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Varisli L, Vlahopoulos S. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Acute Leukemias. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2173. [PMID: 38396852 PMCID: PMC10889420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a metabolic process that confers phenotypic flexibility to cells and the ability to adapt to new functions. This transition is critical during embryogenesis and is required for the differentiation of many tissues and organs. EMT can also be induced in advanced-stage cancers, leading to further malignant behavior and chemotherapy resistance, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis for patients. Although EMT was long considered and studied only in solid tumors, it has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies, including acute leukemias. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that EMT promotes the progression of acute leukemias, leading to the emergence of a more aggressive phenotype of the disease, and also causes chemotherapy resistance. The current literature suggests that the levels and activities of EMT inducers and markers can be used to predict prognosis, and that targeting EMT in addition to conventional therapies may increase treatment success in acute leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Varisli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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2
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Skelding KA, Barry DL, Theron DZ, Lincz LF. Bone Marrow Microenvironment as a Source of New Drug Targets for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:563. [PMID: 36614005 PMCID: PMC9820412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with one of the worst survival rates of all cancers. The bone marrow microenvironment is increasingly being recognised as an important mediator of AML chemoresistance and relapse, supporting leukaemia stem cell survival through interactions among stromal, haematopoietic progenitor and leukaemic cells. Traditional therapies targeting leukaemic cells have failed to improve long term survival rates, and as such, the bone marrow niche has become a promising new source of potential therapeutic targets, particularly for relapsed and refractory AML. This review briefly discusses the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in AML development and progression, and as a source of novel therapeutic targets for AML. The main focus of this review is on drugs that modulate/target this bone marrow microenvironment and have been examined in in vivo models or clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Skelding
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Barry
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Danielle Z. Theron
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Lisa F. Lincz
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Hunter Hematology Research Group, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
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3
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Yu S, Han R, Gan R. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in Haematological Neoplasms. Biomark Res 2022; 10:74. [PMID: 36224652 PMCID: PMC9558365 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia and lymphoma are common malignancies. The Wnt pathway is a complex network of proteins regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as cancer development, and is divided into the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway (the canonical Wnt signalling pathway) and the noncanonical Wnt signalling pathway. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is highly conserved evolutionarily, and activation or inhibition of either of the pathways may lead to cancer development and progression. The aim of this review is to analyse the mechanisms of action of related molecules in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in haematologic malignancies and their feasibility as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Yu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ruyue Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China.
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4
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Kimura K, Yamamori S, Hazawa M, Kobayashi-Sun J, Kondo M, Wong RW, Kobayashi I. Inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling promotes ex vivo maintenance and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. Stem Cells 2022; 40:831-842. [PMID: 35759948 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tightly regulated by their niches in the bone marrow. The analysis of niche cells or stromal cell lines that can support HSCs has facilitated the finding of novel supporting factors for HSCs. Despite large efforts in the murine bone marrow, however, HSC expansion is still difficult ex vivo, highlighting the need for new approaches to elucidate the molecular elements that regulate HSCs. The zebrafish provides a unique model to study hematopoietic niches as HSCs are maintained in the kidney, allowing for a parallel view of hematopoietic niches over evolution. Here, using a stromal cell line from the zebrafish kidney, zebrafish kidney stromal (ZKS), we uncover that an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling, IWR-1-endo, is a potent regulator of HSCs. Co-culture assays revealed that ZKS cells were in part supportive of maintenance, but not expansion, of gata2a:GFP+runx1:mCherry+ (gata2a+runx1+) HSCs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that, compared to candidate niche cells in the kidney, ZKS cells weakly expressed HSC maintenance factor genes, thpo and cxcl12, but highly expressed canonical Wnt ligand genes, wnt1, 7bb, and 9a. Thpo supplementation in ZKS culture slightly increased, but inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling by IWR-1-endo treatment largely increased the number of gata2a+runx1+ cells (> 2-fold). Moreover, we found that gata2a+runx1+ cells can be maintained by supplementing both IWR-1-endo and Thpo without stromal cells. Collectively, our data provide evidence that IWR-1-endo can be used as a novel supporting factor for HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kimura
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamori
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mao Kondo
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Richard W Wong
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Targeting β-catenin in acute myeloid leukaemia: past, present, and future perspectives. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231097. [PMID: 35352805 PMCID: PMC9069440 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive disease of the bone marrow with a poor prognosis. Evidence suggests long established chemotherapeutic regimens used to treat AML are reaching the limits of their efficacy, necessitating the urgent development of novel targeted therapies. Canonical Wnt signalling is an evolutionary conserved cascade heavily implicated in normal developmental and disease processes in humans. For over 15 years its been known that the central mediator of this pathway, β-catenin, is dysregulated in AML promoting the emergence, maintenance, and drug resistance of leukaemia stem cells. Yet, despite this knowledge, and subsequent studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of targeting Wnt activity in haematological cancers, β-catenin inhibitors have not yet reached the clinic. The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding regarding the role and mechanistic dysregulation of β-catenin in AML, and assess the therapeutic merit of pharmacologically targeting this molecule, drawing on lessons from other disease contexts.
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Sim HJ, So HS, Poudel SB, Bhattarai G, Cho ES, Lee JC, Kook SH. Osteoblastic Wls Ablation Protects Mice from Total Body Irradiation-Induced Impairments in Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Aging Dis 2022; 14:919-936. [PMID: 37191410 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing irradiation (IR) causes bone marrow (BM) injury, with senescence and impaired self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and inhibiting Wnt signaling could enhance hematopoietic regeneration and survival against IR stress. However, the underlying mechanisms by which a Wnt signaling blockade modulates IR-mediated damage of BM HSCs and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are not yet completely understood. We investigated the effects of osteoblastic Wntless (Wls) depletion on total body irradiation (TBI, 5 Gy)-induced impairments in hematopoietic development, MSC function, and the BM microenvironment using conditional Wls knockout mutant mice (Col-Cre;Wlsfl/fl) and their littermate controls (Wlsfl/fl). Osteoblastic Wls ablation itself did not dysregulate BM frequency or hematopoietic development at a young age. Exposure to TBI at 4 weeks of age induced severe oxidative stress and senescence in the BM HSCs of Wlsfl/fl mice but not in those of the Col-Cre;Wlsfl/fl mice. TBI-exposed Wlsfl/fl mice exhibited greater impairments in hematopoietic development, colony formation, and long-term repopulation than TBI-exposed Col-Cre;Wlsfl/fl mice. Transplantation with BM HSCs or whole BM cells derived from the mutant, but not Wlsfl/fl mice, protected against HSC senescence and hematopoietic skewing toward myeloid cells and enhanced survival in recipients of lethal TBI (10 Gy). Unlike the Wlsfl/fl mice, the Col-Cre;Wlsfl/fl mice also showed radioprotection against TBI-mediated MSC senescence, bone mass loss, and delayed body growth. Our results indicate that osteoblastic Wls ablation renders BM-conserved stem cells resistant to TBI-mediated oxidative injuries. Overall, our findings show that inhibiting osteoblastic Wnt signaling promotes hematopoietic radioprotection and regeneration.
