1
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Chen Y, Li M, Wu Y. The occurrence and development of induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Genet 2024; 15:1389558. [PMID: 38699229 PMCID: PMC11063328 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1389558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM), known as "Yamanaka factors," can reprogram or stimulate the production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although OSKM is still the gold standard, there are multiple ways to reprogram cells into iPSCs. In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the efficiency of this technology. Ten years after the first report was published, human pluripotent stem cells have gradually been applied in clinical settings, including disease modeling, cell therapy, new drug development, and cell derivation. Here, we provide a review of the discovery of iPSCs and their applications in disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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2
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Saretzki G. Measuring telomerase activity using TRAP assays. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 181:127-149. [PMID: 38302235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that consists of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein and the telomerase RNA component TERC which also harbors the template region for telomere synthesis. In its canonical function the enzyme adds single-stranded telomeric hexanucleotides de novo to the ends of linear chromosomes, telomeres, in telomerase-positive cells such as germline, stem- and cancer cells. This potential biochemical activity of telomerase can be measured with the help of a telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) which often includes a PCR amplification due to the low abundance of telomerase in most cells and tissues. The current chapter describes various TRAP methods to detect telomerase activity (TA) using gel-based methods, its advantages and deficits, how to perform an ELISA-based TRAP assay and how best to interpret its results. Since development of the TRAP assay in 1994, there have been numerous modifications and adaptations of the method from real-time PCR analysis, isothermal amplification and nanotechnology to CRISPR/Cas-based methods which will be briefly mentioned. However, it is not possible to cover all different TRAP methods and thus there is no comprehensiveness claimed by this chapter. Instead, the author describes various aspects of using TRAP assays including required controls, sample preparation, etc. in order to avoid pitfalls and set-backs in applying this rather complex and demanding technique. The TRAP assay is particularly important to support clinical diagnosis of cancer, analyze tumor therapy as well as to evaluate various approaches to inhibit TA as a form of anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Saretzki
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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3
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iPSC-Derived Macrophages: The Differentiation Protocol Affects Cell Immune Characteristics and Differentiation Trajectories. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416087. [PMID: 36555728 PMCID: PMC9781144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human macrophages from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMacs) is a rapidly developing approach used to create disease models, screen drugs, study macrophage-pathogen interactions and develop macrophage-based cell therapy. To generate iMacs, different types of protocols have been suggested, all thought to result in the generation of similar iMac populations. However, direct comparison of iMacs generated using different protocols has not been performed. We have compared the productivity, the differentiation trajectories and the characteristics of iMacs generated using two widely used protocols: one based on the formation of embryoid bodies and the induction of myeloid differentiation by only two cytokines, interleukin-3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the other utilizing multiple exogenous factors for iMac generation. We report inter-protocol differences in the following: (i) protocol productivity; (ii) dynamic changes in the expression of genes related to inflammation and lipid homeostasis following iMac differentiation and (iii) the transcriptomic profiles of terminally differentiated iMacs, including the expression of genes involved in inflammatory response, antigen presentation and lipid homeostasis. The results document the dependence of fine iMac characteristics on the type of differentiation protocol, which is important for further development of the field, including the development of iMac-based cell therapy.
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4
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Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Chigurupati S, Felemban SG, Alsubayiel AM, Iqbal MS, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S, Mostafavi E. "Cutting the Mustard" with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Overview and Applications in Healthcare Paradigm. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2757-2780. [PMID: 35793037 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of numerous ailments has been made accessible by the advent of genetic engineering, where the self-renewal property has unfolded the mysteries of regeneration, i.e., stem cells. This is narrowed down to pluripotency, the cell property of differentiating into other adult cells. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was a major breakthrough in 2006, which was generated by a cocktail of 4 Yamanaka Factors, following which significant advancements have been reported in medical science and therapeutics. The iPSCs are reprogrammed from somatic cells, and the fascinating results focused on developing authentic techniques for their generation via molecular reprogramming mechanisms, with a plethora of molecules, like NANOG, miRNAs, and DNA modifying agents, etc. The iPSCs have exhibited reliable results in assessing the etiology and molecular mechanisms of diseases, followed by the development of possible treatments and the elimination of risks of immune rejection. The authors formulate a comprehensive review to develop a clear understanding of iPSC generation, their advantages and limitations, with potential challenges associated with their medical utility. In addition, a wide compendium of applications of iPSCs in regenerative medicine and disease modeling has been discussed, alongside bioengineering technologies for iPSC reprogramming, expansion, isolation, and differentiation. The manuscript aims to provide a holistic picture of the booming advancement of iPSC therapy, to attract the attention of global researchers, to investigate this versatile approach in treatment of multiple disorders, subsequently overcoming the challenges, in order to effectively expand its therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha Ghazi Felemban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Alsubayiel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Lyadova I, Vasiliev A. Macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells: prospective applications and research gaps. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35725499 PMCID: PMC9207879 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable cell source able to give rise to different cell types of the body. Among the various pathways of iPSC differentiation, the differentiation into macrophages is a recently developed and rapidly growing technique. Macrophages play a key role in the control of host homeostasis. Their dysfunction underlies many diseases, including hereditary, infectious, oncological, metabolic and other disorders. Targeting macrophage activity and developing macrophage-based cell therapy represent promising tools for the treatment of many pathological conditions. Macrophages generated from human iPSCs (iMphs) provide great opportunities in these areas. The generation of iMphs is based on a step-wise differentiation of iPSCs into mesoderm, hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid monocyte-like cells and macrophages. The technique allows to obtain standardizable populations of human macrophages from any individual, scale up macrophage production and introduce genetic modifications, which gives significant advantages over the standard source of human macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages. The spectrum of iMph applications is rapidly growing. iMphs have been successfully used to model hereditary diseases and macrophage-pathogen interactions, as well as to test drugs. iMph use for cell therapy is another promising and rapidly developing area of research. The principles and the details of iMph generation have recently been reviewed. This review systemizes current and prospective iMph applications and discusses the problem of iMph safety and other issues that need to be explored before iMphs become clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrei Vasiliev
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Tool for Modeling Hematologic Disorders and as a Potential Source for Cell-Based Therapies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113250. [PMID: 34831472 PMCID: PMC8623953 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has revolutionized the field of biomedical and pharmaceutical research and opened up vast opportunities for drug discovery and regenerative medicine, especially when combined with gene-editing technology. Numerous healthy and patient-derived hiPSCs for human disease modeling have been established, enabling mechanistic studies of pathogenesis, platforms for preclinical drug screening, and the development of novel therapeutic targets/approaches. Additionally, hiPSCs hold great promise for cell-based therapy, serving as an attractive cell source for generating stem/progenitor cells or functional differentiated cells for degenerative diseases, due to their unlimited proliferative capacity, pluripotency, and ethical acceptability. In this review, we provide an overview of hiPSCs and their utility in the study of hematologic disorders through hematopoietic differentiation. We highlight recent hereditary and acquired genetic hematologic disease modeling with patient-specific iPSCs, and discuss their applications as instrumental drug screening tools. The clinical applications of hiPSCs in cell-based therapy, including the next-generation cancer immunotherapy, are provided. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges that need to be addressed to fulfill the validity of hiPSC-based disease modeling and future perspectives of hiPSCs in the field of hematology.
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7
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Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells to authentic macrophages using a defined, serum-free, open-source medium. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1735-1748. [PMID: 34171284 PMCID: PMC8282471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and macrophages derived from them are increasingly popular tools for research into both infectious and degenerative diseases. However, as the field strives for greater modeling accuracy, it is becoming ever more challenging to justify the use of undefined and proprietary media for the culture of these cells. Here, we describe a defined, serum-free, open-source medium for the differentiation of iPSC-derived macrophages. This medium is equally capable of maintaining these cells compared with commercial alternatives. The macrophages differentiated in this medium display improved terminally differentiated cell characteristics, reduced basal expression of induced antiviral response genes, and improved polarization capacity. We conclude that cells cultured in this medium are an appropriate and malleable model for tissue-resident macrophages, on which future differentiation techniques can be built.
