1
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In vitro generation of transplantable insulin-producing cells from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9127. [PMID: 35650303 PMCID: PMC9160001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) have potential applications for regenerative therapy, including the generation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) for studying and treating diabetes. In this study, we established a useful protocol for generating IPCs from canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells (cAD-MSCs). Subsequently, in vitro preservation of pluronic F127-coated alginate (ALGPA)-encapsulated cAD-MSC-derived IPCs was performed to verify ready-to-use IPCs. IPCs were induced from cAD-MSCs with the modulated three-stepwise protocol. The first step of definitive endoderm (DE) induction showed that the cooperation of Chir99021 and Activin A created the effective production of Sox17-expressed DE cells. The second step for pancreatic endocrine (PE) progenitor induction from DE indicated that the treatment with taurine, retinoic acid, FGF2, EGF, TGFβ inhibitor, dorsomorphin, nicotinamide, and DAPT showed the significant upregulation of the pancreatic endocrine precursor markers Pdx1 and Ngn3. The last step of IPC production, the combination of taurine, nicotinamide, Glp-1, forskolin, PI3K inhibitor, and TGFβ inhibitor, yielded efficiently functional IPCs from PE precursors. Afterward, the maintenance of ALGPA-encapsulated cAD-MSC-derived IPCs with VSCBIC-1, a specialized medium, enhanced IPC properties. Conclusion, the modulated three-stepwise protocol generates the functional IPCs. Together, the encapsulation of cAD-MSC-derived IPCs and the cultivation with VSCBIC-1 enrich the maturation of generated IPCs.
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2
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Lewis EMA, Sankar S, Tong C, Patterson ES, Waller LE, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Ornitz DM, Kroll KL. Geminin is required for Hox gene regulation to pattern the developing limb. Dev Biol 2020; 464:11-23. [PMID: 32450229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of the complex structure of the vertebrate limb requires carefully orchestrated interactions between multiple regulatory pathways and proteins. Among these, precise regulation of 5' Hox transcription factor expression is essential for proper limb bud patterning and elaboration of distinct limb skeletal elements. Here, we identified Geminin (Gmnn) as a novel regulator of this process. A conditional model of Gmnn deficiency resulted in loss or severe reduction of forelimb skeletal elements, while both the forelimb autopod and hindlimb were unaffected. 5' Hox gene expression expanded into more proximal and anterior regions of the embryonic forelimb buds in this Gmnn-deficient model. A second conditional model of Gmnn deficiency instead caused a similar but less severe reduction of hindlimb skeletal elements and hindlimb polydactyly, while not affecting the forelimb. An ectopic posterior SHH signaling center was evident in the anterior hindlimb bud of Gmnn-deficient embryos in this model. This center ectopically expressed Hoxd13, the HOXD13 target Shh, and the SHH target Ptch1, while these mutant hindlimb buds also had reduced levels of the cleaved, repressor form of GLI3, a SHH pathway antagonist. Together, this work delineates a new role for Gmnn in modulating Hox expression to pattern the vertebrate limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M A Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Caili Tong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ethan S Patterson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura E Waller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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3
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Champeris Tsaniras S, Delinasios GJ, Petropoulos M, Panagopoulos A, Anagnostopoulos AK, Villiou M, Vlachakis D, Bravou V, Stathopoulos GT, Taraviras S. DNA Replication Inhibitor Geminin and Retinoic Acid Signaling Participate in Complex Interactions Associated With Pluripotency. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:593-601. [PMID: 31659113 PMCID: PMC6885373 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Several links between DNA replication, pluripotency and development have been recently identified. The involvement of miRNA in the regulation of cell cycle events and pluripotency factors has also gained attention. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we used the g:Profiler platform to analyze transcription factor binding sites, miRNA networks and protein-protein interactions to identify novel links among the aforementioned processes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A complex circuitry between retinoic acid signaling, SWI/SNF components, pluripotency factors including Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog and cell cycle regulators was identified. It is suggested that the DNA replication inhibitor geminin plays a central role in this circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Champeris Tsaniras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Athanasios K Anagnostopoulos
- International Institute of Anticancer Research, Kapandriti, Greece
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Villiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Bioinformatics & Medical Informatics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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4