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Giovannini D, Andreola F, Spitalieri P, Krasnowska EK, Colini Baldeschi A, Rossi S, Sangiuolo F, Cozzolino M, Serafino A. Natriuretic peptides are neuroprotective on in vitro models of PD and promote dopaminergic differentiation of hiPSCs-derived neurons via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:330. [PMID: 34725335 PMCID: PMC8560781 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the efforts to develop new therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) have focused not only on the improvement of symptomatic therapy for motor and non-motor symptoms but also on the discovering of the potential causes of PD, in order to develop disease-modifying treatments. The emerging role of dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the onset and progression of PD, as well as of other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), renders the targeting of this signaling an attractive therapeutic opportunity for curing this brain disorder. The natriuretic peptides (NPs) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), are cardiac and vascular-derived hormones also widely expressed in mammalian CNS, where they seem to participate in numerous brain functions including neural development/differentiation and neuroprotection. We recently demonstrated that ANP affects the Wnt/β-catenin pathway possibly through a Frizzled receptor-mediated mechanism and that it acts as a neuroprotective agent in in vitro models of PD by upregulating this signaling. Here we provide further evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of this class of natriuretic hormones. Specifically, we demonstrate that all the three natriuretic peptides are neuroprotective for SHSY5Y cells and primary cultures of DA neurons from mouse brain, subjected to neurotoxin insult with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) for mimicking the neurodegeneration of PD, and these effects are associated with the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, ANP, BNP, CNP are able to improve and accelerate the dopaminergic differentiation and maturation of hiPSCs-derived neural population obtained from two differed healthy donors, concomitantly affecting the canonical Wnt signaling. Our results support the relevance of exogenous ANP, BNP, and CNP as attractive molecules for both neuroprotection and neurorepair in PD, and more in general, in NDs for which aberrant Wnt signaling seems to be the leading pathogenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giovannini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology-National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Andreola
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology-National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Spitalieri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetic Medicine Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology-National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetic Medicine Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology-National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology-National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Takam Kamga P, Bazzoni R, Dal Collo G, Cassaro A, Tanasi I, Russignan A, Tecchio C, Krampera M. The Role of Notch and Wnt Signaling in MSC Communication in Normal and Leukemic Bone Marrow Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:599276. [PMID: 33490067 PMCID: PMC7820188 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.599276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt signaling are highly conserved intercellular communication pathways involved in developmental processes, such as hematopoiesis. Even though data from literature support a role for these two pathways in both physiological hematopoiesis and leukemia, there are still many controversies concerning the nature of their contribution. Early studies, strengthened by findings from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), have focused their investigation on the mutations in genes encoding for components of the pathways, with limited results except for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in because in other leukemia the two pathways could be hyper-expressed without genetic abnormalities. As normal and malignant hematopoiesis require close and complex interactions between hematopoietic cells and specialized bone marrow (BM) niche cells, recent studies have focused on the role of Notch and Wnt signaling in the context of normal crosstalk between hematopoietic/leukemia cells and stromal components. Amongst the latter, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role as multipotent non-hematopoietic cells capable of giving rise to most of the BM niche stromal cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteocytes. Indeed, MSCs express and secrete a broad pattern of bioactive molecules, including Notch and Wnt molecules, that support all the phases of the hematopoiesis, including self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. Herein, we provide an overview on recent advances on the contribution of MSC-derived Notch and Wnt signaling to hematopoiesis and leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Takam Kamga
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- EA4340-BCOH, Biomarker in Cancerology and Onco-Haematology, UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Dal Collo
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriana Cassaro
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tanasi
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Russignan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Tecchio
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Zarrabi M, Afzal E, Asghari MH, Ebrahimi M. Combination of SB431542, Chir9901, and Bpv as a novel supplement in the culture of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 33168035 PMCID: PMC7650159 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small molecule compounds have been well recognized for their promising power in the generation, expansion, and maintenance of embryonic or adult stem cells. The aim of this study was to identify a novel combination of small molecules in order to optimize the ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells. Methods Considering the most important signaling pathways involved in the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, CB-CD34+ cells were expanded with cytokines in the presence of seven small molecules including SB, PD, Chir, Bpv, Pur, Pμ, and NAM. The eliminativism approach was used to find the best combination of selected small molecules for effective ex vivo expansion of CD34+ cell. In each step, proliferation, self-renewal, and clonogenic potential of the expanded cells as well as expression of some hematopoietic stem cell-related genes were studied. Finally, the engraftment potential of expanded cells was also examined by the mouse intra-uterine transplantation model. Results Our data shows that the simultaneous use of SB431542 (TGF-β inhibitor), Chir9901 (GSK3 inhibitor), and Bpv (PTEN inhibitor) resulted in a 50-fold increase in the number of CD34+CD38− cells. This was further reflected in approximately 3 times the increase in the clonogenic potential of the small molecule cocktail-expanded cells. These cells, also, showed a 1.5-fold higher engraftment potential in the peripheral blood of the NMRI model of in utero transplantation. These results are in total conformity with the upregulation of HOXB4, GATA2, and CD34 marker gene as well as the CXCR4 homing gene. Conclusion Taken together, our findings introduce a novel combination of small molecules to improve the yield of existing protocols used in the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Zarrabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, P.O. Box, Tehran, 19395-4644, Iran.,Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, Cord Blood Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Afzal
- Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, Cord Blood Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Asghari
- Animal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, P.O. Box, Tehran, 19395-4644, Iran.
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Sferrazza G, Corti M, Brusotti G, Pierimarchi P, Temporini C, Serafino A, Calleri E. Nature-derived compounds modulating Wnt/ β -catenin pathway: a preventive and therapeutic opportunity in neoplastic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1814-1834. [PMID: 33163337 PMCID: PMC7606110 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a conserved pathway that has a crucial role in embryonic and adult life. Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been associated with diseases including cancer, and components of the signaling have been proposed as innovative therapeutic targets, mainly for cancer therapy. The attention of the worldwide researchers paid to this issue is increasing, also in view of the therapeutic potential of these agents in diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), for which no cure is existing today. Much evidence indicates that abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in tumor immunology and the targeting of Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been also proposed as an attractive strategy to potentiate cancer immunotherapy. During the last decade, several products, including naturally occurring dietary agents as well as a wide variety of products from plant sources, including curcumin, quercetin, berberin, and ginsenosides, have been identified as potent modulators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and have gained interest as promising candidates for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic drugs for cancer. In this review we make an overview of the nature-derived compounds reported to have antitumor activity by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, also focusing on extraction methods, chemical features, and bio-activity assays used for the screening of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sferrazza
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome 03018, Italy
| | - Marco Corti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Gloria Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pierimarchi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome 03018, Italy
| | | | - Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome 03018, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
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11
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Ryk modulates the niche activity of mesenchymal stromal cells by fine-tuning canonical Wnt signaling. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1140-1151. [PMID: 32724069 PMCID: PMC8080773 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of modulating the intensity of Wnt signaling has been highlighted in various biological models, but their mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that Ryk—an atypical Wnt receptor with a pseudokinase domain—has a Wnt-modulating effect in bone marrow stromal cells to control hematopoiesis-supporting activities. We first found that Ryk is predominantly expressed in the mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of the bone marrow (BM) compared with hematopoietic cells. Downregulation of Ryk in MSCs decreased their clonogenic activity and ability to support self-renewing expansion of primitive hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs) in response to canonical Wnt ligands. In contrast, under high concentrations of Wnt, Ryk exerted suppressive effects on the transactivation of target genes and HPC-supporting effects in MSCs, thus fine-tuning the signaling intensity of Wnt in BM stromal cells. This ability of Ryk to modulate the HPC-supporting niche activity of MSCs was abrogated by induction of deletion mutants of Ryk lacking the intracellular domain or extracellular domain, indicating that the pseudokinase-containing intracellular domain mediates the Wnt-modulating effects in response to extracellular Wnt ligands. These findings indicate that the ability of the BM microenvironment to respond to extracellular signals and support hematopoiesis may be fine-tuned by Ryk via modulation of Wnt signaling intensity to coordinate hematopoietic activity. Steady production of immune and blood cells depends on a signaling protein that helps maintain stable stem cell populations within the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which give rise to blood cells, reside within a supportive “niche” surrounded by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), with extensive communication between the two populations. Researchers led by Il-Hoan Oh at The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, have now identified a mechanism that MSCs employ to stabilize the niche environment through fine-tuning the signaling intensity of Wnt. Oh and colleagues focused on a signaling pathway that controls the undifferentiated state of HSCs, and showed that these signals are specifically modulated by an MSC protein known as Ryk. Without Ryk, MSCs can no longer promote HSC proliferation. However, when these signals are excessively strong, Ryk helps suppress proliferation to keep HSC numbers under control.
