Dynamic Passivation in Perovskite Quantum Dots for Specific Ammonia Detection at Room Temperature

Vapochromic wool fibers for hazardous ammonia detection using xanthohumol biomolecule from natural extract of common hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Ammonia is a colorless gas, yet it can be fatal if inhaled or ingested in high enough concentrations. Herein, a solid-state colorimetric smart wool (WL) sensor for ammonia was developed. Common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a natural resource of spectroscopical dyestuff known as xanthohumol (XN). Wool fabrics were dyed with different concentrations of xanthohumol extract using the high-temperature high-pressure method in the presence of a mordant. The coloration parameters and absorption spectra were employed to explore the yellow-to-white colorimetric shift of the wool fabric after it was exposed to aqueous ammonia. The wool fabric showed an excellent detection limit of 5 to 125 ppm. When the ammonia concentration was increased, the absorbance spectra demonstrated a hypsochromic shift from 498 nm to 367 nm. This could be attributed to changes in the molecular structure of xanthohumol that happen owing to intramolecular charge delocalization. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mordant/xanthohumol nanoparticles were measured to have diameters of 15-40 nm. The xanthohumol-finished wool fabrics showed good colorfastness properties. The incorporation of mordant/xanthohumol nanoparticles into wool fabrics showed no negative effects on their stiffness or air-permeability.

Ammonia-sensitive halide CsCu2I3 film for gas sensor and stimuli-responsive anti-counterfeiting

Eco-friendly lead-free halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for multiple applications due to their unique optoelectronic properties. In this work, we investigate the ammonia (NH3)-sensitive CsCu2I3 film for its potential in NH3 sensor and stimuli-responsive fluorescence anti-counterfeiting. CsCu2I3-based NH3 sensor demonstrates a high response to NH3 (△R/R0 = 1.07, at 100 ppm NH3) with rapid response/recovery time (21/19 s), as well as favorable gas selectivity. We proposed a potential NH3 sensing mechanism with the help of a series of semi-quantitative characterizations and excitation-dependent emission experiments. The electron-donating NH3 molecules can efficiently donate electrons to the p-type CsCu2I3 film, bringing about a decrease in film conductivity. Additionally, the adsorption of NH3 can also disorder the CsCu2I3 crystals with a high density of trap states, facilitating an energy transfer from self-trapped excitons (STEs) emission to defect-related emission, along with bright orange luminescence. Inspired by this phenomenon, we proposed a novel application of NH3-induced stimuli-responsive fluorescence for anti-counterfeiting. The results highlight the potential of CsCu2I3 for effective dual-function applications in gas sensors and gas-triggered anti-counterfeiting.

Construction of "ant-like tentacle" structure for ultra-sensitive detection of low-concentration ammonia through colorimetric fluorescent dual-signal gas-sensitive cotton fabric

Detection and monitoring of ammonia (NH3) are crucial in various industries, including plant safety management, food freshness testing, and water pollution control. Nevertheless, creating portable, low-cost, highly sensitive, and easily regenerated ppm-level NH3 sensors poses a significant challenge. In this investigation, an innovative "ant-like tentacle" fabrication strategy was proposed, and a colorimetric fluorescent dual-signal gas-sensitive cotton fabric (PAH-fabric) for NH3 detection was successfully prepared by conventional dyeing using suitable molecular-level photoacid (PAH) sensitive units. The visual recognition lower detection limit of the ultra-low is 1.09 ppm-level. PAH-fabric is not only straightforward, convenient, and cost-effective to prepare, but it can also be efficiently regenerated and recycled multiple times (maintaining excellent gas-sensitive performance even after 100 cycles) by strategically leveraging volatile acid fumigation. Detailed molecular reaction mechanisms involved in the NH3 response and PAH-fabric regeneration are elucidated. PAH-fabric, available either as a portable kit or an alarm system, offers a promising approach for ultra-low NH3 detection. The demonstrated "ant-like tentacle" fabrication strategy introduces numerous possibilities for designing and developing sensors with adjustable response thresholds, particularly those requiring high sensitivity.

