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Liu Q, Chen C, Fan Z, Song H, Sha Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Qin W, Yi W. O-GlcNAcase regulates pluripotency states of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:993-1009. [PMID: 38942028 PMCID: PMC11252487 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) pluripotency is critical to advance the field of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Despite the recent progress, molecular events regulating hESC pluripotency, especially the transition between naive and primed states, still remain unclear. Here we show that naive hESCs display lower levels of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) than primed hESCs. O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the key enzyme catalyzing the removal of O-GlcNAc from proteins, is highly expressed in naive hESCs and is important for naive pluripotency. Depletion of OGA accelerates naive-to-primed pluripotency transition. OGA is transcriptionally regulated by EP300 and acts as a transcription regulator of genes important for maintaining naive pluripotency. Moreover, we profile protein O-GlcNAcylation of the two pluripotency states by quantitative proteomics. Together, this study identifies OGA as an important factor of naive pluripotency in hESCs and suggests that O-GlcNAcylation has a broad effect on hESCs homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhiya Fan
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Honghai Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yutong Sha
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liyang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100026, China.
| | - Wen Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Murray M, Davidson L, Ferenbach AT, Lefeber D, van Aalten DMF. Neuroectoderm phenotypes in a human stem cell model of O-GlcNAc transferase associated with intellectual disability. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108492. [PMID: 38759397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the O-GlcNAc transferase gene (OGT) have been associated with a congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG), presenting with intellectual disability which may be of neuroectodermal origin. To test the hypothesis that pathology is linked to defects in differentiation during early embryogenesis, we developed an OGT-CDG induced pluripotent stem cell line together with isogenic control generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing. Although the OGT-CDG variant leads to a significant decrease in OGT and O-GlcNAcase protein levels, there were no changes in differentiation potential or stemness. However, differentiation into ectoderm resulted in significant differences in O-GlcNAc homeostasis. Further differentiation to neuronal stem cells revealed differences in morphology between patient and control lines, accompanied by disruption of the O-GlcNAc pathway. This suggests a critical role for O-GlcNAcylation in early neuroectoderm architecture, with robust compensatory mechanisms in the earliest stages of stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murray
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lindsay Davidson
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
| | - Dirk Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Department of Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, NL, the Netherlands
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK, Denmark.
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3
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Costa TJ, Wilson EW, Fontes MT, Pernomian L, Tostes RC, Wenceslau CF, McCarthy CG. The O-GlcNAc dichotomy: when does adaptation become pathological? Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1683-1697. [PMID: 37986614 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
O-Linked attachment of β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins is a highly dynamic and ubiquitous post-translational modification that impacts the function, activity, subcellular localization, and stability of target proteins. Physiologically, acute O-GlcNAcylation serves primarily to modulate cellular signaling and transcription regulatory pathways in response to nutrients and stress. To date, thousands of proteins have been revealed to be O-GlcNAcylated and this number continues to grow as the technology for the detection of O-GlcNAc improves. The attachment of a single O-GlcNAc is catalyzed by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and their removal is catalyzed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation is regulated by the metabolism of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, and the metabolic abnormalities associated with pathophysiological conditions are all associated with increased flux through this pathway and elevate O-GlcNAc levels. While chronic O-GlcNAcylation is well associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, only until recently, and with genetically modified animals, has O-GlcNAcylation as a contributing mechanism of cardiovascular disease emerged. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in vascular physiology, with a view that this pathway can offer novel targets for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Costa
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Emily W Wilson
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Milene T Fontes
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Laena Pernomian
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Columbia, SC, U.S.A
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
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4
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de Lima Castro M, Dos Passos RR, Justina VD, do Amaral WN, Giachini FR. Physiological and pathological evidence of O-GlcNAcylation regulation during pregnancy related process. Placenta 2023; 141:43-50. [PMID: 37210277 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification (PTM) controlled by the enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Changes in its expression lead to a breakdown in cellular homeostasis, which is linked to several pathological processes. Placentation and embryonic development are periods of high cell activity, and imbalances in cell signaling pathways can result in infertility, miscarriage, or pregnancy complications. O-GlcNAcylation is involved in cellular processes such as genome maintenance, epigenetic regulation, protein synthesis/degradation, metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, apoptosis, and stress response. Trophoblastic differentiation/invasion and placental vasculogenesis, as well as zygote viability and embryonic neuronal development, are all dependent on O-GlcNAcylation. This PTM is required for pluripotency, which is a required condition for embryonic development. Further, this pathway is a nutritional sensor and cell stress marker, which is primarily measured by the OGT enzyme and its product, protein O-GlcNAcylation. Yet, this post-translational modification is enrolled in metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy. Finally, evidence of how O-GlcNAc impacts pregnancy during pathological conditions such as hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes, hypertension, and stress disorders are reviewed. Considering this scenario, progress in understanding the role of O- GlcNAcylation in pregnancy is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Lima Castro
- Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Rodrigues Dos Passos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dela Justina
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Waldemar Naves do Amaral
- Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil; Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil.
