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Möller C, Virzi J, Chang YJ, Keidel A, Chao MR, Hu CW, Cooke MS. DNA modifications: Biomarkers for the exposome? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104449. [PMID: 38636743 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The concept of the exposome is the encompassing of all the environmental exposures, both exogenous and endogenous, across the life course. Many, if not all, of these exposures can result in the generation of reactive species, and/or the modulation of cellular processes, that can lead to a breadth of modifications of DNA, the nature of which may be used to infer their origin. Because of their role in cell function, such modifications have been associated with various major human diseases, including cancer, and so their assessment is crucial. Historically, most methods have been able to only measure one or a few DNA modifications at a time, limiting the information available. With the development of DNA adductomics, which aims to determine the totality of DNA modifications, a far more comprehensive picture of the DNA adduct burden can be gained. Importantly, DNA adductomics can facilitate a "top-down" investigative approach whereby patterns of adducts may be used to trace and identify the originating exposure source. This, together with other 'omic approaches, represents a major tool for unraveling the complexities of the exposome and hence allow a better a understanding of the environmental origins of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Möller
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Jazmine Virzi
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Alexandra Keidel
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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2
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Valencia-Quintana R, López-Durán RM, Milić M, Bonassi S, Ochoa-Ocaña MA, Uriostegui-Acosta MO, Pérez-Flores GA, Gómez-Olivares JL, Sánchez-Alarcón J. Assessment of Cytogenetic Damage and Cholinesterases' Activity in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Pesticides in Zamora-Jacona, Michoacan, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126269. [PMID: 34200547 PMCID: PMC8296030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been considered as potential chemical mutagens; however, little is known about toxic and genotoxic effects during pesticide application in Zamora-Jacona, Michoacan State in Mexico. This study sought to determine DNA damage and cholinesterase activities inhibitions in 54 agricultural workers exposed to complex mixtures of pesticides vs. control group (26 individuals) using Comet assay in peripheral whole blood, micronucleus (MN) test in oral mucosa cells, Cytokinesis-blocked MN assay in lymphocytes (L-CBMNcyt) and measuring AChE and BChE activities in whole blood and plasma samples, respectively. Exposed subjects demonstrated significantly elevated levels of primary (Comet assay: tail intensity, tail length, tail moment, Olive tail moment) and permanent DNA damage (MN assay: in blood/buccal cells; frequencies of nuclear buds, binucleated cells, cells with condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis). However, inhibition of cholinesterase activities (AChE and BChE) was not observed in the workers. Confounding factors including sex, age, BMI, working exposure period, protection level, smoking habit (cigarettes per day units), alcohol consumption (weekly), medication, were considered in the analysis. These combined techniques demonstrated usefulness in the health hazards risks pesticide exposure assessment and suggested the need for periodic monitoring together with the education and the training of occupational workers for the safe application of potentially harmful pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Genética y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
| | - Rosa María López-Durán
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.-D.); (J.S.-A.)
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Rafaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Rafaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Ma. Antonieta Ochoa-Ocaña
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Regionales, Coordinación de Humanidades, UNAM, Jiquilpan 59510, Mexico;
| | | | - Guillermo Alejandro Pérez-Flores
- Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Genética y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
| | - José Luis Gómez-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Genética y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.-D.); (J.S.-A.)
