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Li Q, Li W, Hu K, Wang Y, Li Y, Xu J. A de novo variant in RERE causes autistic behavior by disrupting related genes and signaling pathway. Clin Genet 2024; 105:273-282. [PMID: 38018232 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that typically manifests childhood, characterized by a triad of symptoms: impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, and restricted interests with repetitive behaviors. De novo variants in related genes can cause ASD. We present the case of a 6-year-old Chinese boy with autistic behavior, including language communication impairments, intellectual disabilities, stunted development, and irritability in social interactions. Using Sanger sequencing, we confirmed a pathogenic in the RERE gene (NM_012102.4) (c.3732delC, p.Tyr1245Thrfs*12; EX21; Het). Subsequently, we generated an RERE point mutation cell line (ReMut) using CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Genome Editing. Immunofluorescence was conducted to determine the location of the mutant RERE. RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses were performed to elucidate the ASD-related genes and signaling pathways disrupted by this variant in RERE. We identified 3790 differentially expressed genes and 684 differentially expressed proteins. The SHH signaling pathway was found to be downregulated, and the Hippo pathway was upregulated in ReMut. Genes implicated in autism, such as CNTNAP2, STX1A, FARP2, and GPC1, were significantly downregulated. Simultaneously, we noted alterations in HDAC1 and HDAC2, which are members of the WHHERE complex, suggesting their role in the pathogenesis of this patient. In conclusion, we report a de novo variant in RERE associated with autistic behavior. The finding that ASD is associated with RERE variants underscore the role of genetic factors in ASD and provides insights regarding the mechanisms underlying RERE variants in disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyue Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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2
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Kim SE, Chothani PJ, Shaik R, Pollard W, Finnell RH. Pax3 lineage-specific deletion of Gpr161 is associated with spinal neural tube and craniofacial malformations during embryonic development. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050277. [PMID: 37885410 PMCID: PMC10694864 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is the morphogen signaling that regulates embryonic craniofacial and neural tube development. G protein-coupled receptor 161 (Gpr161) is a negative regulator of Shh signaling, and its inactivation in mice results in embryo lethality associated with craniofacial defects and neural tube defects. However, the structural defects of later embryonic stages and cell lineages underlying abnormalities have not been well characterized due to the limited lifespan of Gpr161 null mice. We found that embryos with Pax3 lineage-specific deletion of Gpr161 presented with tectal hypertrophy (anterior dorsal neuroepithelium), cranial vault and facial bone hypoplasia (cranial neural crest), vertebral abnormalities (somite) and the closed form of spina bifida (posterior dorsal neuroepithelium). In particular, the closed form of spina bifida was partly due to reduced Pax3 and Cdx4 gene expression in the posterior dorsal neural tubes of Gpr161 mutant embryos with decreased Wnt signaling, whereas Shh signaling was increased. We describe a previously unreported role for Gpr161 in the development of posterior neural tubes and confirm its role in cranial neural crest- and somite-derived skeletogenesis and midbrain morphogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Pooja J. Chothani
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Rehana Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Westley Pollard
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Kim SE, Chothani PJ, Shaik R, Pollard W, Finnell RH. Pax3 lineage-specific deletion of Gpr161 is associated with spinal neural tube and craniofacial malformations during embryonic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548129. [PMID: 37461574 PMCID: PMC10350067 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Shh signaling is the morphogen signaling that regulates embryonic craniofacial and neural tube development. G protein-coupled receptor 161 (Gpr161) is a negative regulator of Shh signaling, and its inactivation in mice results in embryo lethality with craniofacial and neural tube defects (NTDs). However, the structural defects of later embryonic stages in Gpr161 null mice and cell lineages underlying abnormalities were not well characterized due to their limited lifespan. We found the Pax3 lineage-specific deletion of Gpr161 in mice presented with tectal hypertrophy (anterior dorsal neuroepithelium), cranial vault and facial bone hypoplasia (cranial neural crest (CNC)), vertebral abnormalities (somite), and the closed form of spina bifida (posterior dorsal neuroepithelium). In particular, the closed form of spina bifida is partly due to the reduced Pax3 and Cdx4 gene expression of the posterior dorsal neural tubes of Gpr161 mutant embryos involving decreased Wnt signaling whereas Shh signaling was increased. This study provides the novel role of Gpr161 in the posterior neural tube development and confirms its role on CNC- and somite-derived skeletogenesis and midbrain morphogenesis in mice.