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5
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Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic post-translational modification performed by two opposing enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. O-GlcNAcylation is generally believed to act as a metabolic integrator in numerous signalling pathways. The stoichiometry of this modification is tightly controlled throughout all stages of development, with both hypo/hyper O-GlcNAcylation resulting in broad defects. In this Primer, we discuss the role of O-GlcNAcylation in developmental processes from stem cell maintenance and differentiation to cell and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Czajewski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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6
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Hao Y, Li X, Qin K, Shi Y, He Y, Zhang C, Cheng B, Zhang X, Hu G, Liang S, Tang Q, Chen X. Chemoproteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals that O-GlcNAc Regulates Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Fate through the Pluripotency Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300500. [PMID: 36852467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are influenced by protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Herein, we report the identification of 979 O-GlcNAcylated proteins and 1340 modification sites in mouse ESCs (mESCs) by using a chemoproteomics method. In addition to OCT4 and SOX2, the third core pluripotency transcription factor (PTF) NANOG was found to be modified and functionally regulated by O-GlcNAc. Upon differentiation along the neuronal lineage, the O-GlcNAc stoichiometry at 123 sites of 83 proteins-several of which were PTFs-was found to decline. Transcriptomic profiling reveals 2456 differentially expressed genes responsive to OGT inhibition during differentiation, of which 901 are target genes of core PTFs. By acting on the core PTF network, suppression of O-GlcNAcylation upregulates neuron-related genes, thus contributing to mESC fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanwen He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Che Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guangyu Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuyu Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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7
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Wenzel DM, Olivier-Van Stichelen S. The O-GlcNAc cycling in neurodevelopment and associated diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1693-1702. [PMID: 36383066 PMCID: PMC10462390 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proper neuronal development is essential to growth and adult brain function. Alterations at any step of this highly organized sequence of events, due to genetic mutations or environmental factors, triggers brain malformations, which are leading causes of diseases including epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and many others. The role of glycosylation in neuronal development has been emphasized for many years, notably in studying human congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs). These diseases highlight that genetic defects in glycosylation pathways are almost always associated with severe neurological abnormalities, suggesting that glycosylation plays an essential role in early brain development. Congenital disorders of O-GlcNAcylation are no exception, and all mutations of the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are associated with X-linked intellectual disabilities (XLID). In addition, mouse models and in vitro mechanistic studies have reinforced the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in neuronal development and signaling. In this review, we give an overview of the role of O-GlcNAcylation in this critical physiological process and emphasize the consequences of its dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Wenzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
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8
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Fahie KMM, Papanicolaou KN, Zachara NE. Integration of O-GlcNAc into Stress Response Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:3509. [PMID: 36359905 PMCID: PMC9654274 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosolic proteins by O-linked βN-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has emerged as a dynamic and essential post-translational modification of mammalian proteins. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off over 5000 proteins in response to diverse stimuli impacting protein function and, in turn, epigenetics and transcription, translation and proteostasis, metabolism, cell structure, and signal transduction. Environmental and physiological injury lead to complex changes in O-GlcNAcylation that impact cell and tissue survival in models of heat shock, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, as well as ischemic reperfusion injury. Numerous mechanisms that appear to underpin O-GlcNAc-mediated survival include changes in chaperone levels, impacts on the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response, improvements in mitochondrial function, and reduced protein aggregation. Here, we discuss the points at which O-GlcNAc is integrated into the cellular stress response, focusing on the roles it plays in the cardiovascular system and in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau M. M. Fahie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kyriakos N. Papanicolaou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Natasha E. Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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9
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O-GlcNAcylation and Regulation of Galectin-3 in Extraembryonic Endoderm Differentiation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050623. [PMID: 35625551 PMCID: PMC9138951 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of proteins through the addition and removal of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays a role in many signaling events, specifically in stem cell pluripotency and the regulation of differentiation. However, these post-translational modifications have not been explored in extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) differentiation. Of the plethora of proteins regulated through O-GlcNAc, we explored galectin-3 as a candidate protein known to have various intracellular and extracellular functions. Based on other studies, we predicted a reduction in global O-GlcNAcylation levels and a distinct galectin expression profile in XEN cells relative to embryonic stem (ES) cells. By conducting dot blot analysis, XEN cells had decreased levels of global O-GlcNAc than ES cells, which reflected a disbalance in the expression of genes encoding O-GlcNAc cycle enzymes. Immunoassays (Western blot and ELISA) revealed that although XEN cells (low O-GlcNAc) had lower concentrations of both intracellular and extracellular galectin-3 than ES cells (high O-GlcNAc), the relative secretion of galectin-3 was significantly increased by XEN cells. Inducing ES cells toward XEN in the presence of an O-GlcNAcase inhibitor was not sufficient to inhibit XEN differentiation. However, global O-GlcNAcylation was found to decrease in differentiated cells and the extracellular localization of galectin-3 accompanies these changes. Inhibiting global O-GlcNAcylation status does not, however, impact pluripotency and the ability of ES cells to differentiate to the XEN lineage.
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Lu V, Roy IJ, Teitell MA. Nutrients in the fate of pluripotent stem cells. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2108-2121. [PMID: 34644538 PMCID: PMC8568661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells model certain features of early mammalian development ex vivo. Medium-supplied nutrients can influence self-renewal, lineage specification, and earliest differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, which specific nutrients support these distinct outcomes, and their mechanisms of action, remain under active investigation. Here, we evaluate the available data on nutrients and their metabolic conversion that influence pluripotent stem cell fates. We also discuss key questions open for investigation in this rapidly expanding area of increasing fundamental and practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Irena J Roy
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, and Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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11
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Li L, Chen K, Wu Y, Xiang G, Liu X. Epigenome-Metabolome-Epigenome signaling cascade in cell biological processes. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:279-286. [PMID: 34648996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate determination as a fundamental question in cell biology has been extensively studied at different regulatory levels for many years. However, the mechanisms of multi-level regulation of cell fate determination remain unclear. Recently we have proposed an Epigenome-Metabolome-Epigenome (E-M-E) signaling cascade model to describe the crossover cooperation during mouse somatic cell reprogramming. In this review, we summarize the broad roles of E-M-E signaling cascade in different cell biological processes including cell differentiation and dedifferentiation, cell specialization, cell proliferation and cell pathological processes. Precise E-M-E signaling cascades are critical in these cell biological processes, and it is of worth to explore each step of E-M-E signaling cascade. E-M-E signaling cascade model sheds light on and may open a window to explore the mechanisms of multi-level regulation of cell biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Keshi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yi Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Ge Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Nakajima H, Murakami K. O-GlcNAcylation: Implications in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2021; 101-102:16-24. [PMID: 34302904 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational protein modification through addition of the O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moiety to serine or threonine residues, termed O-GlcNAcylation, is a highly dynamic process conserved throughout eukaryotes. O-GlcNAcylation is reversibly catalyzed by a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase, and it acts as a fundamental regulator for a wide variety of biological processes including gene expression, cell cycle regulation, metabolism, stress response, cellular signaling, epigenetics, and proteostasis. O-GlcNAcylation is regulated by various intracellular or extracellular cues such as metabolic status, nutrient availability, and stress. Studies over decades have unveiled the profound biological significance of this unique protein modification in normal physiology and pathologic processes of diverse cell types or tissues. In hematopoiesis, recent studies have indicated the essential and pleiotropic roles of O-GlcNAcylation in differentiation, proliferation, and function of hematopoietic cells including T cells, B cells, myeloid progenitors, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is implicated in the development of hematologic malignancies with dysregulated epigenetics, metabolism, and gene transcription. Thus, it is now recognized that O-GlcNAcylation is one of the key regulators of normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Koichi Murakami
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Disruption of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Signaling in Placenta Induces Insulin Sensitivity in Female Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136918. [PMID: 34203166 PMCID: PMC8267851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental dysfunction can lead to fetal growth restriction which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. Fetal growth restriction increases the risk of obesity and diabetes later in life. Placental O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has been identified as a marker and a mediator of placental insufficiency in the setting of prenatal stress, however, its role in the fetal programming of metabolism and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. We aim to determine the long-term metabolic outcomes of offspring with a reduction in placental OGT. Mice with a partial reduction and a full knockout of placenta-specific OGT were generated utilizing the Cre-Lox system. Glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters were assessed on a normal chow and a high-fat diet in both male and female adult offspring. A reduction in placental OGT did not demonstrate differences in the metabolic parameters or glucose homeostasis compared to the controls on a standard chow. The high-fat diet provided a metabolic challenge that revealed a decrease in body weight gain (p = 0.02) and an improved insulin tolerance (p = 0.03) for offspring with a partially reduced placental OGT but not when OGT was fully knocked out. Changes in body weight were not associated with changes in energy homeostasis. Offspring with a partial reduction in placental OGT demonstrated increased hepatic Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin treatment (p = 0.02). A partial reduction in placental OGT was protective from weight gain and insulin intolerance when faced with the metabolic challenge of a high-fat diet. This appears to be, in part, due to increased hepatic insulin signaling. The findings of this study contribute to the greater understanding of fetal metabolic programming and the effect of placental OGT on peripheral insulin sensitivity and provides a target for future investigation and clinical applications.
