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Childress A. Recent advances in pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: moving beyond stimulants. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:853-866. [PMID: 38771653 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2358987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder characterized by impairing inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity in children and adults. Although medications have been available to treat ADHD symptoms for decades, many are stimulant formulations. Stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, are available in more than two dozen formulations, but all have similar adverse effects and carry a risk of misuse and dependence. AREAS COVERED In the United States (US), several nonstimulants are available to treat ADHD. Two, including atomoxetine and viloxazine extended-release (ER), are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults. Two others, clonidine ER and guanfacine ER, are only approved for children and adolescents in the US. Several other compounds are under investigation. Drugs in Phase 3 trials include centanafadine, solriamfetol, and L-threonic acid magnesium salt. Efficacy and safety data for nonstimulants is presented. EXPERT OPINION Although many effective formulations for the treatment of ADHD are available, more than 33% of children and 50% of adults discontinue treatment during the first year. The lack of individual drug response and tolerability are reasons many stop treatment. The development of new nonstimulants may offer hope for patients who need medication alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Childress
- Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Inc, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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2
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Maletic V, Mattingly GW, Earnest J. Viloxazine extended-release capsules as an emerging treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:443-455. [PMID: 38502148 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2327533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Viloxazine extended-release (ER) capsules (Qelbree®) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved nonstimulant treatment option for children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD. AREAS COVERED This review manuscript summarizes the neurobiology of ADHD and currently available treatment options before discussing viloxazine pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and tolerability data from phase II and III trials in children and adolescents (6-17 years old). Viloxazine clinical efficacy has also been further demonstrated by post hoc analyses of pediatric clinical trial results. EXPERT OPINION Current stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for ADHD may be suboptimal given low response rates and that tolerability issues are frequently experienced. Preclinical and clinical evidence has implicated both the role of catecholamine and serotonin signaling in the pathophysiology of ADHD and the pharmacologic effect of viloxazine on these critical neurotransmitter systems. With a relatively rapid onset of action, sustained symptom improvement, and clinical benefit in ADHD-associated impairments (functional and social), viloxazine ER represents a novel and emerging ADHD treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Maletic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Gregory W Mattingly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jami Earnest
- Medical Affairs, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Rockville, MD, USA
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3
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Liashuk OS, Ryzhov IA, Hryshchuk OV, Volovenko YM, Grygorenko OO. [3+2] Cycloaddition of Alkynyl Boronates and in situ Generated Azomethine Ylide. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303504. [PMID: 38059680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Scalable [3+2] cycloaddition of alkynyl boronates and in situ generated unstabilized azomethine ylide is reported for the first time. The selective formation of either 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 cycloaddition products was achieved by carefully optimizing the reaction conditions, mainly by controlling the reactant stoichiometry, catalyst loading, and internal temperature. The developed protocol tolerated many valuable functional groups, including TMS, protected alcohol (as ether or THP derivatives), or aldehyde (as acetal). Further common C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions, as well as scaled-up procedures demonstrate the utility of the prepared compounds as building blocks for organic synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Ihor A Ryzhov
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Yulian M Volovenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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Li Y, Feng J, Huang F, Baell JB. Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Derivates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301017. [PMID: 37269044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles that have been found to be key structural features in a wide range of biologically active natural products, drugs, and agrochemicals. As a cutting-edge area, the synthesis of these derivatives has made spectacular progress in recent decades, with various transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free catalytic systems being developed. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the efficient methods for the synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives since 2010, emphasizing the scope of substrates and synthesis' applications, as well as the mechanisms of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No.1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jiajun Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No.1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