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4
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Zheng G, Ren J, Shang L, Bao Y. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: A Role in Pain Processing. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1611-1630. [PMID: 36738366 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pain, as one of the most prevalent clinical symptoms, is a complex physiological and psychological activity. Long-term severe pain can become unbearable to the body. However, existing treatments do not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, new mechanisms and therapeutic targets need to be urgently explored for pain management. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is crucial in embryonic development, cell differentiation and proliferation, and nervous system regulation. Here, we review the recent studies on the Shh signaling pathway and its action in multiple pain-related diseases. The Shh signaling pathway is dysregulated under various pain conditions, such as pancreatic cancer pain, bone cancer pain, chronic post-thoracotomy pain, pain caused by degenerative lumbar disc disease, and toothache. Further studies on the Shh signaling pathway may provide new therapeutic options for pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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5
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Kim SE, Robles-Lopez K, Cao X, Liu K, Chothani PJ, Bhavani N, Rahman L, Mukhopadhyay S, Wlodarczyk BJ, Finnell RH. Wnt1 Lineage Specific Deletion of Gpr161 Results in Embryonic Midbrain Malformation and Failure of Craniofacial Skeletal Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:761418. [PMID: 34887903 PMCID: PMC8650154 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.761418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates multiple morphogenetic processes during embryonic neurogenesis and craniofacial skeletal development. Gpr161 is a known negative regulator of Shh signaling. Nullizygous Gpr161 mice are embryonic lethal, presenting with structural defects involving the neural tube and the craniofacies. However, the lineage specific role of Gpr161 in later embryonic development has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the Wnt1-Cre lineage specific role of Gpr161 during mouse embryonic development. We observed three major gross morphological phenotypes in Gpr161 cKO (Gpr161 f/f; Wnt1-Cre) fetuses; protrusive tectum defect, encephalocele, and craniofacial skeletal defect. The overall midbrain tissues were expanded and cell proliferation in ventricular zones of midbrain was increased in Gpr161 cKO fetuses, suggesting that protrusive tectal defects in Gpr161 cKO are secondary to the increased proliferation of midbrain neural progenitor cells. Shh signaling activity as well as upstream Wnt signaling activity were increased in midbrain tissues of Gpr161 cKO fetuses. RNA sequencing further suggested that genes in the Shh, Wnt, Fgf and Notch signaling pathways were differentially regulated in the midbrain of Gpr161 cKO fetuses. Finally, we determined that cranial neural crest derived craniofacial bone formation was significantly inhibited in Gpr161 cKO fetuses, which partly explains the development of encephalocele. Our results suggest that Gpr161 plays a distinct role in midbrain development and in the formation of the craniofacial skeleton during mouse embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Karla Robles-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristyn Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Pooja J Chothani
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nikitha Bhavani
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Kmieć Z, Wierzbicki PM. Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in gynecological and genitourinary cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:106. [PMID: 33907821 PMCID: PMC8057295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the urinary tract, as well as those of the female and male reproductive systems, account for a large percentage of malignancies worldwide. Mortality is frequently affected by late diagnosis or therapeutic difficulties. The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway is an evolutionary conserved molecular cascade, which is mainly associated with the development of the central nervous system in fetal life. The present review aimed to provide an in‑depth summary of the SHH signaling pathway, including the characterization of its major components, the mechanism of its upstream regulation and non‑canonical activation, as well as its interactions with other cellular pathways. In addition, the three possible mechanisms of the cellular SHH cascade in cancer tissue are discussed. The aim of the present review was to summarize significant findings with regards to the expression of the SHH pathway components in kidney, bladder, ovarian, cervical and prostate cancer. Reports associated with common deficits and de‑regulations of the SHH pathway were summarized, despite the differences in molecular and histological patterns among these malignancies. However, currently, neither are SHH pathway elements included in panels of prognostic/therapeutic molecular patterns in any of the discussed cancers, nor have the drugs targeting SMO or GLIs been approved for therapy. The findings of the present review may support future studies on the treatment of and/or molecular targets for gynecological and genitourinary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr M. Wierzbicki
- Correspondence to: Dr Piotr M. Wierzbicki, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, 80211 Gdansk, Poland, E-mail:
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7
