Progress of Exsolved Metal Nanoparticles on Oxides as High Performance (Electro)Catalysts for the Conversion of Small Molecules

Perovskite nanocomposites: synthesis, properties, and applications from renewable energy to optoelectronics

The oxide and halide perovskite materials with a ABX3 structure exhibit a number of excellent properties, including a high dielectric constant, electrochemical properties, a wide band gap, and a large absorption coefficient. These properties have led to a range of applications, including renewable energy and optoelectronics, where high-performance catalysts are needed. However, it is difficult for a single structure of perovskite alone to simultaneously fulfill the diverse needs of multiple applications, such as high performance and good stability at the same time. Consequently, perovskite nanocomposites have been developed to address the current limitations and enhance their functionality by combining perovskite with two or more materials to create complementary materials. This review paper categorizes perovskite nanocomposites according to their structural composition and outlines their synthesis methodologies, as well as their applications in various fields. These include fuel cells, electrochemical water splitting, CO2 mitigation, supercapacitors, and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, the review presents a summary of their research status, practical challenges, and future prospects in the fields of renewable energy and electronics.

Squeezing Out Nanoparticles from Perovskites: Controlling Exsolution with Pressure

Nanoparticle exsolution has emerged as a versatile method to functionalize oxides with robust metallic nanoparticles for catalytic and energy applications. By modifying certain external parameters during thermal reduction (temperature, time, reducing gas), some morphological and/or compositional properties of the exsolved nanoparticles can be tuned. Here, it is shown how the application of high pressure (<100 bar H2) enables the control of the exsolution of ternary FeCoNi alloyed nanoparticles from a double perovskite. H2 pressure affects the lattice expansion and the nanoparticle characteristics (size, population, and composition). The composition of the alloyed nanoparticles could be controlled, showing a reversal of the expected thermodynamic trend at 10 and 50 bar, where Fe becomes the main component instead of Ni. In addition, pressure drastically lowers the exsolution temperature to 300 °C, resulting in unprecedented highly-dispersed and small-sized nanoparticles with a similar composition to those obtained at 600 °C and 10 bar. The mechanisms behind the effects of pressure on exsolution are discussed, involving kinetic, surface thermodynamics, and lattice-strain factors. A volcano-like trend of the exsolution extent suggests that competing pressure-dependent mechanisms govern the process. Pressure emerges as a new design tool for metallic nanoparticle exsolution enabling novel nanocatalysts and surface-functionalized materials.

The synergistic effect of Cl doping and Bi coupling to promote the carrier separation of BiOBr for efficient photocatalytic nitrogen reduction

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a sustainable process for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. However, photocatalytic NRR activity and are generally limited by inefficient carrier separation and transfer. Therefore, parallel engineering of bulk phase doping and surface coupling is critical to achieving the goal of efficient NRR. In this study, Cl doped BiOBr nanosheet assemblies (BiOBr/Cl) were constructed in delicately designed deep eutectic solvents (DESs), combined with ionothermal methods at low temperatures and Bi3+ exsolution reduction strategy at high temperatures. The unique liquid state and reducibility of DESs induce the reduction of Bi3+ and the in situ coupling of Bi quantum dots at the surface of BiOBr/Cl nanosheets along with the construction of Bi-BiOBr/Cl nanosheet assemblies. The experimental results show that Cl doping could reduce the exciton dissociation energy and promote its dissociation to free carriers. Bi quantum dots could form tightly coupled Schottky junction with BiOBr/Cl enabling the efficient and unidirectional transmission of photogenerated electrons from BiOBr/Cl to metal Bi. The formed electron deficient region at Schottky interface promotes the adsorption and activation of N2. The hierarchical structure of Bi-BiOBr/Cl nanosheet assembly benefits to providing more N2 adsorption active sites. The DFT calculation shows that the accumulation of high concentration of active hydrogen in Bi-BiOBr/Cl leads to a significant decrease of energy barrier of the first step hydrogenation of N2. Bi-BiOBr/Clis more inclined to adsorb nitrogen for NRR in comparison with H* for hydrogen production. The synergistic effect of Cl doping and Bi coupling result in a high NRR activity of Bi-BiOBr/Cl photocatalyst of 6.67 mmol·g-1·h-1, which was 11.3 times higher than that of initial BiOBr. This study provides a promising strategy for designing highly active NRR photocatalysts with high efficiency carrier dissociation and transport.

