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Xie P, Xu Y, Wang J, Li D, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Gao B, Quan Q, Li B, Meng Y, Wang W, Li Y, Yan Y, Shen Y, Sun J, Ho JC. Birdlike broadband neuromorphic visual sensor arrays for fusion imaging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8298. [PMID: 39333067 PMCID: PMC11437102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable visual bionic devices, fueled by advancements in artificial intelligence, are making remarkable progress. However, traditional silicon vision chips often grapple with high energy losses and challenges in emulating complex biological behaviors. In this study, we constructed a van der Waals P3HT/GaAs nanowires P-N junction by carefully directing the arrangement of organic molecules. Combined with a Schottky junction, this facilitated multi-faceted birdlike visual enhancement, including broadband non-volatile storage, low-light perception, and a near-zero power consumption operating mode in both individual devices and 5 × 5 arrays on arbitrary substrates. Specifically, we realized over 5 bits of in-memory sensing and computing with both negative and positive photoconductivity. When paired with two imaging modes (visible and UV), our reservoir computing system demonstrated up to 94% accuracy for color recognition. It achieved motion and UV grayscale information extraction (displayed with sunscreen), leading to fusion visual imaging. This work provides a promising co-design of material and device for a broadband and highly biomimetic optoelectronic neuromorphic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengshan Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunchao Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengji Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zixin Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Boxiang Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - You Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yezhan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Johnny C Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Peng H, Liu T, Zhao Y, Li L, Du P, Li H, Yan F, Zhai T. Ultrahigh Responsivity and Robust Semiconducting Fiber Enabled by Molecular Soldering-Governed Defect Engineering for Smart Textile Optoelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406353. [PMID: 39049581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Semiconducting fibers (SCFs) are of significant interest to design next-generation wearable and comfortable optoelectronics that seamlessly integrate with textiles. However, the practical applications of current SCFs are always limited by poor optoelectronic performance and low mechanical robustness caused by uncontrollable multiscale structural defects. Herein, a versatile in situ molecular soldering-governed defect engineering strategy is proposed to construct ultrahigh responsivity and robust wet-spun MoS2 SCFs, by using a π-conjugated dithiolated molecule to simultaneously patch microscale sulfur vacancies within MoS2 nanosheets, diminish mesoscale interlayer voids/wrinkles, promote macroscale orientation, build long-range photoelectron percolation bridges, and provide n-doping effect. The derived MoS2 SCFs exhibit over two orders of magnitude higher responsivity (144.3 A W-1) than previously reported fiber photodetectors, 37.3-fold faster photoresponse speed (52 ms) than pristine counterpart, and remarkable bending robustness (retain 94.2% of the initial photocurrent after 50 000 bending-flattening cycles). Such superior robustness and photodetection capacity of MoS2 SCFs further enable large-scale weaving of reliable smart textile optoelectronic systems, such as direction-identifiable wireless light alarming system, modularized mechano-optical communication system, and indoor light-controlled IoT system. This work offers a universal strategy for the scalable production of mechanically robust and high-performance SCFs, opening up exciting possibilities for large-scale integration of wearable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yinghe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co-Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, R. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co-Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, R. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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Wang H, Wen Y, Zhang X, Zhai B, Cheng R, Yin L, Yu Y, Li Y, Jiang J, Zhu H, He J. Revealing Enhanced Optical Nonlinearity and Robust Ferromagnetism in Atomically Sharp Stacking Binary-Ternary Magnetic Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22978-22988. [PMID: 39136625 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide a versatile platform for the integration of diverse crystals, enabling the formation of heterostructures with intriguing functionalities. Coherently growing 2D heterostructures are highly desirable for property manipulation due to their strong interfacial interaction. In this work, we propose a general synthesis approach and provide insight into well-designed 2D binary-ternary magnetic heterostructures. Atomically sharp interfaces were achieved in typical lateral and vertical Cr1+mSe2(001)/CuCr2Se4(111) heterostructures owing to their similar lattice arrangement, with the observation of a significant enhancement of optical second-harmonic generation. Further magnetism measurements revealed a Curie temperature up to 360 K and thickness- and temperature-dependent magnetism in this heterostructure. Additionally, we synthesized three analogous 2D magnetic heterostructures in Fe-Cr-S, Co-Cr-S, and Cu-Cr-S systems, demonstrating the ubiquitous nature of the coherent heteroepitaxy. Our work involves the development of an innovative platform for investigating the underlying physics and potential applications of 2D binary-ternary heterostructures as well as the fabrication of associated functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Baoxing Zhai