A dual emitting CsPbBr3/Eu-BDC composite as a ratiometric photoluminescent turn-on probe for aliphatic amine sensing

The impressive photoluminescence properties of all inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) make them highly intriguing for fluorescence chemosensor applications. Herein, a ratiometric dual emitting perovskite-based sensor was designed by synthesizing fluorescent CsPbBr3 PeQDs in situ within a matrix of Eu-BDC (Eu(III) benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate). The results presented here establish the suggested sensor's quick and selective turn-on PL response to volatile primary aliphatic amine derivatives. In the presence of amines, the designed CsPbBr3/Eu-BDC sensor exhibits an enhancement of the PL signal of CsPbBr3 at 518 nm and the Eu-BDC signal at 615 nm served as a standard for constructing the ratiometric sensing system. Thereby, a visual color change from red to green was observed with the incremental addition of methylamine to the probe. A low detection limit of 0.083 ppm was determined for methylamine. In both the solution and vapor phases, this ratiometric sensor responds to a variety of primary aliphatic amines with very quick and strong fluorescence. Moreover, the sensor was effectively used for monitoring meat spoilage owing to the emission of biogenic amine vapor from meat products.

Sensing Utilities of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites and Composites: A Comprehensive Review

Recently, the utilization of metal halide perovskites in sensing and their application in environmental studies have reached a new height. Among the different metal halide perovskites, cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3; X = Cl, Br, and I) and composites have attracted great interest in sensing applications owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Most CsPbX3 nanostructures and composites possess great structural stability, luminescence, and electrical properties for developing distinct optical and photonic devices. When exposed to light, heat, and water, CsPbX3 and composites can display stable sensing utilities. Many CsPbX3 and composites have been reported as probes in the detection of diverse analytes, such as metal ions, anions, important chemical species, humidity, temperature, radiation photodetection, and so forth. So far, the sensing studies of metal halide perovskites covering all metallic and organic-inorganic perovskites have already been reviewed in many studies. Nevertheless, a detailed review of the sensing utilities of CsPbX3 and composites could be helpful for researchers who are looking for innovative designs using these nanomaterials. Herein, we deliver a thorough review of the sensing utilities of CsPbX3 and composites, in the quantitation of metal ions, anions, chemicals, explosives, bioanalytes, pesticides, fungicides, cellular imaging, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic gases, humidity, temperature, radiation, and photodetection. Furthermore, this review also covers the synthetic pathways, design requirements, advantages, limitations, and future directions for this material.

A novel optical dual sensor based on a coaxial electrospinning method for simultaneous sensing of oxygen and ammonia

The coaxial electrospinning method is widely used in a wide range of applications, including medical devices and sensing technology. This study proposes a novel optical dual sensor for simultaneous detection of oxygen (O2) and ammonia (NH3) based on coaxial electrospinning method to produce core-shell fiber membrane doped fluorescent dyes. The O2 (core) and NH3 (shell) sensitive dye membranes were successfully fabricated using coaxial electrospinning method by dissolving a polymer matrix, cellulose acetate (CA), with platinum (II) meso-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP) and Eosin-Y, respectively. The optical dual sensor was illuminated by an UV LED to monitor the intensity change and wavelength shift in the presence of selected analyte gases. The experimental data show that the sensitivities of optical dual sensor were found to be 6.4 and 3.2 for O2 and NH3, respectively. The response and recovery times of O2 and NH3 sensing probes were measured to be 12 s/29 s and 65 s/66 s, respectively. Also, when exposed to NH3 gas gradually from 0 to 500 ppm, the wavelength shift data of Eosin-Y was started at 569.5 nm, 573.9 nm, 578.4 nm, 579.4 nm, 580.8 nm, and 582.2 nm, respectively. In applications, the proposed optical dual sensor based on coaxial electrospinning method can detect O2 and NH3 gases simultaneously.

