the proposed design is to maintain a mesoscale meniscus, which normally cannot be sustained by the electrolyte surface tension with a print nozzle having a mesoscale diameter. Therefore, a microfluidic system, called the fountain pen feed system, constituting a semi-open main channel and comb structure, was designed to maintain a mesoscale meniscus throughout the printing process. Two materials, copper and nickel, with various geometric shapes were attempted to print by the proposed ECAM system, and, during the printing process, both fluid leaking and meniscus breaking were completely prevented. Free standing tilted copper pillars with controlled angles were printed to show the ability of the proposed design in fabricating 3D structures. A copper circuit was also printed on a non-conductive substrate to demonstrate a possible application of the proposed ECAM system in the fabrication of functional electronics.
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9
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Kee S, Zhang P, Travas-Sejdic J. Direct writing of 3D conjugated polymer micro/nanostructures for organic electronics and bioelectronics. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
3D direct writing and meniscus-guided pen writing methods, which are capable of fabricating 3D micro/nanostructures from soluble π-conjugated polymers (CPs) and CP precursors, and recent advances in these techniques are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Kee
- Polymer Biointerface Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Peikai Zhang
- Polymer Biointerface Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Biointerface Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
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10
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Aarts M, Alarcon-Llado E. Directed nanoscale metal deposition by the local perturbation of charge screening at the solid-liquid interface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18619-18627. [PMID: 31584050 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and directing electrochemical reactions below the micrometer scale is a long-standing challenge in electrochemistry. Confining reactions to nanoscale areas paradoxically requires both isolation from and communication with the bulk electrolyte in terms of electrochemical potential and access of ions, respectively. Here, we demonstrate the directed electrochemical deposition of copper nanostructures by using an oscillating nanoelectrode operated with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Strikingly, the writing is only possible in highly dilute electrolytes and for a particular combination of AFM and electrochemical parameters. We propose a mechanism based on cyclic charging and discharging of the electrical double layer (EDL). The extended screening length and slower charge dynamics in dilute electrolytes allow the nanoelectrode to operate inside, and disturb, the EDL even for large oscillation amplitudes (∼100 nm). Our unique approach can not only be used for controlled additive nano-fabrication but also provides insights into ion behavior and EDL dynamics at the solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Aarts
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Amolf, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Esther Alarcon-Llado
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Amolf, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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11
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Oh DK, Nguyen DT, Lee S, Ko P, Heo GS, Yun CH, Ha TW, Youn H, Ok JG. Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Flexible Reattachable Ionomer Nanopatterns by Continuous Multidimensional Nanoinscribing and Low-temperature Roll Imprinting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12070-12076. [PMID: 30843383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We develop a facile route to the scalable fabrication of flexible reattachable ionomer nanopatterns (RAINs) by continuous nanoinscribing and low-temperature roll imprinting, which are repeatedly attachable to and detachable from arbitrarily shaped surfaces. First, by sequentially performing continuous nanoinscribing over a polymer substrate along the multiple directions, we readily create the multidimensional nanopattern, which otherwise demands complex nanofabrication. After its transfer to an elastomer pad for use as a soft nanoimprinting stamp, we then conduct a low-temperature roll imprinting of the ionomer film to fabricate a flexible and highly transparent RAIN. Reversible loosening of ionic units in the ionomer material at the mild temperature as low as ∼60-70 °C enables the faithful nanopatterning over thermosensitive organic compounds and fragile materials under a slight pressure. The excellent adhesion purely emerging from ionic interactions uniquely realizes the conformal attachability and clean detachability of RAINs for universal targets in ambient conditions, particularly beneficial for individual wearable and mobile devices requiring the user-specific "on/off" of the nanopattern-driven functionalities. As one vivid example, we demonstrate that a single light-emitting device can be switched from the focused pointer to the widespread flashlight depending on the RAIN application upon user's purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul 01811 , Korea
| | - Dang Thuan Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Korea
| | - Seungjo Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul 01811 , Korea
| | - Pyeongsam Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Korea
| | - Gi-Seok Heo
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , Gwangju 61012 , Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Yun
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , Gwangju 61012 , Korea
| | - Tae-Won Ha
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , Gwangju 61012 , Korea
| | - Hongseok Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Korea
| | - Jong G Ok
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul 01811 , Korea
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