1
|
Jankovic Velickovic L, Ristic Petrovic A, Dolicanin Z, Stojnev S, Velickovic F, Basic D. Expression of Basal Compartment and Superficial Markers in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Associated with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy, a Worldwide Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38255201 PMCID: PMC10813608 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the association of basal compartment and superficial markers, comprising CK5/6, CD44, CK20, and the pathological characteristics of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Comparing the expression of the investigated markers in 54 tumors from the BEN region and 73 control UTUC, no significant difference between them was detected. In regression analysis, CK20 expression was not determined with expression of CK5/6, CD44, and the phenotypic characteristics of BEN and control UTUC. Parameters with predictive influence on the expression of CD44 in BEN UTUC included growth pattern (p = 0.010), necrosis (p = 0.019); differentiation (p = 0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.021) in control UTUC. Divergent squamous differentiation in BEN tumors (p = 0.026) and stage in control tumors (p = 0.049) had a predictive influence on the expression of CK5/6. This investigation detected a predictive influence of the phenotypic characteristics of UTUC on the expression of basal compartment and superficial markers, with a significant influence of necrosis in BEN tumors (p = 0.006) and differentiation in control UTUC (p = 0.036).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ljubinka Jankovic Velickovic
- Center for Pathology, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Ana Ristic Petrovic
- Center for Pathology, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Zana Dolicanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia;
| | - Slavica Stojnev
- Center for Pathology, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Filip Velickovic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
| | - Dragoslav Basic
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lozar T, Wang W, Gavrielatou N, Christensen L, Lambert PF, Harari PM, Rimm DL, Burtness B, Grasic Kuhar C, Carchman EH. Emerging Prognostic and Predictive Significance of Stress Keratin 17 in HPV-Associated and Non HPV-Associated Human Cancers: A Scoping Review. Viruses 2023; 15:2320. [PMID: 38140561 PMCID: PMC10748233 DOI: 10.3390/v15122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that the expression of cytokeratin 17 (K17) correlates with inferior clinical outcomes across various cancer types. In this scoping review, we aimed to review and map the available clinical evidence of the prognostic and predictive value of K17 in human cancers. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase (via Scopus), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were searched for studies of K17 expression in human cancers. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, published in English, presented original data, and directly evaluated the association between K17 and clinical outcomes in human cancers. Of the 1705 studies identified in our search, 58 studies met criteria for inclusion. Studies assessed the prognostic significance (n = 54), predictive significance (n = 2), or both the prognostic and predictive significance (n = 2). Altogether, 11 studies (19.0%) investigated the clinical relevance of K17 in cancers with a known etiologic association to HPV; of those, 8 (13.8%) were focused on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and 3 (5.1%) were focused on cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To date, HNSCC, as well as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and pancreatic cancer, were the most frequently studied cancer types. K17 had prognostic significance in 16/17 investigated cancer types and 43/56 studies. Our analysis suggests that K17 is a negative prognostic factor in the majority of studied cancer types, including HPV-associated types such as HNSCC and cervical cancer (13/17), and a positive prognostic factor in 2/17 studied cancer types (urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and breast cancer). In three out of four predictive studies, K17 was a negative predictive factor for chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taja Lozar
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.L.)
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wei Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.L.)
| | - Niki Gavrielatou
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Leslie Christensen
- Ebling Library, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.L.)
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Paul M. Harari
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David L. Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Department of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Cvetka Grasic Kuhar
- University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Evie H. Carchman
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liang Z, Meng Z, Zhang X, Ma G, Chen Y, Zhang M, Su Y, Li Z, Liang Y, Niu H. Modification of lysine-260 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation destabilizes ALDH1A1 expression to regulate bladder cancer progression. iScience 2023; 26:108142. [PMID: 37867947 PMCID: PMC10585400 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ALDH1A1 is one of the classical stem cell markers for bladder cancer. Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a newfound modification to modulate the protein expression, and the underlying mechanisms of how ALDH1A1 was regulated by Khib modification in bladder cancer remains unknown. Here, ALDH1A1 showed a decreased K260hib modification, as identified by protein modification omics in bladder cancer. Decreasing ALDH1A1 expression significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells. Moreover, K260hib modification is responsible for the activity of ALDH1A1 in bladder cancer, which is regulated by HDAC2/3. Higher K260hib modification on ALDH1A1 promotes protein degradation through chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and ALDH1A1 K260hib could sensitize bladder cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Higher ALDH1A1 expression with a lower K260hib modification indicates a poor prognosis in patients with bladder cancer. Overall, we demonstrated that K260hib of ALDH1A1 can be used as a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Meng
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guofeng Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yinjie Su
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwarzova L, Varchulova Novakova Z, Danisovic L, Ziaran S. Molecular classification of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7867-7877. [PMID: 37525073 PMCID: PMC10460735 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UC) ranks among the top ten most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide on an annual basis. The standardized classification system for urothelial bladder tumors is the Tumor, Node, Metastasis classification, which reflects differences between non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC) and it depends on the extent to which tumor has infiltrated the bladder wall and other tissues and organs. NMIBC and MIBC exhibit great intrinsic heterogeneity regarding different prognoses, survival, progression, and treatment outcomes. In recent years, studies based on mRNA expression profiling revealed the existence of biologically relevant molecular subtypes of UC, which show variant molecular features that can provide more precise stratification of UC patients. Here, we present a complex classification of UC based on mRNA expression studies and molecular subtypes of NMIBC and MIBC in detail with regard to different mRNA expression profiles, mutational signatures, and infiltration by non-tumor cells. The possible impact of molecular subtyping on treatment decisions and patients' outcomes is outlined, too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Schwarzova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Varchulova Novakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Ziaran
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yehya A, Youssef J, Hachem S, Ismael J, Abou-Kheir W. Tissue-specific cancer stem/progenitor cells: Therapeutic implications. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:323-341. [PMID: 37342220 PMCID: PMC10277968 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i5.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation are the standard therapeutic modalities for treating cancer. These approaches are intended to target the more mature and rapidly dividing cancer cells. However, they spare the relatively quiescent and intrinsically resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) subpopulation residing within the tumor tissue. Thus, a temporary eradication is achieved and the tumor bulk tends to revert supported by CSCs' resistant features. Based on their unique expression profile, the identification, isolation, and selective targeting of CSCs hold great promise for challenging treatment failure and reducing the risk of cancer recurrence. Yet, targeting CSCs is limited mainly by the irrelevance of the utilized cancer models. A new era of targeted and personalized anti-cancer therapies has been developed with cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) as a tool for establishing pre-clinical tumor models. Herein, we discuss the updated and presently available tissue-specific CSC markers in five highly occurring solid tumors. Additionally, we highlight the advantage and relevance of the three-dimensional PDOs culture model as a platform for modeling cancer, evaluating the efficacy of CSC-based therapeutics, and predicting drug response in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amani Yehya
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Joe Youssef
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Sana Hachem
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Jana Ismael
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic features. Recent genomic studies have revealed that distinct molecular alterations may underlie the diverse clinical behaviors of bladder cancer, leading to a novel molecular classification. The intrinsic molecular subtypes exhibit distinct gene expression signatures and different clinicopathologic features. Genomic alterations also underlie the development of bladder cancer histologic subtypes. Genomic characterization provides new insights to understanding the biology of bladder cancer and improves the diagnosis and treatment of this complex disease. Biomarkers can aid the selection of patients for immune checkpoint therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Guo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Are We Ready to Implement Molecular Subtyping of Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice? Part 2: Subtypes and Divergent Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147844. [PMID: 35887192 PMCID: PMC9317362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following several attempts to achieve a molecular stratification of bladder cancer (BC) over the last decade, a "consensus" classification has been recently developed to provide a common base for the molecular classification of bladder cancer (BC), encompassing a six-cluster scheme with distinct prognostic and predictive characteristics. In order to implement molecular subtyping (MS) as a risk stratification tool in routine practice, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been explored as a readily accessible, relatively inexpensive, standardized surrogate method, achieving promising results in different clinical settings. The second part of this review deals with the pathological and clinical features of the molecular clusters, both in conventional and divergent urothelial carcinoma, with a focus on the role of IHC-based subtyping.