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14
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Ludikhuize MC, Rodríguez Colman MJ. Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cells and Differentiation: A Forkhead Box O Transcription Factor Perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1004-1024. [PMID: 32847377 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Stem cell activation and differentiation occur along changes in cellular metabolism. Metabolic transitions translate into changes in redox balance, cell signaling, and epigenetics, thereby regulating these processes. Metabolic transitions are key regulators of cell fate and exemplify the moonlighting nature of many metabolic enzymes and their associated metabolites. Recent Advances: Forkhead box O transcription factors (FOXOs) are bona fide regulators of cellular homeostasis. FOXOs are multitasking proteins able to regulate cell cycle, cellular metabolism, and redox state. Recent and ongoing research poses FOXOs as key factors in stem cell maintenance and differentiation in several tissues. Critical Issues: The multitasking nature of FOXOs and their tissue-specific expression patterns hinders to disclose a possible conserved mechanism of regulation of stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Moreover, cellular metabolism, cell signaling, and epigenetics establish complex regulatory interactions, which challenge the establishment of the causal/temporal nature of metabolic changes and stem cell activation and differentiation. Future Directions: The development of single-cell technologies and in vitro models able to reproduce the dynamics of stem cell differentiation are actively contributing to define the role of metabolism in this process. This knowledge is key to understanding and designing therapies for those pathologies where the balance between proliferation and differentiation is lost. Importantly, metabolic interventions could be applied to optimize stem cell cultures meant for therapeutical applications, such as transplantations, to treat autoimmune and degenerative disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1004-1024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Corine Ludikhuize
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - María José Rodríguez Colman
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Tanosaki S, Tohyama S, Kishino Y, Fujita J, Fukuda K. Metabolism of human pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells for regenerative therapy: a focus on cardiomyocytes. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:5. [PMID: 33526069 PMCID: PMC7852150 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exhibit promising application in regenerative therapy, drug discovery, and disease modeling. While several protocols for differentiating somatic cells from PSCs exist, their use is limited by contamination of residual undifferentiated PSCs and immaturity of differentiated somatic cells. The metabolism of PSCs differs greatly from that of somatic cells, and a distinct feature is required to sustain the distinct properties of PSCs. To date, several studies have reported on the importance of metabolism in PSCs and their derivative cells. Here, we detail advancements in the field, with a focus on cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tanosaki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Kishino
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Fujita
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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16
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Wulff-Fuentes E, Berendt RR, Massman L, Danner L, Malard F, Vora J, Kahsay R, Olivier-Van Stichelen S. The human O-GlcNAcome database and meta-analysis. Sci Data 2021; 8:25. [PMID: 33479245 PMCID: PMC7820439 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 35 years, ~1700 articles have characterized protein O-GlcNAcylation. Found in almost all living organisms, this post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues is highly conserved and key to biological processes. With half of the primary research articles using human models, the O-GlcNAcome recently reached a milestone of 5000 human proteins identified. Herein, we provide an extensive inventory of human O-GlcNAcylated proteins, their O-GlcNAc sites, identification methods, and corresponding references ( www.oglcnac.mcw.edu ). In the absence of a comprehensive online resource for O-GlcNAcylated proteins, this list serves as the only database of O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Based on the thorough analysis of the amino acid sequence surrounding 7002 O-GlcNAc sites, we progress toward a more robust semi-consensus sequence for O-GlcNAcylation. Moreover, we offer a comprehensive meta-analysis of human O-GlcNAcylated proteins for protein domains, cellular and tissue distribution, and pathways in health and diseases, reinforcing that O-GlcNAcylation is a master regulator of cell signaling, equal to the widely studied phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rex R Berendt
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Logan Massman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Laura Danner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Florian Malard
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Jeet Vora
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Robel Kahsay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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17
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Murakami K, Kurotaki D, Kawase W, Soma S, Fukuchi Y, Kunimoto H, Yoshimi R, Koide S, Oshima M, Hishiki T, Hayakawa N, Matsuura T, Oda M, Yanagisawa K, Kobayashi H, Haraguchi M, Atobe Y, Funakoshi K, Iwama A, Takubo K, Okamoto S, Tamura T, Nakajima H. OGT Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance via PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108579. [PMID: 33406421 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is a unique enzyme introducing O-GlcNAc moiety on target proteins, and it critically regulates various cellular processes in diverse cell types. However, its roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain elusive. Here, using Ogt conditional knockout mice, we show that OGT is essential for HSPCs. Ogt is highly expressed in HSPCs, and its disruption induces rapid loss of HSPCs with increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. In particular, Ogt-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose quiescence, cannot be maintained in vivo, and become vulnerable to regenerative and competitive stress. Interestingly, Ogt-deficient HSCs accumulate defective mitochondria due to impaired mitophagy with decreased key mitophagy regulator, Pink1, through dysregulation of H3K4me3. Furthermore, overexpression of PINK1 restores mitophagy and the number of Ogt-deficient HSCs. Collectively, our results reveal that OGT critically regulates maintenance and stress response of HSCs by ensuring mitochondrial quality through PINK1-dependent mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murakami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Wataru Kawase
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Soma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yumi Fukuchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kunimoto
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshimi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koide
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8039, Japan
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8039, Japan
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyo Hayakawa
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kiichi Yanagisawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Miho Haraguchi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Atobe
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kengo Funakoshi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8039, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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18