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Wang P, Yan F, Dong J, Wang S, Shi Y, Zhu M, Zuo Y, Ma H, Xue R, Zhai D, Song X. A multiple-step screening protocol to identify norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors for depression. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8341-8354. [PMID: 36880666 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression severely impairs the health of people all over the world. Cognitive dysfunction due to depression has resulted in a severe economic burden to family and society induced by the reduction of social functioning of patients. Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) targeted with the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) and distributed with the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) simultaneously treat depression and improve cognitive function, and they effectively prevent sexual dysfunction and other side effects. Because many patients continue to poorly respond to NDRIs, it is urgent to discover novel NDRI antidepressants that do not interfere with cognitive function. The aim of this work was to selectively identify novel NDRI candidates acting against hNET and hDAT from large compound libraries by a comprehensive strategy integrating support vector machine (SVM) models, ADMET, molecular docking, in vitro binding assays, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding energy calculation. First, 6522 compounds that do not inhibit the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) were obtained by SVM models of hNET, hDAT, and non-target hSERT with similarity analyses from compound libraries. ADMET and molecular docking were then used to identify compounds that could potently bind to the hNET and hDAT with satisfactory ADMET, and 4 compounds were successfully identified. According to their docking scores and ADMET information, 3719810 was advanced for profiling by in vitro assays as a novel NDRI lead compound due to its strongest druggability and balancing activities. Encouragingly, 3719810 performed comparative activities on two targets, with Ki values of 7.32 μM for hNET and 5.23 μM for hDAT. To obtain candidates with additional activities and balance the activities of 2 targets, 5 analogs were optimized, and 2 novel scaffold compounds were successively designed. By assessment of molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding energy calculations, 5 compounds were validated as NDRI candidates with high activities, and 4 of them performed acceptable balancing activities acting on hNET and hDAT. This work supplied promising novel NDRIs for treatment of depression with cognitive dysfunction or other related neurodegenerative disorders, and also provided a strategy for highly efficient and cost-effective identification of inhibitors for dual targets with homologous non-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Fengmei Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Jianghong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Mengdan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yuting Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Ruirui Xue
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Dingjie Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
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Fan HC, Chiang KL, Chang KH, Chen CM, Tsai JD. Epilepsy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Connection, Chance, and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065270. [PMID: 36982345 PMCID: PMC10049646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbidities are common in children with epilepsy, with nearly half of the patients having at least one comorbidity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hyperactivity and inattentiveness level disproportional to the child’s developmental stage. The burden of ADHD in children with epilepsy is high and can adversely affect the patients’ clinical outcomes, psychosocial aspects, and quality of life. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the high burden of ADHD in childhood epilepsy; the well-established bidirectional connection and shared genetic/non-genetic factors between epilepsy and comorbid ADHD largely rule out the possibility of a chance in this association. Stimulants are effective in children with comorbid ADHD, and the current body of evidence supports their safety within the approved dose. Nonetheless, safety data should be further studied in randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials. Comorbid ADHD is still under-recognized in clinical practice. Early identification and management of comorbid ADHD are crucial to optimize the prognosis and reduce the risk of adverse long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The identification of the shared genetic background of epilepsy and ADHD can open the gate for tailoring treatment options for these patients through precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Liang Chiang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsi Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-M.C.); (J.-D.T.); Tel.: +886-4-22840319-701 (C.-M.C.); +886-4-24730022-21731 (J.-D.T.)
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-M.C.); (J.-D.T.); Tel.: +886-4-22840319-701 (C.-M.C.); +886-4-24730022-21731 (J.-D.T.)
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7
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Matuskey D, Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Henry S, Torres K, Dias M, Angarita GA, Huang Y, Shoaf SE, Carson RE, Mehrotra S. Neurotransmitter transporter occupancy following administration of centanafadine sustained-release tablets: A phase 1 study in healthy male adults. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:164-171. [PMID: 36515395 PMCID: PMC9912308 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221140008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centanafadine is an inhibitor of reuptake transporters for norepinephrine (NET), dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT). AIMS This phase 1, adaptive-design positron emission tomography study investigated the occupancy time course of NET, DAT, and SERT and the relationship to centanafadine plasma concentrations. METHODS Healthy adult males received centanafadine sustained-release 400 mg/day for 4 days (N = 6) or 800 mg in a single day (N = 4). Assessments included safety monitoring; time course of occupancy of NET, DAT, and SERT; and centanafadine plasma concentrations. RESULTS Transporter occupancy was numerically higher for NET versus DAT or SERT. For NET, estimated (mean ± standard error [SE]) maximal observable target occupancy (TOmax) and concentration at half maximal occupancy (IC50) were 64 ± 7% and 132 ± 65 ng/mL, respectively, for all regions and 82 ± 13% and 135 ± 97 ng/mL after excluding the thalamus, which showed high nonspecific binding. For DAT and SERT, TOmax could not be established and was assumed to be 100%; estimated IC50 (mean ± SE) values were 1580 ± 186 ng/mL and 1,760 ± 309 ng/mL, respectively. For centanafadine, the estimated in vivo affinity ratio was 11.9 ± 6.0 (mean ± SE) for NET/DAT, 13.3 ± 7.0 for NET/SERT, and 1.1 ± 0.2 for DAT/SERT. DAT and SERT occupancies at a plasma concentration of 1400 ng/mL were estimated to be 47 and 44%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS High occupancy at NET and moderate occupancy at DAT and SERT was observed at peak concentrations achieved following 400 mg total daily doses of centanafadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shannan Henry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristen Torres
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Dias
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Susan E Shoaf
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development &
Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
- Susan E Shoaf, Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Development & Commercialization, Inc., 508 Carnegie Center, Princeton, NJ
08540, USA.
