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Mishra A, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Srinivasan A. Efficacy of pharmacological agents for the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:293-302. [PMID: 38269529 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2310715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to compare and generate evidence for the most efficacious treatment among available pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). METHODS Reviewers extracted data from 47 studies screened from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane databases and clinical trial registries fulfilling the eligibility criteria. Random effects Bayesian NMA was done with non-informative priors. Network geometry was visualized, and node splitting was done for the closed triangles. Standardized mean difference and 95% credible interval(95%CrI) were reported for the reduction in symptom severity scores. The probability of each intervention for each rank was plotted. Meta-regression was done for the duration of the therapy. RESULTS Augmentation of antipsychotics with escitalopram (SMD: -1.7[95%CrI: -2.8, -0.70]), glycine (SMD: -1.2 [95%CrI: -2.2, -0.28]) and Yokukansan (SMD: -1.3 [95%CrI: -2.4, -0.24]) shows a statistically significant reduction in symptom severity when compared to clozapine. As per surface under cumulative ranking curve analysis, escitalopram in combination with antipsychotics appeared to be the best intervention with moderate certainty of evidence. There was no significant effect of the duration of therapy on the treatment effects. CONCLUSION Escitalopram augmentation of antipsychotics appears to be the most efficacious treatment with moderate certainty of evidence among the available pharmacological interventions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42022380292.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rituparna Maiti
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Biswa Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anand Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
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Titulaer J, Gottfridsson R, Nordling D, Fagerström E, Eberhard J, Konradsson-Geuken Å. Sex-specific differences and similarities of olanzapine and risperidone on avoidance suppression in rats in the conditioned avoidance response test. Brain Res 2023; 1818:148527. [PMID: 37567547 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are more effective in reducing symptoms in women than in men, and that women are more sensitive to the side effects of APDs. Therefore, it is of great importance that sex differences in drug responses are considered already in the early stages of drug development. In this study, we investigated whether sex-specific differences could be observed in response to the commonly prescribed APDs olanzapine and risperidone using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test. To this end we tested the effect of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg olanzapine and 0.25 and 0.4 mg/kg risperidone using female and male Wistar rats in the CAR test. Whereas there were no significant differences between the female and male rats in response to either dose of olanzapine administration, an injection of 0.4 mg/kg risperidone significantly suppressed avoidance more in female rats than in male rats. In addition, we found that the estrous cycle of the female rats did not have a significant effect on the avoidance response. In conclusion, we show that there are sex-specific differences as well as similarities between female and male rats in the CAR test and novel APDs should be tested on female and male rats in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Titulaer
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Gottfridsson
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nordling
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ella Fagerström
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Eberhard
- Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Titulaer J, Radhe O, Danielsson K, Dutheil S, Marcus MM, Jardemark K, Svensson TH, Snyder GL, Ericson M, Davis RE, Konradsson-Geuken Å. Lumateperone-mediated effects on prefrontal glutamatergic receptor-mediated neurotransmission: A dopamine D 1 receptor dependent mechanism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 62:22-35. [PMID: 35878581 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lumateperone is a novel drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and depressive episodes associated with bipolar depression in adults, as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate treatment in the United States. Lumateperone simultaneously modulates key neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, implicated in serious mental illness. In patients with schizophrenia, lumateperone was shown to improve positive symptoms along with negative and depressive symptoms, while also enhancing prosocial behavior. Moreover, in patients with bipolar I or II disorder, lumateperone improved depressive symptoms as well. To further understand the mechanisms related to lumateperone's clinical response, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lumateperone on dopaminergic- and glutamatergic signaling in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We used the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test to determine the antipsychotic-like effect of lumateperone, electrophysiology in vitro to study lumateperone's effects on NMDA- and AMPA-induced currents in the mPFC, and the neurochemical techniques microdialysis and amperometry to measure dopamine- and glutamate release in the rat mPFC. Our results demonstrate that lumateperone; i) significantly suppressed CAR in rats, indicating an antipsychotic-like effect, ii) facilitated NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated currents in the mPFC, in a dopamine D1-dependent manner, and iii) significantly increased dopamine and glutamate release in the rat mPFC. To the extent that these findings can be translated to humans, the ability of lumateperone to activate these pathways may contribute to its demonstrated effectiveness in safely improving symptoms related to neuropsychiatric disorder including mood alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Titulaer
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - O Radhe
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Danielsson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Dutheil
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - M M Marcus
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Jardemark