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LaMantia AS. Why Does the Face Predict the Brain? Neural Crest Induction, Craniofacial Morphogenesis, and Neural Circuit Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:610970. [PMID: 33362582 PMCID: PMC7759552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchephalic and rhombencephalic neural crest cells generate the craniofacial skeleton, special sensory organs, and subsets of cranial sensory receptor neurons. They do so while preserving the anterior-posterior (A-P) identity of their neural tube origins. This organizational principle is paralleled by central nervous system circuits that receive and process information from facial structures whose A-P identity is in register with that in the brain. Prior to morphogenesis of the face and its circuits, however, neural crest cells act as "inductive ambassadors" from distinct regions of the neural tube to induce differentiation of target craniofacial domains and establish an initial interface between the brain and face. At every site of bilateral, non-axial secondary induction, neural crest constitutes all or some of the mesenchymal compartment for non-axial mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) interactions. Thus, for epithelial domains in the craniofacial primordia, aortic arches, limbs, the spinal cord, and the forebrain (Fb), neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells establish local sources of inductive signaling molecules that drive morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. This common mechanism for building brains, faces, limbs, and hearts, A-P axis specified, neural crest-mediated M/E induction, coordinates differentiation of distal structures, peripheral neurons that provide their sensory or autonomic innervation in some cases, and central neural circuits that regulate their behavioral functions. The essential role of this neural crest-mediated mechanism identifies it as a prime target for pathogenesis in a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, the face and the brain "predict" one another, and this mutual developmental relationship provides a key target for disruption by developmental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics and Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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8
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Li X, Li Y, Li S, Li H, Yang C, Lin J. The role of Shh signalling pathway in central nervous system development and related diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:180-189. [PMID: 32840890 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays important roles in developmental of vertebrate animal central nervous system (CNS), and Gli is its downstream signal molecule. Shh signalling is essential for pattern formation, cell-fate specification, axon guidance, proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons in CNS development. The abnormal signalling pathway of Shh leads to the occurrence of many nervous system diseases. The mechanism of Shh signalling is complex and remains incompletely understood. Nevertheless, studies have revealed that Shh signalling pathway is classified into canonical and non-canonical pathways. Here we review the role of the Shh signalling pathway and its impact in CNS development and related diseases. Specifically, we discuss the role of Shh in the spinal cord and brain development, cell differentiation and proliferation in CNS and related diseases such as brain tumour, Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, autism, depression and traumatic brain injury. We also highlight future directions of research that could help to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of Shh signalling in the process of CNS development and related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This review summarized the role of Shh signalling pathway in CNS development and related diseases such as brain tumour, Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, autism, depression and traumatic brain injury. It also presented the author's opinions on the future research direction of Shh signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuanqing Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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9
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Yang C, Li X, Li Q, Li H, Qiao L, Guo Z, Lin J. Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of the Neural Precursor Cell Fate During Chicken Optic Tectum Development. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:287-299. [PMID: 29285739 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons project axons over long distances to reach the appropriate targets for correct neural circuit formation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein and plays a key role in regulating vertebrate embryogenesis, especially in central nervous system (CNS) patterning, including neuronal migration and axonal projection in the brain and spinal cord. In the developing ventral midbrain, Shh is sufficient to specify a striped pattern of cell fates. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the Shh regulation of the neural precursor cell fate during the optic tectum development. Here, we aimed at studying how Shh might regulate chicken optic tectum patterning. In the present study, in ovo electroporation methods were employed to achieve the overexpression of Shh in the optic tectum during chicken embryo development. Besides, the study combined in ovo electroporation and neuron isolation culturing to study the function of Shh in vivo and in vitro. The fluorescent immunohistochemistry methods were used to check the related indicators. The results showed that Shh overexpression caused 87.8% of cells to be distributed to the stratum griseum central (SGC) layer, while only 39.3% of the GFP-transfected cells resided in the SGC layer in the control group. Shh overexpression also reduced the axon length in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Shh regulates the neural precursor cell fate during chicken optic tectum development. Shh overexpression impairs neuronal migration and may affect the fate determination of transfected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qiuling Li