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shailly Mehrotra
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development &
Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
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Adler LA, Adams J, Madera-McDonough J, Kohegyi E, Hobart M, Chang D, Angelicola M, McQuade R, Liebowitz M. Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Centanafadine Sustained-Release Tablets in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results of 2 Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 42:429-439. [PMID: 35652746 PMCID: PMC9426730 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Centanafadine is an inhibitor of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin reuptake transporters under investigation for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS/PROCEDURES Two phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies of 200 mg/d or 400 mg/d centanafadine sustained-release tablets versus placebo included adults (18-55 years of age) with a diagnosis of ADHD. The primary and key secondary efficacy endpoints were the change from baseline at day 42 in the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) total score and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness Scale, respectively. FINDINGS/RESULTS Subjects randomized in study 1 (centanafadine 200 mg/d, n = 149; centanafadine 400 mg/d, n = 149; placebo, n = 148) and study 2 (centanafadine 200 mg/d, n = 145; centanafadine 400 mg/d, n = 143; placebo, n = 142) had moderate to severe ADHD (mean AISRS total score, 38.7 [SD, 6.8] across both studies). At day 42, statistically significant least-squares mean differences in AISRS total score were observed in favor of centanafadine versus placebo in study 1 (200 mg/d: -3.16, P = 0.019; 400 mg/d: -2.74, P = 0.039) and study 2 (200 mg/d: -4.01, P = 0.002; 400 mg/d: -4.47, P = 0.001). Effect sizes versus placebo were -0.28 for 200 mg/d and -0.24 for 400 mg/d in study 1 and -0.37 for 200 mg/d and -0.40 for 400 mg/d in study 2. The overall rate of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was low, but there was a small increase in TEAE occurrence with increasing dose. Incidences of serious TEAEs and abuse potential-related AEs were low. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS These are the first large-scale studies to demonstrate the efficacy and safety profiles of 200 mg/d and 400 mg/d centanafadine in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard A. Adler
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Julie Adams
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ
| | | | - Eva Kohegyi
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ
| | - Mary Hobart
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ
| | - Denise Chang
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ
| | - Mark Angelicola
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ
| | - Robert McQuade
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ
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Anbarasan D, Safyer G, Adler LA. Updates in Pharmacologic Strategies in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:553-568. [PMID: 35697401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) significantly worsens quality of life and long-term functional outcomes in adults. Individual impairments in adults with ADHD can be further contextualized within considerable costs to society at large. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved stimulants and nonstimulant medications can significantly improve ADHD symptoms in adults. In the past 2 decades, the United States FDA has expanded approval of pharmacotherapeutic options for adult ADHD. However, limitations still persist in available psychotropics for certain patient populations such as those with comorbid substance use or cardiovascular illness. Clinicians therefore must appreciate several ongoing investigations into medications with unique mechanisms of action. This article reviews the current FDA approved and emerging medication options while providing guidelines for pharmacologic management of adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Anbarasan
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Gabriella Safyer
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lenard A Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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10
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Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL. New Drugs to Treat ADHD: Opportunities and Challenges in Research and Development. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:79-126. [PMID: 35507283 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the landmark MTA (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD) trial unequivocally demonstrated the efficacy of methylphenidate, catecholaminergic drugs, especially stimulants, have been the therapeutic mainstay in treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We review the new drugs which have entered the ADHD formulary. The lessons learned from drug-candidates that have succeeded in clinical trials together with those that have not have also been considered. What emerges confirms and consolidates the hypothesis that clinically effective ADHD drugs indirectly or directly increase catecholaminergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Attempts to enhance catecholaminergic signalling through modulatory neurotransmitter systems or cognitive-enhancing drugs have all failed. New drugs approved for ADHD are catecholaminergic reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents, or selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Triple reuptake inhibitors with preferential effects on dopamine have not been successful. The substantial number of failures probably accounts for a continued focus on developing novel catecholaminergic and noradrenergic drugs, and a dearth of drug-candidates with novel mechanisms entering clinical development. However, substantial improvements in ADHD pharmacotherapy have been achieved by the almost exclusive use of once-daily medications and prodrugs, e.g. lisdexamfetamine and Azstarys®, which improve compliance, deliver greater efficacy and reduce risks for diversion and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heal
- DevelRx Ltd, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Lodhi R, Prakash M, Samanta S. Diastereoselective desymmetrization reactions of prochiral para-quinamines with cyclopropenes generated in situ: access to fused hydroindol-5-one scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7129-7133. [PMID: 34369544 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interesting desymmetric [3 + 2] annulation reactions between p-quinamines as prochiral N-donors and 2-aroyl-1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates facilitated by a base are reported. This successive double Michael reaction delivered a unique class of cyclopropane-fused hydoindol-5-one frameworks, each having four contiguous stereogenic centers, with three of them being fully substituted. Moreover, this method was found to provide acceptable chemical yields with promising diastereoselectivities (dr of up to ≤95 : 5) and to work with a variety of substrates. Importantly, a polycyclic tacrine analogue used to treat Alzheimer's disease was synthesized using our developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Lodhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, 453552, India.