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T H Svensson
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G L Snyder
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - M Ericson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R E Davis
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Å Konradsson-Geuken
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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De Deurwaerdère P, Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin/dopamine interaction: Electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:161-264. [PMID: 33785130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the adaptive properties of living animals to their environment. These are two modulatory, divergent systems shaping and regulating in a widespread manner the activity of neurobiological networks and their interaction. The concept of one interaction linking these two systems is rather elusive when looking at the mechanisms triggered by these two systems across the CNS. The great variety of their interacting mechanisms is in part due to the diversity of their neuronal origin, the density of their fibers in a given CNS region, the distinct expression of their numerous receptors in the CNS, the heterogeneity of their intracellular signaling pathway that depend on the cellular type expressing their receptors, and the state of activity of neurobiological networks, conditioning the outcome of their mutual influences. Thus, originally conceptualized as inhibition of 5-HT on DA neuron activity and DA neurotransmission, this interaction is nowadays considered as a multifaceted, mutual influence of these two systems in the regulation of CNS functions. These new ways of understanding this interaction are of utmost importance to envision the consequences of their dysfunctions underlined in several CNS diseases. It is also essential to conceive the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs directly acting on their function including antipsychotic, antidepressant, antiparkinsonian, and drug of abuse together with the development of therapeutic strategies of Alzheimer's diseases, epilepsy, obsessional compulsive disorders. The 5-HT/DA interaction has a long history from the serendipitous discovery of antidepressants and antipsychotics to the future, rationalized treatments of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Effect of combined treatment with aripiprazole and antidepressants on the MK-801-induced deficits in recognition memory in novel recognition test and on the release of monoamines in the rat frontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112769. [PMID: 32535184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
According to preclinical and clinical studies, the antidepressant-induced increase in the activity of atypical antipsychotics may efficiently improve the treatment of negative and some cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the antidepressants escitalopram and mirtazapine and the atypical antipsychotic drug aripiprazole, administered separately or in combination, on the MK-801-induced deficits in the recognition memory test and on the extracellular levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the rat frontal cortex. Based on the results of the behavioral tests, co-treatment with an ineffective dose of aripiprazole (0.1 mg/kg) and escitalopram (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) or mirtazapine (5 mg/kg) abolished the deficits evoked by MK-801 in the novel object recognition test, and those effects were blocked by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY 100,635) or the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23,390). Moreover, co-treatment with aripiprazole (0.3 mg/kg) and escitalopram (5 mg/kg) significantly increased the levels of noradrenaline and serotonin, decreased the level of its metabolite, and did not alter level of dopamine, but decreased the levels of its metabolites. In addition, co-treatment with aripiprazole (0.3 mg/kg) and mirtazapine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the level of noradrenaline, did not change the levels of dopamine and serotonin, but increased the levels of their metabolites. Based on these results, the increase in the extracellular levels of noradrenaline or serotonin in the cortex induced by co-treatment with an antidepressant and aripiprazole may be very important for the pharmacotherapy of negative and some cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Hereta M, Kamińska K, Rogóż Z. Co-treatment with antidepressants and aripiprazole reversed the MK-801-induced some negative symptoms of schizophrenia in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:768-773. [PMID: 31351318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a chronic, most devastating psychiatric illness that impairs mental and social functioning. A few clinical reports have suggested that antidepressant drugs are able to augment the activity of atypical antipsychotic drugs, thus effectively improving treatment of some negative symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the antidepressant escitalopram or mirtazapine and aripiprazole (an atypical antipsychotic), given separately or jointly, on the deficits induced by MK-801(a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) in the social interaction test in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The social interaction was measured for 10 min, starting 4 h after MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) administration. Antidepressants and aripiprazole were given 60 and 30 min before the test, respectively. WAY 100635 (a 5-HT1A antagonist) and SCH 23390 (a dopamine D1 antagonist) were give 20 min before the tests. RESULTS The present results showed that MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg)-induced deficits in the social interaction test. Aripiprazole (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) reversed those effects. Co-treatment with an ineffective dose of aripiprazole (0.03 mg/kg) and escitalopram (5 and 10 mg/kg) or mirtazapine (5 mg/kg) abolished the deficits evoked by MK-801, and those effects were especially blocked by a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY 100635) or partly by dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23390). CONCLUSIONS The obtained results suggest that amelioration of the antipsychotic-like effect of aripiprazole by antidepressants in the MK-801-induced some negative symptoms of schizophrenia in rats may be associated with serotonin 5-HT1A and to a lesser degree with dopamine D1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hereta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland.
