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Liang Y, Wang W, Qi K, Wei Y, Zhao W, Xie H, Zhao C. Exudate Unidirectional Pump to Promote Glucose Catabolism Triggering Fenton-Like Reaction for Chronic Diabetic Wounds Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404652. [PMID: 39120461 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The massive accumulation of exudate containing high concentrations of glucose causes wound infection and triggers the release of inflammatory factors, which in turn delays the closure of diabetic wounds. In this study, a Janus membrane is constructed by combining glucose oxidase (GOx) and copper ions (Cu2+) for the treatment of diabetic wounds, which is named as Janus@GOx/Cu2+. It consists of hydrophobic, transitional, and superhydrophilic layers in a three-layer structure with gradient hydrophilicity for self-pumping properties. The Janus@GOx/Cu2+ membrane triggers a series of cascading reactions while pumping out diabetic wound exudates. First, glucose oxidase loaded onto the hydrophilic layer of the Janus@GOx/Cu2+ membrane decomposes glucose into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucuronic acid, reducing the local glucose level. The generated glucuronic acid neutralizes the local alkaline environment of chronic wounds. Simultaneously, the H2O2 interacts with the Cu2+ contained in the hydrophobic layers of the Janus@GOx/Cu2+ membrane via a Fenton-like reaction, generating hydroxyl radicals with excellent bactericidal properties. Cu2+ promotes angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic wounds. Under the action of multiple responses, the Janus@GOx/Cu2+ membrane promotes wound healing in diabetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Kailong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yige Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Huixu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610054, China
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Yang M, Zhao H, Yu Y, Liu J, Li C, Guan F, Yao M. Green synthesis-inspired antibacterial, antioxidant and adhesive hydrogels with ultra-fast gelation and hemostasis for promoting infected skin wound healing. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:156-170. [PMID: 38897336 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a serious threat to wound healing and skin regeneration. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT) has become one of the most promising tools in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, wound dressings with photo-responsive properties are currently still limited by the difficulties of biosafety and thermal stability brought by the introduction of photosensitizers or photothermal agents. Therefore, how to improve the therapeutic efficiency and biosafety from material design is still a major challenge at present. In this study, the carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) hydrogels based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) enzymatic catalysis was developed. Therein, HRP and H2O2 catalyzed cross-linking while polymerizing PA, which not only endowed the hydrogels with photothermal responsiveness but also with good biosafety through this enzyme-catalyzed green approach. Meanwhile, the hydrogels possessed highly efficient bacteriostatic ability with the assistance of near infrared (NIR). Moreover, the ultra-rapid gelation, strong tissue adhesion, high swelling ability, good antioxidant property and hemostatic property of the CMCS-PA hydrogels based on HRP/H2O2 enzymatic catalysis were suitable for the treatment of skin wounds. Meanwhile, NIR-assistant CMCS-PA hydrogels based on HRP/H2O2 enzymatic catalysis reduced inflammation, decreased bacterial infection, and promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis, which showed remarkable therapeutic effects in a skin wound infection model. All results indicate that this green approach to introduce photothermal property by HRP-catalyzed PA polymerization endows the hydrogels with efficient photothermal conversion efficiency, suggesting that they are promising to provide new options for replacing photothermal agents and photosensitizers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In recent years, wound dressings with photo-responsive properties are currently still limited by the difficulties of biosafety and thermal stability brought by the introduction of agent photosensitizers or photothermal agents. In this study, the carboxymethyl chitosan and protocatechuic aldehyde hydrogels based on horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide enzymatic catalysis was developed. The photothermal properties of hydrogels were transformed from absent to present just by horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed protocatechuic aldehyde polymerization in a green approach. Meanwhile, the hydrogels possessed highly efficient bacteriostatic ability with the assistance of near infrared. The green approach of introducing photothermal properties from material design solves the biosafety challenge. Therefore, this study is expected to provide new options for alternative photothermal agents and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yachao Yu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Chenghao Li
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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3