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Sheikh MA, Emerald BS, Ansari SA. Stem cell fate determination through protein O-GlcNAcylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100035. [PMID: 33154167 PMCID: PMC7948975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic and adult stem cells possess the capability of self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. The intricate balance between self-renewal and differentiation is governed by developmental signals and cell-type-specific gene regulatory mechanisms. A perturbed intra/extracellular environment during lineage specification could affect stem cell fate decisions resulting in pathology. Growing evidence demonstrates that metabolic pathways govern epigenetic regulation of gene expression during stem cell fate commitment through the utilization of metabolic intermediates or end products of metabolic pathways as substrates for enzymatic histone/DNA modifications. UDP-GlcNAc is one such metabolite that acts as a substrate for enzymatic mono-glycosylation of various nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins on serine/threonine amino acid residues, a process termed protein O-GlcNAcylation. The levels of GlcNAc inside the cells depend on the nutrient availability, especially glucose. Thus, this metabolic sensor could modulate gene expression through O-GlcNAc modification of histones or other proteins in response to metabolic fluctuations. Herein, we review evidence demonstrating how stem cells couple metabolic inputs to gene regulatory pathways through O-GlcNAc-mediated epigenetic/transcriptional regulatory mechanisms to govern self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation programs. This review will serve as a primer for researchers seeking to better understand how O-GlcNAc influences stemness and may catalyze the discovery of new stem-cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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19
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Kondo T. Selective eradication of pluripotent stem cells by inhibiting DHODH activity. Stem Cells 2020; 39:33-42. [PMID: 33038285 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, give rise to all kinds of functional cells, making them promising for successful application in regenerative medicine. However, there is concern that a PSC-derived differentiated cell population may form teratomas when used for cell therapy if the population contains undifferentiated PSCs. Therefore, for the success of regenerative medicine, it is crucial to establish methods that induce complete PSC differentiation and eliminate the contamination of PSCs. Here, I show that the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor brequinar (BRQ) induced cell cycle arrest, cell death, and stemness loss in mouse PSCs (mPSCs), whereas it was less toxic against normal tissue-specific stem cells and differentiating cells. I demonstrate that BRQ-pretreated mPSCs did not form teratomas after being transplanted into NOD/SCID mice. Moreover, BRQ administration to teratoma-bearing mice prevented tumor growth and decreased PSC marker levels in the tumor without any visible effects in the differentiated germ layer cells and the mice. Collectively, these data suggested that DHODH inhibitors such as BRQ can be indispensable in the fundamental methods of PSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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20
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Tazhitdinova R, Timoshenko AV. The Emerging Role of Galectins and O-GlcNAc Homeostasis in Processes of Cellular Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081792. [PMID: 32731422 PMCID: PMC7465113 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. Human cells express twelve out of sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes and their expression profiles are very different between cell types and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the changes in the expression of individual galectins at mRNA and protein levels in different types of differentiating cells and the effects of recombinant galectins on cellular differentiation. A new model of galectin regulation is proposed considering the change in O-GlcNAc homeostasis between progenitor/stem cells and mature differentiated cells. The recognition of galectins as regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and self-renewal is essential for developmental and cancer biology to develop innovative strategies for prevention and targeted treatment of proliferative diseases, tissue regeneration, and stem-cell therapy.
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21
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O-GlcNAcylation regulates the methionine cycle to promote pluripotency of stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7755-7763. [PMID: 32193337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915582117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. However, little is known about the regulation of the methionine cycle to sustain ESC pluripotency. Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation.
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22
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Elena-Herrmann B, Montellier E, Fages A, Bruck-Haimson R, Moussaieff A. Multi-platform NMR Study of Pluripotent Stem Cells Unveils Complementary Metabolic Signatures towards Differentiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1622. [PMID: 32005897 PMCID: PMC6994671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, poised to revolutionize current medicine, stand as major workhorses for monitoring changes in cell fate. Characterizing metabolic phenotypes is key to monitor in differentiating cells transcriptional and epigenetic shifts at a functional level and provides a non-genetic means to control cell specification. Expanding the arsenal of analytical tools for metabolic profiling of cell differentiation is therefore of importance. Here, we describe the metabolome of whole pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS), a non-destructive approach for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. The integrated 1H NMR analysis results in detection of metabolites of various groups, including energy metabolites, amino acids, choline derivatives and short chain fatty acids. It unveils new metabolites that discriminate PSCs from differentiated counterparts and directly measures substrates and co-factors of histone modifying enzymes, suggesting that NMR stands as a strategic technique for deciphering metabolic regulations of histone post-translational modifications. HR-MAS NMR analysis of whole PSCs complements the much used solution NMR of cell extracts. Altogether, our multi-platform NMR investigation provides a consolidated picture of PSC metabolic signatures and of metabolic pathways involved in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Elena-Herrmann
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INSERM, IAB, Allée des Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Emilie Montellier
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INSERM, IAB, Allée des Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Fages
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Arieh Moussaieff
- Institute for Drug Research, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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23
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Next-generation unnatural monosaccharides reveal that ESRRB O-GlcNAcylation regulates pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4065. [PMID: 31492838 PMCID: PMC6731260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unnatural monosaccharides such as azidosugars that can be metabolically incorporated into cellular glycans are currently used as a major tool for glycan imaging and glycoproteomic profiling. As a common practice to enhance membrane permeability and cellular uptake, the unnatural sugars are per-O-acetylated, which, however, can induce a long-overlooked side reaction, non-enzymatic S-glycosylation. Herein, we develop 1,3-di-esterified N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) as next-generation chemical reporters for metabolic glycan labeling. Both 1,3-di-O-acetylated GalNAz (1,3-Ac2GalNAz) and 1,3-di-O-propionylated GalNAz (1,3-Pr2GalNAz) exhibit high efficiency for labeling protein O-GlcNAcylation with no artificial S-glycosylation. Applying 1,3-Pr2GalNAz in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), we identify ESRRB, a critical transcription factor for pluripotency, as an O-GlcNAcylated protein. We show that ESRRB O-GlcNAcylation is important for mESC self-renewal and pluripotency. Mechanistically, ESRRB is O-GlcNAcylated by O-GlcNAc transferase at serine 25, which stabilizes ESRRB, promotes its transcription activity and facilitates its interactions with two master pluripotency regulators, OCT4 and NANOG. Per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides are popular tools for glycan labeling in live cells but can undergo unwanted side reactions with cysteines. Here, the authors develop unnatural sugars in a partially esterified form that are inert towards cysteines, and use them to probe O-GlcNAcylation in mESCs.