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12
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Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107940. [PMID: 34174276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, causing functional impairment. Its prevalence lies at approximately 5% in children and adolescents and at approximately 2.5% in adults. The disorder follows a multifactorial etiology and shows a high heritability. Patients show a high interindividual and intraindividual variability of symptoms, with executive deficits in several cognitive domains. Overall, ADHD is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidities, and insufficient treatment is linked to adverse long-term outcomes. Current clinical guidelines recommend an individualized multimodal treatment approach including psychoeducation, pharmacological interventions, and non-pharmacological interventions. Available medications include stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine). While available pharmacological treatment options for ADHD show relatively large effect sizes (in short-term trials) and overall good tolerability, there is still a need for improvement of current pharmacotherapeutic strategies and for the development of novel medications. This review summarizes available pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents, identifies current issues in research and evidence gaps, and provides an overview of ongoing efforts to develop new medications for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents by means of a systematic cross-sectional analysis of the clinical trials registry www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Mechler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Häge
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Deng Y, Zhang J, Bankhead B, Markham JP, Zeller M. Photoinduced oxidative cyclopropanation of ene-ynamides: synthesis of 3-aza[ n.1.0]bicycles via vinyl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5254-5257. [PMID: 33973595 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first photoinduced synthesis of polyfunctionalized 3-aza[n.1.0]bicycles from readily available ene-ynamides and 2,6-lutidine N-oxide using an organic acridinium photocatalyst is reported. Applying a photocatalytic strategy to the reactive distonic cation vinyl radical intermediate from ynamide, a series of bio-valuable 3-azabicycles, including diverse 3-azabicyclio[4.1.0]heptanes and 3-azabicyclo[5.1.0]octanes that are challenging to accomplish using traditional methods, have been successfully synthesized in good to high yields under mild and metal-free conditions. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the photocatalyzed single-electron oxidation of ene-ynamide and the intermediacy of a putative cationic vinyl radical in this transformation. Importantly, this strategy provides new access to the development of photocatalytic vinyl radical cascades for the synthesis of structurally sophisticated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
| | - Jason Zhang
- Chemistry Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Bradley Bankhead
- Chemistry Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Jonathan P Markham
- Chemistry Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
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14
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Devarahosahalli Veeranna K, Kanti Das K, Baskaran S. Reversal of polarity by catalytic SET oxidation: synthesis of azabicyclo[ m. n.0]alkanes via chemoselective reduction of amidines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4054-4059. [PMID: 33885121 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00416f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot catalytic method has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropane-fused cyclic amidines using CuBr2/K2S2O8 as an efficient single electron transfer (SET) oxidative system. The generality of this mild method is demonstrated with a wide variety of substrates to furnish pharmaceutically important amidines containing aza-bicyclic and novel aza-tricyclic frameworks in very good yields. A chemoselective reduction of cyclic amidines to 2-/3-azabicyclo[m.n.0]alkanes and octahydroindoles has been developed using a NaBH4/I2 reagent system. The synthetic scope of the chemoselective reduction of the amidine functionality has been exemplified in the stereoselective synthesis of an iminosugar based (±)-epiquinamide analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanak Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Sundarababu Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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Santra S, Kortagere S, Vedachalam S, Gogoi S, Antonio T, Reith ME, Dutta AK. Novel Potent Dopamine-Norepinephrine and Triple Reuptake Uptake Inhibitors Based on Asymmetric Pyran Template and Their Molecular Interactions with Monoamine Transporters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1406-1418. [PMID: 33844493 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have carried out a structural exploration of (2S,4R,5R)-2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-5-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol (D-473) to investigate the influence of various functional groups on its aromatic ring, the introduction of heterocyclic aromatic rings, and the alteration of the stereochemistry of functional group on the pyran ring. The novel compounds were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in inhibiting monoamine neurotransmitter uptake. Our studies identified some of the most potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors known to-date like D-528 and D-529. The studies also led to development of potent triple reuptake inhibitors such as compounds D-544 and D-595. A significant influence from the alteration of the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group on the pyran ring of D-473 on transporters affinities was observed indicating stereospecific preference for interaction. The inhibitory profiles and structure-activity relationship of lead compounds were further corroborated by molecular docking studies at the primary binding sites of monoamine transporters. The nature of interactions found computationally correlated well with their affinities for the transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumava Santra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Seenuvasan Vedachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sanjib Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tamara Antonio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Maarten E.A. Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Wang P, Jing C, Yu P, Lu M, Xu X, Pei Q, Yan F. Profiling the structural determinants of aminoketone derivatives as hNET and hDAT reuptake inhibitors by field-based QSAR based on molecular docking. Technol Health Care 2021; 29:257-273. [PMID: 33682763 PMCID: PMC8150508 DOI: 10.3233/thc-218024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupropion, one of the dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), is an aminoketone derivative performed effect in improving cognitive function for depression. However, its therapeutic effect is unsatisfactory due to poor clinical response, and there are only few derivatives in pre-clinical settings. OBJECTIVE This work attempted to elucidate the essential structural features for the activity and designed a series of novel derivatives with good inhibitive ability, pharmacokinetic and medicinal chemistry properties. METHODS The field-based QSAR of aminoketone derivatives of two targets were established based on docking poses, and the essential structural properties for designing novel compounds were supplied by comparing contour maps. RESULTS The selected two models performed good predictability and reliability with R2 of 0.8479 and 0.8040 for training set, Q2 of 0.7352 and 0.6266 for test set respectively, and the designed 29 novel derivatives performed no less than the highest active compound with good ADME/T pharmacokinetic properties and medicinal chemistry friendliness. CONCLUSIONS Bulky groups in R1, bulky groups with weak hydrophobicity in R3, and potent hydrophobic substituted group with electronegative in R2 from contour maps provided important insights for assessing and designing 29 novel NDRIs, which were considered as candidates for cognitive dysfunction with depression or other related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- Corresponding author: Panpan Wang, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, China. Tel.: +86 396 2853411; Fax: +86 396 2853411; E-mail:
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Park D, Mabunga DFN, Adil KJ, Ryu O, Valencia S, Kim R, Kim HJ, Cheong JH, Kwon KJ, Kim HY, Han SH, Jeon SJ, Shin CY. Synergistic efficacy and diminished adverse effect profile of composite treatment of several ADHD medications. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108494. [PMID: 33587920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is widely studied, problems regarding the adverse effect risks and non-responder problems still need to be addressed. Combination pharmacotherapy using standard dose regimens of existing medication is currently being practiced mainly to augment the therapeutic efficacy of each drug. The idea of combining different pharmacotherapies with different molecular targets to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and its comorbidities requires scientific evidence, necessitating the investigation of their therapeutic efficacy and the mechanisms underlying the professed synergistic effects. Here, we injected male ICR mice with MK-801 to induce ADHD behavioral condition. We then modeled a "combined drug" using sub-optimal doses of methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and fluoxetine and investigated the combined treatment effects in MK-801-treated mice. No sub-optimal dose monotherapy alleviated ADHD behavioral condition in MK-801-treated mice. However, treatment with the combined drug attenuated the impaired behavior of MK-801-treated animals. Growth impediment, sleep disturbances, or risk of substance abuse were not observed in mice treated subchronically with the combined drugs. Finally, we observed that the combined ADHD drug rescued alterations in p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively, of MK-801-treated mice. Our results provide experimental evidence of a possible new pharmacotherapy option in ameliorating the ADHD behavioral condition without the expected adverse effects. The detailed mechanism of action underlying the synergistic therapeutic efficacy and reduced adverse reaction by combinatorial drug treatment should be investigated further in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Park
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Darine Froy N Mabunga
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Keremkleroo Jym Adil
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Onjeon Ryu
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Schley Valencia
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeongeun Kim
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ja Kwon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; TriNeuro Inc., 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Young Shin
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; TriNeuro Inc., 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Xu H, Han T, Luo X, Deng W. Construction of
3‐Azabicyclo
[3.1.0]hexane Backbone by the Reaction of Allenes with Allylamines
via
Tandem Michael Addition and
Copper‐Mediated
Oxidative Carbanion Cyclization. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Teng Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wei‐Ping Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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Childress AC, Beltran N, Supnet C, Weiss MD. Reviewing the role of emerging therapies in the ADHD armamentarium. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 26:1-16. [PMID: 33143485 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1846718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder that can be treated with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modalities. Effective drug treatments for ADHD have been available for more than six decades. However, initial treatments had limitations in duration of effect, need for multiple daily doses, requirement for patients to swallow intact tablets, adverse effects and risk for abuse and diversion. During the past 20 years, more than two dozen stimulant and nonstimulant drugs have been developed. Nonetheless, there remain unmet needs in the treatment of ADHD.Areas covered: New stimulant and nonstimulant formulations in development are reviewed with emphasis on drugs in phase II and III trials. Efficacy, mechanism of action and adverse effect data are described where available. Abuse liability studies are described for abuse-deterrent formulations in development.Expert opinion: The review found a robust pipeline of stimulants and nonstimulants. Medications in development are formulated to optimize onset and duration of effect, alter the time of administration, obviate the need to swallow whole capsules or tablets and to deter abuse. While each of these formulations may fill a unique niche, these incremental improvements based on new drug delivery technologies may lead to very significant clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Childress
- Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Inc., Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Nathalie Beltran
- Touro University Nevada, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Carl Supnet
- Touro University Nevada, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
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20
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Huang X, Nguyen MH, Pu M, Zhang L, Chi YR, Wu Y, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Reductive and Alkynylative Heck Bicyclization of Enynes to Access Conformationally Restricted Aza[3.1.0]bicycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10814-10818. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Minh Hieu Nguyen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Maoping Pu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Luoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School 2199 Lishui Road, Room F312 Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yun‐Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug DesignState Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School 2199 Lishui Road, Room F312 Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
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Huang X, Nguyen MH, Pu M, Zhang L, Chi YR, Wu Y, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Reductive and Alkynylative Heck Bicyclization of Enynes to Access Conformationally Restricted Aza[3.1.0]bicycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Minh Hieu Nguyen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Maoping Pu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Luoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School 2199 Lishui Road, Room F312 Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yun‐Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug DesignState Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School 2199 Lishui Road, Room F312 Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
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Lee J, Ko D, Park H, Yoo EJ. Direct cyclopropanation of activated N-heteroarenes via site- and stereoselective dearomative reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1672-1676. [PMID: 32206287 PMCID: PMC7069384 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A divergent cyclopropanation reaction has been accomplished via the dearomative addition of sulfur ylides to activated N-heteroarenes.
