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Stepien BK, Wielockx B. From Vessels to Neurons-The Role of Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Embryonic Neurogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:621. [PMID: 38607059 PMCID: PMC11012138 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurogenesis can be defined as a period of prenatal development during which divisions of neural stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons. In the central nervous system of most mammals, including humans, the majority of neocortical neurogenesis occurs before birth. It is a highly spatiotemporally organized process whose perturbations lead to cortical malformations and dysfunctions underlying neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and in which oxygen availability plays a critical role. In case of deprived oxygen conditions, known as hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway is activated, resulting in the selective expression of a group of genes that regulate homeostatic adaptations, including cell differentiation and survival, metabolism and angiogenesis. While a physiological degree of hypoxia is essential for proper brain development, imbalanced oxygen levels can adversely affect this process, as observed in common obstetrical pathologies such as prematurity. This review comprehensively explores and discusses the current body of knowledge regarding the role of hypoxia and the HIF pathway in embryonic neurogenesis of the mammalian cortex. Additionally, it highlights existing gaps in our understanding, presents unanswered questions, and provides avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Stepien
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Hashimoto M, Takeichi K, Murata K, Kozakai A, Yagi A, Ishikawa K, Suzuki-Nakagawa C, Kasuya Y, Fukamizu A, Nakagawa T. Regulation of neural stem cell proliferation and survival by protein arginine methyltransferase 1. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:948517. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.948517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), a major type I arginine methyltransferase in mammals, methylates histone and non-histone proteins to regulate various cellular functions, such as transcription, DNA damage response, and signal transduction. PRMT1 is highly expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and embryonic brains, suggesting that PRMT1 is essential for early brain development. Although our previous reports have shown that PRMT1 positively regulates oligodendrocyte development, it has not been studied whether PRMT1 regulates NSC proliferation and its survival during development. To examine the role of PRMT1 in NSC activity, we cultured NSCs prepared from embryonic mouse forebrains deficient in PRMT1 specific for NSCs and performed neurosphere assays. We found that the primary neurospheres of PRMT1-deficient NSCs were small and the number of spheres was decreased, compared to those of control NSCs. Primary neurospheres deficient in PRMT1 expressed an increased level of cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that PRMT1 deficiency-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, p53 protein was significantly accumulated in PRMT1-deficient NSCs. In parallel, p53-responsive pro-apoptotic genes including Pmaip1 and Perp were upregulated in PRMT1-deficient NSCs. p53-target p21 mRNA and its protein levels were shown to be upregulated in PRMT1-deficient NSCs. Moreover, the 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay showed that the loss of PRMT1 led to cell cycle defects in the embryonic NSCs. In contrast to the above in vitro observations, NSCs normally proliferated and survived in the fetal brains of NSC-specific PRMT1-deficient mice. We also found that Lama1, which encodes the laminin subunit α1, was significantly upregulated in the embryonic brains of PRMT1-deficient mice. These data implicate that extracellular factors provided by neighboring cells in the microenvironment gave a trophic support to NSCs in the PRMT1-deficient brain and recovered NSC activity to maintain brain homeostasis. Our study implies that PRMT1 plays a cell-autonomous role in the survival and proliferation of embryonic NSCs.
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A Tale of Two: When Neural Stem Cells Encounter Hypoxia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01293-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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4
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Wang B, Zeng H, Liu J, Sun M. Effects of Prenatal Hypoxia on Nervous System Development and Related Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:755554. [PMID: 34759794 PMCID: PMC8573102 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.755554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis, which was proposed by David Barker in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s, posited that adult chronic diseases originated from various adverse stimuli in early fetal development. FOAD is associated with a wide range of adult chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and autism. Intrauterine hypoxia/prenatal hypoxia is one of the most common complications of obstetrics and could lead to alterations in brain structure and function; therefore, it is strongly associated with neurological disorders such as cognitive impairment and anxiety. However, how fetal hypoxia results in neurological disorders remains unclear. According to the existing literature, we have summarized the causes of prenatal hypoxia, the effects of prenatal hypoxia on brain development and behavioral phenotypes, and the possible molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Zeng
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingliu Liu
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Altered neurodevelopmental DNA methylation status after fetal growth restriction with brain-sparing. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:378-389. [PMID: 34325767 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is under debate how preferential perfusion of the brain (brain-sparing) in fetal growth restriction (FGR) relates to long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. Epigenetic modification of neurotrophic genes by altered fetal oxygenation may be involved. To explore this theory, we performed a follow-up study of 21 FGR children, in whom we prospectively measured the prenatal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) with Doppler sonography. At 4 years of age, we tested their neurodevelopmental outcome using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. In addition, we collected their buccal DNA to determine the methylation status at predefined genetic regions within the genes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), erythropoietin (EPO), EPO-receptor (EPOR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 (NTRK2) by pyrosequencing. We found that FGR children with fetal brain-sparing (CPR <1, n = 8) demonstrated a trend (0.05 < p < 0.1) toward hypermethylation of HIF1A and VEGFA at their hypoxia-response element (HRE) compared with FGR children without fetal brain-sparing. Moreover, in cases with fetal brain-sparing, we observed statistically significant hypermethylation at a binding site for cyclic adenosine monophophate response element binding protein (CREB) of BDNF promoter exon 4 and hypomethylation at an HRE located within the NTRK2 promoter (both p <0.05). Hypermethylation of VEGFA was associated with a poorer Performance Intelligence Quotient, while hypermethylation of BDNF was associated with better inhibitory self-control (both p <0.05). These results led us to formulate the hypothesis that early oxygen-dependent epigenetic alterations due to hemodynamic alterations in FGR may be associated with altered neurodevelopmental outcome in later life. We recommend further studies to test this hypothesis.
