1
|
Deng M, Xu X, Qiu W, Duan Y, Li R, Yu L, Peng Q. Improving Miscibility of Polymer Donor and Polymer Acceptor by Reducing Chain Entanglement for Realizing 18.64 % Efficiency All Polymer Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405243. [PMID: 38861524 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
All-polymer solar cells have experienced rapid development in recent years by the emergence of polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs). However, the strong chain entanglements of polymer donors (PDs) and polymer acceptors (PAs) decrease the miscibility of the resulting polymer mixtures, making it challenging to optimize the blend morphology. Herein, we designed three PAs, namely PBTPICm-BDD, PBTPICγ-BDD and PBTPICF-BDD, by smartly using a BDD unit as the polymerized unit to copolymerize with different Y-typed non-fullerene small molecular acceptors (NF-SMAs), thus achieving a certain degree of distortion and giving the polymer system enough internal space to reduce the entanglements of the polymer chains. Such effects increase the chances of the PD being interspersed into the acceptor material, which improve the solubility between the PD and PA. The PBTPICγ-BDD and PBTPICF-BDD displayed better miscibility with PBQx-TCl, leading to a well optimized morphology. As a result, high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17.50 % and 17.17 % were achieved for PBQx-TCl : PBTPICγ-BDD and PBQx-TCl : PBTPICF-BDD devices, respectively. With the addition of PYFT-o as the third component into PBQx-TCl : PBTPICγ-BDD blend to further extend the absorption spectral coverage and finely tune microstructures of the blend morphology, a remarkable PCE of 18.64 % was realized finally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wuke Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Duan
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, P. R. China
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Suffolk, Upton, NY-11973, USA
| | - Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Peng
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma R, Jiang X, Dela Peña TA, Gao W, Wu J, Li M, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P, Li G. Insulator Polymer Matrix Construction on All-Small-Molecule Photoactive Blend Towards Extrapolated 15000 Hour T 80 Stable Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405005. [PMID: 38992998 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
To boost the stability of all-small-molecule (ASM) organic photovoltaic (OPV) blends, an insulator polymer called styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) as morphology stabilizer is applied into the host system of small molecules BM-ClEH:BO-4Cl. Minor addition of SEBS (1 mg/ml in host solution) provides a significantly enhanced T80 value of 15000 hours (extrapolated), surpassing doping-free (0 mg/ml) and heavy doping (10 mg/ml) counterparts (900 hours, 30 hours). The material reproducibility and cost-effectiveness of the active layer will not be affected by this industrially available polymer, where the power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be well maintained at 15.02%, which is still a decent value for non-halogen solvent-treated ASM OPV. Morphological and photophysical characterizations clearly demonstrate SEBS's pivotal effect on suppressing the degradation of donor molecules and blend film's crystallization/aggregation reorganization, which protects the exciton dynamics effectively. This work pays meaningful attention to the ASM system stability, performs a smart strategy to suppress the film morphology degradation, and releases a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of device performance reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Ma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), Photonic Research Institute (PRI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Top Archie Dela Peña
- Advanced Materials Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- Advanced Materials Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), Photonic Research Institute (PRI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parkhomenko HP, Mostovyi AI, Kaikanov M, Strey J, Turcu MC, Diederich M, Wolter SJ, Steckenreiter V, Vollbrecht J, Brus VV. Characterization of fully-evaporated perovskite solar cells and photodetectors under high-intensity pulsed proton irradiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16735. [PMID: 39033206 PMCID: PMC11271285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of proton irradiation on perovskite devices fabricated fully through vacuum deposition. Exposure to irradiation induces changes in both electrical and optical properties. The analysis reveals that the main factors influencing the observed performance changes in solar cells are a significant reduction in shunt resistance and a minor increase in series resistance, with minimal alterations in recombination dynamics. Remarkably, the devices maintain promising photodetector characteristics both before and after proton irradiation, particularly in a self-powered mode without a reverse bias. These findings provide valuable insights into the resilience of vacuum-deposited perovskite devices against ionizing radiation, highlighting their potential for applications in radiation-prone environments, such as the nuclear industry or space exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hryhorii P Parkhomenko
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Andriy I Mostovyi
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Marat Kaikanov
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Jessica Strey
- Department of Photovoltaics, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin, 31860, Emmerthal, Germany
| | - Mircea C Turcu
- Department of Photovoltaics, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin, 31860, Emmerthal, Germany
| | - Marvin Diederich
- Department of Photovoltaics, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin, 31860, Emmerthal, Germany
| | - Sascha J Wolter
- Department of Photovoltaics, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin, 31860, Emmerthal, Germany
| | - Verena Steckenreiter
- Department of Photovoltaics, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin, 31860, Emmerthal, Germany
| | - Joachim Vollbrecht
- Department of Photovoltaics, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin, 31860, Emmerthal, Germany.