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Champeris Tsaniras S, Villiou M, Giannou AD, Nikou S, Petropoulos M, Pateras IS, Tserou P, Karousi F, Lalioti ME, Gorgoulis VG, Patmanidi AL, Stathopoulos GT, Bravou V, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Geminin ablation in vivo enhances tumorigenesis through increased genomic instability. J Pathol 2018; 246:134-140. [PMID: 29952003 DOI: 10.1002/path.5128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Geminin, a DNA replication licensing inhibitor, ensures faithful DNA replication in vertebrates. Several studies have shown that geminin depletion in vitro results in rereplication and DNA damage, whereas increased expression of geminin has been observed in human cancers. However, conditional inactivation of geminin during embryogenesis has not revealed any detectable DNA replication defects. In order to examine its role in vivo, we conditionally inactivated geminin in the murine colon and lung, and assessed chemically induced carcinogenesis. We show here that mice lacking geminin develop a significantly higher number of tumors and bear a larger tumor burden than sham-treated controls in urethane-induced lung and azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon carcinogenesis. Survival is also significantly reduced in mice lacking geminin during lung carcinogenesis. A significant increase in the total number and grade of lesions (hyperplasias, adenomas, and carcinomas) was also confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, increased genomic aberrations, identified by increased ATR and γH2AX expression, was detected with immunohistochemistry analysis. In addition, we analyzed geminin expression in human colon cancer, and found increased expression, as well as a positive correlation with ATM/ATR levels and a non-monotonic association with γH2AX. Taken together, our data demonstrate that geminin acts as a tumor suppressor by safeguarding genome stability, whereas its overexpression is also associated with genomic instability. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Villiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Anastassios D Giannou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Tserou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Foteini Karousi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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5
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Sankar S, Patterson E, Lewis EM, Waller LE, Tong C, Dearborn J, Wozniak D, Rubin JB, Kroll KL. Geminin deficiency enhances survival in a murine medulloblastoma model by inducing apoptosis of preneoplastic granule neuron precursors. Genes Cancer 2017; 8:725-744. [PMID: 29234490 PMCID: PMC5724806 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain cancer of childhood. Further understanding of tumorigenic mechanisms may define new therapeutic targets. Geminin maintains genome fidelity by controlling re-initiation of DNA replication within a cell cycle. In some contexts, Geminin inhibition induces cancer-selective cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and/or sensitizes cancer cells to Topoisomerase IIα inhibitors such as etoposide, which is used in combination chemotherapies for medulloblastoma. However, Geminin's potential role in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis remained undefined. Here, we found that Geminin is highly expressed in human and mouse medulloblastomas and in murine granule neuron precursor (GNP) cells during cerebellar development. Conditional Geminin loss significantly enhanced survival in the SmoA1 mouse medulloblastoma model. Geminin loss in this model also reduced numbers of preneoplastic GNPs persisting at one postnatal month, while at two postnatal weeks these cells exhibited an elevated DNA damage response and apoptosis. Geminin knockdown likewise impaired human medulloblastoma cell growth, activating G2 checkpoint and DNA damage response pathways, triggering spontaneous apoptosis, and enhancing G2 accumulation of cells in response to etoposide treatment. Together, these data suggest preneoplastic and cancer cell-selective roles for Geminin in medulloblastoma, and suggest that targeting Geminin may impair tumor growth and enhance responsiveness to Topoisomerase IIα-directed chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ethan Patterson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily M Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura E Waller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caili Tong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua Dearborn
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Chen CY, Cheng YY, Yen CYT, Hsieh PCH. Mechanisms of pluripotency maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1805-1817. [PMID: 27999898 PMCID: PMC11107721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), characterized by their pluripotency and capacity for self-renewal, are driven by a complex gene expression program composed of several regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms collaborate to maintain the delicate balance of pluripotency gene expression and their disruption leads to loss of pluripotency. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of the key pillars of mESC pluripotency by elaborating on the various essential transcription factor networks and signaling pathways that directly or indirectly support this state. Furthermore, we consider the latest developments in the role of epigenetic regulation, such as noncoding RNA signaling or histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Christopher Y T Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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7
