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Petitjean N, Canadas P, Royer P, Noël D, Le Floc'h S. Cartilage biomechanics: From the basic facts to the challenges of tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 111:1067-1089. [PMID: 36583681 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is the thin tissue that covers the long bone ends in the joints and that ensures the transmission of forces between adjacent bones while allowing nearly frictionless movements between them. AC repair is a technologic and scientific challenge that has been addressed with numerous approaches. A major deadlock is the capacity to take in account its complex mechanical properties in repair strategies. In this review, we first describe the major mechanical behaviors of AC for the non-specialists. Then, we show how researchers have progressively identified specific mechanical parameters using mathematical models. There are still gaps in our understanding of some of the observations concerning AC biomechanical properties, particularly the differences in extracellular matrix stiffness measured at the microscale and at the millimetric scale. Nevertheless, for bioengineering applications, AC repair strategies must take into account what are commonly considered the main mechanical features of cartilage: its ability to withstand high stresses through three main behaviors (elasticity, poroelasticity and swelling). Finally, we emphasize that future studies need to investigate AC mechanical properties at different scales, particularly the gradient of mechanical properties around cells and across the cartilage depth, and the differences in mechanical properties at different scales. This multi-scale approach could greatly enhance the success of AC restorative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascale Royer
- LMGC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Danièle Noël
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, France
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Sauerschnig M, Berninger MT, Kaltenhauser T, Plecko M, Wexel G, Schönfelder M, Wienerroither V, Imhoff AB, Schöttle PB, Rosado Balmayor E, Salzmann GM. Chondrocyte Culture Parameters for Matrix-Assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Affect Catabolism and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071545. [PMID: 30934789 PMCID: PMC6479589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects represent an increasing pathology among active individuals that affects the ability to contribute to sports and daily life. Cell therapy, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), is a widespread option to treat larger cartilage defects still lacking standardization of in vitro cell culture parameters. We hypothesize that mRNA expression of cytokines and proteases before and after ACI is influenced by in vitro parameters: cell-passage, cell-density and membrane-holding time. Knee joint articular chondrocytes, harvested from rabbits (n = 60), were cultured/processed under varying conditions: after three different cell-passages (P1, P3, and P5), cells were seeded on 3D collagen matrices (approximately 25 mm³) at three different densities (2 × 10⁵/matrix, 1 × 10⁶/matrix, and 3 × 10⁶/matrix) combined with two different membrane-holding times (5 h and two weeks) prior autologous transplantation. Those combinations resulted in 18 different in vivo experimental groups. Two defects/knee/animal were created in the trochlear groove (defect dimension: ∅ 4 mm × 2 mm). Four identical cell-seeded matrices (CSM) were assembled and grouped in two pairs: One pair giving pre-operative in vitro data (CSM-i), the other pair was implanted in vivo and harvested 12 weeks post-implantation (CSM-e). CSMs were analyzed for TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-1, and MMP-3 via qPCR. CSM-i showed higher expression of IL-1β, MMP-1, and MMP-3 compared to CSM-e. TNF-α expression was higher in CSM-e. Linearity between CSM-i and CSM-e values was found, except for TNF-α. IL-1β expression was higher in CSM-i at higher passage and longer membrane-holding time. IL-1β expression decreased with prolonged membrane-holding time in CSM-e. For TNF-α, the reverse was true. Lower cell-passages and lower membrane-holding time resulted in stronger TNF-α expression. Prolonged membrane-holding time resulted in increased MMP levels among CSM-i and CSM-e. Cellular density was of no significant effect. We demonstrated cytokine and MMP expression levels to be directly influenced by in vitro culture settings in ACI. Linearity of expression-patterns between CSM-i and CSM-e may predict ACI regeneration outcome in vivo. Cytokine/protease interaction within the regenerate tissue could be guided via adjusting in vitro culture parameters, of which membrane-holding time resulted the most relevant one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sauerschnig
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
- Trauma Hospital Graz, Unfallkrankenhaus der Allgemeinen Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA), Teaching Hospital Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Markus T Berninger
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Trauma Center (BGU) Murnau, Murnau 82418, Germany.