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8
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Navarro-Guerrero E, Tay C, Whalley JP, Cowley SA, Davies B, Knight JC, Ebner D. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-knockout in human induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4245. [PMID: 33608581 PMCID: PMC7895961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 technology enables simple, efficient and precise genomic modifications in human cells. Conventional immortalized cell lines can be easily edited or screened using genome-wide libraries with lentiviral transduction. However, cell types derived from the differentiation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC), which often represent more relevant, patient-derived models for human pathology, are much more difficult to engineer as CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to these differentiated cells can be inefficient and toxic. Here, we present an efficient, lentiviral transduction protocol for delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to macrophages derived from human iPSC with efficiencies close to 100%. We demonstrate CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts for three nonessential proof-of-concept genes-HPRT1, PPIB and CDK4. We then scale the protocol and validate for a genome-wide pooled CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen. This methodology enables, for the first time, systematic exploration of macrophage involvement in immune responses, chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer progression, using efficient genome editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Navarro-Guerrero
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chwen Tay
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Justin P Whalley
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Kouchaki R, Abd-Nikfarjam B, Maali AH, Abroun S, Foroughi F, Ghaffari S, Azad M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Meets Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:1-10. [PMID: 32779449 PMCID: PMC7481889 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is classified as a primary immunodeficiency, which is characterized by impaired
T-lymphocytes differentiation. IL2RG, IL7Ralpha, JAK3, ADA, RAG1/RAG2, and DCLE1C (Artemis) are the most defective
genes in SCID. The most recent SCID therapies are based on gene therapy (GT) of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), which
are faced with many challenges. The new studies in the field of stem cells have made great progress in overcoming the
challenges ahead. In 2006, Yamanaka et al. achieved "reprogramming" technology by introducing four transcription factors
known as Yamanaka factors, which generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from somatic cells. It is possible to apply
iPSC-derived HSC for transplantation in patients with abnormality or loss of function in specific cells or damaged tissue, such
as T-cells and NK-cells in the context of SCID. The iPSC-based HSC transplantation in SCID and other hereditary disorders
needs gene correction before transplantation. Furthermore, iPSC technology has been introduced as a promising tool in
cellular-molecular disease modeling and drug discovery. In this article, we review iPSC-based GT and modeling for SCID
disease and novel approaches of iPSC application in SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kouchaki
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Bahareh Abd-Nikfarjam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sasan Ghaffari
- Hematology Department, School of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Brault J, Vigne B, Stasia MJ. Ex Vivo Models of Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 1982:587-622. [PMID: 31172497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that can be established from dedifferentiation of all somatic cell types by epigenetic phenomena. iPSCs can be differentiated into any mature cells like neurons, hepatocytes, or pancreatic cells that have not been easily available to date. Thus, iPSCs are widely used for disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell therapy development. Here, we describe a protocol to obtain human mature and functional neutrophils and macrophages as ex vivo models of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD). This method can be applied to model the other genetic forms of CGD. We also describe methods for testing the characteristics and functions of neutrophils and macrophages by morphology, phagocytosis assay, release of granule markers or cytokines, cell surface markers, and NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche CGD (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Bénédicte Vigne
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche CGD (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie José Stasia
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche CGD (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France. .,Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France.
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11
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Brault J, Vigne B, Meunier M, Beaumel S, Mollin M, Park S, Stasia MJ. NOX4 is the main NADPH oxidase involved in the early stages of hematopoietic differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:107-118. [PMID: 31626946 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are involved in the balance between quiescence, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation processes. However the role of NOX enzymes on the early stages of hematopoietic differentiation is poorly investigated. For that, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (X0CGD) patients with deficiency in NOX2, and AR220CGD patients with deficiency in p22phox subunit which decreases NOX1, NOX2, NOX3 and NOX4 activities. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors were obtained after 7, 10 and 13 days of iPS/OP9 co-culture differentiation system. Neither NOX expression nor activity was found in Wild-type (WT), X0CGD and AR220CGD iPSCs. Although NOX2 and NOX4 mRNA were found in WT, X0CGD and AR220CGD iPSC-derived CD34+ cells at day 10 and 13 of differentiation, NOX4 protein was the only NOX enzyme expressed in these cells. A NADPH oxidase activity was measured in WT and X0CGD iPSC-derived CD34+ cells but not in AR220CGD iPSC-derived CD34+ cells because of the absence of p22phox, which is essential for the NOX4 activity. The absence of NOX4 activity and the poor NOX-independent ROS production in AR220CGD iPSC-derived CD34+ cells favored the CD34+ cells production but lowered their hematopoietic potential compared to WT and X0CGD iPSC-derived CD34+ cells. In addition we found a large production of primitive AR220CGD iPSC-derived progenitors at day 7 compared to the WT and X0CGD cell types. In conclusion NOX4 is the major NOX enzyme involved in the early stages of hematopoietic differentiation from iPSCs and its activity can modulate the production, the hematopoietic potential and the phenotype of iPSC-derived CD34+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.
| | - Bénédicte Vigne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.
| | - Mathieu Meunier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, University Clinic of Hematology, Grenoble, France; CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM, U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Bioscience, 38700, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvain Beaumel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.
| | - Michelle Mollin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.
| | - Sophie Park
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, University Clinic of Hematology, Grenoble, France; CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM, U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Bioscience, 38700, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie José Stasia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Georgomanoli M, Papapetrou EP. Modeling blood diseases with human induced pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/6/dmm039321. [PMID: 31171568 PMCID: PMC6602313 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells through a reprogramming process, which converts them to a pluripotent state, akin to that of embryonic stem cells. Over the past decade, iPSC models have found increasing applications in the study of human diseases, with blood disorders featuring prominently. Here, we discuss methodological aspects pertaining to iPSC generation, hematopoietic differentiation and gene editing, and provide an overview of uses of iPSCs in modeling the cell and gene therapy of inherited genetic blood disorders, as well as their more recent use as models of myeloid malignancies. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of iPSCs compared to model organisms and other cellular systems commonly used in hematology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgomanoli
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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13
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Recent Updates on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Hematological Disorders. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5171032. [PMID: 31191673 PMCID: PMC6525795 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5171032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, enormous progress has been made in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Patients' somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells can be used to generate disease-specific pluripotent stem cells, which have unlimited proliferation and can differentiate into all cell types of the body. Human iPSCs offer great promises and opportunities for treatments of degenerative diseases and studying disease pathology and drug screening. So far, many iPSC-derived disease models have led to the discovery of novel pathological mechanisms as well as new drugs in the pipeline that have been tested in the iPSC-derived cells for efficacy and potential toxicities. Furthermore, recent advances in genome editing technology in combination with the iPSC technology have provided a versatile platform for studying stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this review, an overview of iPSCs, patient-specific iPSCs for disease modeling and drug screening, applications of iPSCs and genome editing technology in hematological disorders, remaining challenges, and future perspectives of iPSCs in hematological diseases will be discussed.