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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7
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Radhakrishnan S, Martin CA, Dhayanithy G, Reddy MS, Rela M, Kalkura SN, Sellathamby S. Hypoxic Preconditioning Induces Neuronal Differentiation of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Stem Cells through Epigenetic Alteration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:704-718. [PMID: 33508941 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is considered a key factor in cellular differentiation and proliferation, particularly during embryonic development; the process of early neurogenesis also occurs under hypoxic conditions. Apart from these developmental processes, hypoxia preconditioning or mild hypoxic sensitization develops resistance against ischemic stroke in deteriorating tissues. We therefore hypothesized that neurons resulting from hypoxia-regulated neuronal differentiation could be the best choice for treating brain ischemia, which contributes to neurodegeneration. In this study, infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), an adipose tissue present beneath the knee joint, was used as the stem cell source. IFP-derived stem cells (IFPSCs) are totally adherent and are mesenchymal stem cells. The transdifferentiation protocol involved hypoxia preconditioning, the use of hypoxic-conditioned medium, and maintenance in maturation medium with α-lipoic acid. The differentiated cells were characterized using microscopy, reverse transcription PCR, real time PCR, and immunocytochemistry. To evaluate the epigenetic reprogramming of IFPSCs to become neuron-like cells, methylation microarrays were performed. Hypoxia preconditioning stabilized and allowed for the translocation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α into the nucleus and induced achaete-scute homologue 1 and doublecortin expression. Following induction, the resultant cells expressed neuronal markers neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament-light chain, growth associated protein 43, synaptosome associated protein 25, and β-III tubulin. The differentiated neural-lineage cells had functional gene expression pertaining to neurotransmitters, their release, and their receptors. The molecular signaling mechanisms regulated developmental neurogenesis. Furthermore, the in vitro physiological condition regulated neurotransmitter respecification or switching during IFPSC differentiation to neurons. Thus, differentiated neurons were fabricated against the ischemic region to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subathra Radhakrishnan
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600 044, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Catherine Ann Martin
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600 044, India
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | | | - Mettu Srinivas Reddy
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600 044, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600 044, India
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Bone morphogenetic proteins: New insights into their roles and mechanisms in CNS development, pathology and repair. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113455. [PMID: 32877654 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved and diverse family of proteins that play essential roles in various stages of development including the formation and patterning of the central nervous system (CNS). Bioavailability and function of BMPs are regulated by input from a plethora of transcription factors and signaling pathways. Intriguingly, recent literature has uncovered novel roles for BMPs in regulating homeostatic and pathological responses in the adult CNS. Basal levels of BMP ligands and receptors are widely expressed in the adult brain and spinal cord with differential expression patterns across CNS regions, cell types and subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that several BMP isoforms are transiently or chronically upregulated in the aged or pathological CNS. Genetic knockout and pharmacological studies have elucidated that BMPs regulate several aspects of CNS injury and repair including cell survival and differentiation, reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, axon regeneration, and myelin preservation and repair. Several BMP isoforms can be upregulated in the injured or diseased CNS simultaneously yet exert complementary or opposing effects on the endogenous cell responses after injury. Emerging studies also show that dysregulation of BMPs is associated with various CNS pathologies. Interestingly, modulation of BMPs can lead to beneficial or detrimental effects on CNS injury and repair mechanisms in a ligand, temporally or spatially specific manner, which reflect the complexity of BMP signaling. Given the significance of BMPs in neurodevelopment, a better understanding of their role in the context of injury may provide new therapeutic targets for the pathologic CNS. This review will provide a timely overview on the foundation and recent advancements in knowledge regarding the role and mechanisms of BMP signaling in the developing and adult CNS, and their implications in pathological responses and repair processes after injury or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Bejoy J, Yuan X, Song L, Hua T, Jeske R, Sart S, Sang QXA, Li Y. Genomics Analysis of Metabolic Pathways of Human Stem Cell-Derived Microglia-Like Cells and the Integrated Cortical Spheroids. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2382534. [PMID: 31827525 PMCID: PMC6885849 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2382534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain spheroids or organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are still not capable of completely recapitulating in vivo human brain tissue, and one of the limitations is lack of microglia. To add built-in immune function, coculture of the dorsal forebrain spheroids with isogenic microglia-like cells (D-MG) was performed in our study. The three-dimensional D-MG spheroids were analyzed for their transcriptome and compared with isogenic microglia-like cells (MG). Cortical spheroids containing microglia-like cells displayed different metabolic programming, which may affect the associated phenotype. The expression of genes related to glycolysis and hypoxia signaling was increased in cocultured D-MG spheroids, indicating the metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis, which is in favor of M1 polarization of microglia-like cells. In addition, the metabolic pathways and the signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, cell death, PIK3/AKT/mTOR signaling, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 pathway, and Wnt and Notch pathways were analyzed. The results demonstrate the activation of mTOR and p53 signaling, increased expression of Notch ligands, and the repression of NF-κB and canonical Wnt pathways, as well as the lower expression of cell cycle genes in the cocultured D-MG spheroids. This analysis indicates that physiological 3-D microenvironment may reshape the immunity of in vitro cortical spheroids and better recapitulate in vivo brain tissue function for disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Thien Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Sébastien Sart
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory (LadHyX)-Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Lukmanto D, Khanh VC, Shirota S, Kato T, Takasaki MM, Ohneda O. Dynamic Changes of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells Under In Vitro Prolonged Culture and Hypoxic Conditions. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1434-1450. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donny Lukmanto
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Vuong Cat Khanh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Saori Shirota