| | - Theresa Kaltenhauser
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Michael Plecko
- Trauma Hospital Graz, Unfallkrankenhaus der Allgemeinen Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA), Teaching Hospital Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Gabriele Wexel
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Exercise Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80809 Munich, Germany.
| | - Valerie Wienerroither
- Trauma Hospital Graz, Unfallkrankenhaus der Allgemeinen Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA), Teaching Hospital Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
| | - Andreas B Imhoff
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Philip B Schöttle
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Gian M Salzmann
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
- Gelenkzentrum Rhein-Main, Wiesbaden 65183, Germany.
- Musculoskeletal Centre, Schulthess Klinik Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
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3
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Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Keel MJ, Shintani N. Age-Independent Cartilage Generation for Synovium-Based Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2089-98. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst B. Hunziker
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Center of Regenerative Medicine for Skeletal Tissues, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Lippuner
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Center of Regenerative Medicine for Skeletal Tissues, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marius J.B. Keel
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Center of Regenerative Medicine for Skeletal Tissues, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nahoko Shintani
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Center of Regenerative Medicine for Skeletal Tissues, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Jurgens WJFM, Kroeze RJ, Zandieh-Doulabi B, van Dijk A, Renders GAP, Smit TH, van Milligen FJ, Ritt MJPF, Helder MN. One-step surgical procedure for the treatment of osteochondral defects with adipose-derived stem cells in a caprine knee defect: a pilot study. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:315-25. [PMID: 23914338 PMCID: PMC3731690 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapies offer attractive alternatives for the treatment of osteochondral defects. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells allow the development of one-step surgical procedures by their abundant availability and high frequency. In this pilot study we evaluated the in vivo safety, feasibility, and efficacy of this concept using scaffolds seeded with freshly isolated (SVF) or cultured adipose stem cells (ASCs), and compared these to their acellular counterparts. Osteochondral defects were created in medial condyles and trochlear grooves in knees of eight goats. Defects were filled with acellular collagen I/III scaffolds or scaffolds seeded with SVF cells or cultured ASCs. Osteochondral regeneration was evaluated after 1 and 4 months by macroscopy, immunohistochemistry, biomechanical analysis, microCT analysis, and biochemistry. After 1 month, no adverse effects were noted. Microscopic, but not macroscopic evaluation showed considerable yet not significant differences, with cell-loaded constructs showing more extensive regeneration. After 4 months, acellular constructs displayed increased regeneration, however, to a lesser degree than cell-treated constructs. The latter exhibited more extensive collagen type II, hyaline-like cartilage, and higher elastic moduli, and their glycosaminoglycan content in the cartilaginous layer better approached native tissue values. Moreover, their defect regions contained higher levels of regenerated, mature subchondral bone with more intense collagen type I staining. SVF cells tended to perform best on all parameters. In summary, this pilot study demonstrated the preclinical safety and feasibility of a one-step surgical procedure for osteochondral defect regeneration. Similar regeneration was found between freshly isolated SVF cells and cultured ASCs. Larger studies with longer follow-up are required to substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J F M Jurgens