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu M, Gu T, Liang X, Pandey SK, Gros CP, Xu HJ, Sharma GD. Small molecular donor materials based on β- β-bridged BODIPY dimers with a triphenylamine or carbazole unit for efficient organic solar cells. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11981-11994. [PMID: 38963010 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have designed and synthesized two novel BODIPY dimer-based small molecules, denoted as ZMH-1 and ZMH-2, covalently linked and functionalized with triphenylamine (TPA) (ZMH-1) and carbazole (CZ) (ZMH-2) units as the electron donor at the 3- and 5-positions of the BODIPY core, respectively. Their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. We have fabricated all small molecule bulk heterojunction organic solar cells using these BODIPY-based small molecules as electron donors along with fullerene derivative (PC71BM) and medium bandgap non-fullerene acceptor IDT-TC as electron acceptors. The optimized OSCs based on ZMH-1:PC71BM, ZMH-2:PC71BM, ZMH-1:IDT-IC, and ZMH-2:IDT-IC attain overall PCEs of 8.91%, 6.61%, 11.28%, and 5.48%, respectively. Moreover, when a small amount of PC71BM as guest acceptor is added to the binary host ZMH-1:IDT-TC and ZMH-2:IDT-TC, the ternary OSCs based on ZMH-1 and ZMH-2 reach PCEs of 13.70% and 12.71%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Tingting Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462003, India
| | - Claude P Gros
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Ganesh D Sharma
- Department of Physics and Electronics Communication, The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jamdoli, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han J, Xu H, Paleti SHK, Sharma A, Baran D. Understanding photochemical degradation mechanisms in photoactive layer materials for organic solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7426-7454. [PMID: 38869459 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) has witnessed a significant evolution in materials chemistry, which has resulted in a remarkable enhancement of device performance, achieving efficiencies of over 19%. The photoactive layer materials in OSCs play a crucial role in light absorption, charge generation, transport and stability. To facilitate the scale-up of OSCs, it is imperative to address the photostability of these electron acceptor and donor materials, as their photochemical degradation process remains a challenge during the photo-to-electric conversion. In this review, we present an overview of the development of electron acceptor and donor materials, emphasizing the crucial aspects of their chemical stability behavior that are linked to the photostability of OSCs. Throughout each section, we highlight the photochemical degradation pathways for electron acceptor and donor materials, and their link to device degradation. We also discuss the existing interdisciplinary challenges and obstacles that impede the development of photostable materials. Finally, we offer insights into strategies aimed at enhancing photochemical stability and discuss future directions for developing photostable photo-active layers, facilitating the commercialization of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Han
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Han Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Derya Baran
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Wang Y, Wang L, Lin FR, Han C, Ma X, Zheng J, Li Z, Zapien JA, Gao H, Jen AKY. Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Solar Cells Enabled by a Commercialized Simple Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Additive. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400172. [PMID: 38807542 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Delicately manipulating nanomorphology is recognized as a vital and effective approach to enhancing the performance and stability of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the complete removal of solvent additives with high boiling points is typically necessary to maintain the operational stability of the device. In this study, two commercially available organic intermediates, namely thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) and 3,6-dibromothieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TTB) are introduced, as solid additives in OSCs. The theoretical simulations and