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Porta M, Amione C, Barutta F, Fornengo P, Merlo S, Gruden G, Albano L, Ciccarelli M, Ungaro P, Durazzo M, Beguinot F, Berchialla P, Cavallo F, Trento M. The co-activator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) gene is overexpressed in type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2019; 63:284-292. [PMID: 30173329 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the expression of a panel of epigenetic enzymes catalyzing histone tails post-transcriptional modifications, together with effectors of metabolic and inflammatory alterations, in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Cross-sectional, case-control study of 21 people with type 2 diabetes and 21 matched controls. Total RNA was extracted from white cells and reverse transcribed. PCR primer assays for 84 key genes encoding enzymes known to modify genomic DNA and histones were performed. Western blot was performed on lysates using primary antibodies for abnormally expressed enzymes. Hormones and cytokines were measured by multiplex kits. A Bayesian network was built to investigate the relationships between epigenetic, cytokine, and endocrine variables. RESULTS Co-activator-associated aRginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) expression showed a five-fold higher median value, matched by higher protein levels, among patients who also had increased GIP, IL-4, IL-7, IL-13, IL-17, FGF basic, G-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNFα and decreased IP-10. In a Bayesian network approach, CARM1 expression showed a conditional dependence on diabetes, but was independent of all other variables nor appeared to influence any. CONCLUSIONS Increased CARM1 expression in type 2 diabetes suggests that epigenetic mechanisms are altered in human diabetes. The impact of lifestyle and pharmacological treatment on regulation of this enzyme should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Porta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Cristina Amione
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Barutta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornengo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Merlo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gruden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Albano
- National Research Council, URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Ciccarelli
- National Research Council, URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Ungaro
- National Research Council, URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Durazzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- National Research Council, URT of the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Oncology "G. Salvatore", Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Cavallo
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marina Trento
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Downregulation of macrophage Irs2 by hyperinsulinemia impairs IL-4-indeuced M2a-subtype macrophage activation in obesity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4863. [PMID: 30451856 PMCID: PMC6242852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
M2a-subtype macrophage activation is known to be impaired in obesity, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that, the IL-4/Irs2/Akt pathway is selectively impaired, along with decreased macrophage Irs2 expression, although IL-4/STAT6 pathway is maintained. Indeed, myeloid cell-specific Irs2-deficient mice show impairment of IL-4-induced M2a-subtype macrophage activation, as a result of stabilization of the FoxO1/HDAC3/NCoR1 corepressor complex, resulting in insulin resistance under the HF diet condition. Moreover, the reduction of macrophage Irs2 expression is mediated by hyperinsulinemia via the insulin receptor (IR). In myeloid cell-specific IR-deficient mice, the IL-4/Irs2 pathway is preserved in the macrophages, which results in a reduced degree of insulin resistance, because of the lack of IR-mediated downregulation of Irs2. We conclude that downregulation of Irs2 in macrophages caused by hyperinsulinemia is responsible for systemic insulin resistance via impairment of M2a-subtype macrophage activation in obesity. Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. Here the authors show that the activation of anti-inflammatory M2a-subtype macrophages requires the IL4/Irs2/Akt pathway. Due to decreased Irs2 expression this pathway is impaired in obese mice thus leading to a defect in M2a activation.