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7
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Rogóż Z, Wąsik A, Lorenc-Koci E. Combined treatment with aripiprazole and antidepressants reversed some MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:623-630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Ding N, Li Z, Liu Z. Escitalopram augmentation improves negative symptoms of treatment resistant schizophrenia patients – A randomized controlled trial. Neurosci Lett 2018; 681:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Aykac A, Şehirli AÖ. The effects of citalopram and low-dose risperidone on memory and anxiety in rats subjected to chronic immobilization stress. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1488922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Aykac
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Amato D, Vernon AC, Papaleo F. Dopamine, the antipsychotic molecule: A perspective on mechanisms underlying antipsychotic response variability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:146-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Björkholm C, Marcus MM, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Jardemark K, Svensson TH. The novel antipsychotic drug brexpiprazole, alone and in combination with escitalopram, facilitates prefrontal glutamatergic transmission via a dopamine D1 receptor-dependent mechanism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:411-417. [PMID: 28190661 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brexpiprazole (Rexulti®), a novel D2/3 receptor (R) partial agonist, was recently approved as monotherapy for schizophrenia, demonstrating effectiveness against both positive and negative symptoms, and also approved as add-on treatment to antidepressant drugs, inducing a potent antidepressant effect with a faster onset compared to an antidepressant given alone. Moreover, brexpiprazole has demonstrated pro-cognitive effects in preclinical studies. To explore whether the observed effects may be mediated via modulation of prefrontal glutamatergic transmission, we investigated the effect of brexpiprazole, alone and in combination with the SSRI escitalopram, on prefrontal glutamatergic transmission using in vitro electrophysiological intracellular recordings of deep layer pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Nanomolar concentrations of brexpiprazole potentiated NMDAR-induced currents and electrically evoked EPSPs via activation of dopamine D1Rs, in similarity with the effect of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. The effect of an ineffective concentration of brexpiprazole was significantly potentiated by the addition of escitalopram. When combined with escitalopram, brexpiprazole also potentiated AMPAR-mediated transmission, in similarity with the clinically rapid acting antidepressant drug ketamine. The effect on the AMPAR-mediated currents was also D1R dependent. In conclusion, our data propose that brexpiprazole exerts a clozapine-like potentiation of NMDAR-mediated currents in the mPFC, which can explain its efficacy on negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the pro-cognitive effects observed preclinically. Moreover, add-on brexpiprazole to escitalopram also potentiated AMPAR-mediated transmission, which may provide a neurobiological explanation to the faster antidepressant effect of add-on brexpiprazole in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Björkholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica M Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Jardemark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Risperidone and escitalopram co-administration: A potential treatment of schizophrenia symptoms with less side effects. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Tao C, Yan W, Li Y, Lu X. Effect of antidepressants on spatial memory deficit induced by dizocilpine. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:266-72. [PMID: 27512913 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are a core symptom of schizophrenia. It is controversial whether antidepressants could improve cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. The present study was designed to identify the therapeutic effect of antidepressants on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In the present study, adolescent rats were repeatedly exposed to dizocilpine, which can induce cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Then these rats were treated by six antidepressants (fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine, escitalopram, venlafaxine, mirtazapine) or vehicle. The rats in the control group were exposed to vehicle during the study. Lastly, all rats' spatial memory (a major part of cognition) was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test, and the density of hippocampal parvalbumin (PV) interneurons was evaluated to explore possible mechanisms underlying spatial memory change in schizophrenia. The results of the present study supported the hypothesis of a therapeutic effect of fluvoxamine and escitalopram on spatial memory deficit induced by dizocilpine. Additionally, the data of the present study suggested that fluvoxamine and escitalopram remitted hippocampal PV interneuron reduction induced by dizocilpine. The neuroprotective effect of fluvoxamine and escitalopram may partly explain the therapeutic effect of antidepressants on spatial memory deficit in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
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Marcus MM, Björkholm C, Malmerfelt A, Möller A, Påhlsson N, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Feltmann K, Jardemark K, Schilström B, Svensson TH. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and PAMs as adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia. An experimental study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1401-1411. [PMID: 27474687 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has been found to improve cognition and reduce negative symptoms in schizophrenia and a genetic and pathophysiological link between the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and schizophrenia has been demonstrated. Therefore, there has been a large interest in developing drugs affecting the α7 nAChRs for schizophrenia. In the present study we investigated, in rats, the effects of a selective α7 agonist (PNU282987) and a α7 positive allosteric modulator (PAM; NS1738) alone and in combination with the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone for their utility as adjunct treatment in schizophrenia. Moreover we also investigated their utility as adjunct treatment in depression in combination with the SSRI citalopram. We found that NS1738 and to some extent also PNU282987, potentiated a subeffective