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Xuan L, Hou Y, Liang L, Wu J, Fan K, Lian L, Qiu J, Miao Y, Ravanbakhsh H, Xu M, Tang G. Microgels for Cell Delivery in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:218. [PMID: 38884868 PMCID: PMC11183039 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Microgels prepared from natural or synthetic hydrogel materials have aroused extensive attention as multifunctional cells or drug carriers, that are promising for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Microgels can also be aggregated into microporous scaffolds, promoting cell infiltration and proliferation for tissue repair. This review gives an overview of recent developments in the fabrication techniques and applications of microgels. A series of conventional and novel strategies including emulsification, microfluidic, lithography, electrospray, centrifugation, gas-shearing, three-dimensional bioprinting, etc. are discussed in depth. The characteristics and applications of microgels and microgel-based scaffolds for cell culture and delivery are elaborated with an emphasis on the advantages of these carriers in cell therapy. Additionally, we expound on the ongoing and foreseeable applications and current limitations of microgels and their aggregate in the field of biomedical engineering. Through stimulating innovative ideas, the present review paves new avenues for expanding the application of microgels in cell delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyan Xuan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Fan
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Lian
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingling Miao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Hossein Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
| | - Mingen Xu
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guosheng Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang F, Duan Y, Li Q, Li X, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Liu M, Zhang C, Pan X. Insect chitosan/pullulan/gallium photo-crosslinking hydrogels with multiple bioactivities promote MRSA-infected wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122045. [PMID: 38553241 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other drug-resistant bacteria have become more common in recent years, which has made it extremely difficult to treat and heal many different kinds of wounds and caused enormous financial losses. Because of its unique "Trojan horse" function, Ga3+ has been recognized as a new possible candidate for inhibiting and eradicating drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, natural polysaccharide materials with outstanding biological characteristics, such as insect chitosan (CS) and pullulan (PUL), have attracted significant interest. In this study, we used quaternized-catechol chitosan (QDCS-PA), methacrylate-dialdehyde pullulan (DPUL-GMA), and gallium ion (Ga) to create a multi-crosslinked photo-enhanced hydrogel (Q-D/Ga/UV) with antimicrobial, hemostatic, self-healing, and injectable properties for promoting MRSA-infected wound healing. In vitro, the Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogels demonstrated good mechanical properties, antioxidant capabilities, biocompatibility, hemostatic properties, and antibacterial activity. The addition of gallium ions enhanced the hydrogels' mechanical properties, hemostatic capabilities, antibacterial activity, and ability to induce wound healing. Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogel significantly promoted wound contraction, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis while also suppressing inflammation in a whole-skin wound model of MRSA-infected rats. In conclusion, Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogels demonstrate significant promise for healing wounds infected with drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xuebo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yingxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637003, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Fu YJ, Wang RK, Ma CY, Wang LY, Long SY, Li K, Zhao X, Yang W. Injectable Oxygen-Carrying Microsphere Hydrogel for Dynamic Regulation of Redox Microenvironment of Wounds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403781. [PMID: 38850188 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The delayed healing of infected wounds can be attributed to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent damages to vascellum and tissue, resulting in a hypoxic wound environment that further exacerbates inflammation. Current clinical treatments including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and antibiotic treatment fail to provide sustained oxygenation and drug-free resistance to infection. To propose a dynamic oxygen regulation strategy, this study develops a composite hydrogel with ROS-scavenging system and oxygen-releasing microspheres in the wound dressing. The hydrogel itself reduces cellular damage by removing ROS derived from immune cells. Simultaneously, the sustained release of oxygen from microspheres improves cell survival and migration in hypoxic environments, promoting angiogenesis and collagen regeneration. The combination of ROS scavenging and oxygenation enables the wound dressing to achieve drug-free anti-infection through activating immune modulation, inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, and promoting tissue regeneration in both acute and infected wounds of rat skins. Thus, the composite hydrogel dressing proposed in this work shows great potential for dynamic redox regulation of infected wounds and accelerates wound healing without drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rao-Kaijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Li-Ya Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Si-Yu Long
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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6