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24
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Miura T, Nishihara S. The Functions of <i>O</i>-GlcNAc in Pluripotent Stem Cells. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2019. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1954.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University
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25
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Miura T, Nishihara S. The Functions of <i>O</i>-GlcNAc in Pluripotent Stem Cells. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2019; 31:E69-E75. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1954.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University
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26
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Zhang Z, Parker MP, Graw S, Novikova LV, Fedosyuk H, Fontes JD, Koestler DC, Peterson KR, Slawson C. O-GlcNAc homeostasis contributes to cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1363-1379. [PMID: 30523150 PMCID: PMC6349094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of a single β-d-GlcNAc sugar (O-GlcNAc) by O-GlcNAc-transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAc removal by O-GlcNAcase (OGA) maintain homeostatic O-GlcNAc levels on cellular proteins. Changes in protein O-GlcNAcylation regulate cellular differentiation and cell fate decisions, but how these changes affect erythropoiesis, an essential process in blood cell formation, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of O-GlcNAcylation in erythropoiesis by using G1E-ER4 cells, which carry the erythroid-specific transcription factor GATA-binding protein 1 (GATA-1) fused to the estrogen receptor (GATA-1-ER) and therefore undergo erythropoiesis after β-estradiol (E2) addition. We observed that during G1E-ER4 differentiation, overall O-GlcNAc levels decrease, and physical interactions of GATA-1 with both OGT and OGA increase. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of G1E-ER4 cells differentiated in the presence of the OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G (TMG) revealed changes in expression of 433 GATA-1 target genes. ChIP results indicated that the TMG treatment decreases the occupancy of GATA-1, OGT, and OGA at the GATA-binding site of the lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (Laptm5) gene promoter. TMG also reduced the expression of genes involved in differentiation of NB4 and HL60 human myeloid leukemia cells, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation is involved in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation. Sustained treatment of G1E-ER4 cells with TMG before differentiation reduced hemoglobin-positive cells and increased stem/progenitor cell surface markers. Our results show that alterations in O-GlcNAcylation disrupt transcriptional programs controlling erythropoietic lineage commitment, suggesting a role for O-GlcNAcylation in regulating hematopoietic cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Matthew P Parker
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | | | - Lesya V Novikova
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Halyna Fedosyuk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Joseph D Fontes
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Biostatistics, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Kenneth R Peterson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
| | - Chad Slawson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
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27
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Lima VV, Dela Justina V, Dos Passos RR, Volpato GT, Souto PCS, San Martin S, Giachini FR. O-GlcNAc Modification During Pregnancy: Focus on Placental Environment. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1263. [PMID: 30298013 PMCID: PMC6160872 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful placentation is a key event for fetal development, which commences following embryo implantation into the uterine wall, eliciting decidualization, placentation, and remodeling of blood vessels to provide physiological exchange between embryo-fetus and mother. Several signaling pathways are recruited to modulate such important processes and specific proteins that regulate placental function are a target for the glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), or O-GlcNAcylation. This is a reversible post-translational modification on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, mainly controlled by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated as a modulator of proteins, both in physiological and pathological conditions and, more recently, O-GlcNAc has also been shown to be an important modulator in placental tissue. In this mini-review, the interplay between O-GlcNAcylation of proteins and placental function will be addressed, discussing the possible implications of this post-translational modification through placental development and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Health and Biological Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Institute of Health and Biological Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina S Souto
- Institute of Health and Biological Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Sebastian San Martin
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Health and Biological Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
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28
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Liu T, Zandberg WF, Gloster TM, Deng L, Murray KD, Shan X, Vocadlo DJ. Metabolic Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc Transferase That Act In Vivo Implicate Decreased O-GlcNAc Levels in Leptin-Mediated Nutrient Sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7644-7648. [PMID: 29756380 PMCID: PMC6055616 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
O-Linked glycosylation of serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residues is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). O-GlcNAc is conserved within mammals and is implicated in a wide range of physiological processes. Herein, we describe metabolic precursor inhibitors of OGT suitable for use both in cells and in vivo in mice. These 5-thiosugar analogues of N-acetylglucosamine are assimilated through a convergent metabolic pathway, most likely involving N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate de-N-acetylase (NAGA), to generate a common OGT inhibitor within cells. We show that of these inhibitors, 2-deoxy-2-N-hexanamide-5-thio-d-glucopyranoside (5SGlcNHex) acts in vivo to induce dose- and time-dependent decreases in O-GlcNAc levels in various tissues. Decreased O-GlcNAc correlates, both in vitro within adipocytes and in vivo within mice, with lower levels of the transcription factor Sp1 and the satiety-inducing hormone leptin, thus revealing a link between decreased O-GlcNAc levels and nutrient sensing in peripheral tissues of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai‐Wei Liu
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
| | - Wesley F. Zandberg
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
- Current address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia1177 Research RoadKelownaBCCanada
| | - Tracey M. Gloster
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
- Current address: School of BiologyBiomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeUK
| | - Lehua Deng
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
| | - Kelsey D. Murray
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
| | - Xiaoyang Shan
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser University8888 University Dr.BurnabyBCCanada
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29
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Liu TW, Zandberg WF, Gloster TM, Deng L, Murray KD, Shan X, Vocadlo DJ. Metabolic Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc Transferase That Act In Vivo Implicate Decreased O-GlcNAc Levels in Leptin-Mediated Nutrient Sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Wei Liu
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Wesley F. Zandberg
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
- Current address: Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 1177 Research Road Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Tracey M. Gloster
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
- Current address: School of Biology; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews Fife UK