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12
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Serafino A, Giovannini D, Rossi S, Cozzolino M. Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: recent approaches and current challenges. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:803-822. [PMID: 32281421 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1746266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway having a crucial role in embryonic and adult life. Specifically, the Wnt/β-catenin axis is pivotal to the development and homeostasis of the nervous system, and its dysregulation has been associated with various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this signaling pathway has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target against neurodegeneration. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's Diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The evidence showing that defects in the signaling might be involved in the development of these diseases, and the pharmacological approaches tested so far, are discussed. The possibilities that this pathway offers in terms of new therapeutic opportunities are also considered. EXPERT OPINION The increasing interest paid to the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the onset of neurodegenerative diseases demonstrates how targeting this signaling for therapeutic purposes could be a great opportunity for both neuroprotection and neurorepair. Without overlooking some licit concerns about drug safety and delivery to the brain, there is growing and more convincing evidence that restoring this signaling in neurodegenerative diseases may strongly increase the chance to develop disease-modifying treatments for these brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) , Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Giovannini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) , Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) , Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) , Rome, Italy
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13
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Han Q, Wang X, Liao X, Han C, Yu T, Yang C, Li G, Han B, Huang K, Zhu G, Liu Z, Zhou X, Su H, Shang L, Gong Y, Song X, Peng T, Ye X. Diagnostic and prognostic value of WNT family gene expression in hepatitis B virus‑related hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:895-910. [PMID: 31322232 PMCID: PMC6667889 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of Wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) gene family expression in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The clinical data of the patients and gene expression levels were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to investigate the diagnostic value of WNT genes. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to evaluate the association of WNT gene expression level with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). A nomogram was constructed for the prediction of prognosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Diagnostic receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that WNT2 had a high diagnostic value, with an area under the curve (AUC) of >0.800 (P<0.0001, AUC=0.810, 95% CI: 0.767–0.852). Survival analysis indicated that the expression level of WNT1 was significantly associated with OS and RFS (adjusted P=0.033, adjusted HR=0.607, 95% CI: 0.384–0.960; and adjusted P=0.007, adjusted HR=0.592, 95% CI: 0.404–0.868, respectively). In the TCGA validation cohort, we also observed that WNT2 was significantly differentially expressed between HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, and WNT1 was associated with both the OS and RFS of HCC. Therefore, through the GSE14520 HBV-related HCC cohort we concluded that WNT2 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker and WNT1 may serve as a prognostic biomarker. These results may also be extended to TCGA HCC verification cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Gong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Gland Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Yu S, Luo F, Jin LH. The Drosophila lymph gland is an ideal model for studying hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:60-69. [PMID: 29191551 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in Drosophila melanogaster occurs throughout the entire life cycle, from the embryo to adulthood. The healthy lymph gland, as a hematopoietic organ during the larval stage, can give rise to two mature types of hemocytes, plasmatocytes and crystal cells, which persist into the pupal and adult stages. Homeostasis of the lymph gland is tightly controlled by a series of conserved factors and signaling pathways, which also play key roles in mammalian hematopoiesis. Thus, revealing the hematopoietic mechanisms in Drosophila will advance our understanding of hematopoietic stem cells and their niche as well as leukemia in mammals. In addition, the lymph gland employs a battery of strategies to produce lamellocytes, another type of mature hemocyte, to fight against parasitic wasp eggs, making the lymph gland an important immunological organ. In this review, the developmental process of the lymph gland and the regulatory networks of hematopoiesis are summarized. Moreover, we outline the current knowledge and novel insight into homeostasis of the lymph gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Yu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangzhou Luo
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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15
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Paciejewska MM, Maijenburg MW, Gilissen C, Kleijer M, Vermeul K, Weijer K, Veltman JA, von Lindern M, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Different Balance of Wnt Signaling in Adult and Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 25:934-47. [PMID: 27154244 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are applied as novel therapeutics for their regenerative and immune-suppressive capacities. Clinical applications, however, require extensive expansion of MSCs. Fetal bone marrow-derived MSCs (FBMSCs) proliferate faster than adult bone marrow-derived MSC (ABMSCs). To optimize expansion and function of MSC in general, we explored the differences between ABMSC and FBMSC. Gene expression profiling implicated differential expression of genes encoding proteins in the Wnt signaling pathway, including excreted inhibitors of Wnt signaling, particularly by ABMSC. Both MSC types had a similar basal level of canonical Wnt signaling. Abrogation of autocrine Wnt production by inhibitor of Wnt production-2 (IWP2) reduced canonical Wnt signaling and cell proliferation of FBMSCs, but hardly affected ABMSC. Addition of exogenous Wnt3a, however, induced expression of the target genes lymphocyte enhancer-binding factor (LEF) and T-cell factor (TCF) faster and at lower Wnt3a levels in ABMSC compared to FBMSC. Medium replacement experiments indicated that ABMSC produce an inhibitor of Wnt signaling that is effective on ABMSC itself but not on FBMSC, whereas FBMSC excrete (Wnt) factors that stimulate proliferation of ABMSC. In contrast, FBMSC were not able to support hematopoiesis, whereas ABMSC displayed hematopoietic support sensitive to IWP2, the inhibitor of Wnt factor excretion. In conclusion, ABMSC and FBMSC differ in their Wnt signature. While FBMSC produced factors, including Wnt signals, that enhanced MSC proliferation, ABMSC produced Wnt factors in a setting that enhanced hematopoietic support. Thus, further unraveling the molecular basis of this phenomenon may lead to improvement of clinical expansion protocols of ABMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Paciejewska
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke W Maijenburg
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Kleijer
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Vermeul
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Weijer
- 4 Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,5 Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- 2 Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,5 Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Hussain M, Xu C, Lu M, Wu X, Tang L, Wu X. Wnt/β-catenin signaling links embryonic lung development and asthmatic airway remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3226-3242. [PMID: 28866134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic lung development requires reciprocal endodermal-mesodermal interactions; mediated by various signaling proteins. Wnt/β-catenin is a signaling protein that exhibits the pivotal role in lung development, injury and repair while aberrant expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling leads to asthmatic airway remodeling: characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle cells, alveolar and vascular damage goblet cells metaplasia, and deposition of extracellular matrix; resulting in decreased lung compliance and increased airway resistance. The substantial evidence suggests that Wnt/β-catenin signaling links embryonic lung development and asthmatic airway remodeling. Here, we summarized the recent advances related to the mechanistic role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in lung development, consequences of aberrant expression or deletion of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in expansion and progression of asthmatic airway remodeling, and linking early-impaired pulmonary development and airway remodeling later in life. Finally, we emphasized all possible recent potential therapeutic significance and future prospectives, that are adaptable for therapeutic intervention to treat asthmatic airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaddique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310058, China; The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310058, China.