Ammonolysis-Driven Exsolution of Ru Nanoparticle Embedded in Conductive Metal Nitride Matrix to Boost Electrocatalyst Activity

Exsolution is an effective method for synthesizing robust nanostructured metal-based functional materials. However, no studies have investigated the exsolution of metal nanoparticles into metal nitride substrates. In this study, a versatile nitridation-driven exsolution method is developed for embedding catalytically active metal nanoparticles in conductive metal nitride substrates via the ammonolysis of multimetallic oxides. Using this approach, Ti1-xRuxO2 nanowires are phase-transformed into holey TiN nanotubes embedded with exsolved Ru nanoparticles. These Ru-exsolved holey TiN nanotubes exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction with excellent durability, which is significantly higher than that of Ru-deposited TiN nanotubes. The enhanced stability of the Ru-exsolved TiN nanotubes can be attributed to the Ru nanoparticles embedded in the robust metal nitride matrix and the formation of interfacial Ti3+─N─Ru4+ bonds. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the exsolved Ru nanoparticles have a lower d-band center position and optimized hydrogen affinity than deposited Ru nanoparticles, indicating the superior electrocatalyst performance of the former. In situ Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals that the electron transfer from TiN to Ru nanoparticles is enhanced during the electrocatalytic process. The proposed approach opens a new avenue for stabilizing diverse metal nanostructures in many conductive matrices like metal phosphides and chalcogenides.

Highly Reversible Zn-Air Batteries Enabled by Tuned Valence Electron and Steric Hindrance on Atomic Fe-N4-C Sites

The bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst is the Achilles' heel of achieving robust reversible Zn-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, durable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis in alkaline media is realized on atomic Fe-N4-C sites reinforced by NixCo3-xO4 (NixCo3-xO4@Fe1/NC). Compared with that of pristine Fe1/NC, the stability of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is increased 10 times and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is also improved. The steric hindrance alters the valence electron at the Fe-N4-C sites, resulting in a shorter Fe-N bond and enhanced stability of the Fe-N4-C sites. The corresponding solid-state ZABs exhibit an ultralong lifespan (>460 h at 5 mA cm-2) and high rate performance (from 2 to 50 mA cm-2). Furthermore, the structural evolution of NixCo3-xO4@Fe1/NC before and after the OER and ORR as well as charge-discharge cycling is explored. This work develops an efficient strategy for improving bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis and possibly other processes.

CO2 Electrolyzers

CO2 electrolyzers have progressed rapidly in energy efficiency and catalyst selectivity toward valuable chemical feedstocks and fuels, such as syngas, ethylene, ethanol, and methane. However, each component within these complex systems influences the overall performance, and the further advances needed to realize commercialization will require an approach that considers the whole process, with the electrochemical cell at the center. Beyond the cell boundaries, the electrolyzer must integrate with upstream CO2 feeds and downstream separation processes in a way that minimizes overall product energy intensity and presents viable use cases. Here we begin by describing upstream CO2 sources, their energy intensities, and impurities. We then focus on the cell, the most common CO2 electrolyzer system architectures, and each component within these systems. We evaluate the energy savings and the feasibility of alternative approaches including integration with CO2 capture, direct conversion of flue gas and two-step conversion via carbon monoxide. We evaluate pathways that minimize downstream separations and produce concentrated streams compatible with existing sectors. Applying this comprehensive upstream-to-downstream approach, we highlight the most promising routes, and outlook, for electrochemical CO2 reduction.

Metal exsolution from perovskite-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly efficient and environmentally friendly devices for converting fuel into electrical energy. In this regard, metal nanoparticles (NPs) loaded onto the anode oxide play a crucial role due to their exceptional catalytic activity. NPs synthesized through exsolution exhibit excellent dispersion and stability, garnering significant attention for comprehending the exsolution process mechanism and consequently improving synthesis effectiveness. This review presents recent advancements in the exsolution process, focusing on the influence of oxygen vacancies, A-site defects, lattice strain, and phase transformation on the variation of the octahedral crystal field in perovskites. Moreover, we offer insights into future research directions to further enhance our understanding of the mechanism and achieve significant exsolution of NPs on perovskites.