Collapse
|
8
|
Are We Ready to Implement Molecular Subtyping of Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice? Part 1: General Issues and Marker Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147819. [PMID: 35887164 PMCID: PMC9319819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease with highly variable clinical and pathological features, and resulting in different outcomes. Such heterogeneity ensues from distinct pathogenetic mechanisms and may consistently affect treatment responses in single patients. Thus, over the last few years, several groups have developed molecular classification schemes for BC, mainly based on their mRNA expression profiles. A “consensus” classification has recently been proposed to combine the published systems, agreeing on a six-cluster scheme with distinct prognostic and predictive features. In order to implement molecular subtyping as a risk-stratification tool in routine practice, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been explored as a readily accessible, relatively inexpensive, standardized surrogate method, achieving promising results in different clinical settings. The first part of this review deals with the steps resulting in the development of a molecular subtyping of BC, its prognostic and predictive implications, and the main features of immunohistochemical markers used as surrogates to stratify BC into pre-defined molecular clusters.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan J, Wang Y, Sun L, Xu S, Li C, Jin X. The Origin and Evolution of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950241. [PMID: 35903544 PMCID: PMC9314767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play key roles in tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse and drug-resistance. Investigation of BCSCs is of great value. On the basis of a review of normal bladder stem cells and universal cancer stem cells (CSCs), we summarize the origin of BCSCs, isolation and identification of CSCs from bladder cancer, signaling pathway of BCSCs, BCSCs targeted therapy, and relationship of BCSCs with non-muscle invasiveness and muscle invasiveness. This review aims to provide better elucidation about BCSCs, and provide constructive data for classification, prognosis, treatment and early intervention of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiufeng Tan
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Urology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology Tumor of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Wang
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Urology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology Tumor of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Lihui Sun
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Li
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Charles Li, ; Xuefei Jin,
| | - Xuefei Jin
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Urology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology Tumor of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Charles Li, ; Xuefei Jin,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jang TH, Huang WC, Tung SL, Lin SC, Chen PM, Cho CY, Yang YY, Yen TC, Lo GH, Chuang SE, Wang LH. MicroRNA-485-5p targets keratin 17 to regulate oral cancer stemness and chemoresistance via the integrin/FAK/Src/ERK/β-catenin pathway. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:42. [PMID: 35706019 PMCID: PMC9202219 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of drug resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that frequently leads to recurrence and metastasis after initial treatment remains an unresolved challenge. Presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been increasingly reported to be a critical contributing factor in drug resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. Thus, unveiling of mechanisms regulating CSCs and potential targets for developing their inhibitors will be instrumental for improving OSCC therapy. Methods siRNA, shRNA and miRNA that specifically target keratin 17 (KRT17) were used for modulation of gene expression and functional analyses. Sphere-formation and invasion/migration assays were utilized to assess cancer cell stemness and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties, respectively. Duolink proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to examine molecular proximity between KRT17 and plectin, which is a large protein that binds cytoskeleton components. Cell proliferation assay was employed to evaluate growth rates and viability of oral cancer cells treated with cisplatin, carboplatin or dasatinib. Xenograft mouse tumor model was used to evaluate the effect of KRT17- knockdown in OSCC cells on tumor growth and drug sensitization. Results Significantly elevated expression of KRT17 in highly invasive OSCC cell lines and advanced tumor specimens were observed and high KRT17 expression was correlated with poor overall survival. KRT17 gene silencing in OSCC cells attenuated their stemness properties including markedly reduced sphere forming ability and expression of stemness and EMT markers. We identified a novel signaling cascade orchestrated by KRT17 where its association with plectin resulted in activation of integrin β4/α6, increased phosphorylation of FAK, Src and ERK, as well as stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. The activation of this signaling cascade was correlated with enhanced OSCC cancer stemness and elevated expression of CD44 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We identified and demonstrated KRT17 to be a direct target of miRNA-485-5p. Ectopic expression of miRNA-485-5p inhibited OSCC sphere formation and caused sensitization of cancer cells towards cisplatin and carboplatin, which could be significantly rescued by KRT17 overexpression. Dasatinib treatment that inhibited KRT17-mediated Src activation also resulted in OSCC drug sensitization. In OSCC xenograft mouse model, KRT17 knockdown significantly inhibited tumor growth, and combinatorial treatment with cisplatin elicited a greater tumor inhibitory effect. Consistently, markedly reduced levels of integrin β4, active β-catenin, CD44 and EGFR were observed in the tumors induced by KRT17 knockdown OSCC cells. Conclusions A novel miRNA-485-5p/KRT17/integrin/FAK/Src/ERK/β-catenin signaling pathway is unveiled to modulate OSCC cancer stemness and drug resistance to the common first-line chemotherapeutics. This provides a potential new therapeutic strategy to inhibit OSCC stem cells and counter chemoresistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00824-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hsuan Jang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Lin Tung
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Cho
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Hsuen Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lokeshwar SD, Lopez M, Sarcan S, Aguilar K, Morera DS, Shaheen DM, Lokeshwar BL, Lokeshwar VB. Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112578. [PMID: 35681556 PMCID: PMC9179261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soum D. Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Maite Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Daley S. Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Devin M. Shaheen
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| | - Vinata B. Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cancer Stem Cell Markers for Urinary Carcinoma. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3611677. [PMID: 35342431 PMCID: PMC8941535 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3611677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) refers to cancer cells with stem cell properties, that is, they have the ability of “self-renewal” and “differentiation.” Cancer stem cells exist in cancer cells and are the “culprit” of cancer recurrence and metastasis. It is difficult to be found because of its small amount, and it is difficult for anticancer drugs to produce effects on it. At present, the isolation and identification of cancer stem cells from many solid tumors are still quite difficult, mainly due to the lack of specific molecular markers of cancer stem cells. In this review, cancer stem cell surface markers and functional markers in urinary system were summarized. These markers can provide molecular targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiménez-Guerrero R, Belmonte-Fernández A, Flores ML, González-Moreno M, Pérez-Valderrama B, Romero F, Japón MÁ, Sáez C. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Contributes to Paclitaxel Resistance in Bladder Cancer Cells with Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010450. [PMID: 35008872 PMCID: PMC8745426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance and seems to be essential for the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSC) in several tumor types. However, the interplay of these factors has not been fully addressed in bladder cancer. Here, our goal was to analyze the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in paclitaxel resistance and to study the therapeutic efficacy of its inhibition in bladder cancer cells, as well as to determine its influence in the maintenance of the CSC-like phenotype in bladder cancer. Our results show that paclitaxel-resistant HT1197 cells have hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and increased CSC-like properties compared with paclitaxel-sensitive 5637 cells. Paclitaxel sensitivity diminishes in 5637 cells after β-catenin overexpression or when they are grown as tumorspheres, enriched for the CSC-like phenotype. Additionally, downregulation of β-catenin or inhibition with XAV939 sensitizes HT1197 cells to paclitaxel. Moreover, a subset of muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas shows aberrant expression of β-catenin that associates with positive expression of the CSC marker ALDH1A1. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to paclitaxel resistance in bladder cancer cells with CSC-like properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Jiménez-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (M.G.-M.)
| | | | - M. Luz Flores
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, 06080 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Mónica González-Moreno
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (M.G.-M.)
| | | | - Francisco Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (A.B.-F.); (F.R.)
| | - Miguel Á. Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (M.G.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.J.); (C.S.); Tel.: +34-955013027 (M.Á.J.); +34-955923091 (C.S.); Fax: +34-955923101 (C.S.)