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Vikram A, Jena GB, Ramarao P. Increased cell proliferation and contractility of prostate in insulin resistant rats: linking hyperinsulinemia with benign prostate hyperplasia. Prostate 2010; 70:79-89. [PMID: 19790233 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, dyslipidemia, Hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance (IR) are key features of metabolic syndrome and are considered as risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as well as type 2 diabetes. The present study was aimed to determine whether or not IR associated hyperinsulinemia contributes to the BPH. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (9 weeks) were used in the study. Rats were kept on high fat diet (HFD) for the induction of hyperinsulinemia while hypoinsulinemia was induced by streptozotocin. Effect of HFD feeding on the testosterone-induced prostatic growth was evaluated. Pioglitazone (PG, 20 mg/kg) was used for the reversal of compensatory hyperinsulinemia and to examine the subsequent effect on the prostatic growth. RESULTS Prostatic enlargement was observed in the HFD-fed rats. Significant increase in the cell proliferation markers confirmed the occurrence of cellular hyperplasia in the prostate of hyperinsulinemic rat. Enhanced alpha-adrenoceptor mediated contraction in the prostate of HFD-fed rats indicates augmented contractility of the gland. Higher level of phosphorylated-ERK suggests enhanced MEK/ERK signaling. HFD feeding has not led to change in the plasma testosterone level. However, testosterone treatment further augmented the prostatic growth in HFD-fed rats. PG treatment led to improved insulin sensitivity, decreased plasma insulin level and prostate weight, indicating the role of compensatory hyperinsulinemia in the prostate growth. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation reports that HFD-feeding induced hyperinsulinemic condition leads to increased cellular proliferation, enhanced alpha-adrenoceptor mediated contraction, and enlargement of the prostate in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vikram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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O'Shea JJ, Johnston JA, Kehrl J, Koretzky G, Samelson LE. Key molecules involved in receptor-mediated lymphocyte activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 11:Unit 11.9A. [PMID: 18432708 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1109as44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This unit, along with Unit 11.9B, provides a summary of our current knowledge about various signaling pathways critical to the function of immune cells. Here, our understanding of T cell receptor (TCR)- and B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling is summarized. A schematic representation of immunologically relevant cytokine receptors and the Janus Family Kinases (JAKs) that is activated through these receptors is provided, along with details about molecules involved in interleukin 2 mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J O'Shea
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Michels C, Goyal P, Nieuwenhuizen N, Brombacher F. Infection with Syphacia obvelata (pinworm) induces protective Th2 immune responses and influences ovalbumin-induced allergic reactions. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5926-32. [PMID: 16988272 PMCID: PMC1594938 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00207-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with pinworms are common in rodent animal facilities. In this study, we show the consequence of an outbreak in a transgenic barrier facility of infection by Syphacia obvelata, a murine pinworm gastrointestinal nematode. Immune responses were defined in experimental infection studies with BALB/c mice. Infection with S. obvelata induced a transient Th2-type immune response with elevated interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 cytokine production and parasite-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). In contrast, BALB/c mice deficient in IL-13, IL-4/13, or the IL-4 receptor alpha chain showed chronic disease, with a >100-fold higher parasite burden, increased gamma interferon production, parasite-specific IgG2b, and a default Th2 response. Interestingly, infected IL-4-/- BALB/c mice showed only slightly elevated parasite burdens compared to the control mice, suggesting that IL-13 plays the dominant role in the control of S. obvelata. The influence that pinworm infection has on the allergic response to a dietary antigen was found to be important. Helminth-infected mice immunized against ovalbumin (Ova) elicited more severe anaphylactic shock with reduced Ova-specific IL-4 and IL-5 than did noninfected controls, demonstrating that S. obvelata infection is able to influence nonrelated laboratory experiments. The latter outcome highlights the importance of maintaining mice for use as experimental models under pinworm-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney Michels
- Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Maher FO, Clarke RM, Kelly A, Nally RE, Lynch MA. Interaction between interferon ? and insulin-like growth factor-1 in hippocampus impacts on the ability of rats to sustain long-term potentiation. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1560-71. [PMID: 16464236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence to suggest that inflammation significantly contributes to neurodegenerative changes. Consistent with this is the observation that several neurodegenerative disorders are accompanied by an increase in the concentration of interleukin (IL)-1beta. IL-1beta has a negative impact on synaptic plasticity and therefore an increased concentration of IL-1beta, such as that in the hippocampus of the aged rat, is associated with a deficit in long-term potentiation (LTP). IL-1beta is derived mainly from activated microglia but the trigger leading to this activation, specifically in the aged brain, remains to be identified. Here we examined the possibility that interferon (IFN)gamma may stimulate microglial activation and increase IL-1beta concentration, thereby inhibiting LTP. The IFNgamma concentration was increased in hippocampus prepared from aged, compared with young, rats and inversely correlated with the ability of rats to sustain LTP. Intracerebroventricular injection of IFNgamma inhibited LTP, and increased microglial activation was observed in both IFNgamma-injected and aged rats. The age-related increase in IFNgamma was accompanied by a decrease in the hippocampal concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. The evidence presented suggests that IGF-1 acts to antagonize the IFNgamma-induced microglial activation, the accompanying increase in IL-1beta concentration and the consequent deficit in LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank O Maher
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Physiology Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Møller LN, Stidsen CE, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Somatostatin receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2003; 1616:1-84. [PMID: 14507421 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1972, Brazeau et al. isolated somatostatin (somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, SRIF), a cyclic polypeptide with two biologically active isoforms (SRIF-14 and SRIF-28). This event prompted the successful quest for SRIF receptors. Then, nearly a quarter of a century later, it was announced that a neuropeptide, to be named cortistatin (CST), had been cloned, bearing strong resemblance to SRIF. Evidence of special CST receptors never emerged, however. CST rather competed with both SRIF isoforms for specific receptor binding. And binding to the known subtypes with affinities in the nanomolar range, it has therefore been acknowledged to be a third endogenous ligand at SRIF receptors. This review goes through mechanisms of signal transduction, pharmacology, and anatomical distribution of SRIF receptors. Structurally, SRIF receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled (GPC) receptors, sharing the characteristic seven-transmembrane-segment (STMS) topography. Years of intensive research have resulted in cloning of five receptor subtypes (sst(1)-sst(5)), one of which is represented by two splice variants (sst(2A) and sst(2B)). The individual subtypes, functionally coupled to the effectors of signal transduction, are differentially expressed throughout the mammalian organism, with corresponding differences in physiological impact. It is evident that receptor function, from a physiological point of view, cannot simply be reduced to the accumulated operations of individual receptors. Far from being isolated functional units, receptors co-operate. The total receptor apparatus of individual cell types is composed of different-ligand receptors (e.g. SRIF and non-SRIF receptors) and co-expressed receptor subtypes (e.g. sst(2) and sst(5) receptors) in characteristic proportions. In other words, levels of individual receptor subtypes are highly cell-specific and vary with the co-expression of different-ligand receptors. However, the question is how to quantify the relative contributions of individual receptor subtypes to the integration of transduced signals, ultimately the result of collective receptor activity. The generation of knock-out (KO) mice, intended as a means to define the contributions made by individual receptor subtypes, necessarily marks but an approximation. Furthermore, we must now take into account the stunning complexity of receptor co-operation indicated by the observation of receptor homo- and heterodimerisation, let alone oligomerisation. Theoretically, this phenomenon adds a novel series of functional megareceptors/super-receptors, with varied pharmacological profiles, to the catalogue of monomeric receptor subtypes isolated and cloned in the past. SRIF analogues include both peptides and non-peptides, receptor agonists and antagonists. Relatively long half lives, as compared to those of the endogenous ligands, have been paramount from the outset. Motivated by theoretical puzzles or the shortcomings of present-day diagnostics and therapy, investigators have also aimed to produce subtype-selective analogues. Several have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Neisig Møller
- Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mora AL, Stephenson LM, Enerson B, Youn J, Keegan AD, Boothby M. New programming of IL-4 receptor signal transduction in activated T cells: Stat6 induction and Th2 differentiation mediated by IL-4Ralpha lacking cytoplasmic tyrosines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1891-900. [PMID: 12902491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the IL-4 receptor alpha-chain (IL-4Ralpha) is a key determinant of the development of the Th2 lineage of effector T cells. Studies performed in tissue culture cell lines have indicated that tyrosines of the IL-4Ralpha cytoplasmic tail are necessary for the induction of Stat6, a transcription factor required for Th2 differentiation. Surprisingly, we have found that in activated T cells, IL-4Ralpha chains lacking all cytoplasmic tyrosines promote induction of this IL-4-specific transcription factor and efficient commitment to the Th2 lineage. Mutagenesis of a tyrosine-free cytoplasmic tail identifies a requirement for the serine-rich ID-1 region in this new program of IL-4R signal transduction observed in activated T cells. Additional findings suggest that an extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway can be necessary and sufficient for the ability of such tyrosine-free IL-4Ralpha chains to mediate Stat6 induction. These results provide novel evidence that the molecular mechanisms by which a cytokine specifically induces a Stat transcription factor can depend on the activation state of T lymphoid cells. Furthermore, the data suggest that one pathway by which such new programming may be achieved is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Fragments/deficiency
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Protein Subunits/deficiency
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Tyrosine/deficiency
- Tyrosine/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Mora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Mora A, Youn J, Keegan A, Boothby M. NF-kappa B/Rel participation in the lymphokine-dependent proliferation of T lymphoid cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2218-27. [PMID: 11160275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative responses of lymphoid cells to IL-2 and IL-4 depend on activation of the cells, but the mechanism(s) by which activation enhances cellular competence to respond to cytokines is not fully understood. The NF-kappaB/Rel family represents one signal transduction pathway induced during such activation. We show in this study that inhibition of NF-kappaB through the expression of an IkappaBalpha (inhibitory protein that dissociates from NF-kappaB) mutant refractory to signal-induced degradation (IkappaBalpha(DeltaN)) interfered with the acquisition of competence to proliferate in response to IL-4 as well as IL-2. Thymocytes and T cells from IkappaBalpha(DeltaN) transgenic mice expressed normal levels of IL-2R subunits. However, transgenic cells exhibited a dramatic defect in Stat5A activation treatment with IL-2, and a similar defect was observed for IL-4-induced Stat5. In contrast, T lymphoid cells with inhibition of NF-kappaB showed normal insulin receptor substrate-2 phosphorylation and only a modest decrease in Stat6 activation and insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation after IL-4 stimulation. These results indicate that the NF-kappaB/Rel/IkappaBalpha system can regulate cytokine receptor capacitation through effects on the induction of downstream signaling by the Stat transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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10
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Qu BH, Karas M, Koval A, LeRoith D. Insulin receptor substrate-4 enhances insulin-like growth factor-I-induced cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:31179-84. [PMID: 10531310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.44.31179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor substrates (IRSs)-1-4 play important roles in signal transduction emanating from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors. IRS-4 is the most recently characterized member, which has been found primarily in human cells and tissues. It interacts with SH2-containing proteins such as phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K), Grb2, Crk-II, and CrkL. In this study, we transfected IRS-4 in mouse NIH-3T3 cells that overexpress IGF-I receptors. Clones expressing IRS-4 showed enhanced cellular proliferation when cells were cultured in 1% fetal bovine serum without added IGF-I. Addition of IGF-I enhanced cellular proliferation in cells overexpressing the IGF-I receptor alone but had an even greater proliferative effect in cells overexpressing both the IGF-I receptors and IRS-4. When etoposide and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), both DNA damaging agents, were added to the cells, they uniformly induced cell cycle arrest. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated that the arrest of the cell cycle occurred at the G(1) checkpoint, and furthermore no significant degree of apoptosis was demonstrated with the use of either agent. In cells, overexpressing IGF-I receptors alone, IGF-I addition enhanced cellular proliferation, even in the presence of etoposide and MMS. In cells overexpressing IGF-I receptors and IRS-4, the effect of IGF-I in overcoming the cell cycle arrest was even more pronounced. These results suggest that IRS-4 is implicated in the IGF-I receptor mitogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Qu