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14
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Castelli A, Susani L, Menale C, Muggeo S, Caldana E, Strina D, Cassani B, Recordati C, Scanziani E, Ficara F, Villa A, Vezzoni P, Paulis M. Chromosome Transplantation: Correction of the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Defect in Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:876-887. [PMID: 30895693 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the progress in gene editing achieved in recent years, a subset of genetic diseases involving structural chromosome abnormalities, including aneuploidies, large deletions and complex rearrangements, cannot be treated with conventional gene therapy approaches. We have previously devised a strategy, dubbed chromosome transplantation (CT), to replace an endogenous mutated chromosome with an exogenous normal one. To establish a proof of principle for our approach, we chose as disease model the chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an X-linked severe immunodeficiency due to abnormalities in CYBB (GP91) gene, including large genomic deletions. We corrected the gene defect by CT in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a CGD male mouse model. The Hprt gene of the endogenous X chromosome was inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology thus allowing the exploitation of the hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selection system to introduce a normal donor X chromosome by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. X-transplanted clones were obtained, and diploid XY clones which spontaneously lost the endogenous X chromosome were isolated. These cells were differentiated toward the myeloid lineage, and functional granulocytes producing GP91 protein were obtained. We propose the CT approach to correct iPSCs from patients affected by other X-linked diseases with large deletions, whose treatment is still unsatisfactory. Stem Cells 2019;37:876-887.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castelli
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Susani
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sharon Muggeo
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Caldana
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Strina
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cassani
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Recordati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ficara
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Vezzoni
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Paulis
- National Research Council (CNR)-IRGB/UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Haenseler W, Rajendran L. Concise Review: Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia. Stem Cells 2019; 37:724-730. [PMID: 30801863 PMCID: PMC6849818 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of the brain and the consequential immunological responses play pivotal roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the brain, have also emerged as key players in neuroinflammation. As primary human microglia from living subjects are normally not accessible to researchers, there is a pressing need for an alternative source of authentic human microglia which allows modeling of neurodegeneration in vitro. Several protocols for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived microglia have recently been developed and provide unlimited access to patient‐derived material. In this present study, we give an overview of iPSC‐derived microglia models in monoculture and coculture systems, their advantages and limitations, and how they have already been used for disease phenotyping. Furthermore, we outline some of the gene engineering tools to generate isogenic controls, the creation of gene knockout iPSC lines, as well as covering reporter cell lines, which could help to elucidate complex cell interaction mechanisms in the microglia/neuron coculture system, for example, microglia‐induced synapse loss. Finally, we deliberate on how said cocultures could aid in personalized drug screening to identify patient‐specific therapies against neurodegeneration. stem cells2019;37:724–730
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Haenseler
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,UK-Dementia Research Institute (UK-DRI), Maurice Wohl Basic & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Wrona D, Siler U, Reichenbach J. Novel Diagnostic Tool for p47 phox -Deficient Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patient and Carrier Detection. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:274-278. [PMID: 30859112 PMCID: PMC6395829 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations of the phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Autosomal recessive p47phox-deficient CGD (p47phox CGD) is the second most frequent form of the disease in western countries, and more than 94% of patients have a disease-causing dinucleotide deletion (ΔGT) in the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) gene. The ΔGT mutation is most likely transferred onto the NCF1 from one of its two pseudogenes co-localized on the same chromosome. The presence of NCF1 pseudogenes in healthy individuals makes the genetic diagnostics of ΔGT p47phox CGD challenging, as it requires the distinction between ΔGT in NCF1 and in the two pseudogenes. We have developed a diagnostic tool for the identification of p47phox CGD based on PCR co-amplification of NCF1 and its pseudogenes, followed by band intensity quantification of restriction fragment length polymorphism products. The single-day, reliable p47phox CGD diagnostics allow for robust discrimination of homozygous ΔGT p47phox CGD patients from heterozygous carriers and healthy individuals, as well as for monitoring gene therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wrona
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Karagiannis P, Takahashi K, Saito M, Yoshida Y, Okita K, Watanabe A, Inoue H, Yamashita JK, Todani M, Nakagawa M, Osawa M, Yashiro Y, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:79-114. [PMID: 30328784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram the cell to an early developmental state. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nearly half a century later provided a molecular mechanism for the reprogramming. The initial creation of iPSCs was accomplished by the ectopic expression of four specific genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-Myc; OSKM). iPSCs have since been acquired from a wide range of cell types and a wide range of species, suggesting a universal molecular mechanism. Furthermore, cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs using a myriad of methods, although OSKM remains the gold standard. The sources for iPSCs are abundant compared with those for other pluripotent stem cells; thus the use of iPSCs to model the development of tissues, organs, and other systems of the body is increasing. iPSCs also, through the reprogramming of patient samples, are being used to model diseases. Moreover, in the 10 years since the first report, human iPSCs are already the basis for new cell therapies and drug discovery that have reached clinical application. In this review, we examine the generation of iPSCs and their application to disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Todani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yashiro
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency, with a defect of phagocytes in killing specific pathogens. CGD is characterized by severe recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and dysregulated inflammatory response. Since its first description as fatal disease about 60 years ago, a significant improvement in outcome has been achieved in the last 20 years. The purpose of this review is to framework recent advances in CGD immunopathogenesis, management of disease manifestation and cure of CGD patients. RECENT FINDINGS For years, CGD is a known cause of life-threatening infections and excessive inflammation. The cause and the management of inflammatory reactions, however, have not been clarified, and the range of clinical presentation is growing with corresponding novel therapeutic interventions. Recent work focuses on the best outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and gene therapy for the cure of CGD patients, more specifically, those with X-linked and p47 mutations. SUMMARY The genetics and phenotype of CGD is well characterized; however, the underlying mechanisms, the treatment of its inflammatory manifestations and the cure of CGD is under further investigation.
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19
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Haenseler W, Kuzmenko E, Smalls-Mantey A, Browne C, Seger R, James WS, Cowley SA, Reichenbach J, Siler U. Lentiviral gene therapy vector with UCOE stably restores function in iPSC-derived neutrophils of a CDG patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2018. [PMID: 31008103 DOI: 10.19185/matters.201805000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A recent gamma-retroviral clinical Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) gene therapy (GT) trial achieved proof-of-concept but was accompanied by activation of oncogenes and transgene silencing. The ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) comprises the sequences of two divergently oriented house-keeping gene promoters and is known to have anti-silencing properties. In a screen we identified two novel UCOE constructs that prevent adjacent promoter methylation in P19 cells. Experiments were continued with the shorter UCOE constructs in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from a p47phox-deficient CGD patient. The iPSC line was transduced with the lentiviral GT vectors expressing P47 under the constitutively active SFFV promoter with UCOE element (UCOE_SF) and without UCOE element (SF) adjacent to the SFFV promoter. The iPSC were expanded before propagation towards neutrophils. 20 days after transduction the UCOE_SF vector was protected from methylation in iPSC as previously shown in P19 cells, whereas the SF vector was heavily methylated in iPSC. The UCOE_SF vector maintained stable transgene expression in iPSC, macrophages and neutrophils, whereas the SF vector was strongly silenced. The UCOE_SF vector stably restored ROS production in neutrophils, whereas for the SF vector the count of ROS producing cells was marginal. To conclude, we have shown that the prevention of transgene silencing by UCOE is functionally and mechanistically preserved upon terminal neutrophil differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Haenseler
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Elena Kuzmenko
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Adjoa Smalls-Mantey
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Cathy Browne
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Reinhard Seger
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - William S James
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, University of Zurich, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, University of Oxford, Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Professor emeritus University Children's Hospital Zürich, Division of Immunology, Professor emeritus Children's Research Center, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Div. of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Children's Research Center, Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich
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20
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Mukherjee C, Hale C, Mukhopadhyay S. A Simple Multistep Protocol for Differentiating Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Functional Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1784:13-28. [PMID: 29761384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide an alternative new tool overcoming some of the limitations of existing models for human macrophages, such as human macrophage-like cell lines and primary monocyte-derived macrophages. A combination of different cytokines and growth factors can differentiate hiPSCs toward myeloid lineage. Here we describe a simple multistep protocol for differentiating hiPSCs into functional macrophages. This includes derivation of three germ-line containing embryoid bodies (EBs) from iPSCs, generation of myeloid precursors from EBs, and finally maturation of myeloid precursors into functional macrophages. Technical procedure and specific culture conditions associated with each of these steps are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrayana Mukherjee
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hale
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.