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310058, China; The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310058, China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310006, China.
| | - Lanfang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310006, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310058, China; The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City 310058, China.
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17
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Yang CM, Ji S, Li Y, Fu LY, Jiang T, Meng FD. β-Catenin promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but induces apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:711-724. [PMID: 28260916 PMCID: PMC5328321 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s117933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin (CTNNB1 gene coding protein) is a component of the Wnt signaling pathway that has been shown to play an important role in the formation of certain cancers. Abnormal accumulation of CTNNB1 contributes to most cancers. This research studied the involvement of β-catenin in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis were analyzed by using Cell Counting Kit-8 and by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion assays were measured by transwell analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of CTNNB1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CXCR4, and CCL18 in RCC cell lines. It was found that CTNNB1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis of A-498 cells. CTNNB1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis of 786-O cells. Moreover, knockdown of CTNNB1 decreased the levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CXCR4, and CCL18 expression, but CTNNB1 overexpression increased the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CXCR4, and CCL18. Further in vivo tumor formation study in nude mice indicated that inhibition of CTNNB1 delayed the progress of tumor formation through inhibiting PCNA and Ki67 expression. These results indicate that CTNNB1 could act as an oncogene and may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-ming Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Shan Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shenyang
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-ye Fu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan-dong Meng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Miao Z, Zou J, Luo J. miR-22Inhibits CD34+Cell Expansion Through Decreasing β-Catenin in Osteoblasts. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:135-145. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanju Zhang
- Tianjin Central Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenchuan Miao
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Zou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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19
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Serafino A, Sferrazza G, Colini Baldeschi A, Nicotera G, Andreola F, Pittaluga E, Pierimarchi P. Developing drugs that target the Wnt pathway: recent approaches in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:169-186. [PMID: 27960558 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that has a crucial role in embryonic and adult life. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Several molecular components of the signaling have been proposed as innovative targets for cancer therapy, and very recently, some of them have been also evaluated as potential therapeutic targets for PD. Areas covered: This review focuses on the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the pathogenensis of cancer and PD, examining some recent therapeutic approaches that are ongoing in preclinical and clinical studies. The possibilities that this signaling offers for diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic diseases, and the concerns of targeting this pathway are also discussed. Expert opinion: Despite the stimulating results obtained in preclinical studies on cancer and other disease models, the clinical experience with Wnt modulators is still in its infancy, and is mainly restricted to anticancer therapy. Even with concerns of the safety of drugs targeting Wnt signaling, the attention of researchers worldwide is increasing to this issue in terms of their therapeutic potential for diseases such as PD, for which no cure exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalucia Serafino
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Gianluca Sferrazza
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Nicotera
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Federica Andreola
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Eugenia Pittaluga
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Pasquale Pierimarchi
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
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20
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Enhanced targeting of CML stem and progenitor cells by inhibition of porcupine acyltransferase in combination with TKI. Blood 2016; 129:1008-1020. [PMID: 28011678 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-714089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has limited efficacy against leukemia stem cells (LSC) responsible for disease propagation, and most CML patients require continued TKI treatment to maintain remission. LSC maintenance is related, at least in part, to signals from the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM). Our previous studies have shown that Wnt signaling from the BMM contributes to preservation of CML LSC following TKI treatment. Secretion of Wnt ligands requires their modification by the O-acyl transferase Porcupine (PORCN). Here we investigated the activity of a potent and selective PORCN inhibitor, WNT974, against CML stem and progenitor cells. WNT974 efficiently antagonized Wnt signaling in human CML CD34+ cells, and in combination with the TKI nilotinib (NIL) significantly enhanced inhibition of proliferation and colony-forming potential of CML stem and progenitor cells and reduced their growth in immunodeficient mice in vivo, in comparison with NIL alone. Treatment of transgenic CML mice in vivo with NIL in combination with WNT974 significantly reduced leukemic stem and progenitor cell numbers, reduced regeneration of leukemic long-term hematopoietic stem cells in secondary transplant recipients, and enhanced survival of mice after discontinuation of treatment, in comparison with NIL alone. CML progenitors demonstrated enhanced sensitivity to Wnt stimulation, associated with increased expression of the FZD4 receptor. FZD4 knockdown inhibited CML progenitor growth. These results support further investigation of PORCN targeting to inhibit Wnt secretion and signaling and enhance targeting of CML stem cells while sparing their normal counterparts.
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21
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Yu S, Li F, Xing S, Zhao T, Peng W, Xue HH. Hematopoietic and Leukemic Stem Cells Have Distinct Dependence on Tcf1 and Lef1 Transcription Factors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11148-60. [PMID: 27044748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells (HSCs and LSCs) have self-renewal ability to maintain normal hematopoiesis and leukemia propagation, respectively. Tcf1 and Lef1 transcription factors are expressed in HSCs, and targeting both factors modestly expanded the size of the HSC pool due to diminished HSC quiescence. Functional defects of Tcf1/Lef1-deficient HSCs in multi-lineage blood reconstitution was only evident under competitive conditions or when subjected to repeated regenerative stress. These are mechanistically due to direct positive regulation of Egr and Tcf3 by Tcf1 and Lef1, and significantly, forced expression of Egr1 in Tcf1/Lef1-deficient HSCs restored HSC quiescence. In a preclinical CML model, loss of Tcf1/Lef1 did not show strong impact on leukemia initiation and progression. However, when transplanted into secondary recipients, Tcf1/Lef1-deficient LSCs failed to propagate CML. By induced deletion of Tcf1 and Lef1 in pre-established CML, we further demonstrated an intrinsic requirement for these factors in LSC self-renewal. When combined with imatinib therapy, genetic targeting of Tcf1 and Lef1 potently diminished LSCs and conferred better protection to the CML recipients. LSCs are therefore more sensitive to loss of Tcf1 and Lef1 than HSCs in their self-renewal capacity. The differential requirements in HSCs and LSCs thus identify Tcf1 and Lef1 transcription factors as novel therapeutic targets in treating hematological malignancies, and inhibition of Tcf1/Lef1-regulated transcriptional programs may thus provide a therapeutic window to eliminate LSCs with minimal side effect on normal HSC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,
| | - Fengyin Li
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Shaojun Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Tianyan Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052, and
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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22
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Zhong Y, Katavolos P, Nguyen T, Lau T, Boggs J, Sambrone A, Kan D, Merchant M, Harstad E, Diaz D, Costa M, Schutten M. Tankyrase Inhibition Causes Reversible Intestinal Toxicity in Mice with a Therapeutic Index < 1. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:267-78. [PMID: 26692561 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315621192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling is frequently associated with colorectal cancer. Wnt inhibitors, including tankyrase inhibitors, are being explored as potential anticancer agents. Wnt signaling is also critical for intestinal tissue homeostasis, and Wnt inhibitors have been shown to cause intestinal toxicity in mice by affecting intestinal stem cells. This study sought to characterize the intestinal toxicity of tankyrase inhibitors, including reversibility, and to assess their therapeutic index. Novel tankyrase inhibitor G-631 caused dose-dependent intestinal toxicity with a therapeutic index < 1 after 14 days of dosing in mice. At a tolerated subtherapeutic dose level, the intestinal toxicity was composed of enteritis characterized by villus blunting, epithelial degeneration, and inflammation, which fully reversed after 14 days of recovery. Doubled exposure showed weak antitumor activity in a xenograft colorectal cancer model but also caused more severe intestinal toxicity characterized by multifocal-regionally extensive necrotizing and ulcerative enteritis leading to morbidity or moribundity in some animals. This toxicity was only partially reversed after 14 days of recovery, with evidence of crypt and villus regeneration, mildly blunted villi, and/or scarring in association with chronic inflammation of the submucosa. Therefore, the clinical utility of tankyrase inhibitors is likely limited by the on-target intestinal toxicity and a therapeutic index < 1 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Departments of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paula Katavolos