- Section on Molecular Physiology, CEB/NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1758, USA
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11
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Mirmonsef P, Shelburne CP, Fitzhugh Yeatman C, Chong HJ, Ryan JJ. Inhibition of Kit Expression by IL-4 and IL-10 in Murine Mast Cells: Role of STAT6 and Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The c-kit protooncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is known to play a critical role in hemopoiesis and is essential for mast cell growth, differentiation, and cytokine production. Studies have shown that the Th2 cytokine IL-4 can down-regulate Kit expression on human and murine mast cells, but the mechanism of this down-regulation has remained unresolved. Using mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, we demonstrate that IL-4-mediated Kit down-regulation requires STAT6 expression and phosphotidylinositide-3′-kinase activation. We also find that the Th2 cytokine IL-10 potently down-regulates Kit expression. IL-4 enhances IL-10-mediated inhibition in a manner that is STAT6 independent and phosphotidylinositide-3′-kinase dependent. Both IL-4- and IL-10-mediated Kit down-regulation were coupled with little or no change in c-kit mRNA levels, no significant change in Kit protein stability, but decreased total Kit protein expression. Inhibition of Kit expression by IL-4 and IL-10 resulted in a loss of Kit-mediated signaling, as evidenced by reduced IL-13 and TNF-α mRNA induction after stem cell factor stimulation. These data offer a role for STAT6 and phosphotidylinositide-3′-kinase in IL-4-mediated Kit down-regulation, coupled with the novel observation that IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of Kit expression and function. Regulating Kit expression and signaling may be essential to controlling mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Mirmonsef
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | | | - Hey Jin Chong
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - John J. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
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Soon L, Flechner L, Gutkind JS, Wang LH, Baserga R, Pierce JH, Li W. Insulin-like growth factor I synergizes with interleukin 4 for hematopoietic cell proliferation independent of insulin receptor substrate expression. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:3816-28. [PMID: 10207105 PMCID: PMC84225 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.5.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the potential role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) in cell proliferation by overexpressing it in 32D myeloid progenitor cells. The overexpression of IGF-IR caused the transfectants to proliferate in response to IGF-I in the absence of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) expression. The activation of overexpressed wild-type IGF-IR, but not that of an ATP-binding mutant of IGF-IR, resulted in the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins, including SHC, Src homology 2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase, protein kinase C-delta, and Erk2. Grb2 association with SHC and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was also enhanced in response to IGF-I stimulation. Interestingly, the stimulation of the IGF-IR transfectants with interleukin 4 (IL-4) also resulted in strong mitogenesis independent of IRS expression. Moreover, IGF-I and/or IL-4 induced long-term cell growth of the IGF-IR transfectants. IL-4 was able to synergize with IGF-I for DNA synthesis, even in the parental 32D cells and a pro-B-cell line, Baf3, indicating the physiological importance of the two growth factors in hematopoietic cell proliferation. IL-4 stimulation of the IGF-IR transfectants resulted in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC, Erk2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) proteins. Both IL-4 and IGF-I were able to induce c-myc early response gene expression, and this expression was maximal in the presence of both factors. Finally, we demonstrated that a MAPK kinase inhibitor was able to suppress mitogenesis of the IGF-IR transfectants in response to IGF-I and/or IL-4. Together, our results suggest that IL-4 synergizes with IGF-I for hematopoietic cell proliferation, likely through cross talk between SHC/Grb2/MAPK and STAT6 pathways and through c-myc gene up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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13