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (M.G.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.J.); (C.S.); Tel.: +34-955013027 (M.Á.J.); +34-955923091 (C.S.); Fax: +34-955923101 (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ayanlaja AA, Hong X, Cheng B, Zhou H, Kanwore K, Alphayo-Kambey P, Zhang L, Tang C, Adeyanju MM, Gao D. Susceptibility of cytoskeletal-associated proteins for tumor progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:13. [PMID: 34964908 PMCID: PMC11072373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional functions of cytoskeletal-associated proteins (CAPs) in line with polymerization and stabilization of the cytoskeleton have evolved and are currently underrated in oncology. Although therapeutic drugs have been developed to target the cytoskeletal components directly in cancer treatment, several recently established therapeutic agents designed for new targets block the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress resistance to existing target agents. It would seem like these targets only work toward inhibiting the polymerization of cytoskeletal components or hindering mitotic spindle formation in cancer cells, but a large body of literature points to CAPs and their culpability in cell signaling, molecular conformation, organelle trafficking, cellular metabolism, and genomic modifications. Here, we review those underappreciated functions of CAPs, and we delineate the implications of cellular signaling instigated by evasive properties induced by aberrant expression of CAPs in response to stress or failure to exert normal functions. We present an analogy establishing CAPs as vulnerable targets for cancer systems and credible oncotargets. This review establishes a paradigm in which the cancer machinery may commandeer the conventional functions of CAPs for survival, drug resistance, and energy generation; an interesting feature overdue for attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Abdulrahman Ayanlaja
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 201 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Hong
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- The Affiliated Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kouminin Kanwore
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo-Kambey
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Dianshuai Gao
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sung K, Hosoya K, Murase Y, Deguchi T, Kim S, Sunaga T, Okumura M. Visualizing the cancer stem-like properties of canine tumour cells with low proteasome activity. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:324-335. [PMID: 34719098 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) cause treatment failure in various tumours; however, establishing CSC-targeted therapies has been hampered by difficulties in the identification and isolation of this small sub-population of cells. Recent studies have revealed that tumour cells with low proteasome activity display a CSC phenotype that can be utilized to image CSCs in canines. This study visualizes and reveals the CSC-like properties of tumour cells with low proteasome activity in HMPOS (osteosarcoma) and MegTCC (transitional cell carcinoma), which are canine cell lines. The parent cells were genetically engineered to express ZsGreen1, a fluorescent protein connected to the carboxyl-terminal degron of canine ornithine decarboxylase that accumulates with low proteasome activity (ZsG+ cells). ZsG+ cells were imaged and the mode of action of this system was confirmed using a proteasome inhibitor (MG-132), which increased the ZsGreen1 fluorescence intensity. The CSC-like properties of ZsG+ cells were evaluated on the basis of cell divisions, cell cycle, the expression of CSC markers and tumourigenicity. ZsG+ cells underwent asymmetric divisions and had a low percentage of G0/G1 phase cells; moreover, ZsG+ cells expressed CSC markers such as CD133 and showed a large tumourigenic capability. In histopathological analysis, ZsG+ cells were widely distributed in the tumour samples derived from ZsG+ cells and in the proliferative regions of the tumours. The results of this study indicate that visualized canine tumour cells with low proteasome activity have a CSC-like phenotype and that this visualization system can be utilized to identify and isolate canine CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koangyong Sung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murase
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Deguchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sunaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jackson CL, Chen L, Hardy CS, Ren KY, Visram K, Bratti VF, Johnstone J, Sjödahl G, Siemens DR, Gooding RJ, Berman DM. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of a three-antibody molecular subtyping algorithm for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021; 8:143-154. [PMID: 34697907 PMCID: PMC8822375 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic molecular subtypes may explain marked variation between bladder cancer patients in prognosis and response to therapy. Complex testing algorithms and little attention to more prevalent, early‐stage (non‐muscle invasive) bladder cancers (NMIBCs) have hindered implementation of subtyping in clinical practice. Here, using a three‐antibody immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithm, we identify the diagnostic and prognostic associations of well‐validated proteomic features of basal and luminal subtypes in NMIBC. By IHC, we divided 481 NMIBCs into basal (GATA3−/KRT5+) and luminal (GATA3+/KRT5 variable) subtypes. We further divided the luminal subtype into URO (p16 low), URO‐KRT5+ (KRT5+), and genomically unstable (GU) (p16 high) subtypes. Expression thresholds were confirmed using unsupervised hierarchical clustering. Subtypes were correlated with pathology and outcomes. All NMIBC cases clustered into the basal/squamous (basal) or one of the three luminal (URO, URO‐KRT5+, and GU) subtypes. Although uncommon in this NMIBC cohort, basal tumors (3%, n = 16) had dramatically higher grade (100%, n = 16, odds ratio [OR] = 13, relative risk = 3.25) and stage, and rapid progression to muscle invasion (median progression‐free survival = 35.4 months, p = 0.0001). URO, the most common subtype (46%, n = 220), showed rapid recurrence (median recurrence‐free survival [RFS] = 11.5 months, p = 0.039) compared to its GU counterpart (29%, n = 137, median RFS = 16.9 months), even in patients who received intravesical immunotherapy (p = 0.049). URO‐KRT5+ tumors (22%, n = 108) were typically low grade (66%, n = 71, OR = 3.7) and recurred slowly (median RFS = 38.7 months). Therefore, a simple immunohistochemical algorithm can identify clinically relevant molecular subtypes of NMIBC. In routine clinical practice, this three‐antibody algorithm may help clarify diagnostic dilemmas and optimize surveillance and treatment strategies for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Jackson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Céline Sc Hardy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Ym Ren
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kash Visram
- Department of Urology, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa F Bratti
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeannette Johnstone
- Department of Urology, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urologic Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Robert Siemens
- Department of Urology, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Gooding
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David M Berman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Park S, Rong L, Owczarek TB, Bernardo MD, Shoulson RL, Chua CW, Kim JY, Lankarani A, Chakrapani P, Syed T, McKiernan JM, Solit DB, Shen MM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Abate-Shen C. Novel Mouse Models of Bladder Cancer Identify a Prognostic Signature Associated with Risk of Disease Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5161-5175. [PMID: 34470779 PMCID: PMC8609963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the progression of bladder cancer from non-muscle-invasive to muscle-invasive disease, we have developed a novel toolkit that uses complementary approaches to achieve gene recombination in specific cell populations in the bladder urothelium in vivo, thereby allowing us to generate a new series of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of bladder cancer. One method is based on the delivery of adenoviruses that express Cre recombinase in selected cell types in the urothelium, and a second uses transgenic drivers in which activation of inducible Cre alleles can be limited to the bladder urothelium by intravesicular delivery of tamoxifen. Using both approaches, targeted deletion of the Pten and p53 tumor suppressor genes specifically in basal urothelial cells gave rise to muscle-invasive bladder tumors. Furthermore, preinvasive lesions arising in basal cells displayed upregulation of molecular pathways related to bladder tumorigenesis, including proinflammatory pathways. Cross-species analyses comparing a mouse gene signature of early bladder cancer with a human signature of bladder cancer progression identified a conserved 28-gene signature of early bladder cancer that is associated with poor prognosis for human bladder cancer and that outperforms comparable gene signatures. These findings demonstrate the relevance of these GEMMs for studying the biology of human bladder cancer and introduce a prognostic gene signature that may help to stratify patients at risk for progression to potentially lethal muscle-invasive disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Analyses of bladder cancer progression in a new series of genetically engineered mouse models has identified a gene signature of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soonbum Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lijie Rong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matteo Di Bernardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rivka L Shoulson
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chee-Wai Chua
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jaime Y Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Amir Lankarani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Prithi Chakrapani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Talal Syed