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Zhang L, Cai M, Gong Z, Zhang B, Li Y, Guan L, Hou X, Li Q, Liu G, Xue Z, Yang MH, Ye J, Chin YE, You H. Geminin facilitates FoxO3 deacetylation to promote breast cancer cell metastasis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2159-2175. [PMID: 28436938 DOI: 10.1172/jci90077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminin expression is essential for embryonic development and the maintenance of chromosomal integrity. In spite of this protective role, geminin is also frequently overexpressed in human cancers and the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in tumor progression remain unclear. The histone deacetylase HDAC3 modulates transcription factors to activate or suppress transcription. Little is known about how HDAC3 specifies substrates for modulation among highly homologous transcription factor family members. Here, we have demonstrated that geminin selectively couples the transcription factor forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) to HDAC3, thereby specifically facilitating FoxO3 deacetylation. We determined that geminin-associated HDAC3 deacetylates FoxO3 to block its transcriptional activity, leading to downregulation of the downstream FoxO3 target Dicer, an RNase that suppresses metastasis. Breast cancer cells depleted of geminin or HDAC3 exhibited poor metastatic potential that was attributed to reduced suppression of the FoxO3-Dicer axis. Moreover, elevated levels of geminin, HDAC3, or both together with decreased FoxO3 acetylation and reduced Dicer expression were detected in aggressive human breast cancer specimens. These results underscore a prominent role for geminin in promoting breast cancer metastasis via the enzyme-substrate-coupling mechanism in HDAC3-FoxO3 complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Meizhen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Yuanpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Li Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zengfu Xue
- Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Muh-Hua Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han You
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, and
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8
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Sherman JH, Karpinski BA, Fralish MS, Cappuzzo JM, Dhindsa DS, Thal AG, Moody SA, LaMantia AS, Maynard TM. Foxd4 is essential for establishing neural cell fate and for neuronal differentiation. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28316121 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many molecular factors required for later stages of neuronal differentiation have been identified; however, much less is known about the early events that regulate the initial establishment of the neuroectoderm. We have used an in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation model to investigate early events of neuronal differentiation and to define the role of mouse Foxd4, an ortholog of a forkhead-family transcription factor central to Xenopus neural plate/neuroectodermal precursor development. We found that Foxd4 is a necessary regulator of the transition from pluripotent ESC to neuroectodermal stem cell, and its expression is necessary for neuronal differentiation. Mouse Foxd4 expression is not only limited to the neural plate but it is also expressed and apparently functions to regulate neurogenesis in the olfactory placode. These in vitro results suggest that mouse Foxd4 has a similar function to its Xenopus ortholog; this was confirmed by successfully substituting murine Foxd4 for its amphibian counterpart in overexpression experiments. Thus, Foxd4 appears to regulate the initial steps in establishing neuroectodermal precursors during initial development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Sherman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.,Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Matthew S Fralish
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Arielle G Thal
- George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sally A Moody
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anthony S LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University SMHS, Washington, District of Columbia
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9
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Sankar S, Yellajoshyula D, Zhang B, Teets B, Rockweiler N, Kroll KL. Gene regulatory networks in neural cell fate acquisition from genome-wide chromatin association of Geminin and Zic1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37412. [PMID: 27881878 PMCID: PMC5121602 DOI: 10.1038/srep37412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell fate acquisition is mediated by transcription factors expressed in nascent neuroectoderm, including Geminin and members of the Zic transcription factor family. However, regulatory networks through which this occurs are not well defined. Here, we identified Geminin-associated chromatin locations in embryonic stem cells and Geminin- and Zic1-associated locations during neural fate acquisition at a genome-wide level. We determined how Geminin deficiency affected histone acetylation at gene promoters during this process. We integrated these data to demonstrate that Geminin associates with and promotes histone