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21
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Zhang H, Reilly MP. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Macrophages for Unraveling Human Macrophage Biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2000-2006. [PMID: 28982665 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial appreciation for the critical role of macrophages in cardiometabolic diseases, understanding of human macrophage biology has been hampered by the lack of reliable and scalable models for cellular and genetic studies. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages (IPSDM), as an unlimited source of subject genotype-specific cells, will undoubtedly play an important role in advancing our understanding of the role of macrophages in human diseases. In this review, we summarize current literature in the differentiation and characterization of IPSDM at phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic levels. We emphasize the progress in differentiating iPSC to tissue resident macrophages, and in understanding the ontogeny of in vitro differentiated IPSDM that resembles primitive hematopoiesis, rather than adult definitive hematopoiesis. We review the application of IPSDM in modeling both Mendelian genetic disorders and host-pathogen interactions. Finally, we highlighted the potential areas of research using IPSDM in functional validation of coronary artery disease loci in genome-wide association studies, functional genomic analyses, drug testing, and cell therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.Z., M.P.R.) and Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.Z., M.P.R.) and Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
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22
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Haenseler W, Zambon F, Lee H, Vowles J, Rinaldi F, Duggal G, Houlden H, Gwinn K, Wray S, Luk KC, Wade-Martins R, James WS, Cowley SA. Excess α-synuclein compromises phagocytosis in iPSC-derived macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9003. [PMID: 28827786 PMCID: PMC5567139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the pathogenic role of α-synuclein (αS) in Parkinson's Disease, we have generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cell lines from early onset Parkinson's Disease patients with SNCA A53T and SNCA Triplication mutations, and in this study have differentiated them to PSC-macrophages (pMac), which recapitulate many features of their brain-resident cousins, microglia. We show that SNCA Triplication pMac, but not A53T pMac, have significantly increased intracellular αS versus controls and release significantly more αS to the medium. SNCA Triplication pMac, but not A53T pMac, show significantly reduced phagocytosis capability and this can be phenocopied by adding monomeric αS to the cell culture medium of control pMac. Fibrillar αS is taken up by pMac by actin-rearrangement-dependent pathways, and monomeric αS by actin-independent pathways. Finally, pMac degrade αS and this can be arrested by blocking lysosomal and proteasomal pathways. Together, these results show that macrophages are capable of clearing αS, but that high levels of exogenous or endogenous αS compromise this ability, likely a vicious cycle scenario faced by microglia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Haenseler
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Federico Zambon
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Heyne Lee
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Federica Rinaldi
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Galbha Duggal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Katrina Gwinn
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - William S James
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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23
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Haenseler W, Sansom SN, Buchrieser J, Newey SE, Moore CS, Nicholls FJ, Chintawar S, Schnell C, Antel JP, Allen ND, Cader MZ, Wade-Martins R, James WS, Cowley SA. A Highly Efficient Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Microglia Model Displays a Neuronal-Co-culture-Specific Expression Profile and Inflammatory Response. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1727-1742. [PMID: 28591653 PMCID: PMC5470330 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly implicated in brain pathology, particularly neurodegenerative disease, with many genes implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron disease expressed in microglia. There is, therefore, a need for authentic, efficient in vitro models to study human microglial pathological mechanisms. Microglia originate from the yolk sac as MYB-independent macrophages, migrating into the developing brain to complete differentiation. Here, we recapitulate microglial ontogeny by highly efficient differentiation of embryonic MYB-independent iPSC-derived macrophages then co-culture them with iPSC-derived cortical neurons. Co-cultures retain neuronal maturity and functionality for many weeks. Co-culture microglia express key microglia-specific markers and neurodegenerative disease-relevant genes, develop highly dynamic ramifications, and are phagocytic. Upon activation they become more ameboid, releasing multiple microglia-relevant cytokines. Importantly, co-culture microglia downregulate pathogen-response pathways, upregulate homeostatic function pathways, and promote a more anti-inflammatory and pro-remodeling cytokine response than corresponding monocultures, demonstrating that co-cultures are preferable for modeling authentic microglial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Haenseler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Francesca J Nicholls
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Satyan Chintawar
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Schnell
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jack P Antel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - William S James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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24
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Brault J, Vaganay G, Le Roy A, Lenormand JL, Cortes S, Stasia MJ. Therapeutic effects of proteoliposomes on X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: proof of concept using macrophages differentiated from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2161-2177. [PMID: 28356734 PMCID: PMC5367562 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s128611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited immunodeficiency due to dysfunction of the phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex leading to severe and recurrent infections in early childhood. The main genetic form is the X-linked CGD leading to the absence of cytochrome b558 composed of NOX2 and p22phox, the membrane partners of the NADPH oxidase complex. The first cause of death of CGD patients is pulmonary infections. Recombinant proteoliposome-based therapy is an emerging and innovative approach for membrane protein delivery, which could be an alternative local, targeted treatment to fight lung infections in CGD patients. We developed an enzyme therapy using recombinant NOX2/p22phox liposomes to supply the NADPH oxidase activity in X0-linked CGD (X0-CGD) macrophages. Using an optimized prokaryotic cell-free protein synthesis system, a recombinant cytochrome b558 containing functional hemes was produced and directly inserted into the lipid bilayer of specific liposomes. The size of the NOX2/p22phox liposomes was estimated to be around 700 nm. These proteoliposomes were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in an activated reconstituted cell-free NADPH oxidase activation assay in the presence of recombinant p47phox, p67phox and Rac, the cytosolic components of the NADPH oxidase complex. Furthermore, using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that cytochrome b558 was successfully delivered to the plasma membrane of X0-CGD-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages. In addition, NADPH oxidase activity was restored in X0-CGD iPSC-derived macrophages treated with NOX2/p22phox liposomes for 8 h without any toxicity. In conclusion, we confirmed that proteoliposomes provide a new promising technology for the delivery of functional proteins to the membrane of targeted cells. This efficient liposomal enzyme replacement therapy will be useful for future treatment of pulmonary infections in CGD patients refractory to conventional anti-infectious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- UMR CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, University Hospital Centre of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Aline Le Roy
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CEA, IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Marie José Stasia
- UMR CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, University Hospital Centre of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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25
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Wrona D, Siler U, Reichenbach J. CRISPR/Cas9-generated p47 phox-deficient cell line for Chronic Granulomatous Disease gene therapy vector development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44187. [PMID: 28287132 PMCID: PMC5347011 DOI: 10.1038/srep44187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of gene therapy vectors requires cellular models reflecting the genetic background of a disease thus allowing for robust preclinical vector testing. For human p47phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) vector testing we generated a cellular model using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 to introduce a GT-dinucleotide deletion (ΔGT) mutation in p47phox encoding NCF1 gene in the human acute myeloid leukemia PLB-985 cell line. CGD is a group of hereditary immunodeficiencies characterized by impaired respiratory burst activity in phagocytes due to a defective phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In Western countries autosomal-recessive p47phox-subunit deficiency represents the second largest CGD patient cohort with unique genetics, as the vast majority of p47phox CGD patients carries ΔGT deletion in exon two of the NCF1 gene. The established PLB-985 NCF1 ΔGT cell line reflects the most frequent form of p47phox-deficient CGD genetically and functionally. It can be differentiated to granulocytes efficiently, what creates an attractive alternative to currently used iPSC models for rapid testing of novel gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wrona
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Buchrieser J, James W, Moore MD. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Macrophages Share Ontogeny with MYB-Independent Tissue-Resident Macrophages. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:334-345. [PMID: 28111278 PMCID: PMC5312255 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages, such as microglia, Kupffer cells, and Langerhans cells, derive from Myb-independent yolk sac (YS) progenitors generated before the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Myb-independent YS-derived resident macrophages self-renew locally, independently of circulating monocytes and HSCs. In contrast, adult blood monocytes, as well as infiltrating, gut, and dermal macrophages, derive from Myb-dependent HSCs. These findings are derived from the mouse, using gene knockouts and lineage tracing, but their applicability to human development has not been formally demonstrated. Here, we use human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a tool to model human hematopoietic development. By using a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout strategy, we show that human iPSC-derived monocytes/macrophages develop in an MYB-independent, RUNX1-, and SPI1 (PU.1)-dependent fashion. This result makes human iPSC-derived macrophages developmentally related to and a good model for MYB-independent tissue-resident macrophages, such as alveolar and kidney macrophages, microglia, Kupffer cells, and Langerhans cells. Human iPSC-derived macrophages are MYB independent but RUNX1 and SPI1 dependent Transcription factor dependence genetically uncovers ontogeny of hiPSC macrophages
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Buchrieser
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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27