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James M McKiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Departments of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis and Medicine, Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meijer RP. Urothelial cancer organoids: a tool for bladder cancer research. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:165-169. [PMID: 34623463 PMCID: PMC8695536 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer ranks among the top ten most common tumor types worldwide and represents a growing healthcare problem, accounting for a large part of total healthcare costs. Chemotherapy is effective in a subset of patients, while causing severe side effects. Tumor pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanisms are largely unknown. Precision medicine is failing in bladder cancer, as bladder tumors are genetically and molecularly very heterogeneous. Currently, therapeutic decision-making depends on assessing a single fragment of surgically acquired tumor tissue. Objective New preclinical model systems for bladder cancer are indispensable for developing therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patient and tumor characteristics. Organoids are small 3D tissue cultures that simulate small-size organs “in a dish” and tumoroids are a special type of cancer organoid (i.e., malignant tissue). Materials and methods Since 2016, we have collaborated with the renowned Hubrecht Institute to provide proof of concept of tissue-based bladder tumoroids mimicking parental tumors. We have developed a living biobank containing bladder organoids and tumoroids grown from over 50 patient samples, which reflect crucial aspects of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Results Histological and immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the heterogeneity and subclassification of tumoroids mimicked those of corresponding parental tumor samples. Thus, urothelial tumoroids mimic crucial aspects of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Conclusion Research with urothelial tumoroids will open up new avenues for bladder cancer pathogenesis and drug-resistance research as well as for precision medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Meijer
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang Z, Wang H, Zhang N, Xing T, Zhang W, Wang G, Li C, Yu C. Chaetocin Abrogates the Self-Renewal of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells via the Suppression of the KMT1A-GATA3-STAT3 Circuit. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:424. [PMID: 32626701 PMCID: PMC7311639 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have the abilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and metastasis; confer drug resistance; and exhibit high tumorigenicity. We previously identified that the KMT1A–GATA3–STAT3 axis drives the self-renewal of BCSCs. However, the therapeutic effect of targeting KMT1A in BCSCs remains unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the expression of KMT1A was remarkably higher in BCSCs (3–5-fold) than those in bladder cancer non-stem cells or normal bladder epithelial cells. Among the six KMT1A inhibitors, chaetocin significantly suppressed the cell propagation (inhibition ratio: 65%–88%, IC50 = 24.4–32.5 nM), induced apoptosis (2–5-fold), and caused G1 phase cell cycle arrest (68.9 vs 55.5%) of bladder cancer (BC) cells, without influencing normal bladder epithelial cells. More importantly, chaetocin abrogated the self-renewal of BCSCs (inhibition ratio: 80.1%) via the suppression of the KMT1A–GATA3–STAT3 circuit and other stemness-related pathways. Finally, intravesical instillation of chaetocin remarkably inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors (inhibition ratio: 71–82%) and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice (70 vs 53 days). In sum, chaetocin abrogated the stemness maintenance and tumor growth of BCSCs via the suppression of the KMT1A–GATA3–STAT3 circuit. Chaetocin is an effective inhibitor targeting KMT1A in BCSCs and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianying Xing
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Li
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Masuda N, Murakami K, Kita Y, Hamada A, Kamada M, Teramoto Y, Sakatani T, Matsumoto K, Sano T, Saito R, Okuno Y, Ogawa O, Kobayashi T. Trp53 Mutation in Keratin 5 (Krt5)-Expressing Basal Cells Facilitates the Development of Basal Squamous-Like Invasive Bladder Cancer in the Chemical Carcinogenesis of Mouse Bladder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1752-1762. [PMID: 32339497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological processes of urothelial carcinogenesis are not fully understood, particularly regarding the relationship between specific genetic events, cell of origin, and molecular subtypes of subsequent tumors. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-induced mouse bladder cancer is widely accepted as a useful model that recapitulates the pathway of human bladder tumorigenesis from dysplasia to invasive cancer via carcinoma in situ. However, the long and variable time of tumorigenesis often hinders efficient preclinical or translational research. We hypothesized that Trp53 mutation in specific types of urothelial cells facilitates efficient development of clinically relevant bladder cancer. Using lineage tracing, we showed that Trp53 mutation in Krt5-expressing cells resulted in more efficient tumorigenesis of mouse muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with squamous differentiation compared with Trp53 mutation in Upk2-expressing cells, or wild-type or hemizygous Trp53 in the entire urothelium. Mouse MIBC that developed at 24 weeks of BBN treatment showed morphologic and genetic similarities to the basal squamous subtypes of human MIBC, irrespective of pre-induction of Trp53 mutation or whether the cell of origin was Krt5- or Upk2-expressing cells. Our findings suggest that intermediate cells as well as basal cells also can give rise to basal-like MIBC, with pre-induction of Trp53 mutation accelerating MIBC. Thus, in BBN chemical carcinogenesis, pre-induction of Trp53 mutation in basal cells facilitates efficient modeling of the basal squamous subtype of human MIBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Masuda
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kita
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kamada
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Teramoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Sakatani
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiyu Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sano
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Garg M, Maurya N. WNT/β-catenin signaling in urothelial carcinoma of bladder. World J Nephrol 2019; 8:83-94. [PMID: 31624709 PMCID: PMC6794554 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v8.i5.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder is the second most prevalent genitourinary disease. It is a highly heterogeneous disease as it represents a spectrum of neoplasms, including non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic lesions. Genome-wide approaches and candidate gene analysis suggest that malignant transformation of the bladder is multifactorial and a multitude of genes are involved in the development of MIBC or NMIBC phenotypes. Wnt signaling is being examined to control and maintain balance between stemness and differentiation in adult stem cell niches. Owing to its participation in urothelial development and maintenance of adult urothelial tissue homeostasis, the components of Wnt signaling are reported as an important diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as novel therapeutic targets. Mutations/epigenetic alterations in the key molecules of Wnt/β-catenin canonical pathway have been linked with tumorigenesis, development of drug resistance and enhanced survival. Present review extends our understanding on the functions of key regulatory molecules of canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in urothelial tumorigenesis by inducing cancer stem cell phenotype (UCSCs). UCSCs may be responsible for tumor heterogeneity, high recurrence rates and complex biological behavior of bladder cancer. Therefore, understanding the role of UCSCs and the regulatory mechanisms that are responsible for high relapse rates and metastasis could help to develop pathway inhibitors and augment current therapies. Potential implications in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma of bladder by targeting this pathway primarily in UCSCs as well as in bulk tumor population that are responsible for high relapse rates and metastasis may facilitate potential therapeutic avenues and better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Niharika Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sarlos DP, Yusenko MV, Peterfi L, Szanto A, Kovacs G. Dual role of KRT17: development of papillary renal cell tumor and progression of conventional renal cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:5124-5129. [PMID: 31602265 PMCID: PMC6775619 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of KRT17 has been described in multi-layered epithelia as well as in tumors derived from these cells. In cancers arising from KRT17 negative single layered epithelia neo-expression of KRT17 has been associated with tumor progression. To obtain more insight into the biology of kidney cancers we have investigated KRT17 expression by immunohistochemistry in normal kidney, in papillary preneoplastic lesions and in 151 papillary and 692 conventional renal cell carcinomas placed on tissue microarray. We found a positive staining in ureteric bud and collecting duct cells in foetal kidney, in all papillary preneoplastic lesions and also in 77% of the 151 papillary renal cell tumors indicating a continuos KRT17 expression during tumor development. The neo-expression of KRT17 in conventional renal cell carcinomas, which derives from KRT17 negative proximal tubules showed a significant correlation with postoperative tumor relapse (RR=2.50; 95% CI=1.59-3.94; p<0.001). In conclusion, the continuous expression of KRT17 from emerging fetal kidney tubules and microscopic pre-neoplastic lesions towards papillary renal cell tumors and its neo-expression in aggressive growing conventional renal cell carcinomas reflects the multiple function of KRT17 in kidney cancers with distinct natural history. This should be taken into account in clinical managements and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lehel Peterfi
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - Arpad Szanto
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gyula Kovacs
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Hungary.,Medical Faculty, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Elbadawy M, Usui T, Mori T, Tsunedomi R, Hazama S, Nabeta R, Uchide T, Fukushima R, Yoshida T, Shibutani M, Tanaka T, Masuda S, Okada R, Ichikawa R, Omatsu T, Mizutani T, Katayama Y, Noguchi S, Iwai S, Nakagawa T, Shinohara Y, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Sasaki K. Establishment of a novel experimental model for muscle-invasive bladder cancer using a dog bladder cancer organoid culture. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2806-2821. [PMID: 31254429 PMCID: PMC6726682 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and dogs, bladder cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm affecting the urinary tract. Dog BC resembles human muscle‐invasive BC in histopathological characteristics and gene expression profiles, and could be an important research model for this disease. Cancer patient‐derived organoid culture can recapitulate organ structures and maintains the gene expression profiles of original tumor tissues. In a previous study, we generated dog prostate cancer organoids using urine samples, however dog BC organoids had never been produced. Therefore we aimed to generate dog BC organoids using urine samples and check their histopathological characteristics, drug sensitivity, and gene expression profiles. Organoids from individual BC dogs were successfully generated, expressed urothelial cell markers (CK7, CK20, and UPK3A) and exhibited tumorigenesis in vivo. In a cell viability assay, the response to combined treatment with a range of anticancer drugs (cisplatin, vinblastine, gemcitabine or piroxicam) was markedly different in each BC organoid. In RNA‐sequencing analysis, expression levels of basal cell markers (CK5 and DSG3) and several novel genes (MMP28,CTSE,CNN3,TFPI2,COL17A1, and AGPAT4) were upregulated in BC organoids compared with normal bladder tissues or two‐dimensional (2D) BC cell lines. These established dog BC organoids might be a useful tool, not only to determine suitable chemotherapy for BC diseased dogs but also to identify novel biomarkers in human muscle‐invasive BC. In the present study, for the 1st time, dog BC organoids were generated and several specifically upregulated organoid genes were identified. Our data suggest that dog BC organoids might become a new tool to provide fresh insights into both dog BC therapy and diagnostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against Cancer, School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Rina Nabeta