High-Performance Optoelectronic Gas Sensing Based on All-Inorganic Mixed-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Halide Engineering

Gas sensors are of great interest to portable and miniaturized sensing technologies with applications ranging from air quality monitoring to explosive detection and medical diagnostics, but the existing chemiresistive NO2 sensors still suffer from issues such as poor sensitivity, high operating temperature, and slow recovery. Herein, a high-performance NO2 sensors based on all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) is reported, achieving room temperature operation with ultra-fast response and recovery time. After tailoring the halide composition, superior sensitivity of ≈67 at 8 ppm NO2 is obtained in CsPbI2 Br PNC sensors with a detection level down to 2 ppb, which outperforms other nanomaterial-based NO2 sensors. Furthermore, the remarkable optoelectronic properties of such PNCs enable dual-mode operation, i.e., chemiresistive and chemioptical sensing, presenting a new and versatile platform for advancing high-performance, point-of-care NO2 detection technologies.

Paper-based fluorescent materials containing on-demand nanostructured brain-cells-inspired AIE self-assembles for real-time visual monitoring of seafood spoilage

Biogenic amines containing NH3 are important indicators for conducting full-scale appraisal of food spoilage and disease diagnosis. However, the currently-used detection methods of NH3 have several limitations such as time-consuming high cost, and inability to provide visual real-time monitoring. Therefore, researchers have attempted to explore strategies for quantitative real-time monitoring of NH3 for food spoilage has attracted widespread attentions. Herein, we developed sustainable, fast response, hypersensitized, user-friendly and molecular-level light-emitting biomass-based materials (AFP-FP) containing on-demand nanostructured brain-cells-inspired aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) self-assembles for real-time visual monitoring of seafood spoilage. The 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-isophthalaldehyde-based AIE probe (AFP) was synthesized using a simple "one-step" route. AFP-FP exhibited high selectivity, sensitivity, repeatable and quantitative recognition (y = 7.292×103x + 7.621×104, R = 0.990) of NH3 with a low detection limit (246 ppb) and fast response (<1 s). Furthermore, we integrated AFP-FP into a user-friendly smartphone color recognition app, enabling its practical application in visual, real-time daylight monitoring of food spoilage.

Surface crafting and entrapment of CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs in ZIF-8 for ammonia recognition

The substantial optical features of perovskite quantum dots (PQD) lead to rapid growth in the investigation of their surface and lattice doping for optoelectronic and biochemical sensor advancements. Herein, we have used the surface ligand crafting model of PQD by ammonia and its optimum response to recognise ammonia in the sensing cellulose paper. The PQD with acetyl amine and octanoic acid capped were synthesized and entrapped in zeolites imidazole framework to delay the instant quenching and envisaged response to ammonia with high sensitivity. The hybrid perovskite quantum dots and Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (PQD@ZIF-8) materials were further immersed in cellulose paper for solid-state sensor fabrication for the detection of ammonia by naked-eye and a Xiaomi Note-5 mobile camera. The ammonia was measured with high sensitivity at ambient conditions, with a detection limit of 16 ppm and a linear detection range of 1 to 500 ppm. This research provides a new platform for designing sensor selectivity and sensitivity, which could be used to further develop fluorescent nanomaterials-based sensors for small molecule detection.

Application of Perovskite Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Probes in the Detection of Agriculture- and Food-Related Hazardous Substances

Halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are a new kind of luminescent material for fluorescent probes. Compared with traditional nanosized luminescent materials, PNCs have better optical properties, such as high fluorescence quantum yield, tunable band gap, low size dependence, narrow emission bandwidth, and so on. Therefore, they have broad application prospects as fluorescent probes in the detection of agriculture- and food-related hazardous substances. In this paper, the structure and basic properties of PNCs are briefly described. The water stabilization methods, such as polymer surface coating, ion doping, surface passivation, etc.; are summarized. The recent advances of PNCs such as fluorescent probes for detecting hazardous substances in the field of agricultural and food are reviewed, and the detection effect and mechanism are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the problems and solutions faced by PNCs as fluorescent probes in agriculture and food were summarized and prospected. It is expected to provide a reference for further application of PNCs as fluorescent probes in agriculture and food.

CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots grown within Fe-doped zeolite X with improved stability for sensitive NH3 detection

All-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX₃, X = Cl, Br and I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have received enormous research interest because of their exceptional optoelectronic properties, but their low chemical stability under ambient conditions from inevitable defects restricts their practical applications. In an effort to enhance the stability of QDs, in this study, novel functional nanocomposites were fabricated by encapsulating perovskite QDs with zeolite X doped with iron ions. Focusing on the as-obtained nanocomposites labeled with QDs@Fe/X-n, doping a reasonable amount of Fe³⁺ ions can tremendously improve the order of perovskite lattices and reduce the halide vacancies. The results of stability improvement in nanocomposites with an optimal Fe³⁺ load (QDs@Fe/X-3) are presented. After storage in air for 100 days, the emission-peak position of the composites can remain almost unchanged, and the photoluminescence (PL) intensity can reach ∼98% of the original intensity. Additionally, the PL intensity of QDs@Fe/X-3 can decrease immediately when exposing it to a NH₃ atmosphere at room temperature. The PL intensity can be linearly varied with a change in the NH₃ concentration. The original value of the PL can be rapidly recovered by separating the sample from the NH₃ environment. This work enables the QDs@Fe/X composite to be an ideal active material for ammonia sensing.

Perovskite quantum dots as a chemiluminescence platform for highly sensitive assay of cefazolin

This paper reports on a chemiluminescence (CL) probe consist of CsPbBr₃ quantum dots (QDs) in organic phase together with Fe(II) and K₂S₂O₈ in aqueous medium for the highly selective and sensitive determination of the antibiotic, cefazolin (CFZ). The CsPbBr₃perovskite QDs prepared by the ligand assisted reprecipitation method, exhibit a narrow fluorescence at 533 nm under 460 nm excitation with a high quantum yield (42 %). The Fe(II) - S₂O₈^2- as an ultra-weak CL system is converted to a rather strong CL sensing platform in the presence of organic-phase CsPbBr₃ QDs. It was observed that CFZ exerts an enhancement effect on the CL signal of the designed probe in the linear range of 25 - 300 nM, with a low limit of detection (9.6 nM). The introduced sensor has broad application prospects in biosensing, food detection, and other fields with recovery ranging from 94 to 106 %.

The Fabrication of Cesium Lead Bromide-Coated Cellulose Nanocomposites and Their Effect on the Detection of Nitrogen Gas

In this work, we fabricate cesium lead bromide nanofibers (CsPbBr₃ NFs) via the attachment of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals (CsPbBr₃ NCs) on the surface of electrospun cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and employ them in a sensor to effectively detect gaseous nitrogen. The CsPbBr₃ NFs are produced initially by producing CsPbBr₃ NCs through hot injection and dispersing on hexane, followed by dipping CNFs and ultrasonicate for 1 h. Morphological characterization through visual, SEM and TEM image, and crystalline structure analysis by XRD and FT-IR analysis of CsPbBr₃ NFs and NCs show similar spectra except for PL due to unavoidable damage during the ultrasonication. Gaseous nitrogen is subsequently detected using the photoluminescence (PL) property of CsPbBr₃ NFs, in which the PL intensity dramatically decreases under various flow rate. Therefore, we believe that the proposed CsPbBr₃ NFs show significant promise for use in detection sensors in various industrial field and decrease the potential of fatal damage to workers due to suffocation.

Recent Progress of Perovskite Nanocrystals in Chem/Bio Sensing

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are endowed with extraordinary photophysical properties such as wide absorption spectra, high quantum yield, and narrow emission bands. However, the inherent shortcomings, especially the instability in polar solvents and water incompatibility, have hindered their application as probes in chem/bio sensing. In this review, we give a fundamental understanding of the challenges when using PNCs for chem/bio sensing and summarize recent progress in this area, including the application of PNCs in various sensors and the corresponding strategies to maintain their structural integrity. Finally, we provide perspectives to promote the future development of PNCs for chem/bio sensing applications.