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kato
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuo Takasaki
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yasui T, Nakashima K. [Hypoxia epigenetically bestows astrocytic differentiation potential on human pluripotent cell-derived neural stem/precursor cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:54-60. [PMID: 30745514 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of three major cell types, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, which differentiate from common multipotent neural stem/precursor cells (NS/PCs). However, NS/PCs do not have this multipotentiality from the beginning: neurons are generated first and astrocytes are later during CNS development. This developmental progression is observed in vitro by using human (h) NS/PCs derived from pluripotent cells, such as embryonic- and induced pluripotent-stem cells (ES/iPSCs), however, in contrast to rodent's pluripotent cells, they require quite long time to obtain astrocytic differentiation potential. Here, we show that hypoxia confers astrocytic differentiation potential on hNS/PCs through epigenetic alteration for gene regulation. Furthermore, we found that these molecular mechanisms can be applied to functional analysis of patient' iPSC-derived astrocytes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that address molecular mechanisms of epigenetic and transcription factor-mediated regulation that specify NS/PC fate and the development of potential therapeutic strategies for treating astrocyte-mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yasui
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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12
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Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ, Zhuravin IA. Role of Prenatal Hypoxia in Brain Development, Cognitive Functions, and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:825. [PMID: 30510498 PMCID: PMC6254649 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of prenatal hypoxia in the development of brain functions in the postnatal period and subsequent increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders in later life. Accumulating evidence suggests that prenatal hypoxia in critical periods of brain formation results in significant changes in development of cognitive functions at various stages of postnatal life which correlate with morphological changes in brain structures involved in learning and memory. Prenatal hypoxia also leads to a decrease in brain adaptive potential and plasticity due to the disturbance in the process of formation of new contacts between cells and propagation of neuronal stimuli, especially in the cortex and hippocampus. On the other hand, prenatal hypoxia has a significant impact on expression and processing of a variety of genes involved in normal brain function and their epigenetic regulation. This results in changes in the patterns of mRNA and protein expression and their post-translational modifications, including protein misfolding and clearance. Among proteins affected by prenatal hypoxia are a key enzyme of the cholinergic system-acetylcholinesterase, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP), both of which have important roles in brain function. Disruption of their expression and metabolism caused by prenatal hypoxia can also result, apart from early cognitive dysfunctions, in development of neurodegeneration in later life. Another group of enzymes affected by prenatal hypoxia are peptidases involved in catabolism of neuropeptides, including amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The decrease in the activity of neprilysin and other amyloid-degrading enzymes observed after prenatal hypoxia could result over the years in an Aβ clearance deficit and accumulation of its toxic species which cause neuronal cell death and development of neurodegeneration. Applying various approaches to restore expression of neuronal genes disrupted by prenatal hypoxia during postnatal development opens an avenue for therapeutic compensation of cognitive dysfunctions and prevention of Aβ accumulation in the aging brain and the model of prenatal hypoxia in rodents can be used as a reliable tool for assessment of their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Nalivaeva
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Turner
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Igor A. Zhuravin
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Nierode GJ, Gopal S, Kwon P, Clark DS, Schaffer DV, Dordick JS. High-throughput identification of factors promoting neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells in microscale 3D cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:168-180. [PMID: 30229860 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identification of conditions for guided and specific differentiation of human stem cell and progenitor cells is important for continued development and engineering of in vitro cell culture systems for use in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and human toxicology. Three-dimensional (3D) and organotypic cell culture models have been used increasingly for in vitro cell culture because they may better model endogenous tissue environments. However, detailed studies of stem cell differentiation within 3D cultures remain limited, particularly with respect to high-throughput screening. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a microarray chip-based platform to screen, in high-throughput, individual and paired effects of 12 soluble factors on the neuronal differentiation of a human neural progenitor cell line (ReNcell VM) encapsulated in microscale 3D Matrigel cultures. Dose-response analysis of selected combinations from the initial combinatorial screen revealed that the combined treatment of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) with the glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor CHIR-99021 (CHIR) enhances neurogenesis while simultaneously decreases astrocyte differentiation, whereas the combined treatment of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the small azide neuropathiazol enhances the differentiation into neurons and astrocytes. Subtype specification analysis of RA- and CHIR-differentiated cultures revealed that enhanced neurogenesis was not biased toward a specific neuronal subtype. Together, these results demonstrate a high-throughput screening platform for rapid evaluation of differentiation conditions in a 3D environment, which will aid the development and application of 3D stem cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Nierode
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Sneha Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Paul Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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14
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Babacanoğlu E. Responses of developmental and physiological traits to manipulated incubation conditions in broiler embryos at hypoxic high altitude. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-337-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The effects of hypoxia at
increased altitude levels on the cardio-respiratory development of broiler
embryos are distinct in comparison with those at sea level. The aim of the
study was to investigate the effects of high incubation temperature (H) and
oxygen supplementation (O) during hypoxic high altitude (HA) on developmental
and physiological traits of embryos and hatching performance of embryonated
hatching eggs in broilers at different embryonic stages. A total of 1280 eggs
obtained from broiler breeders laid at sea level were used. Eggshell quality
characteristics were measured for 20 eggs. The rest of the 1260 eggs were
divided into seven incubation condition (IC) groups (180 eggs per group)
including a control group at 37.8 ∘C and 21 % O2; O