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukushima
- Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takaharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Sosuke Masuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Rena Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ryo Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sano, Japan
| | - Satomi Iwai
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery 2, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan.,Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry CO., LTD, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Enhanced metastatic potential in the MB49 urothelial carcinoma model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7425. [PMID: 31092844 PMCID: PMC6520404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that patients with a basal/stem-like bladder cancer (BC) subtype tend to have metastatic disease, but this is unconfirmed. Here we report the identification of murine MB49 cell line sub-clones with stem-like characteristics in culture. Subcutaneous implantation of S2 and S4 MB49 sub-clones into immunocompetent mice resulted in lung metastases in 50% and 80% of mice respectively, whereas none of the mice implanted with the parental cells developed metastasis. Gene profiling of cells cultured from S2 and S4 primary and metastatic tumors revealed that a panel of genes with basal/stem-like/EMT properties is amplified during metastatic progression. Among them, ITGB1, TWIST1 and KRT6B are consistently up-regulated in metastatic tumors of both MB49 sub-clones. To evaluate clinical relevance, we examined these genes in a human public dataset and found that ITGB1 and KRT6B expression in BC patient tumor samples are positively correlated with tumor grade. Likewise, the expression levels of these three genes are correlated with worse clinical outcomes. This MB49 BC metastatic pre-clinical model provides a unique opportunity to validate and recapitulate results discovered in patient studies and to pursue future mechanistic therapeutic interventions for BC metastasis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kallifatidis G, Smith DK, Morera DS, Gao J, Hennig MJ, Hoy JJ, Pearce RF, Dabke IR, Li J, Merseburger AS, Kuczyk MA, Lokeshwar VB, Lokeshwar BL. β-Arrestins Regulate Stem Cell-Like Phenotype and Response to Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:801-811. [PMID: 30787175 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are classic attenuators of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. However, they have multiple roles in cellular physiology, including carcinogenesis. This work shows for the first time that β-arrestins have prognostic significance for predicting metastasis and response to chemotherapy in bladder cancer. β-Arrestin-1 (ARRB1) and β-arrestin-2 (ARRB2) mRNA levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in two clinical specimen cohorts (n = 63 and 43). The role of ARRBs in regulating a stem cell-like phenotype and response to chemotherapy treatments was investigated. The consequence of forced expression of ARRBs on tumor growth and response to Gemcitabine in vivo were investigated using bladder tumor xenografts in nude mice. ARRB1 levels were significantly elevated and ARRB2 levels downregulated in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. In multivariate analysis only ARRB2 was an independent predictor of metastasis, disease-specific-mortality, and failure to Gemcitabine + Cisplatin (G+C) chemotherapy; ∼80% sensitivity and specificity to predict clinical outcome. ARRBs were found to regulate stem cell characteristics in bladder cancer cells. Depletion of ARRB2 resulted in increased cancer stem cell markers but ARRB2 overexpression reduced expression of stem cell markers (CD44, ALDH2, and BMI-1), and increased sensitivity toward Gemcitabine. Overexpression of ARRB2 resulted in reduced tumor growth and increased response to Gemcitabine in tumor xenografts. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene-knockout of ARRB1 resulted in the reversal of this aggressive phenotype. ARRBs regulate cancer stem cell-like properties in bladder cancer and are potential prognostic indicators for tumor progression and chemotherapy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kallifatidis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Daley S Morera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Jie Gao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Martin J Hennig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Urology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - James J Hoy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Isha R Dabke
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Jiemin Li
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA. .,Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sjödahl G, Jackson CL, Bartlett JM, Siemens DR, Berman DM. Molecular profiling in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: more than the sum of its parts. J Pathol 2019; 247:563-573. [PMID: 30604486 DOI: 10.1002/path.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancers are biologically and clinically heterogeneous. Recent large-scale transcriptomic profiling studies focusing on life-threatening muscle-invasive cases have demonstrated a small number of molecularly distinct clusters that largely explain their heterogeneity. Similar to breast cancer, these clusters reflect intrinsic urothelial cell-type differentiation programs, including those with luminal and basal cell characteristics. Also like breast cancer, each cell-based subtype demonstrates a distinct profile with regard to its prognosis and its expression of therapeutic targets. Indeed, a number of studies suggest subtype-specific differential responses to cytotoxic chemotherapy and to therapies that inhibit a number of targets, including growth factors (EGFR, ERBB2, FGFR) and immune checkpoint (PD1, PDL1) inhibitors. Despite burgeoning evidence for important clinical implications, subtyping has yet to enter into routine clinical practice. Here we review the conceptual basis for intrinsic cell subtyping in muscle-invasive bladder cancer and discuss evidence behind proposed clinical uses for subtyping as a prognostic or predictive test. In deliberating barriers to clinical implementation, we review pitfalls associated with transcriptomic profiling and illustrate a simple immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based subtyping algorithm that may serve as a faster, less expensive alternative. Envisioned as a research tool that can easily be translated into routine pathology workflow, IHC-based profiling has the potential to more rapidly establish the utility (or lack thereof) of cell type profiling in clinical practice. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chelsea L Jackson
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Ms Bartlett
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Diagnostic Development Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Berman
- Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic features. The classification of bladder cancer has been traditionally based on morphologic assessment with the aid of immunohistochemistry. However, recent genomic studies have revealed that distinct alterations of DNA and RNA in bladder cancer may underlie its diverse clinicopathologic features, leading to a novel molecular classification of this common human cancer. OBJECTIVE.— To update recent developments in genomic characterization of bladder cancer, which may shed insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the origin of bladder cancer, dual-track oncogenic pathways, intrinsic molecular subtyping, and development of histologic variants. DATA SOURCES.— Peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed search and authors' own research. CONCLUSIONS.— Bladder cancer is likely to arise from different uroprogenitor cells through papillary/luminal and nonpapillary/basal tracks. The intrinsic molecular subtypes of bladder cancer referred to as luminal and basal exhibit distinct expression signatures, clinicopathologic features, and sensitivities to standard chemotherapy. Genomic characterization of bladder cancer provides new insights to understanding the biological nature of this complex disease, which may lead to more effective treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Guo
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a tumor type featuring pronounced intertumoral heterogeneity and a high mutational and epigenetic load. The two major histopathological urothelial carcinoma types - the non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma - markedly differ in terms of their respective typical mutational profiles and also by their probable cells of origin, that is, a urothelial basal cell for muscle-invasive carcinomas and a urothelial intermediate cell for at least a large part of non-muscle-invasive carcinomas. Both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas can be further classified into discrete intrinsic subtypes based on their typical transcriptomic profiles. Urothelial carcinogenesis shows a number of parallels to a urothelial regenerative response. Both of these processes seem to be dominated by specific stem cell populations. In the last years, the nature and location of urothelial stem cell(s) have been subject to many controversies, which now seem to be settled down, favoring the existence of a largely single urothelial stem cell type located among basal cells. Basal cell markers have also been amply used to identify urothelial carcinoma stem cells, especially in muscle-invasive disease, but they proved useful even in some non-muscle-invasive tumors. Analyses on molecular nature of urothelial carcinoma stem cells performed till now point to their great heterogeneity, both during the tumor development and upon intertumoral comparison, sexual dimorphism providing a special example of the latter. Moreover, urothelial cancer stem cells are endowed with intrinsic plasticity, whereby they can modulate their stemness in relation to other tumor-related traits, especially motility and invasiveness. Such transitional modulations suggest underlying epigenetic mechanisms and, even within this context, inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity becomes apparent. Multiple molecular aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology markedly influence therapeutic response, implying their knowledge as a prerequisite to improved therapies of this disease. At the same time, the notion of urothelial cancer stem cell heterogeneity implies that this therapeutic benefit would be most probably and most efficiently achieved within the context of individualized antitumor therapy.