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Han Li
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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10
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Grajales-Esquivel E, Luz-Madrigal A, Bierly J, Haynes T, Reis ES, Han Z, Gutierrez C, McKinney Z, Tzekou A, Lambris JD, Tsonis PA, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Complement component C3aR constitutes a novel regulator for chick eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 428:88-100. [PMID: 28576690 PMCID: PMC5726978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement components have been implicated in a wide variety of functions including neurogenesis, proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, cancer, and more recently early development and regeneration. Following our initial observations indicating that C3a/C3aR signaling induces chick retina regeneration, we analyzed its role in chick eye morphogenesis. During eye development, the optic vesicle (OV) invaginates to generate a bilayer optic cup (OC) that gives rise to the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and neural retina. We show by immunofluorescence staining that C3 and the receptor for C3a (the cleaved and active form of C3), C3aR, are present in chick embryos during eye morphogenesis in the OV and OC. Interestingly, C3aR is mainly localized in the nuclear compartment at the OC stage. Loss of function studies at the OV stage using morpholinos or a blocking antibody targeting the C3aR (anti-C3aR Ab), causes eye defects such as microphthalmia and defects in the ventral portion of the eye that result in coloboma. Such defects were not observed when C3aR was disrupted at the OC stage. Histological analysis demonstrated that microphthalmic eyes were unable to generate a normal optic stalk or a closed OC. The dorsal/ventral patterning defects were accompanied by an expansion of the ventral markers Pax2, cVax and retinoic acid synthesizing enzyme raldh-3 (aldh1a3) domains, an absence of the dorsal expression of Tbx5 and raldh-1 (aldh1a1) and a re-specification of the ventral RPE to neuroepithelium. In addition, the eyes showed overall decreased expression of Gli1 and a change in distribution of nuclear β-catenin, suggesting that Shh and Wnt pathways have been affected. Finally, we observed prominent cell death along with a decrease in proliferating cells, indicating that both processes contribute to the microphthalmic phenotype. Together our results show that C3aR is necessary for the proper morphogenesis of the OC. This is the first report implicating C3aR in eye development, revealing an unsuspected hitherto regulator for proper chick eye morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Agustin Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Bierly
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Tracy Haynes
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Christian Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Zachary McKinney
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Apostolia Tzekou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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11
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Chassaing N, Davis EE, McKnight KL, Niederriter AR, Causse A, David V, Desmaison A, Lamarre S, Vincent-Delorme C, Pasquier L, Coubes C, Lacombe D, Rossi M, Dufier JL, Dollfus H, Kaplan J, Katsanis N, Etchevers HC, Faguer S, Calvas P. Targeted resequencing identifies PTCH1 as a major contributor to ocular developmental anomalies and extends the SOX2 regulatory network. Genome Res 2016; 26:474-85. [PMID: 26893459 PMCID: PMC4817771 DOI: 10.1101/gr.196048.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocular developmental anomalies (ODA) such as anophthalmia/microphthalmia (AM) or anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) have an estimated combined prevalence of 3.7 in 10,000 births. Mutations in SOX2 are the most frequent contributors to severe ODA, yet account for a minority of the genetic drivers. To identify novel ODA loci, we conducted targeted high-throughput sequencing of 407 candidate genes in an initial cohort of 22 sporadic ODA patients. Patched 1 (PTCH1), an inhibitor of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, harbored an enrichment of rare heterozygous variants in comparison to either controls, or to the other candidate genes (four missense and one frameshift); targeted resequencing of PTCH1 in a second cohort of 48 ODA patients identified two additional rare nonsynonymous changes. Using multiple transient models and a CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutant, we show physiologically relevant phenotypes altering SHH signaling and eye development upon abrogation of ptch1 in zebrafish for which in vivo complementation assays using these models showed that all six patient missense mutations affect SHH signaling. Finally, through transcriptomic and ChIP analyses, we show that SOX2 binds to an intronic domain of the PTCH1 locus to regulate PTCH1 expression, findings that were validated both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that PTCH1 mutations contribute to as much as 10% of ODA, identify the SHH signaling pathway as a novel effector of SOX2 activity during human ocular development, and indicate that ODA is likely the result of overactive SHH signaling in humans harboring mutations in either PTCH1 or SOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chassaing