| | - Lehua Deng
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Kelsey D. Murray
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Shan
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC Canada
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30
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Constable S, Lim JM, Vaidyanathan K, Wells L. O-GlcNAc transferase regulates transcriptional activity of human Oct4. Glycobiology 2018; 27:927-937. [PMID: 28922739 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a single sugar modification found on many different classes of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Addition of this modification, by the enzyme O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), is dynamic and inducible. One major class of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc is transcription factors. O-GlcNAc regulates transcription factor properties through a variety of different mechanisms including localization, stability and transcriptional activation. Maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency requires tight regulation of several key transcription factors, many of which are modified by O-GlcNAc. Octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct4) is one of the key transcription factors required for pluripotency of ES cells and more recently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The action of Oct4 is modulated by the addition of several post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAc. Previous studies in mice found a single site of O-GlcNAc addition responsible for transcriptional regulation. This study was designed to determine if this mechanism is conserved in humans. We mapped 10 novel sites of O-GlcNAc attachment on human Oct4, and confirmed a role for OGT in transcriptional activation of Oct4 at a site distinct from that found in mouse that allows distinction between different Oct4 target promoters. Additionally, we uncovered a potential new role for OGT that does not include its catalytic function. These results confirm that human Oct4 activity is being regulated by OGT by a mechanism that is distinct from mouse Oct4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandii Constable
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam 641-773, South Korea
| | - Krithika Vaidyanathan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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31
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Lagerlöf O. O-GlcNAc cycling in the developing, adult and geriatric brain. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 50:241-261. [PMID: 29790000 PMCID: PMC5984647 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins in the nervous system are modified by the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. A single protein is often O-GlcNAcylated on several amino acids and the modification of a single site can play a crucial role for the function of the protein. Despite its complexity, only two enzymes add and remove O-GlcNAc from proteins, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Global and local regulation of these enzymes make it possible for O-GlcNAc to coordinate multiple cellular functions at the same time as regulating specific pathways independently from each other. If O-GlcNAcylation is disrupted, metabolic disorder or intellectual disability may ensue, depending on what neurons are affected. O-GlcNAc's promise as a clinical target for developing drugs against neurodegenerative diseases has been recognized for many years. Recent literature puts O-GlcNAc in the forefront among mechanisms that can help us better understand how neuronal circuits integrate diverse incoming stimuli such as fluctuations in nutrient supply, metabolic hormones, neuronal activity and cellular stress. Here the functions of O-GlcNAc in the nervous system are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Lagerlöf
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Dahan P, Lu V, Nguyen RMT, Kennedy SAL, Teitell MA. Metabolism in pluripotency: Both driver and passenger? J Biol Chem 2018; 294:5420-5429. [PMID: 29463682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are highly proliferative cells characterized by robust metabolic demands to power rapid division. For many years considered a passive component or "passenger" of cell-fate determination, cell metabolism is now starting to take center stage as a driver of cell fate outcomes. This review provides an update and analysis of our current understanding of PSC metabolism and its role in self-renewal, differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency. Moreover, we present evidence on the active roles metabolism plays in shaping the epigenome to influence patterns of gene expression that may model key features of early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Dahan
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Vivian Lu
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | | | - Stephanie A L Kennedy
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and.,the Department of Biology, California State University at Northridge, Northridge, California 91330
| | - Michael A Teitell
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and .,the California NanoSystems Institute.,Department of Bioengineering, and.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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33
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Miura T, Kume M, Kawamura T, Yamamoto K, Hamakubo T, Nishihara S. O-GlcNAc on PKCζ Inhibits the FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 Pathway via Inhibition of PKCζ Phosphorylation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:272-286. [PMID: 29249667 PMCID: PMC5768893 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiate into multiple cell types during organismal development. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signaling induces differentiation from ESCs via the phosphorylation of downstream molecules such as mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The FGF4-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway is inhibited to maintain ESCs in the undifferentiated state. However, the inhibitory mechanism of the FGF4-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway in ESCs is uncharacterized. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification characterized by the attachment of a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the serine and threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins. Here, we showed that the O-GlcNAc on the phosphorylation site of PKCζ inhibits PKCζ phosphorylation (activation) and, consequently, the FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway in ESCs. Our results demonstrate the mechanism for the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of ESCs via the inhibition of the FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway by O-GlcNAcylation on PKCζ. PKCζ activates the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway by FGF4 stimulation O-GlcNAc on the phosphorylation site of PKCζ inhibits PKCζ activation in ESCs FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway is inhibited by O-GlcNAc on PKCζ in ESCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kume
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.
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34
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"Nutrient-sensing" and self-renewal: O-GlcNAc in a new role. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 50:205-211. [PMID: 29204729 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Whether embryonic, hematopoietic or cancer stem cells, this metabolic reprogramming is dependent on the nutrient-status and bioenergetic pathways that is influenced by the micro-environmental niches like hypoxia. Thus, the microenvironment plays a vital role in determining the stem cell fate by inducing metabolic reprogramming. Under the influence of the microenvironment, like hypoxia, the stem cells have increased glucose and glutamine uptake which result in activation of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and increased O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT). The current review is focused on understanding how HBP, a nutrient-sensing pathway (that leads to increased OGT activity) is instrumental in regulating self-renewal not only in embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells (ESC/HSC) but also in cancer stem cells.