- Departments of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Departments of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ted Lau
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason Boggs
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Sambrone
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Kan
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Merchant
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric Harstad
- Departments of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Departments of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mike Costa
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa Schutten
- Departments of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Zhang X, Hao J. Development of anticancer agents targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2344-2360. [PMID: 26396911 PMCID: PMC4568771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays indispensable roles in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Abnormal regulation of this pathway is implicated in many types of cancer. Consequently, substantial efforts have made to develop therapeutic agents as anticancer drugs by specifically targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here we systematically review the potential therapeutic agents that have been developed to date for inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade as well as current status of clinical trials of some of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yan’an UniversityYan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health SciencesPomona, CA 91766, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health SciencesPomona, CA, 91766, USA
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24
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Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in development and disease. In this review we focus on the role of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in somatic stem cell biology and its critical role in tissue homeostasis. We present current knowledge how Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects tissue stem cell behavior in various organ systems, including the gut, mammary gland, the hematopoietic and nervous system. We discuss evidence that canonical Wnt signaling can both maintain potency and an undifferentiated state as well as cause differentiation in somatic stem cells, depending on the cellular and environmental context. Based on studies by our lab and others, we will attempt to explain the dichotomous behavior of this signaling pathway in determining cell fate decisions and put special emphasis on the interaction of β-catenin with two highly homologous co-activator proteins, CBP and p300, to shed light on the their differential role in the outcome of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, we review current knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer biology, particularly its pivotal role in the context of cancer stem cells. Finally, we discuss data demonstrating that small molecule modulators of the β-catenin/co-activator interaction can be used to shift the balance between undifferentiated proliferation and differentiation, which potentially presents a promising therapeutic approach to stem cell based disease mechanisms.
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Kim JA, Choi HK, Kim TM, Leem SH, Oh IH. Regulation of mesenchymal stromal cells through fine tuning of canonical Wnt signaling. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:356-68. [PMID: 25863444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively utilized for various cell therapeutic trials, but the signals regulating their stromal function remain largely unclear. Here, we show that canonical Wnt signals distinctively regulate MSCs in a biphasic manner depending on signal intensity, i.e., MSCs exhibit proliferation and progenitor self-renewal under low Wnt/β-catenin signaling, whereas they exhibit enhanced osteogenic differentiation with priming to osteoblast-like lineages under high Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, low or high levels of β-catenin in MSCs distinctly regulated the hematopoietic support of MSCs to promote proliferation or the undifferentiated state of hematopoietic progenitors, respectively. A gene expression study demonstrated that different intracellular levels of β-catenin in MSCs induce distinct transcriptomic changes in subsets of genes belonging to different gene function categories. Different β-catenin levels also induced differences in intracellular levels of the β-catenin co-factors, Tcf-1 and Lef-1. Moreover, nano-scale mass spectrometry of proteins that co-precipitated with β-catenin revealed distinctive spectra of proteins selectively interacting with β-catenin at specific expression levels. Together, these results show that Wnt/β-catenin signals can coax distinct transcription milieu to induce different transcription profiles in MSCs depending on the signal intensity and that fine-tuning of the canonical Wnt signaling intensity can regulate the phase-specific functionality of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Kim
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Choi
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Center for Cancer Evolution, Medical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Dept. of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, Republic of Korea.
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Influence of Bone Marrow Microenvironment on Leukemic Stem Cells: Breaking Up an Intimate Relationship. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 127:227-52. [PMID: 26093902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) plays a critical role in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintenance and regulation. There is increasing interest in the role of the BMM in promoting leukemia stem cell (LSC) maintenance, resistance to conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapies, and ultimately disease relapse. Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of how the BMM regulates quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation of LSC. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the crosstalk between the BMM and LSC, and the critical signaling pathways underlying these interactions. We also discuss potential approaches to exploit these observations to create novel strategies for targeting therapy-resistant LSC to achieve relapse-free survival in leukemic patients.
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Toscani D, Bolzoni M, Accardi F, Aversa F, Giuliani N. The osteoblastic niche in the context of multiple myeloma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1335:45-62. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Toscani
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Marina Bolzoni
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Fabrizio Accardi
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Franco Aversa
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Parma; Parma Italy
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Abstract
WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability and apoptosis, as well as by maintaining adult stem cells in a pluripotent state. Not surprisingly, aberrant regulation of this pathway is therefore associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration. Despite this knowledge, therapeutic agents specifically targeting the WNT pathway have only recently entered clinical trials and none has yet been approved. This Review examines the problems and potential solutions to this vexing situation and attempts to bring them into perspective.
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Kim YM, Kahn M. The role of the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer stem cells: prospects for drug development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:1-12. [PMID: 26566491 PMCID: PMC4640466 DOI: 10.2147/rrbc.s53823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor initiating cells are now considered to be the root cause of most if not all cancers, evading treatment and giving rise to disease relapse. They have become a central focus in new drug development. Prospective identification, understanding the key pathways that maintain CSCs, and being able to target CSCs, particularly if the normal stem cell population could be spared, could offer an incredible therapeutic advantage. The Wnt signaling cascade is critically important in stem cell biology, both in homeostatic maintenance of tissues and organs through their respective somatic stem cells and in the CSC/tumor initiating cell population. Aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with a wide array of tumor types. Therefore, the ability to safely target the Wnt signaling pathway offers enormous promise to target CSCs. However, just like the sword of Damocles, significant risks and concerns regarding targeting such a critical pathway in normal stem cell maintenance and tissue homeostasis remain ever present. With this in mind, we review recent efforts in modulating the Wnt signaling cascade and critically analyze therapeutic approaches at various stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mi Kim
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Morin-Poulard I, Louradour I, Vanzo N, Crozatier M. [The drosophila hematopoietic niche]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:76-81. [PMID: 24472463 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are required for both tissue renewal and repair in response to injury. The maintenance and function of stem cells is controlled by their specific cellular microenvironment called "niche". Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that give rise to all blood cell types have been extensively studied in mammals. Genetic and molecular analyses performed in mice identified several signaling pathways involved in the cellular communications between HSC and their niche. However, hematopoietic niche plasticity remains poorly understood. The discovery of a Drosophila hematopoietic niche, called PSC, established a new model to decipher the niche function in vivo. Size control of the PSC is essential to maintain hematopoietic tissue homeostasis and a molecular cascade controlling the PSC cell number has been characterized. Novel parallels between Drosophila and mammalian hematopoietic niches open new perspectives for studies of HSC biology in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Centre de biologie du développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Louradour