Microwave-Driven Exsolution of Ni Nanoparticles in A-Site Deficient Perovskites

Exsolution has emerged as a promising method for generating metallic nanoparticles, whose robustness and stability outperform those of more conventional deposition methods, such as impregnation. In general, exsolution involves the migration of transition metal cations, typically perovskites, under reducing conditions, leading to the nucleation of well-anchored metallic nanoparticles on the oxide surface with particular properties. There is growing interest in exploring alternative methods for exsolution that do not rely on high-temperature reduction via hydrogen. For example, utilizing electrochemical potentials or plasma technologies has shown promising results in terms of faster exsolution, leading to better dispersion of nanoparticles under milder conditions. To avoid limitations in scaling up exhibited by electrochemical cells and plasma-generation devices, we proposed a method based on pulsed microwave (MW) radiation to drive the exsolution of metallic nanoparticles. Here, we demonstrate the H2-free MW-driven exsolution of Ni nanoparticles from lanthanum strontium titanates, characterizing the mechanism that provides control over nanoparticle size and dispersion and enhanced catalytic activity and stability for CO2 hydrogenation. The presented method will enable the production of metallic nanoparticles with a high potential for scalability, requiring short exposure times and low temperatures.

Co-Exsolution of Ni-Based Alloy Catalysts for the Valorization of Carbon Dioxide and Methane

ConspectusThe reversible coexsolution mechanism of perovskite oxides is emerging as an alternative method for synthesizing alloy catalyst nanoparticles. Co-exsolution is a partial decomposition process where multiple B cations diffuse from the bulk of a solid precursor and nucleate on the surface. The unique properties of exsolved alloy catalysts, including improved dispersion, thermal stability, and compositional malleability, make them particularly useful for converting CO2 into chemical commodities and fuels. However, the coexsolution of alloys is still in development, and fundamental insights into the alloying mechanism, formation of nanoparticles, and defect chemistry are needed.This Account examines the solid-state chemistry of perovskite oxide precursors and reaction parameters that can be altered to control the assembly or exsolution of Ni-based alloys. The characteristics of bulk perovskite oxide precursors heavily influence the exsolved alloy catalyst nanoparticle assembly, growth, and composition. Inherent defects, such as oxygen vacancies and grain boundaries, primarily facilitate the transport of catalytic B-cation dopants from the bulk to the surface. An example of how bulk defects can affect the properties of Ni-based alloy catalysts is demonstrated through the formation of NiFe from La(Fe, Ni)O3. The A/B cation ratio plays a significant role in determining the size and composition of NiFe nanoparticles, which directly impacts their catalytic performance. Using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (in situ XAS), the dynamic behavior of exsolved NiFe nanoparticles can be observed in different reaction environments (oxidation, reduction, and dry reforming of methane) by tracking the oxidation state and local environment of the Ni K-edge and Fe K-edge using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), respectively. Time-resolved experiments with in situ XAS showed that NiFe nanoparticle growth starts at ∼280 °C and transforms from predominantly Ni to NiFe at higher reduction times and temperatures.The challenges of exsolution of higher-order Ni-based alloys, such as 3(NiFeCo), 4(NiCoCuPd), and 5(NiFeCoCuPd) element nanoparticles, to improve the catalyst properties are discussed. The size, concentration, and reducibility of the dopant cation can alter the exsolution kinetics, alloy nanoparticle growth dynamics, and catalyst performance. The size and composition of exsolved Ni-based alloys affect the effectiveness of catalysts in the dry reforming of methane. Large NiFeCo nanoparticles separated from Pd and Cu can lead to catalyst deactivation, but using a complex alloy with smaller NiFeCoPdCu nanoparticles results in a stable performance. The use of in situ XANES reveals how the dry reforming of methane reaction conditions can induce changes in the NiFe with the rapid redissolution of Fe back into the lattice.The dynamicity of the exsolved Ni-based alloy nanoparticles and implications for their regeneration after aging or exposure to waste gas contaminants are discussed. Finally, we summarize the Account and provide promising future directions.

Near-field enhancement of optical second harmonic generation in hybrid gold-lithium niobate nanostructures

Nanophotonics research has focused recently on the ability of nonlinear optical processes to mediate and transform optical signals in a myriad of novel devices, including optical modulators, transducers, color filters, photodetectors, photon sources, and ultrafast optical switches. The inherent weakness of optical nonlinearities at smaller scales has, however, hindered the realization of efficient miniaturized devices, and strategies for enhancing both device efficiencies and synthesis throughput via nanoengineering remain limited. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which second harmonic generation, a prototypical nonlinear optical phenomenon, from individual lithium niobate particles can be significantly enhanced through nonradiative coupling to the localized surface plasmon resonances of embedded gold nanoparticles. A joint experimental and theoretical investigation of single mesoporous lithium niobate particles coated with a dispersed layer of ~10 nm diameter gold nanoparticles shows that a ~32-fold enhancement of second harmonic generation can be achieved without introducing finely tailored radiative nanoantennas to mediate photon transfer to or from the nonlinear material. This work highlights the limitations of current strategies for enhancing nonlinear optical phenomena and proposes a route through which a new class of subwavelength nonlinear optical platforms can be designed to maximize nonlinear efficiencies through near-field energy exchange.