CsPbBr3-Based Nanostructures for Room-Temperature Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds

All-inorganic halide perovskites, as a dominant member of the perovskite family, have been proven to be excellent semiconductors due to the great successes for solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and nanocrystal photocatalysts. Despite the remarkable advances in those fields, there are few research studies focusing on gas and humidity-sensing performances, especially for pure CsPbBr₃ and heterogeneous CsPbBr₃@MoS₂ composites. Here, we first report a valuable CsPbBr₃ sensor prepared by electrospinning, and the excellent gas sensing performances are investigated. The CsPbBr₃ sensor can quickly and effectively detect ethanolamine at room temperature. The response time is only 16 s, and the response to 100 ppm ethanolamine is as high as 29.87, besides the excellent repeatability and good stability. The theoretical detection limit is estimated to be 21 ppb. Furthermore, considering the irreplaceable role of heterostructures in regulating the electronic structure and supporting rich reaction boundaries, we also actively explored the EA sensitivity of inorganic CsPbBr₃-based heterogeneous composites CsPbBr₃@MoS₂. At the same time, the roles of the critical capping agents OA and OAm are systematically investigated. This work demonstrates the great potential of all-inorganic halide perovskites in promising volatile organic compound detection.

Amphiphilic Polymer Ligand-Assisted Synthesis of Highly Luminescent and Stable Perovskite Nanocrystals for Sweat Fluorescent Sensing

The weak interfacial binding affinities of the inorganic perovskite core with ligands and high density of surface defect states induce the facile detachment of surface ligands from nanocrystals (NCs), resulting in their poor colloidal stability and fluorescence in aqueous. In this work, a powerful ligand engineering strategy was proposed for eliminating the surface defects and aggregation of the NCs. Using an amphiphilic polymer octylamine-modified polyacrylic acid (OPA) as a capping ligand, the as-synthesized CsPbBr₃ NCs retain high photoluminescence intensity and stability by the modified ligand-assisted reprecipitation method. The increase in the fluorescence lifetime and NC size could also be observed, and how the NC particle size influences fluorescence lifetime was further studied. In addition, the water stability, photostability, and thermal stability were significantly improved, and the fluorescence of NCs can maintain 80.13% of the original value in water for 15 d. We further validated that the strong binding affinity of OPA and oleylamine ligands with CsPbBr₃ NCs leads to a reduction in surface trap states, and a large amount of carboxyl groups of the OPA made the NCs preserve good water solubility. In addition, the OPA has the ability of adjusting the particle size of NCs. Furthermore, a wavelength-shifted colorimetric sensor based on these NCs was constructed for detection of Cl^- in sweat, which enables the rapid and visual detection of Cl^- with high accuracy and stability. Overall, these CsPbBr₃ NCs synthesized by the ligand engineering strategy validated their wide applications in biomedical sensing fields.

Fabrication of Robust and Porous Lead Chloride-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks toward a Selective and Sensitive Smart NH3 Sensor

Organolead halide materials have shown promising optoelectronic properties that are suitable for light-emitting diodes (e.g., strong photoluminescence, narrow emission width, and high charge carrier mobility). However, the vast majority of them have no open porosity or open metal sites for host-guest interactions and are therefore not widely applicable in intrinsic fluorescent sensing of small molecules. Herein, we report a lead chloride-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with high porosity and stability and promising photoluminescent characteristics, performing as a sensitive, selective, and long-term stable fluorescence probe for NH3. For the first time, a homemade dynamic real-time photoluminescence monitoring system was developed, which showed that our haloplumbate-based MOF has an immediate response and an extremely low limit of detection (12 ppm) toward NH3. A variety of experimental characterization and theoretical calculations evidenced that the photoluminescence quenching was ascribed to the coordination between NH3 guests and exposed Pb2+ centers in MOFs. Moreover, a portable on-site smart NH3 detector was designed based on this haloplumbate-MOF using a 3D printer, and the quantitative recovery experiment demonstrated the effective detection of NH3 in the range of 15-150 ppm. This study opens a new pathway to design organolead halide-based MOFs to perform on-site chemical sensing of small molecules and shows their high potential to monitor safety concentrations of NH3 in different industrial sites.