- Centre de biologie du développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- Centre de biologie du développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de biologie du développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Morotti A, Panuzzo C, Fava C, Saglio G. Kinase-inhibitor-insensitive cancer stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:287-99. [PMID: 24387320 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.867323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the translocation t(9;22), coding for the chimeric protein BCR-ABL. The development of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has dramatically revolutionized and improved CML therapy. However, TKI-based therapy faces a major challenge: the insensitivity of CML leukemic stem cells (LSCs) to TKIs. In particular, while CML progenitor cells and differentiated cells are oncogene addicted, BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase is dispensable for CML LSC survival and maintenance. Notably, in CML, additional cellular mechanisms promote LSC survival and maintenance, rendering these cells able to survive even in the presence of TKI and to eventually promote relapse. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on the mechanisms of LSC insensitivity to TKI and on the strategies to obtain synthetic lethality with combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Several pathways have been proposed to promote LSC maintenance and described as ideal targets to induce CML LSC exhaustion in combination with TKI. Ongoing clinical trials designed to target some of these pathways will assess which molecular target is relevant for in vivo human LSC survival in a new 'stem-cell targeting' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Morotti
- University Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Department of Oncology , Orbassano - Turin , Italy
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Liu W, Liu Y, Guo T, Hu C, Luo H, Zhang L, Shi S, Cai T, Ding Y, Jin Y. TCF3, a novel positive regulator of osteogenesis, plays a crucial role in miR-17 modulating the diverse effect of canonical Wnt signaling in different microenvironments. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e539. [PMID: 23492770 PMCID: PMC3613843 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways are a highly conserved pathway, which plays an important role from the embryonic development to bone formation. The effect of Wnt pathway on osteogenesis relies on their cellular environment and the expression of target genes. However, the molecular mechanism of that remains unclear. On the basis of the preliminary results, we observed the contrary effect of canonical Wnt signaling on osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in the different culture environment. Furthermore, we found that the expression level of miR-17 was also varied with the change in the culture environment. Therefore, we hypothesized that miR-17 and canonical Wnt signaling may have potential interactions, particularly the inner regulation relationship in different microenvironments. In this paper, we observed that canonical Wnt signaling promoted osteogenesis of PDLSCs in the fully culture medium, while inhibited it in the osteogenic differentiation medium. Interestingly, alteration in the expression level of endogenous miR-17 could partially reverse the different effect of canonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, the role of miR-17 was because of its target gene TCF3 (transcription factor 3), a key transcription factor of canonical Wnt pathway. Overexpression of TCF3 attenuated the effect of miR-17 on modulating canonical Wnt signaling. Finally, we elucidated that TCF3 enhanced osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In brief, the different level of miR-17 was the main cause of the different effect of canonical Wnt signaling, and TCF3 was the crucial node of miR-17–canonial Wnt signaling regulation loop. This understanding of microRNAs regulating signaling pathways in different microenvironments may pave the way for fine-tuning the process of osteogenesis in bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Cain CJ, Manilay JO. Hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions are regulated by Wnt antagonists: Comparisons and current controversies. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sugimura R, He XC, Venkatraman A, Arai F, Box A, Semerad C, Haug JS, Peng L, Zhong XB, Suda T, Li L. Noncanonical Wnt signaling maintains hematopoietic stem cells in the niche. Cell 2012; 150:351-65. [PMID: 22817897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is involved in self-renewal and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, the particular role of noncanonical Wnt signaling in regulating HSCs in vivo is largely unknown. Here, we show Flamingo (Fmi) and Frizzled (Fz) 8, members of noncanonical Wnt signaling, both express in and functionally maintain quiescent long-term HSCs. Fmi regulates Fz8 distribution at the interface between HSCs and N-cadherin(+) osteoblasts (N-cad(+)OBs that enrich osteoprogenitors) in the niche. We further found that N-cad(+)OBs predominantly express noncanonical Wnt ligands and inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling under homeostasis. Under stress, noncanonical Wnt signaling is attenuated and canonical Wnt signaling is enhanced in activation of HSCs. Mechanistically, noncanonical Wnt signaling mediated by Fz8 suppresses the Ca(2+)-NFAT- IFNγ pathway, directly or indirectly through the CDC42-CK1α complex and also antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling in HSCs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt signaling maintains quiescent long-term HSCs through Fmi and Fz8 interaction in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohichi Sugimura
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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35
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Size control of the Drosophila hematopoietic niche by bone morphogenetic protein signaling reveals parallels with mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3389-94. [PMID: 22331866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109407109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster larval hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland, is a model to study in vivo the function of the hematopoietic niche. A small cluster of cells in the lymph gland, the posterior signaling center (PSC), maintains the balance between hematopoietic progenitors (prohemocytes) and their differentiation into specialized blood cells (hemocytes). Here, we show that Decapentaplegic/bone morphogenetic protein (Dpp/BMP) signaling activity in PSC cells controls niche size. In the absence of BMP signaling, the number of PSC cells increases. Correlatively, no hemocytes differentiate. Controlling PSC size is, thus, essential for normal blood cell homeostasis. Activation of BMP signaling in the PSC requires expression of the Dally-like heparan-sulfate proteoglycan, under the control of the Collier/early B-cell factor (EBF) transcription factor. A Dpp > dpp autoregulatory loop maintains BMP signaling, which limits PSC cell proliferation by repressing the protooncogene dmyc. Dpp antagonizes activity of wingless (Wg)/Wnt signaling, which positively regulates the number of PSC cells via the control of Dmyc expression. Together, our data show that Collier controls hemocyte homeostasis via coordinate regulation of PSC cell number and PSC signaling to prohemocytes. In mouse, EBF2, BMP, and Wnt signaling in osteoblasts is required for the proper number of niche and hematopoietic stem cells. Our findings bring insights to niche size control and draw parallels between Drosophila and mammalian hematopoiesis.
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Lane SW, De Vita S, Alexander KA, Karaman R, Milsom MD, Dorrance AM, Purdon A, Louis L, Bouxsein ML, Williams DA. Rac signaling in osteoblastic cells is required for normal bone development but is dispensable for hematopoietic development. Blood 2012; 119:736-44. [PMID: 22123845 PMCID: PMC3265198 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-368753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) interact with osteoblastic, stromal, and vascular components of the BM hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) that are required for the maintenance of long-term self-renewal in vivo. Osteoblasts have been reported to be a critical cell type making up the HSC niche in vivo. Rac1 GTPase has been implicated in adhesion, spreading, and differentiation of osteoblast cell lines and is critical for HSC engraftment and retention. Recent data suggest a differential role of GTPases in endosteal/osteoblastic versus perivascular niche function. However, whether Rac signaling pathways are also necessary in the cell-extrinsic control of HSC function within the HM has not been examined. In the present study, genetic and inducible models of Rac deletion were used to demonstrate that Rac depletion causes impaired proliferation and induction of apoptosis in the OP9 cell line and in primary BM stromal cells. Deletion of Rac proteins caused reduced trabecular and cortical long bone growth in vivo. Surprisingly, HSC function and maintenance of hematopoiesis in vivo was preserved despite these substantial cell-extrinsic changes. These data have implications for therapeutic strategies to target Rac signaling in HSC mobilization and in the treatment of leukemia and provide clarification to our evolving concepts of HSC-HM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Lane
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Considerable information has accumulated about components of BM that regulate the survival, self-renewal, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In the present study, we investigated Wnt signaling and assessed its influence on human and murine hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) were placed on Wnt3a-transduced OP9 stromal cells. The proliferation and production of B cells, natural killer cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were blocked. In addition, some HSPC characteristics were maintained or re-acquired along with different lineage generation potentials. These responses did not result from direct effects of Wnt3a on HSPCs, but also required alterations in the OP9 cells. Microarray, PCR, and flow cytometric experiments revealed that OP9 cells acquired osteoblastic characteristics while down-regulating some features associated with mesenchymal stem cells, including the expression of angiopoietin 1, the c-Kit ligand, and VCAM-1. In contrast, the production of decorin, tenascins, and fibromodulin markedly increased. We found that at least 1 of these extracellular matrix components, decorin, is a regulator of hematopoiesis: upon addition of this proteoglycan to OP9 cocultures, decorin caused changes similar to those caused by Wnt3a. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cell numbers in the BM and spleen were elevated in decorin-knockout mice. These findings define one mechanism through which canonical Wnt signaling could shape niches supportive of hematopoiesis.