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France; Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; Inserm U1056, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Kelly L McKnight
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Adrienne R Niederriter
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Alexandre Causse
- Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique David
- Institut de Génétique et Développement, CNRS UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140 GFAS, Faculté de Médecine, 35043 Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Annaïck Desmaison
- Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Lamarre
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France; Plateforme Biopuces de la Génopole de Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, INSA/DGBA 135, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Sud, 35200 Rennes, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université Bordeaux Segalen, Laboratoire MRGM, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, 69677 Bron, France; INSERM U1028 UMR CNRS 5292, UCBL, CRNL TIGER Team, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Dufier
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Helene Dollfus
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- INSERM U781 & Department of Genetics, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; INSERM, UMR_S910, Aix-Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrick Calvas
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France; Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, EA-4555, 31000 Toulouse, France; Inserm U1056, 31000 Toulouse, France
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12
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Gheorghescu AK, Tywoniuk B, Duess J, Buchete NV, Thompson J. Exposure of chick embryos to cadmium changes the extra-embryonic vascular branching pattern and alters expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-R2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Tao C, Zhang X. Development of astrocytes in the vertebrate eye. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1501-10. [PMID: 25236977 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes represent the earliest glial population in the embryonic optic nerve, contributing critically to retinal angiogenesis and formation of brain-retinal-barrier. Despite of many developmental and clinical implications of astrocytes, answers to some of the most fundamental questions of this unique type of glial cells remain elusive. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the origination, proliferation, and differentiation of astrocytes, their journey from the optic nerve toward the neuroretina, and their involvement in physiological and pathological development of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqi Tao
- Stark Neuroscience Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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14
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Hu D, Marcucio RS. A SHH-responsive signaling center in the forebrain regulates craniofacial morphogenesis via the facial ectoderm. Development 2008; 136:107-16. [PMID: 19036802 DOI: 10.1242/dev.026583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among the forebrain, neural crest and facial ectoderm regulate development of the upper jaw. To examine these interactions, we activated the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway in the brain. Beginning 72 hours after activation of the SHH pathway, growth within the avian frontonasal process (FNP) was exaggerated in lateral regions and impaired in medial regions. This growth pattern is similar to that in mice and superimposed a mammalian-like morphology on the upper jaw. Jaw growth is controlled by signals from the frontonasal ectodermal zone (FEZ), and the divergent morphologies that characterize birds and mammals are accompanied by changes in the FEZ. In chicks there is a single FEZ spanning the FNP, but in mice both median nasal processes have a FEZ. In treated chicks, the FEZ was split into right and left domains that resembled the pattern present in mice. Additionally, we observed that, in the brain, fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) was downregulated, and signals in or near the nasal pit were altered. Raldh2 expression was expanded, whereas Fgf8, Wnt4, Wnt6 and Zfhx1b were downregulated. However, Wnt9b, and activation of the canonical WNT pathway, were unaltered in treated embryos. At later time points the upper beak was shortened owing to hypoplasia of the skeleton, and this phenotype was reproduced when we blocked the FGF pathway. Thus, the brain establishes multiple signaling centers within the developing upper jaw. Changes in organization of the brain that occur during evolution or as a result of disease can alter these centers and thereby generate morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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15
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Abstract
Progress in the study of the molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal differentiation has been quite impressive in recent years, and promises to continue to an equally fast pace. This should not lead us into a sense of complacency, however, because there are still significant barriers that cannot be overcome by simply conducting the same type of experiments that we have been performing thus far. This article will describe some of these challenges, while highlighting the conceptual and methodological breakthroughs that will be necessary to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Adler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21287-9257, USA.