dose of risperidone in the conditioned avoidance response test. Both drugs also potentiated the effect of a sub-effective concentration of risperidone on NMDA-induced currents in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, NS1738 and PNU282987 enhanced recognition memory in the novel object recognition test, when given separately. Both drugs also potentiated accumbal but not prefrontal risperidone-induced dopamine release. Finally, PNU282987 reduced immobility in the forced swim test, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Taken together, our data support the utility of drugs targeting the α7 nAChRs, perhaps especially α7 PAMs, to potentiate the effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Moreover, our data suggest that α7 agonists and PAMs can be used to ameliorate cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Björkholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Malmerfelt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annie Möller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ninni Påhlsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristin Feltmann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Jardemark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Schilström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Serotonergic modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems: Therapeutic implications. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:175-236. [PMID: 27013075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the mammalian brain, it has been apparent that serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) interactions play a key role in normal and abnormal behavior. Therefore, disclosure of this interaction could reveal important insights into the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction or neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome. Unfortunately, this interaction remains difficult to study for many reasons, including the rich and widespread innervations of 5-HT and DA in the brain, the plethora of 5-HT receptors and the release of co-transmitters by 5-HT and DA neurons. The purpose of this review is to present electrophysiological and biochemical data showing that endogenous 5-HT and pharmacological 5-HT ligands modify the mesencephalic DA systems' activity. 5-HT receptors may control DA neuron activity in a state-dependent and region-dependent manner. 5-HT controls the activity of DA neurons in a phasic and excitatory manner, except for the control exerted by 5-HT2C receptors which appears to also be tonically and/or constitutively inhibitory. The functional interaction between the two monoamines will also be discussed in view of the mechanism of action of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-Parkinsonians and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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The effect of combined treatment with escitalopram and risperidone on the MK-801-induced changes in the object recognition test in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:116-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Björkholm C, Jardemark K, Schilström B, Svensson TH. Ketamine-like effects of a combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine on AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1842-7. [PMID: 26233606 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies indicate that the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine is dependent on activation of AMPA receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resulting in a prolonged enhancement of glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC. In similarity, addition of atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) to SSRIs has also been found to induce a rapid and potent antidepressant effect. Using intracellular recordings in layer V/VI pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC in vitro, we found that a combination of low, clinically relevant concentrations of the atypical APD olanzapine and the SSRI fluoxetine facilitated NMDA and AMPA-induced currents in pyramidal cells via activation of dopamine D1 receptors. A single ketamine injection (10mg/kg, 24h before the experiment) enhanced AMPA-and apparently to some extent also NMDA-induced currents. Our results propose that the rapid and potent antidepressant effects of both treatments may be related to a common mechanism of action, namely facilitation of glutamatergic, in particular AMPA receptor-mediated transmission, in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Björkholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Jardemark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Schilström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hutson PH, Heins MS, Folgering JH. Effects of lisdexamfetamine alone and in combination with s-citalopram on acetylcholine and histamine efflux in the rat pre-frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. J Neurochem 2015; 134:693-703. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kamińska K, Rogóż Z. The effect of combined treatment with risperidone and antidepressants on the MK-801-induced deficits in the social interaction test in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1183-7. [PMID: 26481539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical reports have suggested that augmentation of atypical antipsychotics' activity by antidepressants may efficiently improve the treatment of negative and some cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of antidepressant mirtazapine or escitalopram and risperidone (an atypical antipsychotic), given separately or jointly, on the MK-801-induced deficits in the social interaction test in rats. Antidepressants and risperidone were given 60 and 30 min before the test, respectively. The social interaction of male Wistar rats was measured for 10 min, starting 4 h after MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) administration. RESULTS In the social interaction test, MK-801-induced deficits in the parameters studied, i.e. the number of episodes and the time of interactions. Risperidone at a higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) reversed that effect. Co-treatment with an ineffective dose of risperidone (0.01 mg/kg) and mirtazapine (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) or escitalopram only at a dose of 5 mg/kg (but not 2.5 and 10 mg/kg) abolished the deficits evoked by MK-801. CONCLUSION The obtained results suggest that especially mirtazapine, and to a smaller degree escitalopram may enhance the antipsychotic-like effect of risperidone in the animal test modeling some negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland; The Podhale State Higher Vocational School, Nowy Targ, Poland.