Electrochemical C-N coupling of CO2 and nitrogenous small molecules for the electrosynthesis of organonitrogen compounds

Electrochemical C-N coupling reactions based on abundant small molecules (such as CO₂ and N₂) have attracted increasing attention as a new "green synthetic strategy" for the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds, which have been widely used in organic synthesis, materials chemistry, and biochemistry. The traditional technology employed for the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds containing C-N bonds often requires the addition of metal reagents or oxidants under harsh conditions with high energy consumption and environmental concerns. By contrast, electrosynthesis avoids the use of other reducing agents or oxidants by utilizing "electrons", which are the cleanest "reagent" and can reduce the generation of by-products, consistent with the atomic economy and green chemistry. In this study, we present a comprehensive review on the electrosynthesis of high value-added organonitrogens from the abundant CO₂ and nitrogenous small molecules (N₂, NO, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, NH₃, etc.) via the C-N coupling reaction. The associated fundamental concepts, theoretical models, emerging electrocatalysts, and value-added target products, together with the current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. This critical review will greatly increase the understanding of electrochemical C-N coupling reactions, and thus attract research interest in the fixation of carbon and nitrogen.

Artificial intelligence-aided preparation of perovskite SrFexZr1-xO3-δ catalysts for ozonation degradation of organic pollutant concentrated water after membrane treatment

Membrane technology has been widely used to treat wastewater from a variety of industries, but it also results in a large amount of concentrated wastewater containing organic pollutants after membrane treatment, which is challenging to decompose. Here in this work, a series of perovskite SrFe_xZr_1-xO_3-δ catalysts were prepared via a modified co-precipitation method and evaluated for catalytic ozone oxidative degradation of m-cresol. An artificial neural intelligence networks (ANN) model was employed to train the experimental data to optimize the preparation parameters of catalysts, with SrFe_0.13Zr_0.87O_3-δ being the optimal catalysts. The resultant catalysts before and after reduction were then thoroughly characterized and tested for m-cresol degradation. It was found that the co-doping of Fe and Zr at the B-site and the improvement of oxygen vacancies and oxygen active species by reduction dramatically increased TOC removal rates up to 5 times compared with ozone alone, with the conversion rate of m-cresol reaching 100%. We also proposed a possible mechanism for m-cresol degradation via investigating the intermediates using GC-MS, and confirmed the good versatility of the reduced SrFe_0.13Zr_0.87O_3-δ catalyst to remove other common organic pollutants in concentrated wastewater. This work demonstrates new prospects for the use of perovskite materials in wastewater treatment.

Exsolution of Ru Nanoparticles on BaCe0.9 Y0.1 O3-δ Modifying Geometry and Electronic Structure of Ru for Ammonia Synthesis Reaction Under Mild Conditions

Green ammonia is an efficient, carbon-free energy carrier and storage medium. The ammonia synthesis using green hydrogen requires an active catalyst that operates under mild conditions. The catalytic activity can be promoted by controlling the geometry and electronic structure of the active species. An exsolution process is implemented to improve catalytic activity by modulating the geometry and electronic structure of Ru. Ru nanoparticles exsolved on a BaCe_0.9 Y_0.1 O_3-δ support exhibit uniform size distribution, 5.03 ± 0.91 nm, and exhibited one of the highest activities, 387.31 mmol_NH3  g_Ru ^-1  h^-1 (0.1 MPa and 450 °C). The role of the exsolution and BaCe_0.9 Y_0.1 O_3-δ support is studied by comparing the catalyst with control samples and in-depth characterizations. The optimal nanoparticle size is maintained during the reaction, as the Ru nanoparticles prepared by exsolution are well-anchored to the support with in-plane epitaxy. The electronic structure of Ru is modified by unexpected in situ Ba promoter accumulation around the base of the Ru nanoparticles.