experimental results indicate that TT and TTB may exhibit stronger intermolecular interactions with the acceptor Y6 and donor PM6, respectively. This suggests that the solid additives (SAs) can selectively intercalate between Y6 and PM6 molecules, thereby improving the packing order and crystallinity. As a result, the TT-treated PM6:Y6 system exhibits a favorable morphology, improved charge carrier mobility, and minimal charge recombination loss. These characteristics contribute to an impressive efficiency of 17.75%. Furthermore, the system demonstrates exceptional thermal stability (T80 > 2800 h at 65 °C) and outstanding photostability. The universal applicability of TT treatment is confirmed in OSCs employing D18:L8-BO, achieving a significantly higher PCE of 18.3%. These findings underscore the importance of using appropriate solid additives to optimize the blend morphology of OSCs, thereby improving photovoltaic performance and thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Chen
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99907, China
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99907, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Jialu Zheng
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Zhao Li
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Juan Antonio Zapien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99907, China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99907, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99907, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Deng D, Lu K, Wei Z. Optimization of Charge Management and Energy Loss in All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302915. [PMID: 37399575 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
All-small-molecule organic solar cells (ASM-OSCs) have received tremendous attention in recent decades because of their advantages over their polymer counterparts. These advantages include well-defined chemical structures, easy purification, and negligible batch-to-batch variation. Remarkable progress with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 17% has recently been achieved with improved charge management (FF × JSC) and reduced energy loss (Eloss). Morphology control is the key factor in the progress of ASM-OSCs, which remains a significant challenge because of the similarities in the molecular structures of the donors and acceptors. In this review, the effective strategies for charge management and/or Eloss reduction from the perspective of effective morphology control are summarized. The aim is to provide practical insights and guidance for material design and device optimization to promote further development of ASM-OSCs to a level where they can compete with or even surpass the efficiency of polymer solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Owsianik K, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Koprowski M, Turek M, Knopik Ł, Vivek V, Dudziński B, Bałczewski P. The First Example of the Friedel-Crafts Cyclization Leading to (10-Hydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthr-9-yl)phosphonium Salts without the Expected Bradsher Dehydration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1741. [PMID: 38339017 PMCID: PMC10855353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The reaction of (ortho-acetalaryl)arylmethanols with various phosphines PR1R2R3 (R1 = R2 = R3 = Ph; R1 = R2 = Ph, R3 = Me and R1 = R2 = Me, R3 = Ph) under acidic conditions (e.g., HCl, HBF4, TsOH) unexpectedly led to the formation of (10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthr-9-yl)phosphonium salts instead of the corresponding anthryl phosphonium salts. The cyclization occurred according to the Friedel-Crafts mechanism but without the usually observed Bradsher dehydration, giving cyclic products in the form of cis/trans isomers and their conformers. In case of electron-rich and less-hindered dimethylphenylphosphine, all four stereoisomers were recorded in 31P{1H} NMR spectra, while for the other phosphines, only the two most stable cis/trans stereoisomers were detected. This study was supported by DFT and NCI calculations in combination with FT-IR analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Owsianik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (M.T.)
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Marika Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (M.T.)