groups, with daily 1 h 23.5 % O2 supplementation at
37.8 ∘C as O0−11, O12−21, and O18−21; H groups
at 38.5 ∘C high incubation temperature at 21 % O2 as
H0−11, H12−21, and H18−21 from days 0 to 11, 12 to 21, and 18 to 21 of incubation,
respectively. All groups were incubated in three different incubators at
hypoxic HA. The effect of IC was determined on eggshell temperature, hatching
performance, embryo development, right ventricular (RV) to total ventricular
(TV) ratio, and blood parameters. The highest egg water loss and embryonic
mortality and the lowest hatchability were in the H0−11 group, which
depended on increased eggshell temperature during incubation. On day 18 of
incubation, due to the decreased egg water loss in the O12−21 and
O18−21 groups, there was an increase in hatchability in fertile eggs
similar to the middle and late H groups. Towards the end of incubation,
embryo/chick weights were not different and RV and TV weights increased in
the treated groups, and the RV ∕ TV ratio changed between 15 and
26 %. At hatching, yolk
sac weight increased in H0−11 and H12−21 groups. The O groups
had the lowest serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration as distinct
from H groups. The serum thyroxine (T4) concentration increased in the
treated groups, dependent on sex of the embryo. Blood hemoglobin
concentration of O groups decreased relative to other groups. The hematocrit
value was the lowest in the O12−21 and highest in the H12−21
groups. The H and O treatments during pre-hatch hypoxic HA condition can be
positively evaluated on physiological traits of embryos after half of
incubation depended on the timing of the IC exposure to the hatching eggs
obtained from broiler breeders at sea level.
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15
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Kim JH, Kim M, He XB, Wulansari N, Yoon BH, Bae DH, Huh N, Kim YS, Lee SH, Kim SY. Vitamin C Promotes Astrocyte Differentiation Through DNA Hydroxymethylation. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1578-1588. [PMID: 30005139 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that vitamin C (VC) promotes neural stem/precursor cell (NSC) differentiation toward dopamine (DA) neurons via DNA hydroxymethylation-induced transcriptional activation of DA neuron-specific genes. To further understand the VC effects on NSC differentiation, we profiled the transcriptome and DNA methylome/hydroxymethylome using high-throughput sequencing. Interestingly, RNA sequencing analyses have shown that, in addition to DA neuronal genes, astrocytic genes Gfap, Slc1a3, and S100a16 were also upregulated in NSC cultures differentiated with VC treatment. Consistently, enhanced GFAP+ astrocytic yields were manifested in the differentiated cultures with VC treatment, collectively indicating that VC promotes astrocytic differentiation. In genome-wide hydroxymethylome analyses, VC treatment induces enrichment of DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hydroxymethyl cytosine; 5hmC) near the consensus binding motifs of nuclear factor I (NFI). Furthermore, we showed that VC significantly enhanced recruitment of NFI and STAT3, key transcription factors for astrogenesis, in the 5hmC-enriched regions of the astrocyte-specific genes. These findings suggest that VC play important roles in astrocytogenesis during brain development. Stem Cells 2018;36:1578-1588.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Xi-Biao He
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Noviana Wulansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Ha Yoon
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuck Bae
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nanhyung Huh
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
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16
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Yasui T, Uezono N, Nakashima H, Noguchi H, Matsuda T, Noda-Andoh T, Okano H, Nakashima K. Hypoxia Epigenetically Confers Astrocytic Differentiation Potential on Human Pluripotent Cell-Derived Neural Precursor Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 8:1743-1756. [PMID: 28591654 PMCID: PMC5470174 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neural precursor cells (hNPCs) derived from pluripotent stem cells display a high propensity for neuronal differentiation, but they require long-term culturing to differentiate efficiently into astrocytes. The mechanisms underlying this biased fate specification of hNPCs remain elusive. Here, we show that hypoxia confers astrocytic differentiation potential on hNPCs through epigenetic gene regulation, and that this was achieved by cooperation between hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and Notch signaling, accompanied by a reduction of DNA methylation level in the promoter region of a typical astrocyte-specific gene, Glial fibrillary acidic protein. Furthermore, we found that this hypoxic culture condition could be applied to rapid generation of astrocytes from Rett syndrome patient-derived hNPCs, and that these astrocytes impaired neuronal development. Thus, our findings shed further light on the molecular mechanisms regulating hNPC differentiation and provide attractive tools for the development of therapeutic strategies for treating astrocyte-mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yasui
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoko Noda-Andoh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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17
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Honda M, Nakashima K, Katada S. Epigenetic Regulation of Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:125-136. [PMID: 30209657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic programs influence many aspects of neural stem cell (NSC) behavior, including proliferation and differentiation. It is becoming apparent that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA expression, are spatiotemporally regulated and that these intracellular programs, in concert with extracellular signals, ensure appropriate gene activation. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic regulation of human NSCs directly isolated from the brain or produced from pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Honda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayako Katada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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18
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Xie Y, Lowry WE. Manipulation of neural progenitor fate through the oxygen sensing pathway. Methods 2017; 133:44-53. [PMID: 28864353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells hold significant promise in a variety of clinical settings. While both the brain and spinal cord harbor endogenous neural progenitor or stem cells, they typically are not capable of repopulating neural populations in case of injury or degenerative disease. In vitro systems for the culture of neural progenitors has come a long ways due to advances in the method development. Recently, many groups have shown that manipulation of the oxygen-sensing pathway leading to activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) that can influence the proliferation, differentiation or maturation of neural progenitors. Moreover, different oxygen concentrations appear to affect lineage specification of neural progenitors upon their differentiation in vitro. Here we summarize some of these studies in an attempt to direct effort towards implementation of best methods to advance the use of neural progenitors from basic development towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, United States
| | - William E Lowry
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, United States; The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, United States; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, United States; Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States.