Polymer surface ligand and silica coating induced highly stable perovskite nanocrystals with enhanced aqueous fluorescence for efficient Hg2+ and glutathione detection

The poor stability and aqueous-quenching of fluorescence of perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) hinder their application in bio-detection and bio-imaging. Herein, through the synergistic effects of polymer surface ligand and silica encapsulation, highly stable and enhanced aqueous fluorescent CsPbBr₃-mPEG@SiO₂ NCs were synthesized and used as a novel "on-off-on" fluorescent probe for highly sensitive and selective detection of mercury ions (Hg²⁺) and glutathione (GSH) in aqueous solutions. The effects of the methoxypolyethylene glycol amine (mPEG-NH₂) ligand and silica encapsulation on the stability and aqueous fluorescence of the CsPbBr₃ NCs were studied. It indicated that the aqueous fluorescence of perovskite NCs was increased by 2.59 times. The water stability was also greatly improved, with the NCs maintaining 73% of their original fluorescence after storage for 30 days in water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses further demonstrated that the NCs were successfully passivated by mPEG-NH₂ and silica. The fluorescence of the CsPbBr₃-mPEG@SiO₂ nanocrystals was effectively quenched by Hg²⁺ which is attributed to the electron transfer process between NCs and Hg²⁺. Then, through the interaction between Hg²⁺ and GSH, the restoration of fluorescence for CsPbBr₃-mPEG@SiO₂ was realized. The "on-off-on" fluorescent probe can be used for the detection of Hg²⁺ and GSH with a low detection limit of 0.08 nM and 0.19 μM, respectively. It also shows a fast response time and high accuracy for practical sample detection. The simple and sensitive fluorescent probe of CsPbBr₃-mPEG@SiO₂ shows great potential in environmental and biological sensing.

Fluorometric determination of ziram using CsPbBr3 quantum dots

A strategy based on CsPbBr₃ quantum dots (QDs) is described for the determination of ziram pesticide. A facile and inert gas-free method was used for the synthesis of CsPbBr₃ QDs. The obtained CsPbBr₃ QDs displayed turn-off fluorescence behavior for ziram. The fluorescence intensity of the CsPbBr₃ QDs (E_x/E_m = 365/516 nm) was inversely proportional to the concentration of ziram (0.10 to 50.0 ppm) with a detection limit of 0.086 ppm. Notably, satisfactory recoveries (100 ± 0.25 to 107 ± 5.72%) were obtained in spiked fruit samples, which demonstrated that this method is capable of detecting ziram in real samples. In addition, the mechanism for the detection of ziram was investigated in detail. According to the results, this mechanism can be tentatively explained by fluorescence quenching originating from the increased surface defects and the structural changes of the CsPbBr₃ QDs. The detection ability of this strategy shows promising applicability in food safety.

The effects of cesium lead bromide quantum dots on the performance of copper phthalocyanine-based organic field-effect transistors

Highly luminescent all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr₃) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have been extensively used as a photosensitizer in optoelectronic devices, while p-type small-organic-molecule copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is also widely used as a photoactive material in solar cells, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), etc. In this paper, we report the preparation of a CsPbBr₃-QDs/CuPc heterostructure to study the effect of CsPbBr₃-QDs on CuPc. The optical properties of both CuPc and the QDs/CuPc heterostructure were compared and contrasted using UV-vis absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Furthermore, to study their electronic and charge transfer features, we fabricated field-effect transistors (FETs) on both pristine CuPc and QDs/CuPc heterostructure thin films and studied their photoresponsive electrical characteristics. Both pristine and QDs/CuPc-based FETs showed an enhancement in current and carrier mobility under illumination. The enhancement in the current and carrier mobility of the QDs/CuPc-based FETs is due to a large number of photoexcited charge carriers. We also observed that the current and carrier mobility in the QDs/CuPc heterostructure-based FET were lower than those of the pristine CuPc-based FET. This can be explained by the n-type doping effect of CsPbBr₃ QDs on CuPc, which reduces the accumulation of holes in the active p-channel near the insulating layer and causes charge to be transferred from the QDs to the CuPc. Thus, we have observed a charge transfer effect in the CsPbBr₃ QDs/CuPc heterostructure, which can be used in optoelectronic devices.