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Jiang Y, Wang D, Zhang G, Wang G, Tong J, Chen T. Disruption of cardiogenesis in human embryonic stem cells exposed to trichloroethylene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1372-1380. [PMID: 25847060 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is ubiquitous in our living environment, and prenatal exposure to TCE is reported to cause congenital heart disease in humans. Although multiple studies have been performed using animal models, they have limited value in predicting effects on humans due to the unknown species-specific toxicological effects. To test whether exposure to low doses of TCE induces developmental toxicity in humans, we investigated the effect of TCE on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and cardiomyocytes (derived from the hESCs). In the current study, hESCs cardiac differentiation was achieved by using differentiation medium consisting of StemPro-34. We examined the effects of TCE on cell viability by cell growth assay and cardiac inhibition by analysis of spontaneously beating cluster. The expression levels of genes associated with cardiac differentiation and Ca2+ channel pathways were measured by immunofluorescence and qPCR. The overall data indicated the following: (1) significant cardiac inhibition, which was characterized by decreased beating clusters and beating rates, following treatment with low doses of TCE; (2) significant up-regulation of the Nkx2.5/Hand1 gene in cardiac progenitors and down regulation of the Mhc-7/cTnT gene in cardiac cells; and (3) significant interference with Ca2+ channel pathways in cardiomyocytes, which contributes to the adverse effect of TCE on cardiac differentiation during early embryo development. Our results confirmed the involvement of Ca2+ turnover network in TCE cardiotoxicity as reported in animal models, while the inhibition effect of TCE on the transition of cardiac progenitors to cardiomyocytes is unique to hESCs, indicating a species-specific effect of TCE on heart development. This study provides new insight into TCE biology in humans, which may help explain the development of congenital heart defects after TCE exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1372-1380, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Toxicology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Toxicology, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Oni EN, Halikere A, Li G, Toro-Ramos AJ, Swerdel MR, Verpeut JL, Moore JC, Bello NT, Bierut LJ, Goate A, Tischfield JA, Pang ZP, Hart RP. Increased nicotine response in iPSC-derived human neurons carrying the CHRNA5 N398 allele. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34341. [PMID: 27698409 PMCID: PMC5048107 DOI: 10.1038/srep34341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in nicotinic receptor alpha 5 (CHRNA5) has been associated with increased risk of addiction-associated phenotypes in humans yet little is known the underlying neural basis. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were derived from donors homozygous for either the major (D398) or the minor (N398) allele of the nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs16969968, in CHRNA5. To understand the impact of these nicotinic receptor variants in humans, we differentiated these iPSCs to dopamine (DA) or glutamatergic neurons and then tested their functional properties and response to nicotine. Results show that N398 variant human DA neurons differentially express genes associated with ligand receptor interaction and synaptic function. While both variants exhibited physiological properties consistent with mature neuronal function, the N398 neuronal population responded more actively with an increased excitatory postsynaptic current response upon the application of nicotine in both DA and glutamatergic neurons. Glutamatergic N398 neurons responded to lower nicotine doses (0.1 μM) with greater frequency and amplitude but they also exhibited rapid desensitization, consistent with previous analyses of N398-associated nicotinic receptor function. This study offers a proof-of-principle for utilizing human neurons to study gene variants contribution to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen N Oni
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Apoorva Halikere
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey &Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Guohui Li
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey &Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Mavis R Swerdel
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica L Verpeut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Neuroscience Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey &Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University and RWJMS, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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29
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Mucci A, Kunkiel J, Suzuki T, Brennig S, Glage S, Kühnel MP, Ackermann M, Happle C, Kuhn A, Schambach A, Trapnell BC, Hansen G, Moritz T, Lachmann N. Murine iPSC-Derived Macrophages as a Tool for Disease Modeling of Hereditary Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis due to Csf2rb Deficiency. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:292-305. [PMID: 27453007 PMCID: PMC4982988 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an innovative source for the standardized in vitro generation of macrophages (Mφ). We here describe a robust and efficient protocol to obtain mature and functional Mφ from healthy as well as disease-specific murine iPSCs. With regard to morphology, surface phenotype, and function, our iPSC-derived Mφ (iPSC-Mφ) closely resemble their counterparts generated in vitro from bone marrow cells. Moreover, when we investigated the feasibility of our differentiation system to serve as a model for rare congenital diseases associated with Mφ malfunction, we were able to faithfully recapitulate the pathognomonic defects in GM-CSF signaling and Mφ function present in hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (herPAP). Thus, our studies may help to overcome the limitations placed on research into certain rare disease entities by the lack of an adequate supply of disease-specific primary cells, and may aid the development of novel therapeutic approaches for herPAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mucci
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kunkiel
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sebastian Brennig
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kühnel
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mania Ackermann
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kuhn
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce C Trapnell
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Research Group Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Junior Research Group Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Shi L, Cui Y, Luan J, Zhou X, Han J. Urine-derived induced pluripotent stem cells as a modeling tool to study rare human diseases. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2016; 5:192-201. [PMID: 27672542 PMCID: PMC4995418 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2016.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases with a low prevalence are a key public health issue because the causes of those diseases are difficult to determine and those diseases lack a clearly established or curative treatment. Thus, investigating the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathology of rare diseases and facilitating the development of novel therapies using disease models is crucial. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are well suited to modeling rare diseases since they have the capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. In addition, iPSC technology provides a valuable tool to generate patient-specific iPSCs. These cells can be differentiated into cell types that have been affected by a disease. These cells would circumvent ethical concerns and avoid immunological rejection, so they could be used in cell replacement therapy or regenerative medicine. To date, human iPSCs could have been generated from multiple donor sources, such as skin, adipose tissue, and peripheral blood. However, these cells are obtained via invasive procedures. In contrast, several groups of researchers have found that urine may be a better source for producing iPSCs from normal individuals or patients. This review discusses urinary iPSC (UiPSC) as a candidate for modeling rare diseases. Cells obtained from urine have overwhelming advantages compared to other donor sources since they are safely, affordably, and frequently obtained and they are readily obtained from patients. The use of iPSC-based models is also discussed. UiPSCs may prove to be a key means of modeling rare diseases and they may facilitate the treatment of those diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Luan
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jinxiang Han, Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250062, China. E-mail:
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31
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Siler U, Romao S, Tejera E, Pastukhov O, Kuzmenko E, Valencia RG, Meda Spaccamela V, Belohradsky BH, Speer O, Schmugge M, Kohne E, Hoenig M, Freihorst J, Schulz AS, Reichenbach J. Severe glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency leads to susceptibility to infection and absent NETosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:212-219.e3. [PMID: 27458052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells in human subjects, causing hemolytic anemia linked to impaired nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production and imbalanced redox homeostasis in erythrocytes. Because G6PD is expressed by a variety of hematologic and nonhematologic cells, a broader clinical phenotype could be postulated in G6PD-deficient patients. We describe 3 brothers with severe G6PD deficiency and susceptibility to bacterial infection. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the molecular pathophysiology leading to susceptibility to infection in 3 siblings with severe G6PD deficiency. METHODS Blood samples of 3 patients with severe G6PD deficiency were analyzed for G6PD enzyme activity, cellular oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/NADPH levels, phagocytic reactive oxygen species production, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and neutrophil elastase translocation. RESULTS In these 3 brothers strongly reduced NADPH oxidase function was found in granulocytes, leading to impaired NET formation. Defective NET formation has thus far been only observed in patients with the NADPH oxidase deficiency chronic granulomatous disease, who require antibiotic and antimycotic prophylaxis to prevent life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. CONCLUSION Because severe G6PD deficiency can be a phenocopy of chronic granulomatous disease with regard to the cellular and clinical phenotype, careful evaluation of neutrophil function seems mandatory in these patients to decide on appropriate anti-infective preventive measures. Determining the level of G6PD enzyme activity should be followed by analysis of reactive oxygen species production and NET formation to decide on required antibiotic and antimycotic prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susana Romao
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Tejera
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Pastukhov
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Kuzmenko
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rocio G Valencia
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Meda Spaccamela
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd H Belohradsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, University Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Speer
- Division of Hematology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schmugge
- Division of Hematology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Kohne
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ansgar S Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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An assessment of the effects of ectopic gp91phox expression in XCGD iPSC-derived neutrophils. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15046. [PMID: 26682238 PMCID: PMC4674005 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the treatment of monogenetic hematological disorders, restoration of transgene expression in affected cell populations is generally considered to have beneficial effects. However, X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD) is unique since the appearance of functional neutrophils in the peripheral blood following hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy is transient only. One contributing factor could be the occurrence of detrimental effects secondary to ectopic gp91phox expression in neutrophils, which has not been formally demonstrated previously. This study uses iPSCs to model XCGD, which allows the process of differentiation to be studied intensely in vitro. Alpharetroviral vectors carrying a ubiquitous promoter were used to drive the “ectopic” expression of codon optimized gp91phox cDNA. In the mature fraction of neutrophils differentiated from transduced XCGD-iPSCs, cellular recovery in terms of gp91phox expression and reactive oxygen species production was abruptly lost before cells had fully differentiated. Most critically, ectopic gp91phox expression could be identified clearly in the developing fraction of the transduced groups, which appeared to correspond with reduced cell viability. It is possible that this impedes further differentiation of developing neutrophils. Therefore, affording cellular protection from the detrimental effects of ectopic gp91phox expression may improve XCGD clinical outcomes.