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19
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TAKOUDA J, KATADA S, NAKASHIMA K. Emerging mechanisms underlying astrogenesis in the developing mammalian brain. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:386-398. [PMID: 28603210 PMCID: PMC5709539 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the developing brain, the three major cell types, i.e., neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are generated from common multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). In particular, astrocytes eventually occupy a great fraction of the brain and play pivotal roles in the brain development and functions. However, NSCs cannot produce the three major cell types simultaneously from the beginning; e.g., it is known that neurogenesis precedes astrogenesis during brain development. How is this fate switching achieved? Many studies have revealed that extracellular cues and intracellular programs are involved in the transition of NSC fate specification. The former include growth factor- and cytokine-signaling, and the latter involve epigenetic machinery, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Accumulating evidence has identified a complex array of epigenetic modifications that control the timing of astrocytic differentiation of NSCs. In this review, we introduce recent progress in identifying the molecular mechanisms of astrogenesis underlying the tight regulation of neuronal-astrocytic fate switching of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun TAKOUDA
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayako KATADA
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi NAKASHIMA
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Deynoux M, Sunter N, Hérault O, Mazurier F. Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Leukemias. Front Oncol 2016; 6:41. [PMID: 26955619 PMCID: PMC4767894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite huge improvements in the treatment of leukemia, the percentage of patients suffering relapse still remains significant. Relapse most often results from a small number of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) within the bone marrow, which are able to self-renew, and therefore reestablish the full tumor. The marrow microenvironment contributes considerably in supporting the protection and development of leukemic cells. LSCs share specific niches with normal hematopoietic stem cells with the niche itself being composed of a variety of cell types, including mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, bone cells, immune cells, neuronal cells, and vascular cells. A hallmark of the hematopoietic niche is low oxygen partial pressure, indeed this hypoxia is necessary for the long-term maintenance of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Hypoxia is a strong signal, principally maintained by members of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family. In solid tumors, it has been well established that hypoxia triggers intrinsic metabolic changes and microenvironmental modifications, such as the stimulation of angiogenesis, through activation of HIFs. As leukemia is not considered a “solid” tumor, the role of oxygen in the disease was presumed to be inconsequential and remained long overlooked. This view has now been revised since hypoxia has been shown to influence leukemic cell proliferation, differentiation, and resistance to chemotherapy. However, the role of HIF proteins remains controversial with HIFs being considered as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, depending on the study and model. The purpose of this review is to highlight our knowledge of hypoxia and HIFs in leukemic development and therapeutic resistance and to discuss the recent hypoxia-based strategies proposed to eradicate leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Deynoux
- Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC) UMR 7292, CNRS, UFR de Médecine, Université François-Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Nicola Sunter
- Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC) UMR 7292, CNRS, UFR de Médecine, Université François-Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Olivier Hérault
- Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC) UMR 7292, CNRS, UFR de Médecine, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Mazurier
- Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC) UMR 7292, CNRS, UFR de Médecine, Université François-Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
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21
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Mack SC, Hubert CG, Miller TE, Taylor MD, Rich JN. An epigenetic gateway to brain tumor cell identity. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:10-9. [PMID: 26713744 PMCID: PMC5568053 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Precise targeting of genetic lesions alone has been insufficient to extend brain tumor patient survival. Brain cancer cells are diverse in their genetic, metabolic and microenvironmental compositions, accounting for their phenotypic heterogeneity and disparate responses to therapy. These factors converge at the level of the epigenome, representing a unified node that can be disrupted by pharmacologic inhibition. Aberrant epigenomes define many childhood and adult brain cancers, as demonstrated by widespread changes to DNA methylation patterns, redistribution of histone marks and disruption of chromatin structure. In this Review, we describe the convergence of genetic, metabolic and microenvironmental factors on mechanisms of epigenetic deregulation in brain cancer. We discuss how aberrant epigenetic pathways identified in brain tumors affect cell identity, cell state and neoplastic transformation, as well as addressing the potential to exploit these alterations as new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Christopher G. Hubert
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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22
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van Tilborg E, Heijnen CJ, Benders MJ, van Bel F, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Nijboer CH. Impaired oligodendrocyte maturation in preterm infants: Potential therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 136:28-49. [PMID: 26655283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is an evolving challenge in neonatal health care. Despite declining mortality rates among extremely premature neonates, morbidity rates remain very high. Currently, perinatal diffuse white matter injury (WMI) is the most commonly observed type of brain injury in preterm infants and has become an important research area. Diffuse WMI is associated with impaired cognitive, sensory and psychological functioning and is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for autism-spectrum disorders, ADHD, and other psychological disturbances. No treatment options are currently available for diffuse WMI and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are far from being completely understood. Preterm birth is associated with maternal inflammation, perinatal infections and disrupted oxygen supply which can affect the cerebral microenvironment by causing activation of microglia, astrogliosis, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. This intricate interplay of events negatively influences oligodendrocyte development, causing arrested oligodendrocyte maturation or oligodendrocyte cell death, which ultimately results in myelination failure in the developing white matter. This review discusses the current state in perinatal WMI research, ranging from a clinical perspective to basic molecular pathophysiology. The complex regulation of oligodendrocyte development in healthy and pathological conditions is described, with a specific focus on signaling cascades that may play a role in WMI. Furthermore, emerging concepts in the field of WMI and issues regarding currently available animal models are put forward. Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying impeded oligodendrocyte maturation in diffuse WMI may aid the development of novel treatment options which are desperately needed to improve the quality-of-life of preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Tilborg