CsPbI3NC-Sensitized SnO2/Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotube Self-Assembled Nanomaterials with Highly Selective and Sensitive NH3 Sensing Performance at Room Temperature

It is an effective strategy to enhance the sensitivity of semiconductor metal oxides (SMOs) being sensitized with CsPbI₃ nanocrystals (NCs) by adjusting the heterostructure between CsPbI₃NC and SMO nanomaterials. In this work, for the first time, a porous 3D multiple-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) network uniformly coated with SnO₂ quantum nanoparticles (QNPs) and CsPbI₃ nanocrystals were prepared via a simple solvent vapor-induced self-assembly method. The fabricated CsPbI₃NC-SnO₂QNP/MWCNT nanocomposite with vapor-induced self-assembly exhibits superior stability against the moisture as well as an excellent sensing response. The results imply that the rational design of the metal halide perovskite NC/SMO heterostructure can not only improve the stability but also meet the requirements of sensing application. The self-assembled SnO₂QNP/MWCNT can facilitate the dispersion of small-sized nanoparticles and efficaciously prevent the detachment of CsPbI₃NC. Compared with pristine SnO₂QNP and SnO₂/MWCNT sensors, the CsPbI₃NC-modified SnO₂QNP/MWCNT nanostructure exhibited a remarkable sensitivity of 39.2 for 0.2 ppm NH₃, rapid response/recovery time of 17/18 s, and excellent selectivity towards NH₃. In particular, we applied machine learning methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machines (SVMs), to analyze the sensing performance of the CsPbI₃NC-SnO₂QNP/MWCNT sensor and found that the combined effects of CsPbI₃NC-SnO₂QNP/MWCNT heterointerfaces contributed to the improvement of selectivity of sensors. The excellent NH₃ for sub-ppm level concentration is ascribed to the high sensing activity of the CsPbI₃ NC-based heterojunction. This work may not only enrich the family of high-performance breath detection materials but also provide a good example for designing reasonable composite materials with specific properties in the field of metal halide perovskite/SMO heterojunctions.

Environment-Induced Reversible Modulation of Optical and Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites and Possible Applications to Sensor Development: A Review

Lead halide perovskites are currently widely investigated as active materials in photonic and optoelectronic devices. While the lack of long term stability actually limits their application to commercial devices, several experiments demonstrated that beyond the irreversible variation of the material properties due to degradation, several possibilities exist to reversibly modulate the perovskite characteristics by acting on the environmental conditions. These results clear the way to possible applications of lead halide perovskites to resistive and optical sensors. In this review we will describe the current state of the art of the comprehension of the environmental effects on the optical and electronic properties of lead halide perovskites, and of the exploitation of these results for the development of perovskite-based sensors.

Review on Sensing Applications of Perovskite Nanomaterials

Recently, perovskite-based nanomaterials are utilized in diverse sustainable applications. Their unique structural characteristics allow researchers to explore functionalities towards diverse directions, such as solar cells, light emitting devices, transistors, sensors, etc. Many perovskite nanomaterial-based devices have been demonstrated with extraordinary sensing performance to various chemical and biological species in both solid and solution states. In particular, perovskite nanomaterials are capable of detecting small molecules such as O2, NO2, CO2, etc. This review elaborates the sensing applications of those perovskite materials with diverse cations, dopants and composites. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms and electron transport properties, which are important for understanding those sensor performances, will be discussed. Their synthetic tactics, structural information, modifications and real time sensing applications are provided to promote such perovskite nanomaterials-based molecular designs. Lastly, we summarize the perspectives and provide feasible guidelines for future developing of novel perovskite nanostructure-based chemo- and biosensors with real time demonstration.