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Björkholm C, Frånberg O, Malmerfelt A, Marcus MM, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Schilström B, Jardemark K, Svensson TH. Adjunctive treatment with asenapine augments the escitalopram-induced effects on monoaminergic outflow and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu068. [PMID: 25522408 PMCID: PMC4360248 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial clinical data support the addition of low doses of atypical antipsychotic drugs to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to rapidly enhance the antidepressant effect in treatment-resistant depression. Preclinical studies suggest that this effect is at least partly explained by an increased catecholamine outflow in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS In the present study we used in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats and in vitro intracellular recordings of pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC to investigate the effects of adding the novel atypical antipsychotic drug asenapine to the SSRI escitalopram with regards to monoamine outflow in the mPFC and dopamine outflow in nucleus accumbens as well as glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC. RESULTS The present study shows that addition of low doses (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) of asenapine to escitalopram (5 mg/kg) markedly enhances dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin release in the rat mPFC as well as dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, this drug combination facilitated both N-methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA)- and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-induced currents as well as electrically evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials in pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion that the augmentation of SSRIs by atypical antipsychotic drugs in treatment-resistant depression may, at least in part, be related to enhanced catecholamine output in the prefrontal cortex and that asenapine may be clinically used to achieve this end. In particular, the subsequent activation of the D1 receptor may be of importance for the augmented antidepressant effect, as this mechanism facilitated both NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated transmission in the mPFC. Our novel observation that the drug combination, like ketamine, facilitates glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC may contribute to explain the rapid and potent antidepressant effect obtained when atypical antipsychotic drugs are added to SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Björkholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Frånberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Malmerfelt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica M Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Schilström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Jardemark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhang Y, Smolen P, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. Computational analyses of synergism in small molecular network motifs. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003524. [PMID: 24651495 PMCID: PMC3961176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions and responses to stimuli are controlled by complex regulatory networks that comprise a large diversity of molecular components and their interactions. However, achieving an intuitive understanding of the dynamical properties and responses to stimuli of these networks is hampered by their large scale and complexity. To address this issue, analyses of regulatory networks often focus on reduced models that depict distinct, reoccurring connectivity patterns referred to as motifs. Previous modeling studies have begun to characterize the dynamics of small motifs, and to describe ways in which variations in parameters affect their responses to stimuli. The present study investigates how variations in pairs of parameters affect responses in a series of ten common network motifs, identifying concurrent variations that act synergistically (or antagonistically) to alter the responses of the motifs to stimuli. Synergism (or antagonism) was quantified using degrees of nonlinear blending and additive synergism. Simulations identified concurrent variations that maximized synergism, and examined the ways in which it was affected by stimulus protocols and the architecture of a motif. Only a subset of architectures exhibited synergism following paired changes in parameters. The approach was then applied to a model describing interlocked feedback loops governing the synthesis of the CREB1 and CREB2 transcription factors. The effects of motifs on synergism for this biologically realistic model were consistent with those for the abstract models of single motifs. These results have implications for the rational design of combination drug therapies with the potential for synergistic interactions. Cellular responses to stimuli are controlled by complex regulatory networks that comprise many molecular components. Understanding such networks is critical for understanding normal cellular functions and pathological conditions. Because the complexity of these networks often precludes intuitive insights, a useful approach is to study mathematical models of small network motifs having reduced complexity yet consisting of key regulatory components of the more complex networks. Computational studies have analyzed the behavior of small motifs, and have begun to describe the ways in which variations in parameters affect their functional properties. Here, we investigated how variations in pairs of parameters act synergistically (or antagonistically) to alter responses of ten common network motifs. Simulations identified parameter variations that maximized synergism, and examined the ways in which synergism was affected by stimulus protocols and motif architecture. The results have implications for the rational design of combination drug therapies where a goal is to identify drugs that when administered together have a greater effect than would be predicted by simple addition of single-drug effects (i.e., super-additive effects), thereby allowing for lower drug doses, minimizing undesirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Baxter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John H. Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rogóż Z. Combined treatment with atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression: preclinical and clinical efficacy. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:1535-44. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Björkholm C, Jardemark K, Marcus MM, Malmerfelt A, Nyberg S, Schilström B, Svensson TH. Role of concomitant inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter for the antipsychotic effect of quetiapine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:709-20. [PMID: 22732518 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Quetiapine alleviates both positive and negative symptoms as well as certain cognitive impairments in schizophrenia despite a low D2 receptor occupancy and may also be used as monotherapy in bipolar and major depressive disorder. The mechanisms underlying the broad clinical utility of quetiapine remain to be clarified, but may be related to the potent inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) by norquetiapine, the major metabolite of quetiapine in humans. Since norquetiapine is not formed in rodents we here investigated in rats whether NET-inhibition may, in principle, contribute to the clinical effectiveness of quetiapine and allow for its low D2 receptor occupancy, by combining quetiapine with the selective NET-inhibitor reboxetine. Antipsychotic-like activity was assessed using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, dopamine output in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens was measured using in vivo microdialysis, and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission was measured using intracellular electrophysiological recordings in pyramidal cells of the mPFC in vitro. Adjunct reboxetine potentiated the suppression of CAR by quetiapine. Moreover, concomitant administration of quetiapine and reboxetine resulted in a synergistic increase in cortical, but not accumbal, dopamine output. The combination of low, clinically relevant concentrations of quetiapine (60 nM) and reboxetine (20 nM) markedly facilitated cortical NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in contrast to either drug alone, an effect that could be inhibited by the D₁ receptor antagonist SCH23390. We conclude that concomitant NET-inhibition by norquetiapine may contribute to the overall antipsychotic effectiveness of quetiapine in spite of its relatively low level of D₂ occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Björkholm
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lu AA21004, a novel multimodal antidepressant, produces regionally selective increases of multiple neurotransmitters--a rat microdialysis and electrophysiology study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:133-45. [PMID: 22612991 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The monoaminergic network, including serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) pathways, is highly interconnected and has a well-established role in mood disorders. Preclinical research suggests that 5-HT receptor subtypes, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors as well as the 5-HT transporter (SERT), may have important roles in treating depression. This study evaluated the neuropharmacological profile of Lu AA21004, a novel multimodal antidepressant combining 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonism, 5-HT1B receptor partial agonism, 5-HT1A receptor agonism, and SERT inhibition in recombinant cell lines. Extracellular 5-HT, NE and DA levels were evaluated in the ventral hippocampus (vHC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) after acute and subchronic treatment with Lu AA21004 or escitalopram. The acute effects of LuAA21004 on NE and DA neuronal firing were also evaluated in the locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. Acute Lu AA21004 dose-dependently increased 5-HT in the vHC, mPFC and NAc. Maximal 5-HT levels in the vHC were higher than those in the mPFC. Furthermore, mPFC 5-HT levels were increased at low SERT occupancy levels. In the vHC and mPFC, but not the NAc, high Lu AA21004 doses increased NE and DA levels. Lu AA21004 slightly decreased LC NE neuronal firing and had no effect on VTA DA firing. Results are discussed in context of occupancy at 5-HT3, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1A receptors and SERT. In conclusion, Lu AA21004, acting via two pharmacological modalities, 5-HT receptor modulation and SERT inhibition, results in a brain region-dependent increase of multiple neurotransmitter concentrations.
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Rogóż Z. Effect of co-treatment with mirtazapine and risperidone in animal models of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1567-72. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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