A divergent cyclopropanation reaction has been accomplished via the dearomative addition of sulfur ylides to activated N-heteroarenes. A series of biologically significant molecular skeletons was obtained by the direct cyclopropanation of quinolinium zwitterions. Furthermore, a straightforward synthetic route to optically enriched cyclopropane-fused heterocycles was developed using sulfur ylides as chiral nucleophiles in the 1,4-dearomative reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , 17104 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Donguk Ko
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , 17104 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Hyunju Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , 17104 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Eun Jeong Yoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , 17104 , Republic of Korea .
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Wigal SB, Wigal T, Hobart M, Madera JJ, Baker RA, Kohegyi E, McKinney A, Wilens TE. Safety and Efficacy of Centanafadine Sustained-Release in Adults With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results of Phase 2 Studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1411-1426. [PMID: 32606695 PMCID: PMC7292254 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s242084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Two phase 2 studies evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of centanafadine sustained-release (SR) for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS In a phase 2a, flexible-dose, single-blind study, 41 male patients (aged 18‒55 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD (based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) were titrated with centanafadine-SR 200‒300, 400, or 500 mg/d for 2 weeks, and then were treated with the titrated dose for 2 weeks. In a phase 2b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 85 male and female patients (aged 18‒60 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) were titrated to target doses of centanafadine-SR 400, 500, 600, or 800 mg/d over the course of 1 week, and then received their titrated dose for 3 weeks. The primary outcome in both studies was mean total ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) score. RESULTS In the phase 2a study, mean ADHD-RS-IV total score decreased by 21.41 (standard deviation 10.74) from the start of active centanafadine-SR treatment to the end of week 4 (P<0.001). In the phase 2b study, centanafadine-SR treatment resulted in a statistically significant improvement in ADHD-RS-IV from baseline to week 3 compared with placebo (least-squares mean -16.5 vs -8.4; P<0.001; effect size 0.66), with significant efficacy demonstrated as early as week 1. Centanafadine-SR was generally well tolerated at doses ≤400 mg. Most treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild or moderate; decreased appetite, headache, and nausea were the most frequently reported. In the 2 studies, 13 of 120 patients discontinued centanafadine-SR due to TEAEs; however, only 1 patient who received ≤400 mg discontinued due to a TEAE. No serious TEAEs were reported at any dose. CONCLUSION These results support the continued development of centanafadine-SR at doses up to 400 mg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Wigal
- AVIDA Inc., Newport Beach, California, USA
| | - Mary Hobart
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica J Madera
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ross A Baker
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eva Kohegyi
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Timothy E Wilens
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dutta AK, Santra S, Harutyunyan A, Das B, Lisieski MJ, Xu L, Antonio T, Reith ME, Perrine SA. D-578, an orally active triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, displays antidepressant and anti-PTSD like effects in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shimbayashi T, Matsushita G, Nanya A, Eguchi A, Okamoto K, Ohe K. Divergent Catalytic Approach from Cyclic Oxime Esters to Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles with Group 9 Metal Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Gaku Matsushita
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanya
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Eguchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Deng H, Yang WL, Tian F, Tang W, Deng WP. Asymmetric Construction of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Skeleton with Five Contiguous Stereogenic Centers by Cu-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Trisubstituted Cyclopropenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:4121-4125. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fei Tian
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Veeranna KD, Das KK, Baskaran S. One-Pot Synthesis of Cyclopropane-Fused Cyclic Amidines: An Oxidative Carbanion Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanak Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai- 600036 India
| | - Sundarababu Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai- 600036 India
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Veeranna KD, Das KK, Baskaran S. One-Pot Synthesis of Cyclopropane-Fused Cyclic Amidines: An Oxidative Carbanion Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16197-16201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanak Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai- 600036 India
| | - Sundarababu Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai- 600036 India
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Pedroni J, Cramer N. Enantioselective C-H Functionalization-Addition Sequence Delivers Densely Substituted 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12398-12401. [PMID: 28832139 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective C-H functionalization route to perfluoroalkyl-containing 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes is disclosed. A modular and bench-stable diazaphospholane ligand enables highly enantioselective Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclopropane C-H functionalization using trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides as electrophilic partners. In turn, the resulting cyclic ketimine products react smoothly with a broad variety of nucleophiles in one-pot processes enabling the rapid and modular construction of heavily substituted pyrrolidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pedroni