Dynamic Surface Evolution of Metal Oxides for Autonomous Adaptation to Catalytic Reaction Environments

Metal oxides possessing distinctive physical/chemical properties due to different crystal structures and stoichiometries play a pivotal role in numerous current technologies, especially heterogeneous catalysis for production/conversion of high-valued chemicals and energy. To date, many researchers have investigated the effect of the structure and composition of these materials on their reactivity to various chemical and electrochemical reactions. However, metal oxide surfaces evolve from their initial form under dynamic reaction conditions due to the autonomous behaviors of the constituent atoms to adapt to the surrounding environment. Such nanoscale surface phenomena complicate reaction mechanisms and material properties, interrupting the clarification of the origin of functionality variations in reaction environments. In this review, the current findings on the spontaneous surface reorganization of metal oxides during reactions are categorized into three types: 1) the appearance of nano-sized second phase from oxides, 2) the (partial) encapsulation of oxide atoms toward supported metal surfaces, and 3) the oxide surface reconstruction with selective cation leaching in aqueous solution. Then their effects on each reaction are summarized in terms of activity and stability, providing novel insight for those who design metal-oxide-based catalytic materials.

Toward Superb Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalysts: Engineering of Coupled Nanocomposites

A significant issue that bedeviled the commercialization of renewable energy technologies, ranging from low-temperature water electrolyzers to high-temperature solid oxide cells, is the lack of high-performance catalysts. Among various candidates that could tackle such a challenge, perovskite oxides are rising-star materials because of their unique structural and compositional flexibility. However, single-phase perovskite oxides are challenging to satisfy all the requirements of electrocatalysts concurrently for practical applications, such as high catalytic activity, excellent stability, good ionic and electronic conductivities, and superior chemical/thermo-mechanical robustness. Impressively, perovskite oxides with coupled nanocomposites are emerging as a novel form offering multifunctionality due to their intrinsic features, including infinite interfaces with solid interaction, tunable compositions, flexible configurations, and maximum synergistic effects between assorted components. Considering this new configuration has attracted great attention owing to its promising performances in various energy-related applications, this review timely summarizes the leading-edge development of perovskite oxide-based coupled nanocomposites. Their state-of-art synthetic strategies are surveyed and highlighted, their unique structural advantages are highlighted and illustrated through the typical oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reactions in both high and low-temperature applications. Opinions on the current critical scientific issues and opportunities in this burgeoning research field are all provided.

A Flexible Method to Fabricate Exsolution-Based Nanoparticle-Decorated Materials in Seconds

Decorating metallic nanoparticles on the surface of oxide support is a promising approach to tailor the catalytic activity of perovskite. Here, for the first time using thermal shock to rapidly fabricate nanoparticle-decorated materials (NDMs) is proposed. Low-cost and size-tailorable carbon paper is used as the heating source during the thermal shock. It is reported that by thermal shock technique, only ≈13 s including heating and treating time is needed to fabricate the exsolution-based NDMs (the fastest method to date). Benefitted by the sufficiently provided driving force and the short treating time, as compared to the product prepared by the conventionally furnace-based method, higher particle density and smaller particle size of the exsolved catalysts are acquired for the thermal shock fabricated NDM, giving rise to a fascinating improvement (12-fold) of the electrochemical performance. This work develops a new technique to rapidly fabricate NDMs in an economic and high-throughput manner, profoundly improving the flexibility of the application of exsolution-based materials in electrochemical devices.

A new 2D layered aluminophosphate |Hada|6[Al6(PO4)8](H2O)11 supported highly uniform Ag nanoparticles for 4-nitrophenol reduction

This work presents a new 2D aluminophosphate (ZHKU-1) with inorganic sheets containing a 4,6,12-net in AAAA-stacked sequence. Moreover, small Ag clusters supported on ZHKU-1 exhibit excellent catalytic performance in 4-nitrophenol reduction.

Minimized thermal expansion mismatch of cobalt-based perovskite air electrodes for solid oxide cells

The mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) between cobalt-containing perovskite air electrodes and electrolytes is a great challenge for the development of thermo-mechanically durable solid oxide cells (SOCs). In this work, we propose a facile design principle to directly grow highly dispersed Co reactive sites onto ion-conducting scaffolds and confine the dimension of active centres within nanoscale. As a representative, the Co-socketed BaCe_0.7Zr_0.2Y_0.1O_3-δ perovskite (denoted as R-BCZY-Co) was constructed via a consecutive sol-gel and in situ exsolution approach. Combined XRD, H₂-TPR, SEM and TEM results confirm the emergence of Co nanoparticles on a BCZY matrix without the segregation of a secondary Co-rich phase. The symmetric half-cell measurement suggests that R-BCZY-Co air electrode with the optimal Co content of 10 mol% exhibits a 7-fold promoted oxygen activation performance with a polarization resistance of ∼0.17 Ω cm² at 750 °C. The TEC mismatch between fabricated R-BCZY-Co electrodes and BCZY electrolytes is minimized down to only ∼11.4%, which is significantly lower than that of other representative counterparts. Moreover, the detailed XPS result proves that the architecture of exsolved Co on BCZY possesses a higher concentration of surface oxygen vacancy, which further benefits the kinetics of ion diffusion and oxygen absorption.