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Induced Pluripotency and Gene Editing in Disease Modelling: Perspectives and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28614-34. [PMID: 26633382 PMCID: PMC4691066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are chiefly characterized by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into any cell type derived from the three main germ layers. It was demonstrated that somatic cells could be reprogrammed to form induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via various strategies. Gene editing is a technique that can be used to make targeted changes in the genome, and the efficiency of this process has been significantly enhanced by recent advancements. The use of engineered endonucleases, such as homing endonucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and Cas9 of the CRISPR system, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of gene editing. The combination of somatic cell reprogramming with gene editing enables us to model human diseases in vitro, in a manner considered superior to animal disease models. In this review, we discuss the various strategies of reprogramming and gene targeting with an emphasis on the current advancements and challenges of using these techniques to model human diseases.
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O'Neill S, Brault J, Stasia MJ, Knaus UG. Genetic disorders coupled to ROS deficiency. Redox Biol 2015; 6:135-156. [PMID: 26210446 PMCID: PMC4550764 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the redox balance between generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for health. Disturbances such as continuously elevated ROS levels will result in oxidative stress and development of disease, but likewise, insufficient ROS production will be detrimental to health. Reduced or even complete loss of ROS generation originates mainly from inactivating variants in genes encoding for NADPH oxidase complexes. In particular, deficiency in phagocyte Nox2 oxidase function due to genetic variants (CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4) has been recognized as a direct cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immune disorder. More recently, additional diseases have been linked to functionally altered variants in genes encoding for other NADPH oxidases, such as for DUOX2/DUOXA2 in congenital hypothyroidism, or for the Nox2 complex, NOX1 and DUOX2 as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive overview of novel developments in terms of Nox/Duox-deficiency disorders is presented, combined with insights gained from structure-function studies that will aid in predicting functional defects of clinical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Brault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jose Stasia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Functional Restoration of gp91phox-Oxidase Activity by BAC Transgenesis and Gene Targeting in X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease iPSCs. Mol Ther 2015; 24:812-22. [PMID: 26316390 PMCID: PMC4886927 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficiency, caused by the inability of neutrophils to produce functional NADPH oxidase required for fighting microbial infections. The X-linked form of CGD (X-CGD), which is due to mutations in the CYBB (gp91phox) gene, a component of NADPH oxidase, accounts for about two-thirds of CGD cases. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from X-CGD patient keratinocytes using a Flp recombinase excisable lentiviral reprogramming vector. For restoring gp91phox function, we applied two strategies: transposon-mediated bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis and gene targeting using vectors with a fixed 5' homology arm (HA) of 8 kb and 3'HA varying in size from 30 to 80 kb. High efficiency of homologous recombination (up to 22%) was observed with increased size of the 3'HA. Both, BAC transgenesis and gene targeting resulted in functional restoration of the gp91phox measured by an oxidase activity assay in X-CGD iPSCs differentiated into the myeloid lineage. In conclusion, we delivered an important milestone towards the use of genetically corrected autologous cells for the treatment of X-CGD and monogenic diseases in general.
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36
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Qin Y, Gao WQ. Concise Review: Patient-Derived Stem Cell Research for Monogenic Disorders. Stem Cells 2015; 34:44-54. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; hanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; hanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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37
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Alasoo K, Martinez FO, Hale C, Gordon S, Powrie F, Dougan G, Mukhopadhyay S, Gaffney DJ. Transcriptional profiling of macrophages derived from monocytes and iPS cells identifies a conserved response to LPS and novel alternative transcription. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12524. [PMID: 26224331 PMCID: PMC4519778 DOI: 10.1038/srep12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSDMs) are a potentially valuable new tool for linking genotype to phenotype in functional studies. However, at a genome-wide level these cells have remained largely uncharacterised. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of naïve and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and IPSDMs using RNA-Seq. The IPSDM and MDM transcriptomes were broadly similar and exhibited a highly conserved response to LPS. However, there were also significant differences in the expression of genes associated with antigen presentation and tissue remodelling. Furthermore, genes coding for multiple chemokines involved in neutrophil recruitment were more highly expressed in IPSDMs upon LPS stimulation. Additionally, analysing individual transcript expression identified hundreds of genes undergoing alternative promoter and 3' untranslated region usage following LPS treatment representing a previously under-appreciated level of regulation in the LPS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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38
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Alasoo K, Martinez FO, Hale C, Gordon S, Powrie F, Dougan G, Mukhopadhyay S, Gaffney DJ. Transcriptional profiling of macrophages derived from monocytes and iPS cells identifies a conserved response to LPS and novel alternative transcription. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26224331 DOI: 10.1038/srep12524)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSDMs) are a potentially valuable new tool for linking genotype to phenotype in functional studies. However, at a genome-wide level these cells have remained largely uncharacterised. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of naïve and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and IPSDMs using RNA-Seq. The IPSDM and MDM transcriptomes were broadly similar and exhibited a highly conserved response to LPS. However, there were also significant differences in the expression of genes associated with antigen presentation and tissue remodelling. Furthermore, genes coding for multiple chemokines involved in neutrophil recruitment were more highly expressed in IPSDMs upon LPS stimulation. Additionally, analysing individual transcript expression identified hundreds of genes undergoing alternative promoter and 3' untranslated region usage following LPS treatment representing a previously under-appreciated level of regulation in the LPS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK [2] Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [3] Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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39
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Das A, Sinha M, Datta S, Abas M, Chaffee S, Sen CK, Roy S. Monocyte and macrophage plasticity in tissue repair and regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2596-606. [PMID: 26118749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity and high versatility are the characteristic features of the cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage. The mononuclear phagocyte system, derived from the bone marrow progenitor cells, is primarily composed of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In regenerative tissues, a central role of monocyte-derived macrophages and paracrine factors secreted by these cells is indisputable. Macrophages are highly plastic cells. On the basis of environmental cues and molecular mediators, these cells differentiate to proinflammatory type I macrophage (M1) or anti-inflammatory or proreparative type II macrophage (M2) phenotypes and transdifferentiate into other cell types. Given a central role in tissue repair and regeneration, the review focuses on the heterogeneity of monocytes and macrophages with current known mechanisms of differentiation and plasticity, including microenvironmental cues and molecular mediators, such as noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mithun Sinha
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Soma Datta
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motaz Abas
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Scott Chaffee
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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40
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Flynn R, Grundmann A, Renz P, Hänseler W, James WS, Cowley SA, Moore MD. CRISPR-mediated genotypic and phenotypic correction of a chronic granulomatous disease mutation in human iPS cells. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:838-848.e3. [PMID: 26101162 PMCID: PMC4596252 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare genetic disease characterized by severe and persistent childhood infections. It is caused by the lack of an antipathogen oxidative burst, normally performed by phagocytic cells to contain and clear bacterial and fungal growth. Restoration of immune function can be achieved with heterologous bone marrow transplantation; however, autologous bone marrow transplantation would be a preferable option. Thus, a method is required to recapitulate the function of the diseased gene within the patient's own cells. Gene therapy approaches for CGD have employed randomly integrating viruses with concomitant issues of insertional mutagenesis, inaccurate gene dosage, and gene silencing. Here, we explore the potential of the recently described clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 site-specific nuclease system to encourage repair of the endogenous gene by enhancing the levels of homologous recombination. Using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a CGD patient containing a single intronic mutation in the CYBB gene, we show that footprintless gene editing is a viable option to correct disease mutations. Gene correction results in restoration of oxidative burst function in iPS-derived phagocytes by reintroduction of a previously skipped exon in the cytochrome b-245 heavy chain (CYBB) protein. This study provides proof-of-principle for a gene therapy approach to CGD treatment using CRISPR-Cas9. Chronic granulomatous disease–causing mutation was corrected in patient-derived iPS cells using CRISPR-Cas9 A key to efficiency is prevention of CRISPR activity on corrected gene Potentially clinically relevant efficiencies are attainable with CRISPR-Cas9 The defect in ROS production from macrophages was overcome in patient-derived cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Flynn
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Grundmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Renz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Walther Hänseler