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35
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Andres LM, Blong IW, Evans AC, Rumachik NG, Yamaguchi T, Pham ND, Thompson P, Kohler JJ, Bertozzi CR. Chemical Modulation of Protein O-GlcNAcylation via OGT Inhibition Promotes Human Neural Cell Differentiation. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2030-2039. [PMID: 28541657 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes that determine protein O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), act on key transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, and both are abundantly expressed in the brain. However, little is known about how alterations in O-GlcNAc cycling affect human embryonic stem cell (hESC) neural differentiation. Here, we studied the effects of perturbing O-GlcNAcylation during neural induction of hESCs using the metabolic inhibitor of OGT, peracetylated 5-thio-N-acetylglucosamine (Ac4-5SGlcNAc). Treatment of hESCs with Ac4-5SGlcNAc during induction limited protein O-GlcNAcylation and also caused a dramatic decrease in global levels of UDP-GlcNAc. Concomitantly, a subpopulation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) acquired an immature neuronal morphology and expressed early neuronal markers such as β-III tubulin (TUJ1) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), phenotypes that took longer to manifest in the absence of OGT inhibition. These data suggest that chemical inhibition of OGT and perturbation of protein O-GlcNAcylation accelerate the differentiation of hESCs along the neuronal lineage, thus providing further insight into the dynamic molecular mechanisms involved in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette M. Andres
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian W. Blong
- Department
of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Angela C. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Neil G. Rumachik
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Teppei Yamaguchi
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nam D. Pham
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Pamela Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
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36
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Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Wang P, Comly M, Love DC, Hanover JA. Nutrient-driven O-linked N-acetylglucosamine ( O-GlcNAc) cycling impacts neurodevelopmental timing and metabolism. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6076-6085. [PMID: 28246173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-driven O-GlcNAcylation is strikingly abundant in the brain and has been linked to development and neurodegenerative disease. We selectively targeted the O-GlcNAcase (Oga) gene in the mouse brain to define the role of O-GlcNAc cycling in the central nervous system. Brain knockout animals exhibited dramatically increased brain O-GlcNAc levels and pleiotropic phenotypes, including early-onset obesity, growth defects, and metabolic dysregulation. Anatomical defects in the Oga knockout included delayed brain differentiation and neurogenesis as well as abnormal proliferation accompanying a developmental delay. The molecular basis for these defects included transcriptional changes accompanying differentiating embryonic stem cells. In Oga KO mouse ES cells, we observed pronounced changes in expression of pluripotency markers, including Sox2, Nanog, and Otx2. These findings link the O-GlcNAc modification to mammalian neurogenesis and highlight the role of this nutrient-sensing pathway in developmental plasticity and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Wang
- From the Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marcy Comly
- From the Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Dona C Love
- From the Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - John A Hanover
- From the Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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37
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Miura T, Nishihara S. O-GlcNAc is required for the survival of primed pluripotent stem cells and their reversion to the naïve state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:655-661. [PMID: 27983978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
"Naïve" mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from pre-implantation embryos and possess pluripotency, the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the body. "Primed" mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are also pluripotent but are derived from post-implantation embryos. ESC-derived EpiSCs (ESD-EpiSCs) are "primed" pluripotent stem cells and can revert to naïve reverted ESCs (rESCs). O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a posttranslational modification in the cytoplasm and nucleus. O-GlcNAc is transferred to serine and threonine residues of proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (Ogt) and removed from them by O-GlcNAcase (Oga). In naïve ESCs, O-GlcNAc contributes to maintain the undifferentiated state. In the transition from naïve state to primed state, Ogt maintains cell survival, whereas Oga has no function. However, the function of O-GlcNAc in primed ESD-EpiSCs and during the reversion from the primed state to naïve rESCs remains unclear. Here, we show that Ogt is required for the survival of primed ESD-EpiSCs. The expression of cytosolic Oga was significantly increased during induction from naïve ESCs to primed ESD-EpiSCs. Furthermore, both Ogt and Oga were required for the reversion from primed ESD-EpiSCs to naïve rESCs. These findings indicate that O-GlcNAcylation plays an important role in the survival of primed ESD-EpiSCs and in their reversion to naïve rESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.
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Jung JH, Iwabuchi K, Yang Z, Loeken MR. Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation Stimulated By Altered Anabolic Metabolism From Glucose Transporter 2-Transported Glucosamine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28452. [PMID: 27311888 PMCID: PMC4911601 DOI: 10.1038/srep28452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexose transporter, GLUT2 (SLC2A2), which is expressed by mouse embryos, is important for survival before embryonic day 10.5, but its function in embryos is unknown. GLUT2 can transport the amino sugar glucosamine (GlcN), which could increase substrate for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBSP) that produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins. To understand this, we employed a novel murine embryonic stem cell (ESC) line that, like mouse embryos, expresses functional GLUT2 transporters. GlcN stimulated ESC proliferation in a GLUT2-dependent fashion but did not regulate pluripotency. Stimulation of proliferation was not due to increased O-GlcNAcylation. Instead, GlcN decreased dependence of the HBSP on fructose-6-PO4 and glutamine. Consequently, glycolytic- and glutamine-derived intermediates that are needed for anabolic metabolism were increased. Thus, maternally obtained GlcN may increase substrates for biomass accumulation by embryos, as exogenous GlcN does for GLUT2-expressing ESC, and may explain the need for GLUT2 expression by embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyuk Jung
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kumiko Iwabuchi
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Section on Vascular Cell Biology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary R Loeken
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lee HJ, Ryu JM, Jung YH, Lee KH, Kim DI, Han HJ. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 upregulation by O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 protects against hypoxia-induced mouse embryonic stem cell apoptosis via mTOR activation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2158. [PMID: 27010859 PMCID: PMC4823928 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen signaling is critical for stem cell regulation, and oxidative stress-induced stem cell apoptosis decreases the efficiency of stem cell therapy. Hypoxia activates O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) of stem cells, which contributes to regulation of cellular metabolism, as well as cell fate. Our study investigated the role of O-GlcNAcylation via glucosamine in the protection of hypoxia-induced apoptosis of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Hypoxia increased mESCs apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, hypoxia also slightly increased the O-GlcNAc level. Glucosamine treatment further enhanced the O-GlcNAc level and prevented hypoxia-induced mESC apoptosis, which was suppressed by O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors. In addition, hypoxia regulated several lipid metabolic enzymes, whereas glucosamine increased expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (GPAT1), a lipid metabolic enzyme producing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In addition, glucosamine-increased O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1, which subsequently leads to Sp1 nuclear translocation and GPAT1 expression. Silencing of GPAT1 by gpat1 siRNA transfection reduced glucosamine-mediated anti-apoptosis in mESCs and reduced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation. Indeed, LPA prevented mESCs from undergoing hypoxia-induced apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of mTOR and its substrates (S6K1 and 4EBP1). Moreover, mTOR inactivation by rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) increased pro-apoptotic proteins expressions and mESC apoptosis. Furthermore, transplantation of non-targeting siRNA and glucosamine-treated mESCs increased cell survival and inhibited flap necrosis in mouse skin flap model. Conversely, silencing of GPAT1 expression reversed those glucosamine effects. In conclusion, enhancing O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 by glucosamine stimulates GPAT1 expression, which leads to inhibition of hypoxia-induced mESC apoptosis via mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J M Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Y H Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K H Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D I Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Thomas FC, Mudaliar M, Tassi R, McNeilly TN, Burchmore R, Burgess K, Herzyk P, Zadoks RN, Eckersall PD. Mastitomics, the integrated omics of bovine milk in an experimental model of Streptococcus uberis mastitis: 3. Untargeted metabolomics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2762-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic investigation of milk from cows with bovine mastitis has revealed major changes in carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilola Clara Thomas
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Manikhandan Mudaliar
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
- Glasgow Polyomics
| | | | | | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Science
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Karl Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Science
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Pawel Herzyk
- Glasgow Polyomics
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Science
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
- Moredun Research Institute
| | - P. David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
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Global increase in O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification promotes osteoblast differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:194-202. [PMID: 26302267 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The balance between bone formation and bone resorption is maintained by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and an imbalance in this bone metabolism leads to osteoporosis. Here, we found that osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells is promoted by the inactivation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase) and suppressed by the inactivation of O-GlcNAc transferase, as indicated by extracellular matrix calcification. The expression of osteogenic genes such as alp, ocn, and bsp during osteoblast differentiation was positively regulated in a O-GlcNAc glycosylation-dependent manner. Because it was confirmed that Ets1 and Runx2 are the two key transcription factors responsible for the expression of these osteogenic genes, their transcriptional activity might therefore be regulated by O-GlcNAc glycosylation. However, osteoclast differentiation of RAW264 cells, as indicated by the expression and activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, was unaffected by the inactivation of either O-GlcNAcase or O-GlcNAc transferase. Our findings suggest that an approach to manipulate O-GlcNAc glycosylation could be useful for developing the therapeutics for osteoporosis.