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Morini F, Pacilli M, Spitz L. Bilateral anophthalmia and esophageal atresia: Report of a new patient and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 132A:60-2. [PMID: 15389708 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Tang LS, Finnell RH. Neural and orofacial defects in Folp1 knockout mice [corrected]. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2003; 67:209-18. [PMID: 12854656 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folic acid is essential for the development of the nervous system and other associated structures. Mice deficient in the folic acid-binding protein one (Folbp1) gene display multiple developmental abnormalities, including neural and craniofacial defects. To better understand potential interactions between Folbp1 gene and selected genes involved in neural and craniofacial morphogenesis, we evaluated the expression patterns of a panel of crucial differentiation markers (Pax-3, En-2, Hox-a1, Shh, Bmp-4, Wnt-1, and Pax-1). METHODS Folbp1 mice were supplemented with low dosages of folinic add to rescue nullizygotes from dying in utero before gestational day 10. The gene marker analyses were carried out by in situ hybridization. RESULTS In nullizygote embryos with open cranial neural tube defects, the downregulation of Pax-3 and En-2 in the impaired midbrain, along with an observed upregulation of the ventralizing marker Shh in the expanded floor plate, suggested an important regulatory interaction among these three genes. Moreover, the nullizygotes also exhibit craniofacial abnormalities, such as cleft lip and palate. Pax-3 signals in the impaired medial nasal primordia were significantly increased, whereas Pax-1 showed no expression in the undeveloped lateral nasal processes. Although Shh was downregulated, Bmp-4 was strongly expressed in the medial and lateral nasal processes, highlighting the antagonistic activities of these molecules. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of Folbp1 gene function adversely impacts the expression of several critical signaling molecules. Mis-expression of these molecules, perhaps mediated by Shh, may potentially contribute to the observed failure of neural tube closure and the development of craniofacial defects in the mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa S Tang
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303, USA
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18
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Liu J, Wilson S, Reh T. BMP receptor 1b is required for axon guidance and cell survival in the developing retina. Dev Biol 2003; 256:34-48. [PMID: 12654290 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has documented the importance of BMPs in eye development. Loss-of-function studies in mice, with targeted deletions in either the Bmp7 or Bmp4 genes, have shown that these molecules are critical for early eye development. On the basis of the asymmetry in the dorsal-ventral expression patterns of several members of this family, it has been proposed that these molecules are critical for some aspect of dorsal-ventral patterning in the eye; however, it has been difficult to test this hypothesis because of the early requirement for BMPs in eye development. We have therefore examined the effects of loss of one of the BMP receptors, the BmprIb, on the development of the eye by using targeted deletion. We have found that BmprIb is expressed exclusively in the ventral retina during embryonic development and is required for normal ventral ganglion cell axon targeting to the optic nerve head. In mice with a targeted deletion of the BmprIb gene, many axons arising from the ventrally located ganglion cells fail to enter the optic nerve head, and instead, make abrupt turns in this region. A second phenotype in these mice is a significantly elevated inner retinal apoptosis during a distinct phase of postnatal development, at the end of neurogenesis. Our results therefore show two distinct requirements for BmprIb in mammalian retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Liu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Ahlgren SC, Thakur V, Bronner-Fraser M. Sonic hedgehog rescues cranial neural crest from cell death induced by ethanol exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:10476-81. [PMID: 12140368 PMCID: PMC124946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162356199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a teratogen that induces a variety of abnormalities including brain and facial defects [Jones, K. & Smith, D. (1973) Lancet 2, 999-1001], with the exact nature of the deficit depending on the time and magnitude of the dose of ethanol to which developing fetuses are exposed. In addition to abnormal facial structures, ethanol-treated embryos exhibit a highly characteristic pattern of cell death. Dying cells are observed in the premigratory and migratory neural crest cells that normally populate most facial structures. The observation that blocking Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling results in similar craniofacial abnormalities prompted us to examine whether there was a link between this aspect of fetal alcohol syndrome and loss of Shh. We demonstrate that administration of ethanol to chick embryos results in a dramatic loss of Shh, as well as a loss of transcripts involved in Shh signaling pathways. In contrast, other signaling molecules examined do not demonstrate such dramatic changes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both the ethanol-induced cranial neural crest cell death and the associated craniofacial growth defect can be rescued by application of Shh. These data suggest that craniofacial anomalies resulting from fetal alcohol exposure are caused at least partially by loss of Shh and subsequent neural crest cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Ahlgren