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Ahmad F, Gao G, Wang LM, Landstrom TR, Degerman E, Pierce JH, Manganiello VC. IL-3 and IL-4 Activate Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases 3 (PDE3) and 4 (PDE4) by Different Mechanisms in FDCP2 Myeloid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In FDCP2 myeloid cells, IL-4 activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases PDE3 and PDE4, whereas IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and phorbol ester (PMA) selectively activated PDE4. IL-4 (not IL-3 or GM-CSF) induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin-receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). TNF-α, AG-490 (Janus kinase inhibitor), and wortmannin (PI3-K inhibitor) inhibited activation of PDE3 and PDE4 by IL-4. TNF-α also blocked IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2, but not of STAT6. AG-490 and wortmannin, not TNF-α, inhibited activation of PDE4 by IL-3. These results suggested that IL-4-induced activation of PDE3 and PDE4 was downstream of IRS-2/PI3-K, not STAT6, and that inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS molecules might be one mechnism whereby TNF-α could selectively regulate activities of cytokines that utilized IRS proteins as signal transducers. RO31-7549 (protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor) inhibited activation of PDE4 by PMA. IL-4, IL-3, and GM-CSF activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and protein kinase B via PI3-K signals; PMA activated only MAP kinase via PKC signals. The MAP kinase kinase (MEK-1) inhibitor PD98059 inhibited IL-4-, IL-3-, and PMA-induced activation of MAP kinase and PDE4, but not IL-4-induced activation of PDE3. In FDCP2 cells transfected with constitutively activated MEK, MAP kinase and PDE4, not PDE3, were activated. Thus, in FDCP2 cells, PDE4 can be activated by overlapping MAP kinase-dependent pathways involving PI3-K (IL-4, IL-3, GM-CSF) or PKC (PMA), but selective activation of PDE3 by IL-4 is MAP kinase independent (but perhaps IRS-2/PI3-K dependent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Ahmad
- *Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and
| | - Guang Gao
- *Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and
| | - Ling Mei Wang
- †Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Tova Rahn Landstrom
- ‡Section for Molecular Signaling, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Degerman
- ‡Section for Molecular Signaling, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacalyn H. Pierce
- †Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Vincent C. Manganiello
- *Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and
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14
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Abstract
Receptors for interleukins, colony stimulating factors, and hormones have a homology in their extracellular regions, characterized by the conserved cysteine residues and the tryptophan-serine-x-tryptophan-serine motif, thus, they are classified to the type 1 cytokine receptor superfamily. Janus tyrosine kinase (JAKs) have been found to be involved in the signal transduction through type I cytokine receptors. JAKs associate with the membrane proximal region in the cytoplasmic domain having box1 and box2, which are conserved among the family, and upon the stimulation JAKs can be aggregated following the receptor dimerization and activated probably by transphosphorylation. JAKs then phosphorylate the receptor and various signal transducing molecules, including STATs (signal transducer and activator of transcriptions) and other SH2-containing adapter molecules. STATs were initially identified as transcription factors containing a SH2 domain and regulating interferons-inducible genes. STATs can be tyrosine phosphorylated by JAKs and form dimer (either hetero- or homo-dimers) to enter the nucleus, resulting in the expression of a set of genes. On the other hand, adapter molecules such as Shc, GRB2, and SHP-2 have been shown to link the cytokine receptors to Ras, followed by the activation of the Raf-MEK-MAP kinase pathway, leading to the activation of various transcription factors in the nucleus. These two signals are generated by different ways upon the stimulation of the receptors and they elicit a variety of biological functions in various cell types. In this review, we will discuss the mechanism by which cytokines activate JAKs, STATs, and a variety of adapter molecules. We further discuss the roles of each signal transduction pathways in the expression of biological activities of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hibi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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15