Collapse
|
29
|
SIU-ICUD consultation on bladder cancer: basic science. World J Urol 2018; 37:15-29. [PMID: 30547196 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a condensed summary of the Basic Science chapter that was included in the Third International Consultation on Bladder Cancer. METHODS World bladder cancer basic science experts used the published literature to create summaries of recent progress in their areas of expertise. RESULTS The completion of several large-scale genomics projects coupled with a strong collaborative culture within the research community and the exciting clinical activity of immune checkpoint blockade have combined to transform the bladder cancer research landscape. Bladder cancer molecular subtypes and the presence of specific DNA alterations provide important information about disease heterogeneity that has direct implications for clinical management, and some can be targeted by compounds that are already clinically available. Tests are being developed that can measure many of these alterations non-invasively in peripheral blood or urine, raising confidence that they could be used as biomarkers for surveillance and monitoring the effects of local and systemic therapies. CONCLUSIONS Although the bulk of the mechanistic work lies ahead, the genomics results have created a hypothesis-generating description of bladder cancer heterogeneity that has set the stage for deeper mechanistic studies, and they have already provided us with extremely attractive candidate biomarkers to guide clinical practice. Here, we will summarize the recent progress in basic bladder cancer research and highlight near-term opportunities for the future.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yoshida T, Sopko NA, Kates M, Liu X, Joice G, McConkey DJ, Bivalacqua TJ. Three-dimensional organoid culture reveals involvement of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11060-11070. [PMID: 29541396 PMCID: PMC5834271 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing awareness of the importance of three-dimensional culture of cancer cells. Tumor cells growing as multicellular spheroids in three-dimensional culture, alternatively called organoids, are widely believed to more closely mimic solid tumors in situ. Previous studies concluded that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for regeneration of the normal urothelium after injury and that β-catenin is upregulated in human bladder cancers, but no clear evidence has been advanced to support the idea that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is directly involved in deregulated proliferation and the other malignant characteristics of bladder cancer cells. Here we report that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator, CHIR99021, promoted proliferation of established human bladder cancer cell lines when they were grown in organoid culture but not when they were grown in conventional adherent cultures. CHIR99021 activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in bladder cancer cell lines in organoid culture. CHIR99021 also stimulated proliferation and the Wnt/b-catenin pathway in primary human bladder cancer organoids. RNAi-mediated knockdown of β-catenin blocked growth of organoids. The effects of CHIR99021 were associated with decreased expression of the urothelial terminal differentiation marker, cytokeratin 20. Our data suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in three-dimensional organoid culture and provide a concrete example of why organoid culture is important for cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshida
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikolai A. Sopko
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Max Kates
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaopu Liu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Joice
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. McConkey
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Trinity J. Bivalacqua
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hatina J, Parmar HS, Kripnerova M, Hepburn A, Heer R. Urothelial Carcinoma Stem Cells: Current Concepts, Controversies, and Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1655:121-136. [PMID: 28889382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are defined as a self-renewing and self-protecting subpopulation of cancer cells able to differentiate into morphologically and functionally diverse cancer cells with a limited lifespan. To purify cancer stem cells, two basic approaches can be applied, the marker-based approach employing various more of less-specific cell surface marker molecules and a marker-free approach largely based on various self-protection mechanisms. Within the context of urothelial carcinoma, both methods could find use. The cell surface markers have been mainly derived from the urothelial basal cell, a probable cell of origin of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, with CD14, CD44, CD90, and 67LR representing successful examples of this strategy. The marker-free approaches involve side population sorting, for which a detailed protocol is provided, as well as the Aldefluor assay, which rely on a specific overexpression of efflux pumps or the detoxification enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, in stem cells. These assays have been applied to both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer samples and cell lines. Urothelial carcinoma stem cells feature a pronounced heterogeneity as to their molecular stemness mechanisms. Several aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology could enter translational development rather soon, e.g., a specific CD44+-derived gene expression signature able to identify non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients with a high risk of progression, or deciphering a mechanism responsible for repopulating activity of urothelial carcinoma stem cells within the context of therapeutic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hatina
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Hamendra Singh Parmar
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia Hepburn
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mockler D, Escobar-Hoyos LF, Akalin A, Romeiser J, Shroyer AL, Shroyer KR. Keratin 17 Is a Prognostic Biomarker in Endocervical Glandular Neoplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 148:264-273. [PMID: 28821199 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous work in our laboratory identified keratin 17 (K17) as a specific and sensitive biomarker for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). K17, however, has not been previously evaluated in endocervical glandular neoplasia. Based on the similar pathogenesis of squamous and glandular lesions of the cervix, we hypothesized that K17 overexpression could also be a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for endocervical neoplasia. METHODS Cases of endocervical adenocarcinoma (n = 90), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) (n = 32), benign glandular lesions (n = 36), and normal endocervical mucosa (n = 5) were selected from Stony Brook Medicine and the University of Massachusetts from 2002 to 2013. Immunohistochemical staining for K17 was performed by an indirect immunoperoxidase method and was scored based on the proportion of cells that showed strong (2+) staining. RESULTS K17 was highly expressed in 21 (65.6%) of 32 AIS and in 75 (83.0%) of 90 adenocarcinoma cases. In adenocarcinomas, K17 staining was detected in a mean of 33.9% of malignant cells. Staining tended to be strongest at the periphery of pseudoglandular groups and at the invasive front of tumors. K17 was not detected in the epithelial cells of benign glandular lesions, but groups of cuboidal cells, residing beneath the epithelial layer of benign glands, were frequently positive for K17, especially in cases of microglandular hyperplasia. High levels of K17 expression were significantly associated with decreased patient survival. CONCLUSIONS K17 is highly expressed in most cases of both invasive adenocarcinoma and in AIS and is a powerful, negative prognostic marker for patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa F Escobar-Hoyos
- Departments of Pathology
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ali Akalin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Noninvasive Papillary Basal-like Urothelial Carcinoma: A Subgroup of Urothelial Carcinomas With Immunohistochemical Features of Basal Urothelial Cells Associated With a High Rate of Recurrence and Progression. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:575-82. [PMID: 26574632 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the clinical and pathologic significance of a subgroup of noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinomas (UCs) expressing reactivity to urothelial basal cell markers. DESIGN In total, 302 consecutive cases of noninvasive papillary UC were evaluated immunohistochemically with cytokeratin 5 (CK5)/CD44. Any UC that was reactive for greater than 25% thickness of the urothelium was designated as basal-like urothelial carcinoma (BUC); remaining UC cases were designated as non-BUC. The follow-up period was up to 3 years. Historical review of UC was extended for up to 3 retrospective years. RESULTS Among 302 noninvasive UC, BUC was identified in 33 of 256 (12.9%) low-grade UC and 8 of 46 (17%) high-grade UC (P=0.041). Immunoreactivity for CD44 was similar to that of CK5, but displayed weaker and more diffuse staining. CK20 was reactive in 9 cases, primarily high-grade BUC. Other basal cell markers (34bE12, p63, bcl2, and EP4) were found to be neither sensitive nor specific in detecting UC with high CK5 expression. In comparison with non-BUC, BUC was associated with increased multifocality, larger tumor size, higher recurrence rate, and more frequent upgrading and stage progression. In the follow-up period of 3 years, distant metastasis occurred in 6 cases of which 5 were in the BUC subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that noninvasive papillary BUC represents a small subset associated with increased risk of tumor recurrence and progression. The aggressive behavior is likely associated with basal-like features of BUC, as seen in carcinomas with basal cell features in other body sites.