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38
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Symmetric division versus asymmetric division: a tale of two coactivators. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1745-63. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision for a stem cell to undergo a symmetric versus an asymmetric differentiation is probably the most critical cellular decision process in adults, as it probably underlies a large array of diseases, is associated with a decrease in tissue maintenance/homeostasis and the ability to repair properly, may mediate pathological processes such as cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration, and may be the underlying problem associated in general with aging. Interestingly and importantly, the decision to divide asymmetrically or symmetrically may be the major fundamental intrinsic difference between normal somatic stem and cancer stem cells. Based upon work done primarily in our laboratory over the past 10 years (both published and unpublished data), the article provides perspective on the critical importance of symmetric versus asymmetric divisions and the role of differential usage of the highly homologous coactivators Creb-binding protein (CBP) or p300 in the Wnt/catenin signaling cascade in stem cells and how they can be pharmacologically manipulated.
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Abstract
Adult stem cells are maintained in a quiescent state but are able to exit quiescence and rapidly expand and differentiate in response to stress. The quiescent state appears to be necessary for preserving the self-renewal of stem cells and is a critical factor in the resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Limited knowledge about quiescence mechanisms has prevented significant advances in targeting of drug-resistant quiescent CSCs populations in the clinic. Thus, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quiescence in adult stem cells is critical for the development of molecularly targeted therapies against quiescent CSCs in different cancers. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory mechanisms that control stem cell quiescence. It is now appreciated that the p53 gene plays a critical role in regulating stem cell quiescence. Other intrinsic regulatory mechanisms include the FoxO, HIF-1α, and NFATc1 transcription factors and signaling through ATM and mTOR. Extrinsic microenvironmental regulatory mechanisms include angiopoietin-1, TGF-β, bone morphogenic protein, thrombopoietin, N-cadherin, and integrin adhesion receptors; Wnt/β-catenin signaling; and osteopontin. In this article, we review current advances in understanding normal stem cell quiescence, their significance for CSC quiescence and drug resistance, and the potential clinical applications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Authors' Affiliation: Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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40
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Wnt4 enhances murine hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion through a planar cell polarity-like pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19279. [PMID: 21541287 PMCID: PMC3082562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the role of canonical (β-catenin-mediated) Wnt signaling in hematolymphopoiesis has been studied extensively, little is known of the potential importance of non-canonical Wnt signals in hematopoietic cells. Wnt4 is one of the Wnt proteins that can elicit non-canonical pathways. We have previously shown that retroviral overexpression of Wnt4 by hematopoietic cells increased thymic cellularity as well as the frequency of early thymic progenitors and bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). However, the molecular pathways responsible for its effect in HPCs are not known. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report that Wnt4 stimulation resulted in the activation of the small GTPase Rac1 as well as Jnk kinases in an HPC cell line. Jnk activity was necessary, while β-catenin was dispensable, for the Wnt4-mediated expansion of primary fetal liver HPCs in culture. Furthermore, Jnk2-deficient and Wnt4 hemizygous mice presented lower numbers of HPCs in their bone marrow, and Jnk2-deficient HPCs showed increased rates of apoptosis. Wnt4 also improved HPC activity in a competitive reconstitution model in a cell-autonomous, Jnk2-dependent manner. Lastly, we identified Fz6 as a receptor for Wnt4 in immature HPCs and showed that the absence of Wnt4 led to a decreased expression of four polarity complex genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results establish a functional role for non-canonical Wnt signaling in hematopoiesis through a pathway involving Wnt4, Fz6, Rac1 and Jnk kinases.
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41
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Li J. Quiescence regulators for hematopoietic stem cell. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:511-20. [PMID: 21288477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) either stays in quiescence or proliferates toward differentiation for the production of mature blood cells, or toward self-renewal for giving rise to itself. In order to both maintain a supply of mature blood cells and not exhaust HSCs throughout the lifetime of an individual, under steady state, most HSCs remain quiescent and only a small number enter the cell cycle. Quiescence of HSCs is not only critical for protecting the stem cell compartment and sustaining stem cell pools over long periods, but it is also critical for protecting stem cells by minimizing their accumulation of replication-associated mutations. The balance between quiescence and proliferation is tightly controlled by both HSC-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. In recent years, through reductionistic strategies, a wide variety of molecules or pathways critical for HSC quiescence regulation have been identified. This regulation network involves both positive and negative regulators. Understanding quiescence regulation in HSC is of great importance not only for understanding the physiological foundation of HSCs, but also for understanding the pathophysiological origins of many related disorders. In this article, I will briefly review the current advance in the quiescence regulators for the HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Li
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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42
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Siapati EK, Papadaki M, Kozaou Z, Rouka E, Michali E, Savvidou I, Gogos D, Kyriakou D, Anagnostopoulos NI, Vassilopoulos G. Proliferation and bone marrow engraftment of AML blasts is dependent on β-catenin signalling. Br J Haematol 2010; 152:164-74. [PMID: 21118196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B-catenin is the central effector molecule of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway, which controls self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Deregulation of this pathway occurs in various malignancies including myeloid leukaemias. The present study examined the functional outcome of stable β-catenin down-regulation through lentivirus-mediated expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Reduction of the β-catenin levels in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cell lines and patient samples decelerated their in vitro proliferation ability without affecting cell viability. Transplantation of leukaemic cells with control or reduced levels of β-catenin in non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient animals indicated that, while the immediate homing of the cells was unaffected, the bone marrow engraftment was directly dependent on β-catenin levels. Subsequent examination of bone sections revealed that β-catenin was implicated in the localization of AML to the endosteum. Examination of adhesion molecule expression before and after transplantation, revealed down-regulation of CD44 expression, accompanied by reduced in vitro adhesion. Gene expression analysis disclosed the presence of an autocrine compensatory mechanism, which responds to the reduced β-catenin levels by altering the expression of positive and negative pathway regulators. In conclusion, our study showed that β-catenin comprises an integral part of AML cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and adhesion, and influences disease establishment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Siapati
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece.