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manon J Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Bel
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Inserm, Paris U1141, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS, Paris 1141, France; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Paris U1141, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS, Paris 1141, France; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Chen XS, Huang N, Michael N, Xiao L. Advancements in the Underlying Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: Implications of DNA Methylation in Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:451. [PMID: 26696822 PMCID: PMC4667081 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic and severe mental illness for which currently there is no cure. At present, the exact molecular mechanism involved in the underlying pathogenesis of SZ is unknown. The disease is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic regulation is involved in SZ pathology. Specifically, DNA methylation, one of the earliest found epigenetic modifications, has been extensively linked to modulation of neuronal function, leading to psychiatric disorders such as SZ. However, increasing evidence indicates that glial cells, especially dysfunctional oligodendrocytes undergo DNA methylation changes that contribute to the pathogenesis of SZ. This review primarily focuses on DNA methylation involved in glial dysfunctions in SZ. Clarifying this mechanism may lead to the development of new therapeutic interventional strategies for the treatment of SZ and other illnesses by correcting abnormal methylation in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Nanxin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Namaka Michael
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and the College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Xiao
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24
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Li Y, Zang D. The neuron regrowth is associated with the proliferation of neural precursor cells after leukemia inhibitory factor administration following spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116031. [PMID: 25542011 PMCID: PMC4277544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore whether LIF could promote the proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and to analyze the correlation between increased NPCs and FluoroGold (FG) labeled neurons in mice after spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Motor behavior was assessed using Rotarod and Platform Hang tests; neurons in the corticospinal and rubrospinal systems were labeled with FG, NPCs were immustained with nestin-FITC conjugate. The numbers of FG-labeled neurons and NPCs were estimated, and the correlation between FG-labeled neurons and NPCs was assessed. Results Mice in the SCI group showed negligible recovery of locomotor behavior; in contrast, mice in the LIF group showed a statically significant improvement. Both FG-labeled neurons and NPCs were significantly increased in the LIF group compared to the SCI group, and this increase in FG-labeled neurons and NPCs showed a clear association above the lesion level. Conclusions LIF could promote locomotive behaviors in mice post-SCI by encouraging the proliferation of NPCs; LIF may in fact be a potential cytokine for the induction of NPCs post-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Li
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dawei Zang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Murao N, Matsuda T, Noguchi H, Koseki H, Namihira M, Nakashima K. Characterization of Np95 expression in mouse brain from embryo to adult: A novel marker for proliferating neural stem/precursor cells. NEUROGENESIS 2014; 1:e976026. [PMID: 27504471 PMCID: PMC4973607 DOI: 10.4161/23262133.2014.976026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear protein 95 KDa (Np95, also known as UHRF1 or ICBP90) plays an important role in maintaining DNA methylation of newly synthesized DNA strands by recruiting DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) during cell division. In addition, Np95 participates in chromatin remodeling by interacting with histone modification enzymes such as histone deacetylases. However, its expression pattern and function in the brain have not been analyzed extensively. We here investigated the expression pattern of Np95 in the mouse brain, from developmental to adult stages. In the fetal brain, Np95 is abundantly expressed at the midgestational stage, when a large number of neural stem/precursor cells (NS/PCs) exist. Interestingly, Np95 is expressed specifically in NS/PCs but not in differentiated cells such as neurons or glial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Np95 is preferentially expressed in type 2a cells, which are highly proliferative NS/PCs in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus. Moreover, the number of Np95-expressing cells increases in response to kainic acid administration or to voluntary running, which are known to enhance the proliferation of adult NS/PCs. These results suggest that Np95 participates in the process of proliferation and differentiation of NS/PCs, and that it should be a useful novel marker for proliferating NS/PCs, facilitating the analysis of the complex behavior of NS/PCs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Murao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara, Japan
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research; Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Developmental Genetics; RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology ; Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Namihira
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group; Biomedical Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ; Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Ma Q, Zhang L. Epigenetic programming of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in response to fetal hypoxia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 124:28-48. [PMID: 25450949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major stress to the fetal development and may result in irreversible injury in the developing brain, increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) malformations in the neonatal brain and long-term neurological complications in offspring. Current evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the development of hypoxic/ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the developing brain in response to fetal stress. However, the causative cellular and molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present review, we summarize the recent findings of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of the brain and their roles in fetal hypoxia-induced brain developmental malformations. Specifically, we focus on DNA methylation and active demethylation, histone modifications and microRNAs in the regulation of neuronal and vascular developmental plasticity, which may play a role in fetal stress-induced epigenetic programming of hypoxic/ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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27