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William S James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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41
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Hale C, Yeung A, Goulding D, Pickard D, Alasoo K, Powrie F, Dougan G, Mukhopadhyay S. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages as a cellular system to study salmonella and other pathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124307. [PMID: 25946027 PMCID: PMC4422593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of pathogens, including several human-restricted organisms, persist and replicate within macrophages (Mφs) as a key step in pathogenesis. The mechanisms underpinning such host-restricted intracellular adaptations are poorly understood, in part, due to a lack of appropriate model systems. Here we explore the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages (iPSDMs) to study such pathogen interactions. We show iPSDMs express a panel of established Mφ-specific markers, produce cytokines, and polarise into classical and alternative activation states in response to IFN-γ and IL-4 stimulation, respectively. iPSDMs also efficiently phagocytosed inactivated bacterial particles as well as live Salmonella Typhi and S. Typhimurium and were able to kill these pathogens. We conclude that iPSDMs can support productive Salmonella infection and propose this as a flexible system to study host/pathogen interactions. Furthermore, iPSDMs can provide a flexible and practical cellular platform for assessing host responses in multiple genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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42
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Floyd ZE, Floyd EZ, Staszkiewicz J, Power RA, Kilroy G, Kirk-Ballard H, Barnes CW, Strickler KL, Rim JS, Harkins LL, Gao R, Kim J, Eilertsen KJ. Prolonged proteasome inhibition cyclically upregulates Oct3/4 and Nanog gene expression, but reduces induced pluripotent stem cell colony formation. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:95-105. [PMID: 25826722 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is an important regulator of transcription and its activity is necessary for maintaining pluripotency and promoting cellular reprogramming. Moreover, proteasome activity contributes to maintaining the open chromatin structure found in pluripotent stem cells, acting as a transcriptional inhibitor at specific gene loci generally associated with differentiation. The current study was designed to understand further the role of proteasome inhibition in reprogramming and its ability to modulate endogenous expression of pluripotency-related genes and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) colony formation. Herein, we demonstrate that acute combinatorial treatment with the proteasome inhibitors MG101 or MG132 and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) increases gene expression of the pluripotency marker Oct3/4, and that MG101 alone is as effective as VPA in the induction of Oct3/4 mRNA expression in fibroblasts. Prolonged proteasome inhibition cyclically upregulates gene expression of Oct3/4 and Nanog, but reduces colony formation in the presence of the iPSC induction cocktail. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the 26S proteasome is an essential modulator in the reprogramming process. Its inhibition enhances expression of pluripotency-related genes; however, efficient colony formation requires proteasome activity. Therefore, discovery of small molecules that increase proteasome activity might lead to more efficient cell reprogramming and generation of pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Z Floyd
- 1 Ubiquitin Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
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43
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Singh VK, Kalsan M, Kumar N, Saini A, Chandra R. Induced pluripotent stem cells: applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:2. [PMID: 25699255 PMCID: PMC4313779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progresses in the field of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have opened up many gateways for the research in therapeutics. iPSCs are the cells which are reprogrammed from somatic cells using different transcription factors. iPSCs possess unique properties of self renewal and differentiation to many types of cell lineage. Hence could replace the use of embryonic stem cells (ESC), and may overcome the various ethical issues regarding the use of embryos in research and clinics. Overwhelming responses prompted worldwide by a large number of researchers about the use of iPSCs evoked a large number of peple to establish more authentic methods for iPSC generation. This would require understanding the underlying mechanism in a detailed manner. There have been a large number of reports showing potential role of different molecules as putative regulators of iPSC generating methods. The molecular mechanisms that play role in reprogramming to generate iPSCs from different types of somatic cell sources involves a plethora of molecules including miRNAs, DNA modifying agents (viz. DNA methyl transferases), NANOG, etc. While promising a number of important roles in various clinical/research studies, iPSCs could also be of great use in studying molecular mechanism of many diseases. There are various diseases that have been modeled by uing iPSCs for better understanding of their etiology which maybe further utilized for developing putative treatments for these diseases. In addition, iPSCs are used for the production of patient-specific cells which can be transplanted to the site of injury or the site of tissue degeneration due to various disease conditions. The use of iPSCs may eliminate the chances of immune rejection as patient specific cells may be used for transplantation in various engraftment processes. Moreover, iPSC technology has been employed in various diseases for disease modeling and gene therapy. The technique offers benefits over other similar techniques such as animal models. Many toxic compounds (different chemical compounds, pharmaceutical drugs, other hazardous chemicals, or environmental conditions) which are encountered by humans and newly designed drugs may be evaluated for toxicity and effects by using iPSCs. Thus, the applications of iPSCs in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery are enormous and should be explored in a more comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal K Singh
- INSPIRE Faculty, Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Kalsan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Saini
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi Delhi, India
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44
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Brault J, Goutagny E, Telugu N, Shao K, Baquié M, Satre V, Coutton C, Grunwald D, Brion JP, Barlogis V, Stephan JL, Plantaz D, Hescheler J, Krause KH, Sarić T, Stasia MJ. Optimized Generation of Functional Neutrophils and Macrophages from Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Ex Vivo Models of X(0)-Linked, AR22(0)- and AR47(0)- Chronic Granulomatous Diseases. Biores Open Access 2014; 3:311-26. [PMID: 25469316 PMCID: PMC4245876 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited orphan disorder caused by mutations in one of the five genes encoding reduced nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate oxidase subunits, which subsequently lead to impairment in the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to offer several cell line models of CGD and therefore support research on pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches, we optimized protocols to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from wild-type, X0-, AR220- and AR470-CGD patient's fibroblasts into neutrophils and into macrophages. Aberrant genetic clones were discarded after chromosome karyotyping and array-comparative genomic hybridization analysis. All remaining iPSC lines showed human embryonic stem cell–like morphology, expressed all tested pluripotency markers and formed embryoid bodies that contained cells originating from all three primary germ layers. Furthermore, each CGD patient-specific iPSC line retained the gp91phox, p47phox, and p22phox mutations found in the corresponding patient's neutrophils. The average production of CD34+ progenitors was of 1.5×106 cells after 10 days of differentiation of 10×106 iPSCs. They were terminally differentiated into about 3×105 neutrophils or into 3×107 macrophages. Based on morphological, phenotypical, and functional criteria both phagocyte types were mature and indistinguishable from the native human neutrophils and macrophages. However, neutrophils and macrophages derived from X0-, AR220-, and AR470-CGD patient-specific iPSC lines lacked ROS production and the corresponding mutated proteins. To simplify the phagocytes' production upon request, progenitors can be cryopreserved. In conclusion, we describe a reproducible, simple, and efficient way to generate neutrophils and macrophages from iPSCs and provide a new cellular model for the AR220-CGD genetic form that has not been described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- Techniques de l' Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG), Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France . ; Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la CGD (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Erwan Goutagny
- Techniques de l' Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG), Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France . ; Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la CGD (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Narasimha Telugu
- Center for Physiology and Pathology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Koln , Koln, Germany
| | - Kaifeng Shao
- Center for Physiology and Pathology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Koln , Koln, Germany
| | - Mathurin Baquié
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospital and Medical School , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Satre
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Pôle Couple/Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Pôle Couple/Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Grunwald
- Institut de Recherches en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique , Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Paul Brion
- Service d'Infectiologie, Pôle Médecine Aigue et Communautaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Barlogis
- Service de Pédiatrie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM) - Hôpital de La Timone , Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Stephan
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne , Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dominique Plantaz
- Département de Pédiatrie, Pôle Couple/Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center for Physiology and Pathology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Koln , Koln, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospital and Medical School , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomo Sarić
- Center for Physiology and Pathology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Koln , Koln, Germany
| | - Marie José Stasia
- Techniques de l' Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG), Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France . ; Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la CGD (CDiReC), Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble , Grenoble, France