Collapse
|
34
|
Flat Intraurothelial Neoplasia Exhibiting Diffuse Immunoreactivity for CD44 and Cytokeratin 5 (Urothelial Stem Cell/Basal Cell Markers): A Variant of Intraurothelial Neoplasia Commonly Associated With Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:505-512. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
35
|
Li Y, Lin K, Yang Z, Han N, Quan X, Guo X, Li C. Bladder cancer stem cells: clonal origin and therapeutic perspectives. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66668-66679. [PMID: 29029546 PMCID: PMC5630446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review the origin and therapeutic perspectives of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are integral to the initiation, high recurrence and chemoresistance of bladder cancer. BCSCs are heterogenous and originate from multiple cell types, including urothelial stem cells and differentiated cell types, including basal, intermediate stratum and umbrella cells. Cell surface markers, including CD44, CD67LR, EMA, ALDH1A1 and BCMab1, are used to identify and isolate BCSCs. The Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt and JAK-STAT signaling pathways play key roles in maintaining the stemness, self-renewal and proliferative potential of BCSCs. High expression of ABC transporters, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, antioxidants and apoptosis resistance proteins in BCSCs play a critical role in chemoresistance. Consequently, a greater understanding of the biology of BCSCs will be important for identifying effective therapeutic targets to improve clinical outcomes for bladder cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaisu Lin
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofang Quan
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Li
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Jianlan Institute of Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Agliano A, Calvo A, Box C. The challenge of targeting cancer stem cells to halt metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:25-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
37
|
Schmid SC, Sathe A, Guerth F, Seitz AK, Heck MM, Maurer T, Schwarzenböck SM, Krause BJ, Schulz WA, Stoehr R, Gschwend JE, Retz M, Nawroth R. Wntless promotes bladder cancer growth and acts synergistically as a molecular target in combination with cisplatin. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:544.e1-544.e10. [PMID: 28501564 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the contribution of Wnt signaling pathway to bladder cancer growth in order to identify suitable target molecules for therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of Wnt 2/4/7, LRP5/6, TCF1/2/4, LEF-1, and β-actin was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in a panel of 9 and for Wntless (WLS) in 17 bladder cancer cell lines. Protein expression of WLS was detected in 6 cell lines. Wnt/β-catenin activity was analyzed using the TOPflash/FOPflash luciferase reporter assay. Expression level of β-catenin, WIF1, Dickkopf proteins (DKK), HSulf-2, sFRP4, and WLS was modulated by transfecting or infecting cells transiently or stably with respective shRNAs, siRNAs, or cDNAs. For protein detection, whole cell lysates were applied to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblots. Effects on cell growth were determined by cell viability assays and BrdU/APC incorporation/staining. For 3-dimensional tumor growth, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model was used. Tumor growth was characterized by weight. RESULTS Expression of molecular components and activation of the Wnt signaling pathway could be detected in all cell lines. Expression level of β-catenin, WIF1, DKK, WLS, and HSulf-2 influenced Wnt activity. Expression of WLS was confirmed in 17 cell lines by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in 6 cell lines by immunoblotting. WLS positively regulates Wnt signaling, cell proliferation, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. These effects could be reversed by the expression of the Wnt antagonist WIF1 and DKK. Synergistic activity of cisplatin and WLS inactivation by genetic silencing could be observed on cell viability. CONCLUSION The Wnt signaling pathway is ubiquitously activated in bladder cancer and regulates tumor growth. WLS might be a target protein for novel therapies in combination with established chemotherapy regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Schmid
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Guerth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Seitz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias M Heck
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Du¨sseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Inoue R, Hirohashi Y, Kitamura H, Nishida S, Murai A, Takaya A, Yamamoto E, Matsuki M, Tanaka T, Kubo T, Nakatsugawa M, Kanaseki T, Tsukahara T, Sato N, Masumori N, Torigoe T. GRIK2 has a role in the maintenance of urothelial carcinoma stem-like cells, and its expression is associated with poorer prognosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:28826-28839. [PMID: 28418868 PMCID: PMC5438695 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are small sub-population of cancer cells that are endowed with higher tumor-initiating ability, self-renewal ability and differentiation ability. CSCs/CICs could be isolated as high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity cells (ALDH1high) from various cancer samples. In this study, we isolated urothelial carcinoma CSCs/CICs as ALDHhigh cells and investigated the molecular aspects. ALDH1high cells showed greater sphere-forming ability and higher tumor-initiating ability in immune-deficient mice than those of ALDH1low cells, indicating that CSCs/CICs were enriched in ALDH1high cells. cDNA microarray analysis revealed that an ionotropic glutamate receptor glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 (GRIK2) was expressed in ALDH1high cells at a higher level than that in ALDH1low cells. GRIK2 gene knockdown by siRNAs decreased the sphere-forming ability and invasion ability, whereas GRIK2 overexpression increased the sphere-forming ability, invasion ability and tumorigenicity, indicating that GRIK2 has a role in the maintenance of CSCs/CICs. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that higher levels of GRIK2 and ALDH1 expression were related to poorer prognosis in urinary tract carcinoma cases. The findings indicate that GRIK2 has a role in the maintenance of urothelial CSCs/CICs and that GRIK2 and ALDH1 can be prognosis prediction markers for urinary tract carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama-Shi 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nishida
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Aiko Murai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akari Takaya
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Eri Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsuki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Munehide Nakatsugawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Masumori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang C, Ross WT, Mysorekar IU. Urothelial generation and regeneration in development, injury, and cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:336-343. [PMID: 28109014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the urothelium upon injury are required for a functional bladder in both healthy and disease conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the urothelial regenerative response is key to designing strategies for tissue repair and ultimately treatments for urologic diseases including urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, painful bladder syndrome, and bladder cancer. In this article, we review studies on urothelial ontogeny during development and regeneration following various injury modalities. Signaling pathways involved in urothelial regeneration and in urothelial carcinogenesis are also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 246:336-343, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Whitney Trotter Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhu L, Ni C, Dong B, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Niu H, Li C. A novel hedgehog inhibitor iG2 suppresses tumorigenesis by impairing self-renewal in human bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2579-86. [PMID: 27465044 PMCID: PMC5055183 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is still a major challenge for clinical treatment of bladder cancer. Cumulative evidences indicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to drug resistance and leave a putative source for disease relapse. Identifying novel agents targeting CSCs may represent a new paradigm in the therapy of bladder cancer. Here, we separated a novel hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, iG2, from streptomyces roseofulvus, which dramatically blocked the activation of Gli2 in bladder cancer cells. The iG2 strongly repressed the growth of cancer cells rather than the peri‐tumor stroma cells. Attenuated proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells were observed upon iG2 stimulation. Furthermore, iG2 reduced the self‐renewal ability of bladder CSCs as well as the tumor formation. Collectively, iG2 is potentially used as a novel therapeutic agent for bladder cancer by targeting self‐renewal through inhibiting Hh pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Chen Ni
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuefeng Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Packer JR, Maitland NJ. The molecular and cellular origin of human prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1238-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histopathological structure of malignant tumours involves two essential compartments - the tumour parenchyma with the actual transformed cells, and the supportive tumour stroma. The latter consists of specialized mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes and vascular cells, as well as of their secreted products, including components of the extracellular matrix, matrix modifying enzymes and numerous regulatory growth factors and cytokines. In consequence, the tumour stroma has the ability to influence virtually all aspects of tumour development and progression, including therapeutic response. AIM In this article we review the current knowledge of tumor stroma interactions in urothelial carcinoma and present various experimental systems that are currently in use to unravel the biological basis of these heterotypic cell interactions. RESULTS For urothelial carcinoma, an extensive tumour stroma is quite typical and markers of activated fibroblasts correlate significantly with clinical parameters of advanced disease. Another clinically important variable is provided by the stromal expression of syndecan-1. CONCLUSION Integration of markers of activated stroma into clinical risk evaluation could aid to better stratification of urothelial bladder carcinoma patients. Elucidation of biological mechanisms underlying tumour-stroma interactions could provide new therapeutical targets.
Collapse
|
43
|
Li C, Du Y, Yang Z, He L, Wang Y, Hao L, Ding M, Yan R, Wang J, Fan Z. GALNT1-Mediated Glycosylation and Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Maintains the Self-Renewal and Tumor-Initiating Capacity of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1273-83. [PMID: 26676748 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existence of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSC) has been suggested to underlie bladder tumor initiation and recurrence. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling has been implicated in promoting cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal and is activated in bladder cancer, but its impact on BCSC maintenance is unclear. In this study, we generated a mAb (BCMab1) against CD44(+) human bladder cancer cells that recognizes aberrantly glycosylated integrin α3β1. The combination of BCMab1 with an anti-CD44 antibody identified a BCMab1(+)CD44(+) cell subpopulation as BCSCs with stem cell-like properties. Gene expression analysis revealed that the hedgehog pathway was activated in the BCMab1(+)CD44(+) subpopulation and was required for BCSC self-renewal. Furthermore, the glycotransferase GALNT1 was highly expressed in BCMab1(+)CD44(+) cells and correlated with clinicopathologic features of bladder cancers. Mechanistically, GALNT1 mediated O-linked glycosylation of SHH to promote its activation, which was essential for the self-renewal maintenance of BCSCs and bladder tumorigenesis. Finally, intravesical instillation of GALNT1 siRNA and the SHH inhibitor cyclopamine exerted potent antitumor activity against bladder tumor growth. Taken together, our findings identify a BCSC subpopulation in human bladder tumors that appears to be responsive to the inhibition of GALNT1 and SHH signaling, and thus highlight a potential strategy for preventing the rapid recurrence typical in patients with bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyun He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxia Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruping Yan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiansong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Zusen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bladder Cancer Stem-Like Cells: Their Origin and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010043. [PMID: 26729098 PMCID: PMC4730288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), the most common cancer arising from the human urinary tract, consists of two major clinicopathological phenotypes: muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MIBC frequently metastasizes and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. A certain proportion of patients with metastatic BC can achieve a remission with systemic chemotherapy; however, the disease relapses in most cases. Evidence suggests that MIBC comprises a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which may be resistant to these treatments and may be able to form new tumors in the bladder or other organs. Therefore, the unambiguous identification of bladder CSCs and the development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. Nevertheless, it remains unclear where bladder CSCs originate and how they are generated. We review recent studies on bladder CSCs, specifically focusing on their proposed origin and the possible therapeutic options based on the CSC theory.