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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20
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Adler R, Belecky-Adams TL. The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in the differentiation of the ventral optic cup. Development 2002; 129:3161-71. [PMID: 12070091 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.13.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ventral region of the chick embryo optic cup undergoes a complex process of differentiation leading to the formation of four different structures: the neural retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the optic disk/optic stalk, and the pecten oculi. Signaling molecules such as retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog have been implicated in the regulation of these phenomena. We have now investigated whether the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) also regulate ventral optic cup development. Loss-of-function experiments were carried out in chick embryos in ovo, by intraocular overexpression of noggin, a protein that binds several BMPs and prevents their interactions with their cognate cell surface receptors. At optic vesicle stages of development, this treatment resulted in microphthalmia with concomitant disruption of the developing neural retina, RPE and lens. At optic cup stages, however, noggin overexpression caused colobomas, pecten agenesis, replacement of the ventral RPE by neuroepithelium-like tissue, and ectopic expression of optic stalk markers in the region of the ventral retina and RPE. This was frequently accompanied by abnormal growth of ganglion cell axons, which failed to enter the optic nerve. The data suggest that endogenous BMPs have significant effects on the development of ventral optic cup structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Adler
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Dayi E, Gungormus M, Okuyan M, Tan U. Predictability of hand skill and cognitive abilities from craniofacial width in right- and left-handed men and women: relation of skeletal structure to cerebral function. Int J Neurosci 2002; 112:383-412. [PMID: 12325394 DOI: 10.1080/00207450290025545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a family of homeobox genes involved in brain and craniofacial development was identified. In light of this genetic background, we hypothesized that some functional characteristics of human brain (hand skill, cognition) may be linked to some structural characteristics of human skull (e.g., craniofacial width) in humans. Hand preference was assessed by Oldfield's Handedness Questionnaire. Hand skill was measured by Peg Moving Task. Face width was measured from the anteroposterior cephalograms (x-ray) using right (R) and left (L) zygomatic points. Intelligence "g" was assessed by Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test; the perceptual-verbal ability was assessed by "Finding A's Test"; the spatial ability was assessed by the mental rotation task, in right- and left-handed men and women. The percentages of right-, left-, and mixed-faced subjects were close to those found for paw preference in cats. Women tended to be more right-faced (R--L > 0) and less left-faced (R--L < 0) than men, who tended to be more left-faced and less right-faced than women. R--L face width inversely correlated with L--R PMT (peg moving time) in left-handers; there was a direct relation between these variables in right-handers. Cattell IQ linearly increased with R--L face width in left-handers, negatively correlated in right-handed men and women. Verbal ability inversely related to R--L face width in right- and left-handed men, but directly correlated in right-handed women. The number of correct response on mental-rotation task positively and linearly correlated with R--L face width in left-handers and right-handed women. It was concluded that the structural-functional coupling revealed in the present work may have its origins in parallel development of the craniofacial skeleton and brain under the influence of homeobox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertunc Dayi
- Ataturk University, School of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey
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22
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Abstract
Signaling by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) controls important developmental processes, including dorsoventral neural tube patterning, neural stem cell proliferation, and neuronal and glial cell survival. Shh signaling involves lipid modifications to Shh itself, as well as changes in protein subcellular localization. Recent advances have revealed the importance of palmitoylation and acylation of Shh on its potency and migration capacity. Subsequent trafficking and organelle sorting in the Shh signaling pathway have been observed; these observations offer a new dimension to our understanding of downstream signal transduction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beckman Center B300, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5329, USA
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