| | - Łucja Knopik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Łódź and Łódź Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Łódź, Matejki 21/23, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Vivek Vivek
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Łódź and Łódź Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Łódź, Matejki 21/23, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Bogdan Dudziński
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fan B, Gao H, Jen AKY. Biaxially Conjugated Materials for Organic Solar Cells. ACS NANO 2024; 18:136-154. [PMID: 38146694 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) represent one of the most important emerging photovoltaic technologies that can implement solar energy conversion efficiently. The chemical structure of organic semiconductors deployed in the active layer of OSCs plays a critical role in the photovoltaic performance and chemical/physical stability of relevant devices. With the structure innovation of organic semiconductors, especially nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs), the performance of OSCs have been promoted rapidly in recent years, with state-of-the-art power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 19.5%. Compared with other photovoltaics like perovskite, the shortcoming of OSCs mainly lies in the high nonradiative recombination loss. However, the photocurrent density is superior in OSCs owing to the easy modulation of the NFA band gap toward the near-infrared region. In these regards, the effort to further boost the PCE of OSCs to achieve a milestone >21% should be devoted to reducing the nonradiative loss while further broadening the absorption band. Developing organic semiconductors with biaxially extended conjugated structures has provided a potential solution to achieve these goals. Herein, we summarize the design rules and performance progress of biaxially extended conjugated materials for OSCs. The descriptions are divided into two major categories, i.e., polymers and NFAs. For p-type polymers, we focus on the biaxial conjugation on some representative building blocks, e.g., polythiophene, triphenylamine, and quinoxaline. Whereas for n-type polymers, some structures with large conjugated planes in the normal direction are presented. We also elaborate on the biaxial conjugation strategies in NFAs with modification site at either the π-core or side-group. The general structure-property relationships are further retrieved within these materials, with focus on the short-wavelength absorption and nonradiative energy loss. Finally, we provide an outlook for the further structure modification strategies of biaxially conjugated materials toward highly efficient, stable, and industry-compatible OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baobing Fan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710065, China
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu KX, Yang J, Bai Y, Li QS. Designing Benzodithiophene-Based Small Molecule Donors for Organic Solar Cells by Regulation of Halogenation Effects. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8985-8993. [PMID: 37874943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The donors are key components of organic solar cells (OSCs) and play crucial roles in their photovoltaic performance. Herein, we designed two new donors (BTR-γ-Cl and BTR-γ-F) by finely optimizing small molecule donors (BTR-Cl and BTR-F) with a high performance. The optoelectronic properties of the four donors and their interfacial properties with the well-known acceptor Y6 were studied by density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. Our calculations show that the studied four donors have large hole mobility and strong interactions with Y6, where the BTR-γ-Cl/Y6 has the largest binding energy. Importantly, the proportion of charge transfer (CT) states increases at the BTR-γ-Cl/Y6 (50%) and BTR-γ-F/Y6 (45%) interfaces. The newly designed donors are more likely to achieve CT states through intermolecular electric field (IEF) and hot exciton mechanisms than the parent molecules; meanwhile, donors containing Cl atoms are more inclined to produce CT states through the direct excitation mechanism than those containing F atoms. Our results not only provided two promising donors but also shed light on the halogenation effects on donors in OSCs, which might be important to design efficient photovoltaic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hrostea L, Bulai GA, Tiron V, Leontie L. Study of Tunable Dielectric Permittivity of PBDB-T-2CL Polymer in Ternary Organic Blend Thin Films Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3771. [PMID: 37765625 PMCID: PMC10535740 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ellipsometric analyses reported in this paper present a novelty by bringing an in-depth optical investigation of some ternary organic blends. This study focuses on the tunability and control of the relative permittivity of active layers by varying the weight ratio of blended materials spin-coated as thin films. To investigate this, an extensive approach based on spectroscopic ellipsometry was conducted on ternary blend (D:A1:A2) thin films, involving a donor [D = chlorinated conjugated polymer (PBDB-T-2Cl)] and two acceptor materials [A1 = a non-fullerene (ITIC-F) and A2 = a fullerene (PCBM)]. The refractive index constitutes a key parameter that exposes insights into the feasibility of photovoltaic cells by predicting the trajectory of light as it transits the device. In this term, higher obtained refractive indexes support higher absorption coefficients. Notably, the dielectric constant can be rigorously tuned and finely calibrated by modest variations in the quantity of the third element, resulting in considerable modifications. Moreover, the inclusion of fullerene in blends, as the third element, results in a smooth topographical profile, further refining the surface of the film. From an electrical point of view, the ternary blends outperform the polymer thin films. The synergistic interaction of constituents emphasizes their potential to enhance solar conversion devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hrostea