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Zhao AZ, Zhao H, Teague J, Fujimoto W, Beavo JA. Attenuation of insulin secretion by insulin-like growth factor 1 is mediated through activation of phosphodiesterase 3B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:3223-8. [PMID: 9096374 PMCID: PMC20350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/1996] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are known to reduce glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the beta cells of pancreatic islets. In this paper we show that the mechanism by which IGF-1 mediates this effect is in large part through activation of a specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B). More specifically, in both isolated pancreatic islets and insulin-secreting HIT-T15 cells, IGF-1 inhibits insulin secretion that has been increased by glucose and glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1). Moreover, IGF-1 decreases cAMP levels in parallel to the reduction of insulin secretion. Insulin secretion stimulated by cAMP analogs that activate protein kinase A and also are substrates for PDE3B is also inhibited by IGF-1. However, IGF-1 does not inhibit insulin secretion stimulated by nonhydrolyzable cAMP analogs. In addition, selective inhibitors of PDE3B completely block the ability of IGF-1 to inhibit insulin secretion. Finally, PDE3B activity measured in vitro after immunoprecipitation from cells treated with IGF-1 is higher than the activity from control cells. Taken together with the fact that pancreatic beta cells express little or no insulin receptor but large amounts of IGF-1 receptor, these data strongly suggest a new regulatory feedback loop model for the control of insulin secretion. In this model, increased insulin secretion in vivo will stimulate IGF-1 synthesis by the liver, and the secreted IGF-1 in turn feedback inhibits insulin secretion from the beta cells through an IGF-1 receptor-mediated pathway. This pathway is likely to be particularly important when levels of both glucose and secretagogues such as GLP-1 are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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16
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Taylor N, Candotti F, Smith S, Oakes SA, Jahn T, Isakov J, Puck JM, O'Shea JJ, Weinberg K, Johnston JA. Interleukin-4 signaling in B lymphocytes from patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:7314-9. [PMID: 9054429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.11.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an important cytokine for B and T lymphocyte function and mediates its effects via a receptor that contains gammac. B cells derived from patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) are deficient in gammac and provide a useful model in which to dissect the role of this subunit in IL-4-mediated signaling. We found that although IL-4 stimulation of X-SCID B cells did not result in Janus tyrosine kinase-3 (JAK3) phosphorylation, other IL-4 substrates including JAK1 and IRS-1 were phosphorylated. Additionally, we detected signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity in X-SCID B cells with a wide range of gammac mutations. However, reconstitution of these X-SCID B cells with gammac enhanced IL-4-mediated responses including STAT6 phosphorylation and DNA binding activity and resulted in increased CD23 expression. Thus, gammac is not necessary to trigger IL-4-mediated responses in B cells, but its presence is important for optimal IL-4-signaling. These results suggest that two distinct IL-4 signaling pathways exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Taylor
- Division of Research Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA.
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17
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Kanzaki M, Nie L, Shibata H, Kojima I. Activation of a calcium-permeable cation channel CD20 expressed in Balb/c 3T3 cells by insulin-like growth factor-I. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4964-9. [PMID: 9030557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD20 functions as a calcium-permeable cation channel. When expressed in Balb/c 3T3 cells, CD20 accelerates the G1 progression induced by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). To further characterize how CD20 modulates the action of IGF-I, we investigated whether the activity of CD20 channel was affected by IGF-I. In quiescent cells expressing CD20, IGF-I increased cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]c, which was reversed by the removal of extracellular calcium. In contrast, IGF-I did not increase [Ca2+]c in cells that did not express CD20. In perforated patch clamp recordings, addition of IGF-I to the bath solution augmented the Ca2+ permeability, which was reversed by anti-CD20 antibody. In cell-attached patch, calcium-permeable channel activity with unitary conductance of 7 picosiemens was detected, which was abolished by anti-CD20 antibody. The single channel activities were markedly enhanced when IGF-I was included in the pipette solution, whereas IGF-I added to the bath solution was ineffective. When cells were first exposed to pertussis toxin, activation of the channel by IGF-I was blocked. Transfection of cDNA for Gip2, a constitutive active form of alphai2, activated the CD20 channel. These results indicate that the CD20 channel is regulated by the IGF-I receptor by a mechanism involving pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanzaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371, Japan