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43
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Oh IH, Kwon KR. Concise review: multiple niches for hematopoietic stem cell regulations. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1243-9. [PMID: 20517982 DOI: 10.1002/stem.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of stem cell niches in bone marrow (BM), endosteal osteoblastic, and vascular niches are involved in the microenvironmental regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Recently, redundant features of the two niches were identified, based on their common cellular origins or chemical mediators being produced in each niche. In contrast, studies have also revealed that HSCs are localized differentially in the niches with respect to their distinct functional status, and that the biological activity of each niche is differentially influenced by extrinsic conditions. An important question is, therefore, whether these two niches play distinct roles in regulating HSCs and whether they respond differentially to environmental stimuli/stress for "compartmentalized" niche organization in BM. In this review, recent discoveries related to the characteristics of each type of niche and their common or unique features are discussed, along with the possibility of multiniche regulation of HSCs in BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hoan Oh
- The Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kieslinger M, Hiechinger S, Dobreva G, Consalez GG, Grosschedl R. Early B Cell Factor 2 Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis in a Cell-Nonautonomous Manner. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 7:496-507. [PMID: 20887955 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lam SP, Luk JM, Man K, Ng KTP, Cheung CK, Rose-John S, Lo CM. Activation of interleukin-6-induced glycoprotein 130/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in mesenchymal stem cells enhances hepatic differentiation, proliferation, and liver regeneration. Liver Transpl 2010; 16:1195-206. [PMID: 20879018 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist in all living species and are capable of differentiating into different types of specific cells. In this study, we demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness of rat MSC transplantation in D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute liver injury and identified the novel pathways which are involved in hepatic differentiation of MSCs. In vivo, intraportal transplantation with 5 × 10(6) MSCs at 24 hours after GalN administration resulted in significant reduction in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin compared to the control group. Engrafted MSCs actively proliferated, differentiated, and further enhanced hepatocyte proliferation activity. In vitro, coculture of MSCs with GalN-induced injured hepatocytes showed efficient differentiation and was evidenced by progressive increase in messenger RNA levels of hepatic markers, including albumin, α-fetoprotein, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein α, α-1-antitryspin, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-3β. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that these cells were positive for albumin, α-fetoprotein, and cytokeratin 18, but not clusters of differentiation 34, cytokeratin 19, or OV6. During hepatic differentiation, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling were constantly activated, and a gradual down-regulation of β-catenin expression in messenger RNA and protein levels was detected. Hyper-interleukin-6 fusion protein but not interleukin-6 (IL-6) alone caused reduction in β-catenin expression associated with the up-regulation of Wnt-5a in MSCs via activating the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)-mediated STAT3 signaling pathway, which indicates the operation of the trans-signaling mechanism. Activation of IL-6/gp130-mediated STAT3 signaling pathway in MSCs triggered wound healing, cell migration, and proliferation. In conclusion, transplantation of MSCs promotes cell proliferation and organ repair, and activation of IL-6/gp130-mediated STAT3 signaling pathway via soluble IL-6 receptor is crucial in hepatic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk Pik Lam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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The Wnt signaling pathway in cellular proliferation and differentiation: A tale of two coactivators. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1149-55. [PMID: 20920541 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways play divergent roles during development, normal homeostasis and disease. The responses that result from the activation of the pathway control both proliferation and differentiation. Tight regulation and controlled coordination of the Wnt signaling cascade is required to maintain the balance between proliferation and differentiation. The non-redundant roles of the coactivator proteins CBP and p300, within the context of Wnt signaling are discussed. We highlight their roles as integrators of the various inputs that a cell receives to elicit the correct and coordinated response. We propose that essentially all cellular information - i.e. from other signaling pathways, nutrient levels, etc. - is funneled down into a choice of coactivators usage, either CBP or p300, by their interacting partner beta-catenin (or catenin-like molecules in the absence of beta-catenin) to make the critical decision to either remain quiescent, or once entering cycle to proliferate without differentiation or to initiate the differentiation process.
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Oh IH. Microenvironmental targeting of Wnt/β-catenin signals for hematopoietic stem cell regulation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1315-29. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.504705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Milani R, Ferreira CV, Granjeiro JM, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Silva RA, Justo GZ, Nader HB, Galembeck E, Peppelenbosch MP, Aoyama H, Zambuzzi WF. Phosphoproteome reveals an atlas of protein signaling networks during osteoblast adhesion. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:957-66. [PMID: 20127719 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion on surfaces is a fundamental process in the emerging biomaterials field and developmental events as well. However, the mechanisms regulating this biological process in osteoblasts are not fully understood. Reversible phosphorylation catalyzed by kinases is probably the most important regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. Therefore, the goal of this study is to assess osteoblast adhesion through a molecular prism under a peptide array technology, revealing essential signaling proteins governing adhesion-related events. First, we showed that there are main morphological changes on osteoblast shape during adhesion up to 3 h. Second, besides classical proteins activated upon integrin activation, our results showed a novel network involving signaling proteins such as Rap1A, PKA, PKC, and GSK3beta during osteoblast adhesion on polystyrene. Third, these proteins were grouped in different signaling cascades including focal adhesion establishment, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and cell-cycle arrest. We have thus provided evidence that a global phosphorylation screening is able to yield a systems-oriented look at osteoblast adhesion, providing new insights for understanding of bone formation and improvement of cell-substratum interactions. Altogether, these statements are necessary means for further intervention and development of new approaches for the progress of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Milani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ahn JY, Park G, Shim JS, Lee JW, Oh IH. Intramarrow injection of beta-catenin-activated, but not naive mesenchymal stromal cells stimulates self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:122-31. [PMID: 20054234 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.2.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been implicated in the microenvironmental support of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and often co-transplanted with HSCs to facilitate recovery of ablated bone marrows. However, the precise effect of transplanted MSCs on HSC regeneration remains unclear because the kinetics of HSC self-renewal in vivo after co-transplantation has not been monitored. In this study, we examined the effects of intrafemoral injection of MSCs on HSC self-renewal in rigorous competitive repopulating unit (CRU) assays using congenic transplantation models in which stromal progenitors (CFU-F) were ablated by irradiation. Interestingly, naïve MSCs injected into femur contributed to the reconstitution of a stromal niche in the ablated bone marrows, but did not exert a stimulatory effect on the in-vivo self-renewal of co-transplanted HSCs regardless of the transplantation methods. In contrast, HSC self-renewal was four-fold higher in bone marrows intrafemorally injected with beta-catenin-activated MSCs. These results reveal that naive MSCs lack a stimulatory effect on HSC self-renewal in-vivo and that stroma must be activated during recoveries of bone marrows. Stromal targeting of wnt/beta-catenin signals may be a strategy to activate such a stem cell niche for efficient regeneration of bone marrow HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Ahn
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Department of Cellular Medicine, Seoul 137-040, Korea
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Yadav S, Shi Y, Wang F, Wang H. Arsenite induces apoptosis in human mesenchymal stem cells by altering Bcl-2 family proteins and by activating intrinsic pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:263-72. [PMID: 20083129 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental exposure to arsenic is an important public health issue. The effects of arsenic on different tissues and organs have been intensively studied. However, the effects of arsenic on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have not been reported. This study is designed to investigate the cell death process caused by arsenite and its related underlying mechanisms on MSCs. The rationale is that absorbed arsenic in the blood circulation can reach to the bone marrow and may affect the cell survival of MSCs. METHODS MSCs of passage 1 were purchased from Tulane University, grown till 70% confluency level and plated according to the experimental requirements followed by treatment with arsenite at various concentrations and time points. Arsenite (iAs(III)) induced cytotoxic effects were confirmed by cell viability and cell cycle analysis. For the presence of canonic apoptosis markers; DNA damage, exposure of intramembrane phosphotidylserine, protein and m-RNA expression levels were analyzed. RESULTS iAs(III) induced growth inhibition, G2-M arrest and apoptotic cell death in MSCs, the apoptosis induced by iAs(III) in the cultured MSCs was, via altering Bcl-2 family proteins and by involving intrinsic pathway. CONCLUSION iAs(III) can induce apoptosis in bone marrow-derived MSCs via Bcl-2 family proteins, regulating intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Due to the multipotency of MSC, acting as progenitor cells for a variety of connective tissues including bone, adipose, cartilage and muscle, these effects of arsenic may be important in assessing the health risk of the arsenic compounds and understanding the mechanisms of arsenic-induced harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Yadav
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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