- Research Center on Advanced Materials and Technologies (RAMTECH), Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bulevardul Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Georgiana-Andreea Bulai
- Integrated Center of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region—CERNESIM, Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bulevardul Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Vasile Tiron
- Research Center on Advanced Materials and Technologies (RAMTECH), Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bulevardul Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Liviu Leontie
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bulevardul Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu G, Xu X, Liao C, Yu L, Li R, Peng Q. Improving Cooperative Interactions Between Halogenated Aromatic Additives and Aromatic Side Chain Acceptors for Realizing 19.22% Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302127. [PMID: 37116119 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Processing additive plays an important role in the standard operation procedures for fabricating top performing polymer solar cells (PSCs) through efficient interactions with key photovoltaic materials. However, improving interaction study of acceptor materials to high performance halogenated aromatic additives such as diiodobenzene (DIB) is a widely neglected route for molecular engineering toward more efficient device performances. In this work, two novel Y-type acceptor molecules of BTP-TT and BTP-TTS with different aromatic side chains on the outer positions are designed and synthesized. The resulting aromatic side chains significantly enhanced the interactions between the acceptor molecules and DIB through an arene/halogenated arene interaction, which improved the crystallinity of the acceptor molecules and induced a polymorph with better photovoltaic performances. Thus, high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 18.04% and 19.22% are achieved in binary and ternary blend devices using BTP-TTS as acceptor and DIB as additive. Aromatic side chain engineering for improving additive interactions is proved to be an effective strategy for achieving much higher performance photovoltaic materials and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chentong Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Suffolk, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Qiang Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He Z, Dai T, Ji M, Tang A, Wang H, Zhou E. Fused Benzotriazole A-Unit Constructs a D-π-A Polymer Donor for Efficient Organic Photovoltaics. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1144-1150. [PMID: 37503885 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we originally developed a fused ring building block as an acceptor unit, namely, 2,6,10-trihydro-carbazole[3,4-c:5,6-c]bis[1,2,5]-triazole (CTA), through fusing two benzotriazoles (BTA) with a pyrrole ring. A p-type polymer PE93 containing the CTA unit exhibits relatively high molecular energy levels and excellent luminescent properties. The PE93:BTA76-based solar cell obtained a device efficiency of 12.16%, with a VOC of 0.94 V and a low nonradiative recombination loss of 0.18 eV. The results suggest that the CTA unit is an efficient acceptor unit to achieve excellent photovoltaic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua He
- Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengwei Ji
- Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ailing Tang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Helin Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu G, Ren J, Yan S, Yuan W, Li H. Long-Range Ordered Organic Bulk-Heterojunction: C 60 and O-IDTBR Single Crystals Penetrated by Crystalline P3HT Fibrous Networks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2302046. [PMID: 37173813 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The long-range ordering of bulk-heterojunctions (BHJs) significantly facilitates exciton diffusion and dissociation as well as charge transport. A feasible bio-inspired strategy to realize such a heterostructure is crystallization in gel media where the growing host crystals incorporate the surrounding guest materials of gel networks. Until now, the host-guest pairs forming ordered BHJs are still very limited and, more importantly, the used gel-network guests are structurally amorphous, spurring investigation toward crystalline gel-networks. Here, single crystals of fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) organogel are prepared, forming C60 :P3HT and (5Z,5″Z)-5,5″-((7,7″-(4,4,9,9-tetraoctyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b″]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-7,4-diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(3-ethyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) (O-IDTBR):P3HT BHJs. The crystalline P3HT network penetrates the crystal matrix without significantly disturbing the single crystallinity, resulting in long-range ordered BHJs. This bi-continuous structure, together with an improved overall ordering, contributes to enhanced charge/energy transfer. As a result, photodetectors based on these ordered BHJs exhibit ameliorated responsivity, detectivity, bandwidth, and stability as compared to the conventional BHJs with short-range ordering. Therefore, this work further extends the scope of long-range ordered BHJs toward crystalline polymer donors and NFAs, providing a generally applicable strategy for the design of organic optoelectronic devices with superior performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiong Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Yuan
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|