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Xiao Y, Ding T, Fang H, Lin J, Chen L, Ma D, Zhang T, Cui W, Ma J. Innovative Bio-based Hydrogel Microspheres Micro-Cage for Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Scavenging in Diabetic Wound Healing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401195. [PMID: 38582501 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) seriously impede diabetic wound healing. The disruption or scavenging of NETs using deoxyribonuclease (DNase) or cationic nanoparticles has been limited by liberating trapped bacteria, short half-life, or potential cytotoxicity. In this study, a positive correlation between the NETs level in diabetic wound exudation and the severity of wound inflammation in diabetic patients is established. Novel NETs scavenging bio-based hydrogel microspheres 'micro-cage', termed mPDA-PEI@GelMA, is engineered by integrating methylacrylyl gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel microspheres with cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA). This unique 'micro-cage' construct is designed to non-contact scavenge of NETs between nanoparticles and the diabetic wound surface, minimizing biological toxicity and ensuring high biosafety. NETs are introduced into 'micro-cage' along with wound exudation, and cationic mPDA-PEI immobilizes them inside the 'micro-cage' through a strong binding affinity to the cfDNA web structure. The findings demonstrate that mPDA-PEI@GelMA effectively mitigates pro-inflammatory responses associated with diabetic wounds by scavenging NETs both in vivo and in vitro. This work introduces a novel nanoparticle non-contact NETs scavenging strategy to enhance diabetic wound healing processes, with potential benefits in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Xiao
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - He Fang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Lin
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Wang L, Wang X, Xu Y, Yang D, Nie J, Ma G. Multicomponent Synergistic Antibacterial Hydrogel Based on Gelatin-Oxidized Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Wound Healing of Drug-Resistant Chronic Infection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3469-3482. [PMID: 38651365 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion hinders the healing process of wound, leading to the formation of chronic infected wound; meanwhile, the misuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of numerous drug-resistant bacteria. The application of conventional antimicrobial methods and wound treatment techniques is not appropriate for wound dressings. In this paper, quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) (QPVA) and pomegranate-like copper uniformly doped polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA@Cu) were introduced into a gelatin-oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose system to form a multicomponent synergistic antibacterial hydrogel (GOQ3P3). Polydopamine improves the biocompatibility and prevents the detachment of Cu nanoparticles. It can achieve synergistic antibacterial effects through quaternary ammonium salt-inorganic nanoparticle photothermal treatment under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. It exhibits highly efficient and rapid bactericidal properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) with an antibacterial rate close to 100%. The gel scaffold composed of macromolecules gives the hydrogel excellent mechanical properties, adhesive capabilities, self-healing characteristics, biocompatibility, and pH degradation and promotes cell adhesion and migration. In a full-thickness wound healing model infected with MRSA, GOQ3P3 controls inflammatory responses, accelerates collagen deposition, promotes angiogenesis, and enhances wound closure in the wound healing cascade reaction. This study provides a feasible strategy for constructing dressings targeting chronic infection wounds caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liangyu Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yusen Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jun Nie
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guiping Ma
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Ma L, Tan Y, Tong Q, Cao X, Liu D, Ma X, Jiang X, Li X. Collagen Scaffolds Functionalized by Cu 2+-Chelated EGCG Nanoparticles with Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidation, Vascularization, and Anti-Bacterial Activities for Accelerating Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303297. [PMID: 38315874 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Skin injury is a common health problem worldwide, and the highly complex healing process poses critical challenges for its management. Therefore, wound dressings with salutary effects are urgently needed for wound care. However, traditional wound dressing with a single function often fails to meet the needs of wound repair, and the integration of multiple functions has been required for wound repair. Herein, Cu2+-chelated epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticles (EAC NPs), with radical scavenging, inflammation relieving, bacteria restraining, and vascularization accelerating capacities, are adopted to functionalize collagen scaffold, aiming to promote wound healing. Radical scavenging experiments verify that EAC NPs could efficiently scavenge radicals. Additionally, EAC NPs could effectively remove Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. H2O2 stimuli-responsive EAC NPs show slow and sustained release properties of Cu2+. Furthermore, EAC NPs exhibit protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative-stress damage and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Physicochemical characterizations show that the introduction of EAC NPs does not disrupt the gelation behavior of collagen, and the composite scaffolds (CS) remain porous structure similar to collagen scaffold. Animal experiments demonstrate that CS could promote wound healing through improving the thickness of renascent epidermis and number of new vessels. CS with multiple salutary functions is a promising dressing for wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yunfei Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Qiulan Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Danni Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Xu