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wang P, Fu T, Zhang X, Yang F, Zheng G, Xue W, Chen Y, Yao X, Zhu F. Differentiating physicochemical properties between NDRIs and sNRIs clinically important for the treatment of ADHD. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2766-2777. [PMID: 28757337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs available for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are mainly selective norepinephrine (sNRIs) and dual norepinephrine-dopamine (NDRIs) reuptake inhibitors. The major problem of sNRIs lines in their delayed onset of action and partial- or non-responses, which makes NDRIs distinguished in drug efficacy. Understanding of the differential binding modes of these 2 types of drugs to their corresponding targets can give great insights into the discovery of privileged drug-like scaffolds with improved efficacy. So far, no such study has been carried out. METHODS A combinatorial computational strategy, integrating homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) and binding free energy calculation, was employed to analyze the binding modes of 8 clinically important ADHD drugs in their targets. RESULTS Binding modes of 2 types of ADHD drugs (sNRIs and NDRIs) in their targets was identified for the first time by MD simulation, and 15 hot spot residues were discovered as crucial for NDRIs' binding in hNET and hDAT. Comparing to sNRIs, a clear reduction in the hydrophobic property of NDRIs' one functional group was observed, and the depth of drugs' aromatic ring stretched into the pocket of both targets was further identified as key contributors to drugs' selectivity. CONCLUSIONS The hydrophobic property of NDRI ADHD drugs' one functional group contributes to their selectivity when bind hNET and hDAT. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results provide insights into NDRI ADHD drugs' binding mechanisms, which could be utilized as structural blueprints for assessing and discovering more efficacious drugs for ADHD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoxun Zheng
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Yuzong Chen
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Subbaiah MAM. Triple Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Depression and Other Disorders: Design Paradigm and Developmental Challenges. J Med Chem 2017; 61:2133-2165. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A. M. Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder affecting millions of patients worldwide. Effective treatments have been available for more than 60 years in the form of immediate-release (IR) stimulants However, stimulants have a high risk for abuse and are associated with adverse effects Including elevated blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia and decreased appetite. IR formulations also require multiple daily dosing. The search for improved safety, tolerability and convenience has led to the development of multiple extended-release (ER) stimulant and non-stimulant formulations. Areas covered: Adverse effects of (ER) products including amphetamine, methylphenidate, clonidine and guanfacine will be reviewed and their significance discussed. Expert opinion: Limitations of currently marketed medications have led to the search for drugs with efficacy comparable to ER stimulants and a more favorable adverse event profile. Several are in development, but their potential utility is not yet known. Current research is also focused on finding specific genetic defects in patients with ADHD. Exciting progress has been made with the identification of mGluR receptor defects in some patients. However because of the heterogeneity of the disorder, effective targeted treatments for the majority of patients with ADHD does not appear likely in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Childress
- a Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Inc ., 7351 Prairie Falcon Road, Las Vegas , Nevada , United States
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Harris MR, Li Q, Lian Y, Xiao J, Londregan AT. Construction of 1-Heteroaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by sp3–sp2 Suzuki–Miyaura and Chan–Evans–Lam Coupling Reactions of Tertiary Trifluoroborates. Org Lett 2017; 19:2450-2453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Harris
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qifang Li
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yajing Lian
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allyn T. Londregan
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Paudel S, Acharya S, Yoon G, Kim KM, Cheon SH. Exploration of substituted arylpiperazine–tetrazoles as promising dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5546-5555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Investigating the genetic basis of attention to facial expressions: the role of the norepinephrine transporter gene. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26:266-271. [PMID: 27541794 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain are related to attention ability in animals and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in humans. Given the modulation of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) on NE levels in the brain and the link between NE and attention impairment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, it was possible that the NET gene underpinned individual differences in attention processes in healthy populations. METHODS To investigate to what extent NET could modulate one's attention orientation to facial expressions, we categorized individuals according to the genotypes of the -182 T/C (rs2242446) polymorphism and measured individuals' attention orientation with the spatial cueing task. RESULTS Our results indicated that the -182 T/C polymorphism significantly modulated attention orientation to facial expressions, of which the CC genotype facilitated attention reorientation to the locations where cued faces were previously presented. However, this polymorphism showed no significant effects on the regulations of emotional cues on attention orientation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the NET gene modulates the individual difference in attention to facial expressions, which provides new insights into the roles of NE in social interactions.