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, & Hand Surgery, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands . ; MOVE/Skeletal Tissue Engineering Group Amsterdam (STEGA) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Elowsson L, Kirsebom H, Carmignac V, Mattiasson B, Durbeej M. Evaluation of macroporous blood and plasma scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:402-410. [DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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García Cruz DM, Salmerón-Sánchez M, Gómez-Ribelles JL. Stirred flow bioreactor modulates chondrocyte growth and extracellular matrix biosynthesis in chitosan scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2330-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Martínez H, Brackmann C, Enejder A, Gatenholm P. Mechanical stimulation of fibroblasts in micro-channeled bacterial cellulose scaffolds enhances production of oriented collagen fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:948-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Effect of initial cell seeding density on 3D-engineered silk fibroin scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8927-37. [PMID: 21906805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects poses a continuing challenge. Cartilage tissue engineering through the culture of chondrocytes seeded in 3D porous scaffolds has the potential for generating constructs that repair successfully. It also provides a platform to study scaffold-cell and cell-cell interactions. The scaffold affects the growth and morphology of cells growing on it, and concomitantly, cells affect the properties of the resultant tissue construct. Silk fibroin protein from Antheraea mylitta, a non-mulberry Indian tropical tasar silkworm, is a potential biomaterial for diverse applications due to its widespread versatility as a mechanically robust, biocompatible, tissue engineering material. Analysis of silk fibroin scaffolds seeded with varying initial densities (25, 50 and 100 million cells/ml) and cultured for 2 weeks showed that thickness and wet weight increased by 60-70% for the highest cell density, and DNA, GAG and collagen content of the cartilaginous constructs increased with increasing cell density. Mechanical characterization of the constructs elucidated that the highest density constructs had compressive stiffness and modulus 4-5 times that of cell-free scaffolds. The present results indicate the importance of cell seeding density in the rapid formation of a functional cartilaginous tissue.
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10
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Salzmann GM, Sauerschnig M, Berninger MT, Kaltenhauser T, Schönfelder M, Vogt S, Wexel G, Tischer T, Sudkamp N, Niemeyer P, Imhoff AB, Schöttle PB. The dependence of autologous chondrocyte transplantation on varying cellular passage, yield and culture duration. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5810-8. [PMID: 21592563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted chondrocyte transplantation (m-ACI) still lacks any standardization in its execution in terms of cell passage (P), cell yield (C) and in vitro membrane-holding time (T). It was the goal of this study to analyze the effect of shifting cell culture parameters (P, C, T) on the in vitro as well as in vivo effort of a regulated animal m-ACI. Autologous rabbit knee articular chondrocytes were seeded within bilayer collagen I/III 3-D matrices in variation of P, C and T. Each time, 2 PCT-identical by 2 PCT-identical cell-matrix-constructs (CMC)/animal were created. Simultaneously 2 (PCT-distinct) were re-implanted (CMC-e) autologous into artificial trochlear pristine chondral defects in vivo to remain for 12 weeks while the remaining 2 were harvested (CMC-i) for immediate in vitro analysis at the time of transplantation of their identical twins. mRNA of both, CMC-e regenerates and CMC-i membranes, was analyzed for Collagen-1,-2,-10, COMP, Aggrecan, Sox9 expression by use of a mixed linear model, multiple regression analysis. Generally, CMC-i values were higher than CMC-e values for differentiation targets; the opposite was true for dedifferentiation targets. Regarding individual gene expression, in vivo regenerate cell-matrix properties were significantly dependent on initial cell-matrix in vitro values as a sign of linearity. The parameter membrane-holding time (T) had strongest effects on the resulting mRNA expression with slightly less impact of the parameter passage (P), whereas cell yield (C) had clearly less effects. Noting differences between in vitro and in vivo data, in general, optimal expression patterns concerning chondrogenic differentiation were achieved by few passages, medium cellular yield, short membrane-holding time. Clinical m-ACI may benefit from optimal orchestration of the cell culture parameters passage, yield and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian M Salzmann
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Francioli SE, Candrian C, Martin K, Heberer M, Martin I, Barbero A. Effect of three-dimensional expansion and cell seeding density on the cartilage-forming capacity of human articular chondrocytes in type II collagen sponges. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 95:924-31. [PMID: 20845491 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes for tissue engineering strategies are typically expanded in monolayer (2D), leading to cell dedifferentiation but allowing to generate large cell numbers for seeding into scaffolds. Direct chondrocyte culture in scaffolds, instead, may support better maintenance of the differentiated phenotype but reduce the extent of proliferation and thus the resulting cell density. This study investigates whether the quality of cartilaginous tissues generated in vitro by human articular chondrocytes (HAC) on type II collagen sponges is enhanced (1) by direct expansion on the scaffolds (3D), as compared with standard 2D, or (2) by increasing cell seeding density, which in turn requires extensive 2D expansion. Three-dimensional expansion of HAC on the scaffolds, as compared with 2D expansion for the same number of doublings, better maintained the chondrocytic phenotype of the expanded cells (13.7-fold higher levels of type II collagen mRNA) but did not enhance their accumulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) following chondrogenic culture. Instead, increasing the HAC seeding density in the scaffolds (from 25 × 10(3) to 66 × 10(3) cells/mm(3)) significantly improved chondrogenesis (up to 3.3-fold higher GAG accumulation and up to 9.3-fold higher type II collagen mRNA), even if seeded cells had to be expanded and dedifferentiated more extensively in 2D to reach the required cell numbers. This study indicates that, under the specific conditions tested, a high-seeding density of HAC in 3D scaffolds is more critical for the generation of cartilaginous constructs than the stage of cell differentiation reached following expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Francioli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Hoenig E, Winkler T, Mielke G, Paetzold H, Schuettler D, Goepfert C, Machens HG, Morlock MM, Schilling AF. High amplitude direct compressive strain enhances mechanical properties of scaffold-free tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1401-11. [PMID: 21247246 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult cartilage has a limited healing capacity. Damages resulting from disease or injury increase over time and cause severe pain. One approach to reinstate the cartilage function is tissue engineering (TE). However, the generation of TE cartilage is time consuming and expensive and its properties are so far suboptimal. As in vivo cartilage is subject to loading, it is assumed that mechanical stimulation may enhance the quality of TE cartilage. In this study the short-term influence of variable compressive strain amplitudes on mechanical and biochemical properties of scaffold-free TE cartilage was investigated. Primary porcine chondrocytes were isolated, proliferated, redifferentiated, and transferred onto hydroxyapatite carriers, resulting in scaffold-free cartilage-carrier constructs. These constructs were placed in a custom-made bioreactor. Compression amplitudes of 5%, 10%, and 20% were applied. In each experiment four constructs were loaded with dynamic compression (3000 cycles/day, 1 Hz) for 14 days and four constructs served as unloaded control. The cartilage was evaluated biochemically, histological, and mechanically. No difference in glycosaminoglycan or collagen content between the loaded and the control groups was found. However, a positive correlation between compression amplitude and normalized Young's modulus was detected (R(2)=0.59, p<0.001). The highest compression amplitude of 20% had the strongest positive effect on the mechanical properties of the TE cartilage (Young's modulus increase of 241±28% compared to unloaded control). The data presented suggest that preconditioning with higher load amplitudes might be an attractive way of generating stiffer tissue and may help accelerating the cultivation of mechanically competent TE cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hoenig
- Biomechanics Section, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Chao PHG, Yodmuang S, Wang X, Sun L, Kaplan DL, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Silk hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 95:84-90. [PMID: 20725950 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering based on cultivation of immature chondrocytes in agarose hydrogel can yield tissue constructs with biomechanical properties comparable to native cartilage. However, agarose is immunogenic and nondegradable, and our capability to modify the structure, composition, and mechanical properties of this material is rather limited. In contrast, silk hydrogel is biocompatible and biodegradable, and it can be produced using a water-based method without organic solvents that enables precise control of structural and mechanical properties in a range of interest for cartilage tissue engineering. We observed that one particular preparation of silk hydrogel yielded cartilaginous constructs with biochemical content and mechanical properties matching constructs based on agarose. This finding and the possibility to vary the properties of silk hydrogel motivated this study of the factors underlying the suitability of hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. We present data resulting from a systematic variation of silk hydrogel properties, silk extraction method, gel concentration, and gel structure. Data suggest that silk hydrogel can be used as a tool for studies of the hydrogel-related factors and mechanisms involved in cartilage formation, as well as a tailorable and fully degradable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Hsiu Grace Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Stenhamre H, Nannmark U, Lindahl A, Gatenholm P, Brittberg M. Influence of pore size on the redifferentiation potential of human articular chondrocytes in poly(urethane urea) scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:578-88. [DOI: 10.1002/term.