- Institute of Semiconductors, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ruiqing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yiling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
- Institute of Semiconductors, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ma Y, Liang H, Guan X, Xu S, Tao M, Liu X, Zheng Z, Yao J, Yang G. Two-dimensional layered material photodetectors: what could be the upcoming downstream applications beyond prototype devices? NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39046195 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
With distinctive advantages spanning excellent flexibility, rich physical properties, strong electrostatic tunability, dangling-bond-free surface, and ease of integration, 2D layered materials (2DLMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential for photodetection. However, to date, most of the research enthusiasm has been merely focused on developing novel prototype devices. In the past few years, researchers have also been devoted to developing various downstream applications based on 2DLM photodetectors to contribute to promoting them from fundamental research to practical commercialization, and extensive accomplishments have been realized. In spite of the remarkable advancements, these fascinating research findings are relatively scattered. To date, there is still a lack of a systematic and profound summarization regarding this fast-evolving domain. This is not beneficial to researchers, especially researchers just entering this research field, who want to have a quick, timely, and comprehensive inspection of this fascinating domain. To address this issue, in this review, the emerging downstream applications of 2DLM photodetectors in extensive fields, including imaging, health monitoring, target tracking, optoelectronic logic operation, ultraviolet monitoring, optical communications, automatic driving, and acoustic signal detection, have been systematically summarized, with the focus on the underlying working mechanisms. At the end, the ongoing challenges of this rapidly progressing domain are identified, and the potential schemes to address them are envisioned, which aim at navigating the future exploration as well as fully exerting the pivotal roles of 2DLMs towards the practical optoelectronic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Huanrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Meiling Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Zhaoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jiandong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
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5
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Bozkurt Y, Cetin Z, Yagmurcukardes M. Prediction of single-layer antimony oxyselenide (Sb 2O 2Se 2): metal-to-semiconductor transition via hydrogenation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:365001. [PMID: 38788730 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the structural, electronic, vibrational, and mechanical properties of single-layer Antimony Oxyselenide (Sb2O2Se2) and its hydrogenated structure (Sb2O2Se2H2) are investigated by performing density functional theory-based first principles calculations. Geometry optimizations reveal that single-layer Sb2O2Se2crystallizes in tetragonal structure which is shown to possess dynamical stability by means of phonon band dispersions. In addition, the mechanical stability of the predicted single layer is satisfied via the linear-elastic parameters. Electronically, it is revealed that single-layer Sb2O2Se2exhibits metallic behavior whose highest occupied states are found to arise from the surface Se atoms, may be an indication for tuning the electronic features via surface functionalization. For the surface modification of Sb2O2Se2, top of each Se atom is saturated with a H atom and fully hydrogenated single-layer Sb2O2Se2H2is shown to be an in-plane anisotropic structure. Phonon band dispersion calculations indicate the dynamical stability of Sb2O2Se2H2. Mechanically stable Sb2O2Se2H2is found to possess anisotropic linear-elastic behavior, which is much softer than its pristine structure. Moreover, electronically a metallic-to-semiconducting transition is shown to occur as the unoccupied Se-orbitals are saturated via H atoms. Our work offers insights into prediction of a novel single-layer material, namely Sb2O2Se2, and reports the chemically-driven semiconducting behavior via hydrogenation, which may lead to the use of hydrogenated structure in solar cell, photoelectrode, or photocatalyst applications owing to its suitable band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Bozkurt