T, Wang L, Fan L, Ren H, Zhang Q, Wang J. Composite Microparticles from Microfluidics for Chemo-/Photothermal Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38594624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel microcarrier-based drug delivery systems are of great value in the combination therapy of tumors. Current research directions concentrate on the development of more economic, convenient, and effective combined therapeutic platforms. Herein, we developed novel adhesive composite microparticles (MPPMD) with combined chemo- and photothermal therapy ability via microfluidic electrospray technology for local hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. These composite microparticles consisted of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded and polydopamine-wrapped mesoporous silicon and alginate. Benefiting from such a strategy of hierarchical structure drug loading, DOX could be gradually released from the system, effectively avoiding the direct toxicity of chemotherapeutics to the body. Additionally, the designed microparticles could not only effectively treat tumors by releasing the chemotherapy drug DOX but also show excellent photothermal properties under the irradiation of near-infrared light, achieving combined chemo- and photothermal treatment effects. Based on these advantages, the MPPMD could remarkably eliminate tumor cells in vitro and enormously restrict tumor development in vivo. These results illustrate that such composite microparticles are ideal combination treatment platforms, possessing promising expectations for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Li Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Lu Fan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
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10
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Wu M, Zhang Q, Shang L, Duan P. Microfluidics-derived hierarchical microparticles for the delivery of dienogest for localized endometriosis therapy. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:257-264. [PMID: 38387747 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Drug therapy is one of the most important strategies for treating gynecological diseases. Local drug delivery is promising for achieving optimal regional drug exposure, considering the complex anatomy and dynamic environment of the upper genital tract. Here, we present microparticle-based microcarriers with a hierarchical structure for localized dienogest (DNG) delivery and endometriosis treatment. The microparticles were fabricated by microfluidics and consisted of photo-crosslinked bovine serum albumin hydrogel particles (D@P-B MPs) encapsulating DNG-loaded PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres. Such design enables the microparticles to have sustained release capacity and cell adhesion ability. Based on this, the microparticles were applied for the treatment of peritoneal endometriosis through intraperitoneal injection. The performance of the microparticles in inhibiting the growth of ectopic lesions as well as their anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, and pelvic pain-relieving effects are well demonstrated in vivo. These findings indicate that the present hierarchical microparticles are good candidates for localized treatment of endometriosis and are promising for the management of gynecological diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We prepared photo-crosslinked bovine serum albumin hydrogel particles (D@P-B MPs) encapsulating DNG-loaded PLGA microspheres using microfluidic electrospray. Such hierarchical structure provided multiple functions of the particles as drug carriers. The hierarchical microparticles not only supported the sustained release of drugs but also provided adhesion to human ectopic endometrial stromal cells. The hierarchical microparticles represented a localized treatment method for endometriosis and is promising for the management of gynecological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China.
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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11
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Zhong Y, Lai Y, Feng Z, Huang S, Fu Y, Huang L, Lan KF, Mo A. Multifunctional MXene-doped photothermal microneedles for drug-resistant bacteria-infected wound healing. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:660-673. [PMID: 38063374 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01676e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Skin injuries and drug-resistant bacterial infections pose serious challenges to human health. It is essential to establish a novel multifunctional platform with good anti-infection and wound-healing abilities. In this study, a new MXene-doped composite microneedle (MN) patch with excellent mechanical strength and photothermal antibacterial and ROS removal properties has been developed for infected wound healing. When the MN tips carrying the MXene nanosheets are inserted into the cuticle of the skin, they will quickly dissolve and subsequently release the nanomaterials into the subcutaneous infection area. Under 808 nm NIR irradiation, the MXene, as a "nano-thermal knife", sterilizes and inhibits bacterial growth through synergistic effects of sharp edges and photothermal antibacterial activity. Furthermore, ROS caused by injury and infection can be cleared by MXene-doped MNs to avoid excessive inflammatory responses. Based on the synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant strategy, the MXene-doped MNs have demonstrated excellent wound-healing properties in an MRSA-infected wound model, such as promoting re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the multifunctional MXene-doped MN patches provide an excellent alternative for clinical drug-resistant bacteria-infected wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yancheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zeru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Si Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lirong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Keng-Fu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Qi L, Huang Y, Sun D, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Liu J, Wang J, Liu L, Feng G, Li Y, Zhang L. Guiding the Path to Healing: CuO 2 -Laden Nanocomposite Membrane for Diabetic Wound Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305100. [PMID: 37688343 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic chronic wounds pose significant clinical challenges due to their characteristic features of impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) function, diminished angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and increased susceptibility to infection. To tackle these challenges and provide a comprehensive therapeutic approach for diabetic wounds, the first coaxial electrospun nanocomposite membrane is developed that incorporates multifunctional copper peroxide nanoparticles (n-CuO2 ). The membrane's nanofiber possesses a unique "core/sheath" structure consisting of n-CuO2 +PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)/PCL (Polycaprolactone) composite sheath and a PCL core. When exposed to the wound's moist environment, PVP within the sheath gradually disintegrates, releasing the embedded n-CuO2 . Under a weakly acidic microenvironment (typically diabetic and infected wounds), n-CuO2 decomposes to release H2 O2 and Cu2+ ions and subsequently produce ·OH through chemodynamic reactions. This enables the anti-bacterial activity mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppressing the inflammation while enhancing angiogenesis. At the same time, the dissolution of PVP unveils unique nano-grooved surface patterns on the nanofibers, providing desirable cell-guiding function required for accelerated skin regeneration. Through meticulous material selection and design, this study pioneers the development of functional nanocomposites for multi-modal wound therapy, which holds great promise in guiding the path to healing for diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Advanced Composite Research Group (ACRG), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK
| | - Zheng Liu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiangshan Liu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yubao Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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13
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Wang R, Huang Z, Xiao Y, Huang T, Ming J. Photothermal therapy of copper incorporated nanomaterials for biomedicine. Biomater Res 2023; 27:121. [PMID: 38001505 PMCID: PMC10675977 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported on the significance of copper incorporated nanomaterials (CINMs) in cancer theranostics and tissue regeneration. Given their unique physicochemical properties and tunable nanostructures, CINMs are used in photothermal therapy (PTT) and photothermal-derived combination therapies. They have the potential to overcome the challenges of unsatisfactory efficacy of conventional therapies in an efficient and non-invasive manner. This review summarizes the recent advances in CINMs-based PTT in biomedicine. First, the classification and structure of CINMs are introduced. CINMs-based PTT combination therapy in tumors and PTT guided by multiple imaging modalities are then reviewed. Various representative designs of CINMs-based PTT in bone, skin and other organs are presented. Furthermore, the biosafety of CINMs is discussed. Finally, this analysis delves into the current challenges that researchers face and offers an optimistic outlook on the prospects of clinical translational research in this field. This review aims at elucidating on the applications of CINMs-based PTT and derived combination therapies in biomedicine to encourage future design and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Ming
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zou Y, Zhou C, Li Z, Han X, Tong L, Liu T, Xiong L, Bai L, Liang J, Fan Y, Zhang X, Sun Y. Hydrophobic Tetracycline Immobilized in Fibrous Hyaluronan Regulates Adhesive Collagen-Based Hydrogel Stability for Infected Wound Healing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303414. [PMID: 37431206 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Collagen-based hydrogels have a significant impact on wound healing, but they suffer from structural instability and bacterial invasion in infected wounds. Here, electrospun nanofibers of esterified hyaluronan (HA-Bn/T) are developed to immobilize the hydrophobic antibacterial drug tetracycline by π-π stacking interaction. Dopamine-modified hyaluronan and HA-Bn/T are employed simultaneously to stabilize the structure of collagen-based hydrogel by chemically interweaving the collagen fibril network and decreasing the rate of collagen degradation. This renders it injectable for in situ gelation, with suitable skin adhesion properties and long-lasting drug release capability. This hybridized interwoven hydrogel promotes the proliferation and migration of L929 cells and vascularization in vitro. It presents satisfactory antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The structure also retains the functional protein environment provided by collagen fiber, inhibits the bacterial environment of infected wounds, and modulates local inflammation, resulting in neovascularization, collagen deposition, and partial follicular regeneration. This strategy offers a new solution for infected wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhulian Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - TangJinhai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
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