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bakota EL, Aulisa L, Galler KM, Hartgerink JD. Enzymatic cross-linking of a nanofibrous peptide hydrogel. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:82-7. [PMID: 21133404 DOI: 10.1021/bm1010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rheological properties of the environment in which a cell lives play a key role in how the cells will respond to that environment and may modify cell proliferation, morphology and differentiation. Effective means of modifying these properties are needed, particularly for peptide hydrogels which are generally relatively weak and soft. In this report we describe the enzymatic cross-linking of a nanofibrous multidomain peptide hydrogel. When this method was used, the storage modulus, G', could be increased to over 4000 Pa without changes in hydrogel concentration and without dramatic changes in nanostructural architecture. Enzymatic cross-linking represents a mild and simple method for increasing the mechanical strength of peptide hydrogels in applications for which the robustness of the gel is essential. This method should be suitable for a broad array of peptide hydrogels containing lysine such as those currently under study by many different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Bakota
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Mail Stop 602, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Flohé S, Betsch M, Ruße K, Wild M, Windolf J, Schulz M. Comparison of two different matrix-based autologous chondrocyte transplantation systems: 1 year follow-up results. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2010; 37:397-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-010-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Anders JO, Mollenhauer J, Beberhold A, Kinne RW, Venbrocks RA. Gelatin-based haemostyptic Spongostan as a possible three-dimensional scaffold for a chondrocyte matrix? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 91:409-16. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.91b3.20869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The gelatin-based haemostyptic compound Spongostan was tested as a three-dimensional (3D) chondrocyte matrix in an in vitro model for autologous chondrocyte transplantation using cells harvested from bovine knees. In a control experiment of monolayer cultures, the proliferation or de-differentiation of bovine chondrocytes was either not or only marginally influenced by the presence of Spongostan (0.3 mg/ml). In monolayers and 3-D Minusheet culture chambers, the cartilage-specific differentiation markers aggrecan and type-II collagen were ubiquitously present in a cell-associated fashion and in the pericellular matrix. The Minusheet cultures usually showed a markedly higher mRNA expression than monolayer cultures irrespective of whether Spongostan had been present or not during culture. Although the de-differentiation marker type-I collagen was also present, the ratio of type-I to type-II collagen or aggrecan to type-I collagen remained higher in Minusheet 3-D cultures than in monolayer cultures irrespective of whether Spongostan had been included in or excluded from the monolayer cultures. The concentration of GAG in Minusheet cultures reached its maximum after 14 days with a mean of 0.83 ± 0.8 μg/106 cells; mean ±, sem, but remained considerably lower than in monolayer cultures with/without Spongostan. Our results suggest that Spongostan is in principle suitable as a 3-D chondrocyte matrix, as demonstrated in Minusheet chambers, in particular for a culture period of 14 days. Clinically, differentiating effects on chondrocytes, simple handling and optimal formability may render Spongostan an attractive 3-D scaffold for autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Anders
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital Jena, Klosterlausnitzerstrasse 81, D-07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - J. Mollenhauer
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI), University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - A. Beberhold
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital Jena, Klosterlausnitzerstrasse 81, D-07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - R. W. Kinne
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital Jena, Klosterlausnitzerstrasse 81, D-07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - R. A. Venbrocks
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital Jena, Klosterlausnitzerstrasse 81, D-07607 Eisenberg, Germany
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