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18
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Quentmeier H, Duschl A, Hu ZB, Schnarr B, Zaborski M, Drexler HG. MUTZ-3, a monocytic model cell line for interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharide studies. Immunol Suppl 1996; 89:606-12. [PMID: 9014829 PMCID: PMC1456585 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human monocytic cell lines MUTZ-3 and MONO-MAC-6 express the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor CD14. Paralleling the situation in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMo), recombinant human interleukin-4 (IL-4) down-regulated the expression of CD14 on the cell surface of MUTZ-3, but not that of MONO-MAC-6 cells. In addition, preincubation with IL-4 prevented the LPS-induced up-regulation of IL-1 beta mRNA levels in MUTZ-3, but not in MONO-MAC-6 cells. We examined whether the differential responsiveness of the cell lines was due to the missing expression of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) alpha or gamma c chain in MONO-MAC-6 cells. Flow cytometric and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed expression of both IL-4R chains in both cell lines. In addition, short-term stimulation with IL-4 induced tyrosine-phosphorylation of the gamma c chain. As both cell lines also expressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT 6), our data suggested that the differential reaction patterns of MUTZ-3 and MONO-MAC-6 cells were not due to a generally defective IL-4R complex. Interestingly, long-term (48 hr) treatment with LPS rendered MONO-MAC-6 cells sensitive to IL-4. LPS up-regulated expression of monocyte-specific esterase (MSE) mRNA as well as CD14 protein in MONO-MAC-6 cells; both effects were inhibited by IL-4. This stimulation was not paralleled by an increase of IL-4R mRNA or protein expression supporting the above hypothesis of a constitutively present and active IL-4R. We discuss possible causes for the differential reaction patterns of MUTZ-3 and MONO-MAC-6 cells to IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Quentmeier
- DSMZ, German Collection of microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Marengère LE, Waterhouse P, Duncan GS, Mittrücker HW, Feng GS, Mak TW. Regulation of T cell receptor signaling by tyrosine phosphatase SYP association with CTLA-4. Science 1996; 272:1170-3. [PMID: 8638161 DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5265.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The absence of CTLA-4 results in uncontrolled T cell proliferation. The T cell receptor-specific kinases FYN, LCK, and ZAP-70 as well as the RAS pathway were found to be activated in T cells of Ctla-4-/- mutant mice. In addition, CTLA-4 specifically associated with the tyrosine phosphatase SYP, an interaction mediated by the SRC homology 2 (SH2) domains of SYP and the phosphotyrosine sequence Tyr-Val-Lys-Met within the CTLA-4 cytoplasmic tail. The CTLA-4-associated SYP had phosphatase activity toward the RAS regulator p52SHC. Thus, the RAS pathway and T cell activation through the T cell receptor are regulated by CTLA-4-associated SYP.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein
- Immunoconjugates
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- ras Proteins/metabolism
- src Homology Domains
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20
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Johnston JA, Wang LM, Hanson EP, Sun XJ, White MF, Oakes SA, Pierce JH, O'Shea JJ. Interleukins 2, 4, 7, and 15 stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in T cells. Potential role of JAK kinases. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:28527-30. [PMID: 7499365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.48.28527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling molecules insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the newly described IRS-2 (4PS) molecule are major insulin and interleukin 4 (IL-4)-dependent phosphoproteins. We report here that IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, as well as IL-4, rapidly stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in human peripheral blood T cells, NK cells, and in lymphoid cell lines. In addition, we show that the Janus kinases, JAK1 and JAK3, associate with IRS-1 and IRS-2 in T cells. Coexpression studies demonstrate that these kinases can tyrosine-phosphorylate IRS-2, suggesting a possible mechanism by which cytokine receptors may induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. We further demonstrate that the p85 subunit of phosphoinositol 3-kinase associates with IRS-1 in response to IL-2 and IL-4 in T cells. Therefore, these data indicate that IRS-1 and IRS-2 may have important roles in T lymphocyte activation not only in response to IL-4, but also in response to IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Johnston
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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