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Maury JJP, EL Farran CA, Ng D, Loh YH, Bi X, Bardor M, Choo ABH. RING1B O-GlcNAcylation regulates gene targeting of polycomb repressive complex 1 in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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OLIVIER-VAN STICHELEN S, HANOVER JA. You are what you eat: O-linked N-acetylglucosamine in disease, development and epigenetics. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:339-45. [PMID: 26049631 PMCID: PMC4479189 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is both responsive to nutrient availability and capable of altering intracellular cellular signalling. We summarize data defining a role for O-GlcNAcylation in metabolic homeostasis and epigenetic regulation of development in the intrauterine environment. RECENT FINDINGS O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes nutrient-driven O-GlcNAc addition and is subject to random X-inactivation. OGT plays key roles in growth factor signalling, stem cell biology, epigenetics and possibly imprinting. The O-GlcNAcase, which removes O-GlcNAc, is subject to tight regulation by higher order chromatin structure. O-GlcNAc cycling plays an important role in the intrauterine environment wherein OGT expression is an important biomarker of placental stress. SUMMARY Regulation of O-GlcNAc cycling by X-inactivation, epigenetic regulation and nutrient-driven processes makes it an ideal candidate for a nutrient-dependent epigenetic regulator of human disease. In addition, O-GlcNAc cycling influences chromatin modifiers critical to the regulation and timing of normal development including the polycomb repression complex and the ten-eleven translocation proteins mediating DNA methyl cytosine demethylation. The pathway also impacts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis critical to intrauterine programming influencing disease susceptibility in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A. HANOVER
- National Institute of diabetes and digestive and Kidney diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Corresponding Author: John A. Hanover, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD, 201892-0851;
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Moussaieff A, Kogan NM, Aberdam D. Concise Review: Energy Metabolites: Key Mediators of the Epigenetic State of Pluripotency. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2374-80. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Moussaieff
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Natalya M. Kogan
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM U976; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Paris France
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Wongpaiboonwattana W, Stavridis MP. Neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in serum-free monolayer culture. J Vis Exp 2015:e52823. [PMID: 26066640 DOI: 10.3791/52823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as well as the generation of mature neural cell types for further study. In this protocol we describe a method for the differentiation of ESC to neural progenitors using serum-free, monolayer culture. The method is scalable, efficient and results in production of ~70% neural progenitor cells within 4 - 6 days. It can be applied to ESC from various strains grown under a variety of conditions. Neural progenitors can be allowed to differentiate further into functional neurons and glia or analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry or molecular techniques. The differentiation process is amenable to time-lapse microscopy and can be combined with the use of reporter lines to monitor the neural specification process. We provide detailed instructions on media preparation and cell density optimization to allow the process to be applied to most ESC lines and a variety of cell culture vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marios P Stavridis
- Division of Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee;
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Nagel AK, Ball LE. Intracellular protein O-GlcNAc modification integrates nutrient status with transcriptional and metabolic regulation. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:137-66. [PMID: 25727147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inducible, nutrient-sensitive posttranslational modification of protein Ser/Thr residues with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) occurs on histones, transcriptional regulators, metabolic enzymes, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and many critical intermediates of growth factor signaling. Cycling of O-GlcNAc modification on and off of protein substrates is catalyzed by the actions of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. To date, there are less than 150 publications addressing the role of O-GlcNAc modification in cancer and over half were published in the last 2 years. These studies have clearly established that increased expression of OGT and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation is common to human cancers of breast, prostate, colon, lung, and pancreas. Furthermore, attenuating OGT activity reduces tumor growth in vitro and metastasis in vivo. This chapter discusses the structure and function of the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes, mechanisms by which protein O-GlcNAc modification sense changes in nutrient status, the influence of O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes on glucose metabolism, and provides an overview of recent observations regarding the role of O-GlcNAcylation in cancer.
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Alonso J, Schimpl M, van Aalten DMF. O-GlcNAcase: promiscuous hexosaminidase or key regulator of O-GlcNAc signaling? J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34433-9. [PMID: 25336650 PMCID: PMC4263850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.609198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc signaling is regulated by an opposing pair of enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase installs and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes the modification from proteins. The dynamics and regulation of this process are only beginning to be understood as the physiological functions of both enzymes are being probed using genetic and pharmacological approaches. This minireview charts the discovery and functional and structural analysis of OGA and summarizes the insights gained from recent studies using OGA inhibition, gene knock-out, and overexpression. We identify several areas of “known unknowns” that would benefit from future research, such as the enigmatic C-terminal domain of OGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Alonso
- From the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- From the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- From the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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