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Xie Y, Zhang J, Lin Y, Gaeta X, Meng X, Wisidagama DRR, Cinkornpumin J, Koehler CM, Malone CS, Teitell MA, Lowry WE. Defining the role of oxygen tension in human neural progenitor fate. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:743-57. [PMID: 25418722 PMCID: PMC4235163 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia augments human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal via hypoxia-inducible factor 2α-activated OCT4 transcription. Hypoxia also increases the efficiency of reprogramming differentiated cells to a pluripotent-like state. Combined, these findings suggest that low O2 tension would impair the purposeful differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that low O2 tension and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activity instead promote appropriate hESC differentiation. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies, we implicate O2 tension as a modifier of a key cell fate decision, namely whether neural progenitors differentiate toward neurons or glia. Furthermore, our data show that even transient changes in O2 concentration can affect cell fate through HIF by regulating the activity of MYC, a regulator of LIN28/let-7 that is critical for fate decisions in the neural lineage. We also identify key small molecules that can take advantage of this pathway to quickly and efficiently promote the development of mature cell types. Low oxygen tension promotes gliogenesis of human neural progenitors HIF activation is required for gliogenic effect of lowered oxygen tension HIF acts through MYC to disrupt LIN28/let-7 in gliogenesis Small molecule stimulators of HIF or inhibitors of MYC can drive gliogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xavier Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dona R R Wisidagama
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Jessica Cinkornpumin
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carla M Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cindy S Malone
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - William E Lowry
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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28
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Imayoshi I, Kageyama R. bHLH Factors in Self-Renewal, Multipotency, and Fate Choice of Neural Progenitor Cells. Neuron 2014; 82:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Namihira M, Nakashima K. Mechanisms of astrocytogenesis in the mammalian brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:921-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Närvä E, Pursiheimo JP, Laiho A, Rahkonen N, Emani MR, Viitala M, Laurila K, Sahla R, Lund R, Lähdesmäki H, Jaakkola P, Lahesmaa R. Continuous hypoxic culturing of human embryonic stem cells enhances SSEA-3 and MYC levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78847. [PMID: 24236059 PMCID: PMC3827269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) contributes critically to pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by preventing spontaneous differentiation and supporting self-renewal. However, it is not well understood how hESCs respond to reduced oxygen availability and what are the molecular mechanisms maintaining pluripotency in these conditions. In this study we characterized the transcriptional and molecular responses of three hESC lines (H9, HS401 and HS360) on short (2 hours), intermediate (24 hours) and prolonged (7 days) exposure to low oxygen conditions (4% O2). In response to prolonged hypoxia the expression of pluripotency surface marker SSEA-3 was increased. Furthermore, the genome wide gene-expression analysis revealed that a substantial proportion (12%) of all hypoxia-regulated genes in hESCs, were directly linked to the mechanisms controlling pluripotency or differentiation. Moreover, transcription of MYC oncogene was induced in response to continuous hypoxia. At the protein level MYC was stabilized through phosphorylation already in response to a short hypoxic exposure. Total MYC protein levels remained elevated throughout all the time points studied. Further, MYC protein expression in hypoxia was affected by silencing HIF2α, but not HIF1α. Since MYC has a crucial role in regulating pluripotency we propose that induction of sustained MYC expression in hypoxia contributes to activation of transcriptional programs critical for hESC self-renewal and maintenance of enhanced pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Närvä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nelly Rahkonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Maheswara Reddy Emani
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Miro Viitala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsti Laurila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Roosa Sahla
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riikka Lund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Panu Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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31
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2,4-dinitrophenol induces neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1407-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Necdin controls proliferation and apoptosis of embryonic neural stem cells in an oxygen tension-dependent manner. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10362-73. [PMID: 23785149 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5682-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in vivo in hypoxic environments, and NSC proliferation is enhanced in vitro under hypoxic conditions. Various adaptive responses to hypoxia are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), a family of basic helix-loop-helix Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) transcription factors. Necdin, a MAGE (melanoma antigen) family protein, is expressed abundantly in postmitotic neurons and possesses potent antimitotic and antiapoptotic activities. We here report that hypoxia induces degradation of the necdin protein in primary NSCs by HIF-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome system. Necdin was expressed in primary NSCs prepared from the ganglionic eminences of mouse embryos. Hypoxia enhanced neurosphere formation of NSCs, in which the necdin protein level was significantly reduced. Primary NSCs prepared from necdin-deficient mice exhibited higher rates of proliferation and apoptosis than those from wild-type mice in normoxia, whereas there were no significant differences in the proliferation and apoptosis rates between necdin-deficient and wild-type NSCs in hypoxia. HIF-2α was predominantly expressed in hypoxic NSCs, where expression of HIF-responsive genes was upregulated. HIF-2α interacted with necdin via its PAS domain, which enhanced necdin ubiquitination. Lentivirus-mediated expression of the PAS domain in primary NSCs promoted necdin degradation and enhanced NSC proliferation in normoxia, whereas a small-molecule inhibitor of HIF-2α translation stabilized the necdin protein and reduced NSC proliferation in hypoxia. These results suggest that oxygen tension regulates the necdin protein level in NSCs through HIF-2α-mediated proteasomal degradation to modulate their proliferation and apoptosis.