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45
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Navarro S, Moleiro V, Molina-Estevez FJ, Lozano ML, Chinchon R, Almarza E, Quintana-Bustamante O, Mostoslavsky G, Maetzig T, Galla M, Heinz N, Schiedlmeier B, Torres Y, Modlich U, Samper E, Río P, Segovia JC, Raya A, Güenechea G, Izpisua-Belmonte JC, Bueren JA. Generation of iPSCs from genetically corrected Brca2 hypomorphic cells: implications in cell reprogramming and stem cell therapy. Stem Cells 2014; 32:436-46. [PMID: 24420904 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a complex genetic disease associated with a defective DNA repair pathway known as the FA pathway. In contrast to many other FA proteins, BRCA2 participates downstream in this pathway and has a critical role in homology-directed recombination (HDR). In our current studies, we have observed an extremely low reprogramming efficiency in cells with a hypomorphic mutation in Brca2 (Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27)), that was associated with increased apoptosis and defective generation of nuclear RAD51 foci during the reprogramming process. Gene complementation facilitated the generation of Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a disease-free FA phenotype. Karyotype analyses and comparative genome hybridization arrays of complemented Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs showed, however, the presence of different genetic alterations in these cells, most of which were not evident in their parental Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs could be differentiated in vitro toward the hematopoietic lineage, although with a more limited efficacy than WT iPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells, and did not engraft in irradiated Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) recipients. Our results are consistent with previous studies proposing that HDR is critical for cell reprogramming and demonstrate that reprogramming defects characteristic of Brca2 mutant cells can be efficiently overcome by gene complementation. Finally, based on analysis of the phenotype, genetic stability, and hematopoietic differentiation potential of gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ) (27) iPSCs, achievements and limitations in the application of current reprogramming approaches in hematopoietic stem cell therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Navarro
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
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46
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Sterneckert JL, Reinhardt P, Schöler HR. Investigating human disease using stem cell models. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:625-39. [PMID: 25069490 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tractable and accurate disease models are essential for understanding disease pathogenesis and for developing new therapeutics. As stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation, they are ideally suited both for generating these models and for obtaining the large quantities of cells required for drug development and transplantation therapies. Although proof of principle for the use of adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells in disease modelling has been established, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have demonstrated the greatest utility for modelling human diseases. Furthermore, combining gene editing with iPSCs enables the generation of models of genetically complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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47
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Tilgner K, Neganova I, Singhapol C, Saretzki G, Al-Aama JY, Evans J, Gorbunova V, Gennery A, Przyborski S, Stojkovic M, Armstrong L, Jeggo P, Lako M. Brief report: a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of cernunnos deficiency reveals an important role for XLF in the survival of the primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2015-23. [PMID: 23818183 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cernunnos (also known as XLF) deficiency syndrome is a rare recessive autosomal disorder caused by mutations in the XLF gene, a key factor involved in the end joining step of DNA during nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) process. Human patients with XLF mutations display microcephaly, developmental and growth delays, and severe immunodeficiency. While the clinical phenotype of DNA damage disorders, including XLF Syndrome, has been described extensively, the underlying mechanisms of disease onset, are as yet, undefined. We have been able to generate an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of XLF deficiency, which accurately replicates the double-strand break repair deficiency observed in XLF patients. XLF patient-specific iPSCs (XLF-iPSC) show typical expression of pluripotency markers, but have altered in vitro differentiation capacity and an inability to generate teratomas comprised of all three germ layers in vivo. Our results demonstrate that XLF-iPSCs possess a weak NHEJ-mediated DNA repair capacity that is incapable of coping with the DNA lesions introduced by physiological stress, normal metabolism, and ionizing radiation. XLF-iPSC lines are capable of hematopoietic differentiation; however, the more primitive subsets of hematopoietic progenitors display increased apoptosis in culture and an inability to repair DNA damage. Together, our findings highlight the importance of NHEJ-mediated-DNA repair in the maintenance of a pristine pool of hematopoietic progenitors during human embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Tilgner
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; NESCI, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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48
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Yung SK, Tilgner K, Ledran MH, Habibollah S, Neganova I, Singhapol C, Saretzki G, Stojkovic M, Armstrong L, Przyborski S, Lako M. Brief report: human pluripotent stem cell models of fanconi anemia deficiency reveal an important role for fanconi anemia proteins in cellular reprogramming and survival of hematopoietic progenitors. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1022-9. [PMID: 23280624 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genomic instability disorder caused by mutations in genes involved in replication-dependant-repair and removal of DNA cross-links. Mouse models with targeted deletions of FA genes have been developed; however, none of these exhibit the human bone marrow aplasia. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation recapitulates many steps of embryonic hematopoietic development and is a useful model system to investigate the early events of hematopoietic progenitor specification. It is now possible to derive patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC); however, this approach has been rather difficult to achieve in FA cells due to a requirement for activation of FA pathway during reprogramming process which can be bypassed either by genetic complementation or reprogramming under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we report that FA-C patient-specific hiPSC lines can be derived under normoxic conditions, albeit at much reduced efficiency. These disease-specific hiPSC lines and hESC with stable knockdown of FANCC display all the in vitro hallmarks of pluripotency. Nevertheless, the disease-specific hiPSCs show a much higher frequency of chromosomal abnormalities compared to parent fibroblasts and are unable to generate teratoma composed of all three germ layers in vivo, likely due to increased genomic instability. Both FANCC-deficient hESC and hiPSC lines are capable of undergoing hematopoietic differentiation, but the hematopoietic progenitors display an increased apoptosis in culture and reduced clonogenic potential. Together these data highlight the critical requirement for FA proteins in survival of hematopoietic progenitors, cellular reprogramming, and maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun K Yung
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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49
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Jiang Y, Habibollah S, Tilgner K, Collin J, Barta T, Al-Aama JY, Tesarov L, Hussain R, Trafford AW, Kirkwood G, Sernagor E, Eleftheriou CG, Przyborski S, Stojković M, Lako M, Keavney B, Armstrong L. An induced pluripotent stem cell model of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) reveals multiple expression and functional differences in HLHS-derived cardiac myocytes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:416-23. [PMID: 24591732 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a serious congenital cardiovascular malformation resulting in hypoplasia or atresia of the left ventricle, ascending aorta, and aortic and mitral valves. Diminished flow through the left side of the heart is clearly a key contributor to the condition, but any myocardial susceptibility component is as yet undefined. Using recent advances in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we have been able to generate an iPSC model of HLHS malformation and characterize the properties of cardiac myocytes (CMs) differentiated from these and control-iPSC lines. Differentiation of HLHS-iPSCs to cardiac lineages revealed changes in the expression of key cardiac markers and a lower ability to give rise to beating clusters when compared with control-iPSCs and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HLHS-iPSC-derived CMs show a lower level of myofibrillar organization, persistence of a fetal gene expression pattern, and changes in commitment to ventricular versus atrial lineages, and they display different calcium transient patterns and electrophysiological responses to caffeine and β-adrenergic antagonists when compared with hESC- and control-iPSC-derived CMs, suggesting that alternative mechanisms to release calcium from intracellular stores such as the inositol trisphosphate receptor may exist in HLHS in addition to the ryanodine receptor thought to function in control-iPSC-derived CMs. Together our findings demonstrate that CMs derived from an HLHS patient demonstrate a number of marker expression and functional differences to hESC/control iPSC-derived CMs, thus providing some evidence that cardiomyocyte-specific factors may influence the risk of HLHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Soochow University, Su Zhou, China; Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, CoreTechnology Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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50
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Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid phagocytes: disease modeling and therapeutic applications. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:774-80. [PMID: 24445266 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) have key roles in immune defense, as well as in tissue repair and remodeling. Defective or dysregulated myeloid phagocyte production or function can cause immune dysfunction, blood cell malignancies and inflammatory diseases. The tumor microenvironment can also condition myeloid phagocytes to promote tumor growth. Studies of their physiological and pathophysiological roles and the mechanisms regulating their production and function are crucial for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we examine the use of induced pluripotent stem cells to study myeloid phagocytes in human diseases and develop future therapeutic strategies.
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