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Molina-Carballo A, Checa-Ros A, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Treatments and compositions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:799-814. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1182989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Childress A, Tran C. Current Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:463-74. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1147558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sharma H, Santra S, Dutta A. Triple reuptake inhibitors as potential next-generation antidepressants: a new hope? Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2385-406. [PMID: 26619226 PMCID: PMC4976848 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current therapy for depression is less than ideal with remission rates of only 25-35% and a slow onset of action with other associated side effects. The persistence of anhedonia originating from depressed dopaminergic activity is one of the most treatment-resistant symptoms of depression. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) with potency to block dopamine reuptake in addition to serotonin and norepinephrine transporters should produce higher efficacy. The current review comprehensively describes the development of TRIs and discusses the importance of evaluation of in vivo transporter occupancy of TRIs, which should correlate with efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horrick Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Soumava Santra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Aloke Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Carli M, Kostoula C, Sacchetti G, Mainolfi P, Anastasia A, Villani C, Invernizzi RW. Tph2 gene deletion enhances amphetamine-induced hypermotility: effect of 5-HT restoration and role of striatal noradrenaline release. J Neurochem 2015; 135:674-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Carli
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Chrysaugi Kostoula
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Pierangela Mainolfi
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Alessia Anastasia
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Claudia Villani
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Roberto William Invernizzi
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
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Santra S, Sharma H, Vedachalam S, Antonio T, Reith M, Dutta A. Development of potent dopamine-norepinephrine uptake inhibitors (DNRIs) based on a (2S,4R,5R)-2-benzhydryl-5-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol molecular template. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:821-8. [PMID: 25593099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Current therapy of depression is less than ideal with remission rates of only 25-35% and response rates of 45-60%. It has been hypothesized that a dysfunctional dopaminergic system in the mesocorticolimbic pathway in depressive disorder may lead to development of anhedonia associated with loss of pleasure and interest along with loss of motivation. The current antidepressants do not address dopamine dysfunction which might explain their low efficacy. In this report, we have described an SAR study on our pyran-based triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) which are being investigated as the next-generation antidepressants. In the present work we demonstrate that our lead TRIs can be modified with appropriate aromatic substitutions to display a highly potent SSRI profile for compounds 2a and 4a (Ki (SERT); 0.71 and 2.68nM, respectively) or a potent DNRI profile for compounds 6b and 6h (Ki (DAT/NET); 8.94/4.76 and 13/7.37nM, respectively). Compounds 4g-4i exhibited potencies at all three monoamine transporters. The results provide insights into the structural requirements for developing selective dual- and triple-uptake inhibitors from a unique pyran molecular template for an effective management of depression and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumava Santra
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rm# 3128, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Horrick Sharma
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rm# 3128, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Seenuvasan Vedachalam
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rm# 3128, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Tamara Antonio
- New York University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Maarten Reith
- New York University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, United States; New York University, Department of Pharmacology, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Aloke Dutta
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rm# 3128, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors can be effective analgesics, finding application in a wide variety of clinical pain settings. Due to a shift toward noradrenergic-mediated pain pathways following nerve injury, they are particularly well suited to the treatment of neuropathic pain. This phenotypic shift makes neuropathic pain difficult to control with opioids alone; some noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors have demonstrated synergy with opioids. Agents currently in early clinical trials are discussed and include both novel delivery of old drugs and the development of new drugs. AREAS COVERED This review was limited to noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors and analgesia. Literature search included the terms adrenergic, noradrenergic, reuptake, inhibitors, analgesia, NET, norepinephrine transporter, and pain using Medline, Google scholar, Web of Knowledge, www.clinicaltrials.gov, and Pharmaprojects (Informa UK Ltd. 2012). EXPERT OPINION Topical drug delivery and the use of combinations of agents both topically and systemically are under active investigation. The intrathecal delivery of noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors, allowing delivery directly to the central nervous system thus limiting systemic exposure, represents an exciting avenue of investigation. Gaps in current knowledge have complicated the development of prophylactic therapies for susceptible individuals or preemptive intervention. Disease-modifying agents and selective inhibitors would facilitate these treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Hartrick
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 525 O'Dowd Hall, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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