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33
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Sundaravelpandian K, Chandrika NNP, Tsai YH, Schmidt W. PFT1-controlled ROS balance is critical for multiple stages of root hair development in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24066. [PMID: 23455023 PMCID: PMC3907413 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play key roles in cellular decision making and signal integration in multicellular organisms. In roots, ROS levels are managed by the action of peroxidases and NAPDH oxidases, resulting in a distinct spatial distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂(-)) that is critical for the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, ROS is required for the determination of the cell shape of root hairs. Mutations in the Mediator subunit MED25/PFT1 result in compromised root hair development, due to altered expression of a suite of H₂O₂-producing class III peroxidases. pft1-1 mutants form shorter root hairs than wild-type plants. Analysis of pft1-1 cross-sections revealed that also root hair initiation is compromised, probably by impeding local cell wall loosening. It is suggested that ROS homeostasis is critical throughout the development of root hairs, controlling various processes via PFT1-regulated transcription of genes encoding redox-active enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaipandian Sundaravelpandian
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences; Taiwan International Graduate Program; National Chung Hsing University-Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology; National Chung-Hsing University; Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nulu Naga Prafulla Chandrika
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology; Taiwan International Graduate Program; Academia Sinica; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences; Taiwan International Graduate Program; National Chung Hsing University-Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology; National Chung-Hsing University; Taichung, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology; Taiwan International Graduate Program; Academia Sinica; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program; College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Correspondence to: Wolfgang Schmidt,
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Epigenetic regulation of CD34 and HIF1A expression during the differentiation of human mast cells. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:429-38. [PMID: 23529663 PMCID: PMC3651818 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells differentiate from circulating pluripotent hematopoietic progenitors. During this differentiation, the progenitor cells are exposed to changes in oxygen availability. HIF1A is the major sensor of oxygen concentration in mammalian cells. We investigated the expression of HIF1A during the in vitro differentiation of peripheral blood-derived progenitors into human mast cells. In a series of experiments, we determined the changes in CD34 expression, selected mast cell markers, and HIF1A in human mast cell cultures. While the expression of CD34 dramatically decreased, the expression of mast cell-specific genes, including FCER1A, MS4A2, TPSB2, and CMA1, steadily increased. HIF1A expression similarly increased during mast cell differentiation, reaching its maximum level at five weeks of culture. The analysis of the promoter methylation status showed decreasing levels of methylation at the HIF1A promoter, increasing levels of methylation at the CD34 promoter, and no significant changes in other genes. In silico analysis of the promoter regions of these genes revealed large CpG islands in close proximity to the HIF1A and CD34 transcription initiation sites, but not in other investigated genes. In conclusion, in vitro mast cell differentiation was associated with decreased CD34 expression and increased HIF1A expression. These changes were paralleled with changes in the methylation status of the respective promoters, suggesting that DNA methylation-dependent epigenetic regulation mediates the gene expression changes involved in maintaining the phenotype of hematopoietic stem cells and mature mast cells. Therefore, the baseline expression of HIF1A is epigenetically regulated in a cell type- and differentiation stage-specific fashion.
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35
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Qiao L, Xie L, Shi K, Zhou T, Hua Y, Liu H. Notch signaling change in pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats with pulmonary hypertension and its implication for therapeutic intervention. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51514. [PMID: 23251561 PMCID: PMC3520790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease that lacks an effective therapy. Notch signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. However, its roles in vascular remodeling in PH have not been well studied. In the current study, using hypoxia-induced PH model in rat, we examined the expression of Notch and its downstream factors. Then, we used vessel strip culture system and γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, a Notch signaling inhibitor to determine the effect of Notch signaling in vascular remodeling and its potential therapeutic value. Our results indicated that Notch 1–4 were detected in the lung tissue with variable levels in different cell types such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of pulmonary artery, bronchia, and alveoli. In addition, following the PH induction, all of Notch1, Notch3, Notch4 receptor, and downstream factor, HERP1 in pulmonary arteries, mRNA expressions were increased with a peak at 1–2 weeks. Furthermore, the vessel wall thickness from rats with hypoxia treatment increased after cultured for 8 days, which could be decreased approximately 30% by DAPT, accompanied with significant increase of expression level of apoptotic factors (caspase-3 and Bax) and transformation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype from synthetic towards contractile. In conclusion, the current study suggested Notch pathway plays an important role in pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH and targeting Notch signaling pathway could be a valuable approach to design new therapy for PH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Blood Vessels/physiopathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Staining and Labeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Qiao
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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