Collapse
|
45
|
Garg M. Urothelial cancer stem cells and epithelial plasticity: current concepts and therapeutic implications in bladder cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:691-701. [PMID: 26328525 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a highly heterogeneous disease that develops along two distinct biological tracks as evident by candidate gene analysis and genome-wide screening and therefore, offers different challenges for clinical management. Tumors representing the truly distinct molecular entities express molecular markers characteristic of a developmental process and a major mechanism of cancer metastasis, known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recently identified subset of cells known as urothelial cancer stem cells (UroCSCs) in urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) have self-renewal properties, ability to generate cellular tumor heterogeneity via differentiation and are ultimately responsible for tumor growth and viability. In this review paper, PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched for original research papers and review articles to extract relevant information on the molecular mechanisms delineating the relationship between EMT and cancer stemness and their clinical implications for different subsets of urothelial cell carcinomas. Experimental and clinical studies over the past few years in bladder cancer cell lines and tumor tissues of different cancer subtypes provide evidences and new insights for mechanistic complexity for induction of EMT, tumorigenicity, and cancer stemness in malignant transformation of urothelial cell carcinomas. Differentiation and elimination therapies targeting EMT-cancer stemness pathway have been proposed as cynosure in the molecular biology of urothelial cell carcinomas and could prove to be clinically beneficial in an ability to reverse the EMT phenotype of tumor cells, suppress the properties of UroCSCs, inhibit bladder cancer progression and tumor relapse, and provide rationale in the treatment and clinical management of urothelial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shen H, Blijlevens M, Yang N, Frangou C, Wilson KE, Xu B, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Morrison CD, Shepherd L, Hu Q, Zhu Q, Wang J, Liu S, Zhang J. Sox4 Expression Confers Bladder Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Predicts for Poor Patient Outcome. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1363-75. [PMID: 26681916 PMCID: PMC4671994 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified as to contribute directly or indirectly to the generation of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC-UB). We have previously found that amplification of chromosome 6p22 is significantly associated with the muscle-invasive rather than superficial TCC-UB. Here, we demonstrated that Sox4, one of the candidate oncogenes located within the chromosome 6p22 amplicon, confers bladder cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. Down-regulation of Sox4 led to the inhibition of cell migration, colony formation as well as mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Interestingly, knockdown of Sox4 also reduced the sphere formation, enriched cell population with high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH high) and tumor formation potential. Using gene expression profiling, we further identified novel Sox4 target genes. Last, immunohistochemistry analysis of human bladder tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) indicated that high Sox4 expression was correlated with advanced cancer stages and poor survival rate. In summary, our data show that Sox4 is an important regulator of the bladder CSC properties and it may serve as a biomarker of the aggressive phenotype in bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Shen
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics
| | - Maxime Blijlevens
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics; ; 4. VU medical center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Laboratory Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuo Yang
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics
| | | | | | - Bo Xu
- 2. Department of Pathology
| | - Yinglong Zhang
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics; ; 5. Orthopaedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lirui Zhang
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics; ; 6. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | | | - Lori Shepherd
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Qiang Hu
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Jianmin Wang
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Song Liu
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
De Faveri LE, Hurst CD, Roulson JA, Wood H, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Knowles MA, Chapman EJ. Polycomb Repressor Complex 1 Member, BMI1 Contributes to Urothelial Tumorigenesis through p16-Independent Mechanisms. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:387-399. [PMID: 26500029 PMCID: PMC4631094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) causes significant morbidity and remains the most expensive cancer to treat because of the need for repeated resections and lifelong monitoring for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Novel therapeutics and stratification approaches are needed to improve the outlook for both NMIBC and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We investigated the expression and effects of B Lymphoma Mo-MLV Insertion Region 1 (BMI1) in UC. BMI1 was found to be overexpressed in most UC cell lines and primary tumors by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In contrast to some previous reports, no association with tumor stage or grade was observed in two independent tumor panels. Furthermore, upregulation of BMI1 was detected in premalignant bladder lesions, suggesting a role early in tumorigenesis. BMI1 is not located within a common region of genomic amplification in UC. The CDKN2A locus (which encodes the p16 tumor suppressor gene) is a transcriptional target of BMI1 in some cellular contexts. In UC cell lines and primary tissues, no correlation between BMI1 and p16 expression was observed. Retroviral-mediated overexpression of BMI1 immortalized normal human urothelial cells (NHUC) in vitro and was associated with induction of telomerase activity, bypass of senescence, and repression of differentiation. The effects of BMI1 on gene expression were identified by expression microarray analysis of NHUC-BMI1. Metacore analysis of the gene expression profile implicated downstream effects of BMI1 on α4/β1 integrin-mediated adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling, and CREB1-mediated transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia E De Faveri
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Jo-An Roulson
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Henry Wood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Marta Sanchez-Carbayo
- Bladder Cancer Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Emma J Chapman
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bernardo C, Costa C, Sousa N, Amado F, Santos L. Patient-derived bladder cancer xenografts: a systematic review. Transl Res 2015; 166:324-31. [PMID: 25742701 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs) are said to accurately reflect the heterogeneity of human tumors. In the case of human bladder cancer, few studies are available featuring these models. The best methodology to develop and the real value of the model remain unclear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the best methodology to establish and use PDTXs to study the characteristics and behavior of human bladder tumors. The value and potential application of these models are also addressed. A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify published studies using xenograft models directly established from human bladder cancer samples into mice. A total of 12 studies were included in the final analysis. All studies differed in design; the reported take rate varied between 11% and 80%, with the implantation via dorsal incision and with matrigel obtaining the higher take rate. Advanced stage and high-grade tumors were associated with increased take rate. Xenografts preserved the original tumor identity in the establishment phase and after serial passages. Although some studies suggest a correlation between engraftment success and clinical prognosis, evidence about the association between the response of xenografts to treatment and the clinical response of the tumor of origin is still missing. All methodological approaches resulted in the establishment of tumor xenografts with preservation of the original tumor identity but variable take rate. The time needed to establish the model and propagate xenografts to a number suitable for drug testing is the main limitation of the model, along with the success rate and lack of consistency in the early passages. Comparison between tumor response in mice and clinical outcome remains to be assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bernardo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal; Health Science Department (SACS), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Céu Costa
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Research Centre (CEBIMED), Health Sciences Faculty, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Research Centre (CEBIMED), Health Sciences Faculty, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Increased Oxidative Stress as a Selective Anticancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:294303. [PMID: 26273420 PMCID: PMC4529973 DOI: 10.1155/2015/294303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely related to tumorgenesis. Under hypoxic environment, increased levels of ROS induce the expression of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) in cancer stem cells (CSCs), resulting in the promotion of the upregulation of CSC markers, and the reduction of intracellular ROS level, thus facilitating CSCs survival and proliferation. Although the ROS level is regulated by powerful antioxidant defense mechanisms in cancer cells, it is observed to remain higher than that in normal cells. Cancer cells may be more sensitive than normal cells to the accumulation of ROS; consequently, it is supposed that increased oxidative stress by exogenous ROS generation therapy has an effect on selectively killing cancer cells without affecting normal cells. This paper reviews the mechanisms of redox regulation in CSCs and the pivotal role of ROS in anticancer treatment.
Collapse
|