acetylation at neurodevelopmental genes, while Geminin and Zic1 bind a shared gene subset. Geminin- and Zic1-associated genes exhibit embryonic nervous system-enriched expression and encode other regulators of neural development. Both Geminin and Zic1-associated peaks are enriched for Zic1 consensus binding motifs, while Zic1-bound peaks are also enriched for Sox3 motifs, suggesting co-regulatory potential. Accordingly, we found that Geminin and Zic1 could cooperatively activate the expression of several shared targets encoding transcription factors that control neurogenesis, neural plate patterning, and neuronal differentiation. We used these data to construct gene regulatory networks underlying neural fate acquisition. Establishment of this molecular program in nascent neuroectoderm directly links early neural cell fate acquisition with regulatory control of later neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dhananjay Yellajoshyula
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bryan Teets
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole Rockweiler
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Patmanidi AL, Champeris Tsaniras S, Karamitros D, Kyrousi C, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Concise Review: Geminin-A Tale of Two Tails: DNA Replication and Transcriptional/Epigenetic Regulation in Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 35:299-310. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitris Karamitros
- Department of Physiology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
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11
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Stathopoulou A, Natarajan D, Nikolopoulou P, Patmanidi AL, Lygerou Z, Pachnis V, Taraviras S. Inactivation of Geminin in neural crest cells affects the generation and maintenance of enteric progenitor cells, leading to enteric aganglionosis. Dev Biol 2015; 409:392-405. [PMID: 26658318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a diverse array of cell and tissue types, during vertebrate development. Enteric Nervous System controls the function of the gastrointestinal tract and is mainly derived from the vagal and sacral neural crest cells. Deregulation on self-renewal and differentiation of the enteric neural crest cells is evident in enteric nervous system disorders, such as Hirschsprung disease, characterized by the absence of ganglia in a variable length of the distal bowel. Here we show that Geminin is essential for Enteric Nervous System generation as mice that lacked Geminin expression specifically in neural crest cells revealed decreased generation of vagal neural crest cells, and enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs). Geminin-deficient ENCCs showed increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation during the early stages of gut colonization. Furthermore, decreased number of committed ENCCs in vivo and the decreased self-renewal capacity of enteric progenitor cells in vitro, resulted in almost total aganglionosis resembling a severe case of Hirschsprung disease. Our results suggest that Geminin is an important regulator of self-renewal and survival of enteric nervous system progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC/National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC/National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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12
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Huang YY, Kaneko KJ, Pan H, DePamphilis ML. Geminin is Essential to Prevent DNA Re-Replication-Dependent Apoptosis in Pluripotent Cells, but not in Differentiated Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3239-53. [PMID: 26140583 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Geminin is a dual-function protein unique to multicellular animals with roles in modulating gene expression and preventing DNA re-replication. Here, we show that geminin is essential at the beginning of mammalian development to prevent DNA re-replication in pluripotent cells, exemplified by embryonic stem cells, as they undergo self-renewal and differentiation. Embryonic stem cells, embryonic fibroblasts, and immortalized fibroblasts were characterized before and after geminin was depleted either by gene ablation or siRNA. Depletion of geminin under conditions that promote either self-renewal or differentiation rapidly induced DNA re-replication, followed by DNA damage, then a DNA damage response, and finally apoptosis. Once differentiation had occurred, geminin was no longer essential for viability, although it continued to contribute to preventing DNA re-replication induced DNA damage. No relationship was detected between expression of geminin and genes associated with either pluripotency or differentiation. Thus, the primary role of geminin at the beginning of mammalian development is to prevent DNA re-replication-dependent apoptosis, a role previously believed essential only in cancer cells. These results suggest that regulation of gene expression by geminin occurs only after pluripotent cells differentiate into cells in which geminin is not essential for viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yuan Huang
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kotaro J Kaneko