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zebih Cetin
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
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6
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Yu M, Xun W, Dong Y, Gu H, Zhong JL, Ren J, Hao X, Wu YZ. Anisotropic optical property of ferroelectric Bi 2O 2X(X = S,Se,Te) monolayer and strain engineering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:335302. [PMID: 38740061 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad4add] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Based on the first-principles calculations, ferroelectricBi2O2X(X=S,Se,Te)monolayers with unequivalent in-plane lattice constants are confirmed to be the ground state, which is consistent with the experiment result (Ghoshet al2019Nano Lett.195703-09), and the anisotropic optical property is firstly investigated. We find that the polarizations ofBi2O2Xmonolayers points along the direction ofa-axis, andBi2O2Temonolayer process the largest polarization. Furthermore, both the biaxial and uniaxial strains are favor for the enhancement of polarization ofBi2O2Xmonolayers. It should be mentioned that the type of band gap will convert from indirect to direct forBi2O2Temonolayer when thea-axial tensile strain is larger than 2%. At last, the optical absorption coefficient forBi2O2Xmonolayers are calculated, and we obtain thatBi2O2Temonolayer has the strongest optical absorption within the range of visible light, the anisotropy and possible strain engineering to improve the optical absorption are discussed in detail. Our findings are significant in fields of optoelectronics and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xun
- School of Electrical Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaojun Dong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Gu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Zhong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
- Semiconductor Sensor and Microelectronic system TEKISM United Laboratory, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Zhong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, and School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
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Dang LY, Wei Z, Guo J, Cui TH, Wang Y, Han JC, Wang GG. Efficient Carrier Transport in 2D Bi 2O 2Se/CsBi 3I 10 Perovskite Heterojunction Enables Highly-Sensitive Broadband Photodetection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306600. [PMID: 38009782 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
2D Bi2O2Se has recently garnered significant attention in the electronics and optoelectronics fields due to its remarkable photosensitivity, broad spectral absorption, and excellent long-term environmental stability. However, the development of integrated Bi2O2Se photodetector with high performance and low-power consumption is limited by material synthesis method and the inherent high carrier concentration of Bi2O2Se. Here, a type-I heterojunction is presented, comprising 2D Bi2O2Se and lead-free bismuth perovskite CsBi3I10, for fast response and broadband detection. Through effective charge transfer and strong coupling effect at the interfaces of Bi2O2Se and CsBi3I10, the response time is accelerated to 4.1 µs, and the detection range is expanded from ultraviolet to near-infrared spectral regions (365-1500 nm). The as-fabricated photodetector exhibits a responsivity of 48.63 AW-1 and a detectivity of 1.22×1012 Jones at 808 nm. Moreover, efficient modulation of the dominant photocurrent generation mechanism from photoconductive to photogating effect leads to sensitive response exceeding 103 AW-1 for heterojunction-based photo field effect transistor (photo-FETs). Utilizing the large-scale growth of both Bi2O2Se and CsBi3I10, the as-fabricated integrated photodetector array demonstrates outstanding homogeneity and stability of photo-response performance. The proposed 2D Bi2O2Se/CsBi3I10 perovskite heterojunction holds promising prospects for the future-generation photodetector arrays and integrated optoelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yang Dang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian-Hao Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Cai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Gen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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8
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Gao S, Wu X, Xiao X, Liu W, Huang K. Direct growth Bi2O 2Se nanosheets on SiO 2/Si substrate for high-performance and broadband photodetector. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:125703. [PMID: 38096576 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad15ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Bi2O2Se, a newly emerging two-dimensional (2D) material, has attracted significant attention as a promising candidate for optoelectronics applications due to its exceptional air stability and high mobility. Generally, mica and SrTiO3substrates with lattice matching are commonly used for the growth of high-quality 2D Bi2O2Se. Although 2D Bi2O2Se grown on these insulating substrates can be transferred onto Si substrate to ensure compatibility with silicon-based semiconductor processes, this inevitably introduces defects and surface states that significantly compromise the performance of optoelectronic devices. Herein we employ Bi2Se3as the evaporation source and oxygen reaction to directly grow Bi2O2Se nanosheets on Si substrate through a conventional chemical vapor deposition method. The photodetector based on the Bi2O2Se nanosheets on Si substrate demonstrates outstanding optoelectronics performance with a responsivity of 379 A W-1, detectivity of 2.9 × 1010Jones, and rapid response time of 0.28 ms, respectively, with 532 nm illumination. Moreover, it also exhibits a broadband photodetection capability across the visible to near-infrared range (532-1300 nm). These results suggest that the promising potential of Bi2O2Se nanosheets for high-performance and broadband photodetector applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Gao
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongqing Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Xiao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Huang
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Wang S, Hong J, Zhang N, Wei X, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Liu K, Jiang M, Xu H. Polarization-Sensitive Photodetector Based on High Crystallinity Quasi-1D BiSeI Nanowires Synthesized via Chemical Vapor Deposition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302623. [PMID: 37357165 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth chalcohalides (BiSeI and BiSI), a class of superior light absorbers, have recently garnered great attention owing to their promise in constructing next-generation optoelectronic devices. However, to date, the photodetection application of bismuth chalcohalides is still limited due to the challenge in controllable preparation. Herein, the synthesis of large-scale quasi-1D BiSeI nanowires via chemical vapor deposition growth is reported. By precisely tuning the growth temperature and the Se supply, it can effectively control the growth thermodynamics and kinetics of BiSeI crystal, and thus achieve high purity quasi-1D BiSeI nanowires with high crystal quality, uniform diameter, and tunable domain length. Theory and optical characterizations of the quasi-1D BiSeI nanowires reveal an indirect bandgap of 1.57 eV with prominent optical linear dichroism. As a result, the quasi-1D BiSeI nanowire-based photodetector demonstrates a broadband photoresponse (400-800 nm) with high responsivity of 5880 mA W-1 , fast response speed of 0.11 ms and superior air stability. More importantly, the photodetector displays strong polarization sensitivity (anisotropic ratio = 1.77) under the 532 nm light irradiation. This work will provide important guides to the synthesis of other quais-1D metal chalcohalides and shed light on their potential in constructing novel multifunctional optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Hong
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Man Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
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10
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Verma SK, Sharma S, Maurya GK, Gautam V, Singh R, Singh A, Kandpal K, Kumar P, Kumar A, Wiemer C. Bi 2Te 2Se and Sb 2Te 3 heterostructure based photodetectors with high responsivity and broadband photoresponse: experimental and theoretical analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25008-25017. [PMID: 37697977 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological insulators have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for the fabrication of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices due to the unique properties of nontrivial Dirac cones on the surface and a narrow bandgap in the bulk. In this work, the Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te2Se materials, and their heterostructure are fabricated by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition and evaporation techniques. Photodetection of these materials and their heterostructure shows that they detect light in a broadband range of 600 to 1100 nm with maximum photoresponse of Sb2Te3, Bi2Te2Se and Sb2Te3/Bi2Te2Se at 1100, 1000, and 1000 nm, respectively. The maximum responsivity values of Sb2Te3, Bi2Te2Se, and their heterostructure are 183, 341.8, and 245.9 A W-1 at 1000 nm, respectively. A computational study has also been done using density functional theory (DFT). Using the first-principles methods based on DFT, we have systematically investigated these topological insulators and their heterostructure's electronic and optical properties. The band structures of Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te2Se thin films (3 QL) and their heterostructure are calculated. The bandgaps of Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te2Se are 26.4 and 23 meV, respectively, while the Sb2Te3/Bi2Te2Se heterostructure shows metallic behaviour. For the optical properties, the dielectric function's real and imaginary parts are calculated using DFT and random phase approximation (RPA). It is observed that these topological materials and their heterostructure are light absorbers in a broadband range, with maximum absorption at 1.90, 2.40, and 3.21 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Verma
- Spintronics and Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India, 211015.