Activating Lattice Oxygen in Perovskite Oxide by B-Site Cation Doping for Modulated Stability and Activity at Elevated Temperatures

Doping perovskite oxide with different cations is used to improve its electro-catalytic performance for various energy and environment devices. In this work, an activated lattice oxygen activity in Pr0.4 Sr0.6 Cox Fe0.9- x Nb0.1 O3- δ (PSCxFN, x = 0, 0.2, 0.7) thin film model system by B-site cation doping is reported. As Co doping level increases, PSCxFN thin films exhibit higher concentration of oxygen vacancies ( V o • • ) as revealed by X-ray diffraction and synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculation results suggest that Co doping leads to more distortion in FeO octahedra and weaker metaloxygen bonds caused by the increase of antibonding state, thereby lowering V o • • formation energy. As a consequence, PSCxFN thin film with higher Co-doping level presents larger amount of exsolved particles on the surface. Both the facilitated V o • • formation and B-site cation exsolution lead to the enhanced hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity. Excessive Co doping until 70%, nevertheless, results in partial decomposition of thin film and degrades the stability. Pr0.4 Sr0.6 (Co0.2 Fe0.7 Nb0.1 )O3 with moderate Co doping level displays both good HOR activity and stability. This work clarifies the critical role of B-site cation doping in determining the V o • • formation process, the surface activity, and structure stability of perovskite oxides.

Enhancing the Intrinsic Activity and Stability of Perovskite Cobaltite at Elevated Temperature Through Surface Stress

Perovskite-based oxides attract great attention as catalysts for energy and environmental devices. Nanostructure engineering is demonstrated as an effective approach for improving the catalytic activity of the materials. The mechanism for the enhancement, nevertheless, is still not fully understood. In this study, it is demonstrated that compressive strain can be introduced into freestanding perovskite cobaltite La_0.8 Sr_0.2 CoO_{3- δ} (LSC) nanofibers with sufficient small size. Crystal structure analysis suggests that the LSC fiber is characterized by compressive strain along the ab plane and less distorted CoO₆ octahedron compared to the bulk powder sample. Accompanied by such structural changes, the nanofiber shows significantly higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and better stability at elevated temperature, which is attributed to the higher oxygen vacancy concentration and suppressed Sr segregation in the LSC nanofibers. First-principle calculations further suggest that the compressive strain in LSC nanofibers effectively shortens the distance between the Co 3d and O 2p band center and lowers the oxygen vacancy formation energy. The results clarify the critical role of surface stress in determining the intrinsic activity of perovskite oxide nanomaterials. The results of this work can help guide the design of highly active and durable perovskite catalysts via nanostructure engineering.

Exploring the Stability of Fe–Ni Alloy Nanoparticles Exsolved from Double-Layered Perovskites for Dry Reforming of Methane

Exsolution is emerging as a promising route for the creation of nanoparticles that remain anchored to the oxide support, imparting remarkable stability in high temperature chemical processes such as dry reforming of methane. This process takes place at temperatures around 850 °C, which causes sintering-related issues in catalysts prepared using conventional impregnation methods, which could be overcome by using exsolution functionalized oxides. In this work, FeNi3 alloy nanoparticles exsolved from Sr2FexNi1-xMoO6-δ double-layered perovskites were evaluated as a dry reforming catalyst, paying special attention to structure–activity relationships. Our results indicate that increasing the Ni content favors the nanoparticle dispersion, eventually leading to increased CO2 and CH4 conversions. The exsolved nanoparticles presented remarkable nanoparticle size (ca. 30 nm) stability after the 10 h treatment, although the formation of some phase segregations over the course of the reaction caused a minor decrease in the nanoparticle population. Overall, the results presented here serve as materials processing guidelines that could find further potential use in the design of more efficient (electro)catalysts in other fuel production or energy conversion technologies.