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Sharaby Y, Lahmi R, Amar O, Elbaz I, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Weiss AM, Appelbaum L, Tzur A. Gas2l3 is essential for brain morphogenesis and development. Dev Biol 2014; 394:305-13. [PMID: 25131197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 2-like 3 (Gas2l3) is a newly discovered cell cycle protein and a cytoskeleton orchestrator that binds both actin filament and microtubule networks. Studies of cultured mammalian cells established Gas2l3 as a regulator of the cell division process, in particular cytokinesis and cell abscission. Thus far, the role of Gas2l3 in vivo remains entirely unknown. In order to investigate Gas2l3 in developing vertebrates, we cloned the zebrafish gene. Spatiotemporal analysis of gas2l3 expression revealed a ubiquitous maternal transcript as well as a zygotic transcript primarily restricted to brain tissues. We next conducted a series of loss-of-function experiments, and searched for developmental anomalies at the end of the segmentation period. Our analysis revealed abnormal brain morphogenesis and ventricle formation in gas2l3 knockdown embryos. This signature phenotype could be rescued by elevated levels of gas2l3 RNA. At the tissue level, gas2l3 downregulation interferes with cell proliferation, suggesting that the cell cycle activities of Gas2l3 are essential for brain tissue homeostasis. Altogether, this study provides the first insight into the function of gas2l3 in vivo, demonstrating its essential role in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Sharaby
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Roxane Lahmi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Omer Amar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Idan Elbaz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tali Lerer-Goldshtein
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aryeh M Weiss
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Amit Tzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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14
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Hardwick LJA, Ali FR, Azzarelli R, Philpott A. Cell cycle regulation of proliferation versus differentiation in the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:187-200. [PMID: 24859217 PMCID: PMC4284380 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Formation of the central nervous system requires a period of extensive progenitor cell proliferation, accompanied or closely followed by differentiation; the balance between these two processes in various regions of the central nervous system gives rise to differential growth and cellular diversity. The correlation between cell cycle lengthening and differentiation has been reported across several types of cell lineage and from diverse model organisms, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, different cell fates might be determined during different phases of the preceding cell cycle, indicating direct cell cycle influences on both early lineage commitment and terminal cell fate decisions. Significant advances have been made in the last decade and have revealed multi-directional interactions between the molecular machinery regulating the processes of cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Here, we first introduce the modes of proliferation in neural progenitor cells and summarise evidence linking cell cycle length and neuronal differentiation. Second, we describe the manner in which components of the cell cycle machinery can have additional and, sometimes, cell-cycle-independent roles in directly regulating neurogenesis. Finally, we discuss the way that differentiation factors, such as proneural bHLH proteins, can promote either progenitor maintenance or differentiation according to the cellular environment. These intricate connections contribute to precise coordination and the ultimate division versus differentiation decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J A Hardwick
- Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
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15
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The dual roles of geminin during trophoblast proliferation and differentiation. Dev Biol 2014; 387:49-63. [PMID: 24412371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Geminin is a protein involved in both DNA replication and cell fate acquisition. Although it is essential for mammalian preimplantation development, its role remains unclear. In one study, ablation of the geminin gene (Gmnn) in mouse preimplantation embryos resulted in apoptosis, suggesting that geminin prevents DNA re-replication, whereas in another study it resulted in differentiation of blastomeres into trophoblast giant cells (TGCs), suggesting that geminin regulates trophoblast specification and differentiation. Other studies concluded that trophoblast differentiation into TGCs is regulated by fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4), and that geminin is required to maintain endocycles. Here we show that ablation of Gmnn in trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) proliferating in the presence of FGF4 closely mimics the events triggered by FGF4 deprivation: arrest of cell proliferation, formation of giant cells, excessive DNA replication in the absence of DNA damage and apoptosis, and changes in gene expression that include loss of Chk1 with up-regulation of p57 and p21. Moreover, FGF4 deprivation of TSCs reduces geminin to a basal level that is required for maintaining endocycles in TGCs. Thus, geminin acts both like a component of the FGF4 signal transduction pathway that governs trophoblast proliferation and differentiation, and geminin is required to maintain endocycles.
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