- Department of Physics, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, UP, India, 222003
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Spintronics and Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India, 211015.
| | | | - Vidushi Gautam
- Spintronics and Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India, 211015.
| | - Roshani Singh
- Spintronics and Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India, 211015.
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Department of Physics, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, UP, India, 222003
| | - Kavindra Kandpal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India, 211015
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Spintronics and Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India, 211015.
| | - Arun Kumar
- CNR - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
- Department of Physics 'E.R. Caianiello', University of Salerno, Via G. Paollo II 132, 84084, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudia Wiemer
- CNR - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
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11
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Dan Z, Yang B, Song Q, Chen J, Li H, Gao W, Huang L, Zhang M, Yang M, Zheng Z, Huo N, Han L, Li J. Type-II Bi 2O 2Se/MoTe 2 van der Waals Heterostructure Photodetectors with High Gate-Modulation Photovoltaic Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18101-18113. [PMID: 36989425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) nonlayered Bi2O2Se-based electronics and optoelectronics have drawn enormous attention owing to their high electron mobility, facile synthetic process, stability to the atmosphere, and moderate narrow band gaps. However, 2D Bi2O2Se-based photodetectors typically present large dark current, relatively slow response speed, and persistent photoconductivity effect, limiting further improvement in fast-response imaging sensors and low-consumption broadband detection. Herein, a Bi2O2Se/2H-MoTe2 van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructure obtained from the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach and vertical stacking is reported. The proposed type-II staggered band alignment desirable for suppression of dark current and separation of photoinduced carriers is confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, accompanied by strong interlayer coupling and efficient built-in potential at the junction. Consequently, a stable visible (405 nm) to near-infrared (1310 nm) response capability, a self-driven prominent responsivity (R) of 1.24 A·W-1, and a high specific detectivity (D*) of 3.73 × 1011 Jones under 405 nm are achieved. In particular, R, D*, fill factor, and photoelectrical conversion efficiency (PCE) can be enhanced to 4.96 A·W-1, 3.84 × 1012 Jones, 0.52, and 7.21% at Vg = -60 V through a large band offset originated from the n+-p junction. It is suggested that the present vdWs heterostructure is a promising candidate for logical integrated circuits, image sensors, and low-power consumption detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Dan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Baoxiang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Song
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianru Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Le Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Menglong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Nengjie Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chip and Integration Technology, School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
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12
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Xue X, Ling C, Ji H, Wang J, Wang C, Lu H, Liu W. Self-Powered and Broadband Bismuth Oxyselenide/p-Silicon Heterojunction Photodetectors with Low Dark Current and Fast Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5411-5419. [PMID: 36655912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials such as graphene, black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted great interest in developing optoelectronic devices due to their efficient conversion between light and electric signals. However, the zero band gap nature, the unstable chemical properties, and the low electron mobility constrained their wide applications. Bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se) is gradually showing great research significance in the optoelectronic field. Here, we develop a bismuth oxyselenide/p-silicon (Bi2O2Se/p-Si) heterojunction and design a self-powered and broadband Bi2O2Se/p-Si heterojunction photodetector with an ultrafast response (2.6 μs) and low dark current (10-10 A without gate voltage regulation). It possesses a remarkable detectivity of 4.43 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W-1 and a self-powered photoresponse characteristic at 365-1550 nm (ultraviolet-near-infrared). Meanwhile, the Bi2O2Se/p-Si heterojunction photodetector also shows high stability and repeatability. It is expected that the proposed Bi2O2Se/p-Si heterojunction photodetector will expand the applications of Bi2O2Se in practical integrated circuits in the field of material science, energy development, optical imaging, biomedicine, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Cuicui Ling
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Hongguang Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Chuanke Wang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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13
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Yang J, Li J, Bahrami A, Nasiri N, Lehmann S, Cichocka MO, Mukherjee S, Nielsch K. Wafer-Scale Growth of Sb 2Te 3 Films via Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition for Self-Powered Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54034-54043. [PMID: 36383043 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the performance of a silicon-compatible, high-performance, and self-powered photodetector. A wide detection range from visible (405 nm) to near-infrared (1550 nm) light was enabled by the vertical p-n heterojunction between the p-type antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) thin film and the n-type silicon (Si) substrates. A Sb2Te3 film with a good crystal quality, low density of extended defects, proper stoichiometry, p-type nature, and excellent uniformity across a 4 in. wafer was achieved by atomic layer deposition at 80 °C using (Et3Si)2Te and SbCl3 as precursors. The processed photodetectors have a low dark current (∼20 pA), a high responsivity of (∼4.3 A/W at 405 nm and ∼150 mA/W at 1550 nm), a peak detectivity of ∼1.65 × 1014 Jones, and a quick rise time of ∼98 μs under zero bias voltage. Density functional theory calculations reveal a narrow, near-direct, type-II band gap at the heterointerface that supports a strong built-in electric field leading to efficient separation of the photogenerated carriers. The devices have long-term air stability and efficient switching behavior even at elevated temperatures. These high-performance and self-powered p-Sb2Te3/n-Si heterojunction photodetectors have immense potential to become reliable technological building blocks for a plethora of innovative applications in next-generation optoelectronics, silicon-photonics, chip-level sensing, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Science, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Jianzhu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), West Road 2, Weihai, Shandong264209, China
| | - Amin Bahrami
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Science, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Noushin Nasiri
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales2109, Australia
| | - Sebastian Lehmann
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Science, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Magdalena Ola Cichocka
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Science, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Samik Mukherjee
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Science, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Kornelius Nielsch
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Science, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
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14
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Verma D, Liu B, Chen TC, Li LJ, Lai CS. Bi 2O 2Se-based integrated multifunctional optoelectronics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3832-3844. [PMID: 36133346 PMCID: PMC9470018 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The prominent light-matter interaction in 2D materials has become a pivotal research area that involves either an archetypal study of inherent mechanisms to explore such interactions or specific applications to assess the efficacy of such novel phenomena. With scientifically controlled light-matter interactions, various applications have been developed. Here, we report four diverse applications on a single structure utilizing the efficient photoresponse of Bi2O2Se with precisely tuned multiple optical wavelengths. First, the Bi2O2Se-based device performs the function of optoelectronic memory using UV (λ = 365 nm, 1.1 mW cm-2) for the write-in process with SiO2 as the charge trapping medium followed by a +1 V bias for read-out. Second, associative learning is mimicked with wavelengths of 525 nm and 635 nm. Third, using similar optical inputs, functions of logic gates "AND", "OR", "NAND", and "NOR" are realized with response current and resistance as outputs. Fourth is the demonstration of a 4 bit binary to the decimal converter using wavelengths of 740 nm (LSB), 595 nm, 490 nm, and 385 nm (MSB) as binary inputs and output response current regarded as equivalent decimal output. Our demonstration is a paradigm for Bi2O2Se-based devices to be an integral part of future advanced multifunctional electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Verma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang-Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan +886-3-2118800 ext. 5786
| | - Bo Liu
- Faculty of Information Technology, College of Microelectronics, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 People's Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Cheng Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang-Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan +886-3-2118800 ext. 5786
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang-Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan +886-3-2118800 ext. 5786
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou 33302 Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 24301 Taiwan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
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