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Abu Zeid EH, El Sharkawy NI, Moustafa GG, Anwer AM, Al Nady AG. The palliative effect of camel milk on hepatic CYP1A1 gene expression and DNA damage induced by fenpropathrin oral intoxication in male rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111296. [PMID: 32949931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the alleviating role of camel milk (CM) in the mitigation of fenpropathrin (FNP) type II pyrethroid induced oxidative stress, alterations of hepatic (CYP1A1) mRNA expression pattern, and DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay (SCGE) in male rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into six groups (n = 10): 1st control (C), 2nd corn oil (CO), 3rd (CM): gavaged CM 2ml/rat, 4th (FNP): gavaged FNP 7.09 mg/kg body weight (BW), 5th (FNP pro/co-treated): gavaged CM firstly for 15 days, then CM + FNP by the same mentioned doses and route, 6th (FNP + CM co-treated): gavaged FNP firstly followed by CM by the same mentioned doses and route. Rats were orally gavaged three times per week, day after day for 60 days. FNP exposure significantly reduced serum glutathione (GSH) levels, but significantly increased serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO), and 8hydroxy2deoxyguanosine (8OH2dG). Additionally, FNP exposure significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of hepatic CYP1A1 and increased the SCGE indices in whole blood, liver, and spleen tissues of exposed male rats. Administration of CM significantly regulated the FNP induced oxidative stress, reduced hepatic CYP1A1 mRNA expression levels and values of comet assay indices particularly in the (CM + FNP pro/co-treated) group compared to the (FNP + CM co-treated) group. In conclusion, our results indicate, for the first time, that FNP retains an in vivo genotoxic potential at a dose of (1/10 LD50) and up-regulated hepatic CYP1A1 mRNA expression in male rats. Additionally, CM supplements may improve the genotoxic outcomes, oxidative stress, and altered CYP1A1 mRNA expression induced by FNP particularly in the pro/concurrent-treatment compared to the concurrent treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan H Abu Zeid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Nabela I El Sharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| | - Gihan G Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| | - Abeer M Anwer
- Head Researcher of Immunity in Animal Reproduction Research Institute. Egypt
| | - Ahmed G Al Nady
- Veterinarian at the Central Administration of Veterinary Quarantine and Examinations, Egypt
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Saad-Hussein A, Beshir S, Taha MM, Shahy EM, Shaheen W, Abdel-Shafy EA, Thabet E. Early prediction of liver carcinogenicity due to occupational exposure to pesticides. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 838:46-53. [PMID: 30678827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies linked between pesticides exposure and development of liver cancer, through several mechanisms inform of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, tumor promotion, immunotoxicity and hormonal actions. This study aimed to estimate novel biomarkers for early prediction of liver malignancy due to occupational exposure to pesticides in two groups of workers with different socioeconomic standard (highly educated urban researchers and low educated rural pesticides sprayers). This study included 50 urban researchers and 50 rural pesticides sprayers occupationally exposed to pesticides. They were compared with 50 non-exposed urban researchers and 50 non-exposed rural subjects. Several tumor biomarkers were estimated; P53 protein, Alfa fetoprotein (AFP), and Alpha-L-fucosidase (AFU). Additionally, telomerase enzyme activity, Relative telomere length (RTL), and DNA damage using comet assay were measured. Furthermore, the glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms were identified for both exposed groups. Statistical analysis revealed elevated level of tumor biomarkers among exposed subjects relative to control groups in spite of being within the normal range. Increase in the DNA damage was detected, with shortening of telomere length and decrease in telomerase enzyme activity in pesticides-exposed subjects compared to their controls. Most of these changes were related to the levels of butyrylcholinesterase. Subjects with GSTT1 genotype were suggested to be more susceptible to hepatic carcinogenicity. Telomere relative length and comets assay together with GST genes polymorphisms could be used as early predictors for liver cancer susceptibility among pesticides exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safia Beshir
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Egypt
| | - Mona M Taha
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Egypt
| | - Eman M Shahy
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Egypt
| | - Weam Shaheen
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Egypt.
| | | | - Eman Thabet
- Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Egypt
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5
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Doğanlar ZB, Doğanlar O, Tozkir H, Gökalp FD, Doğan A, Yamaç F, Aşkın OO, Aktaş ÜE. Nonoccupational Exposure of Agricultural Area Residents to Pesticides: Pesticide Accumulation and Evaluation of Genotoxicity. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:530-544. [PMID: 30003277 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies related the toxic effects of pesticides on agricultural workers, little research has been done about agricultural area residents. The purpose of this work was to monitor the presence of pesticides, as well as their genotoxic and cytotoxic potential, in humans with blood samples collected from control and intensive agricultural areas in the Thrace region. Pesticide accumulations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were analyzed by comet assay, and the effect of pesticide accumulation on oxidative stress, DNA repair, and molecular chaperone response were analyzed by qRT-PCR assays in the human blood samples. The agricultural area residents had a significantly higher concentration of pesticides than those in the control area at all three sampling times, and the total pesticide amounts were 4.3 and 10 times significantly higher in blood sampled in the pesticide use period (August 2015 and 2016, respectively) than in the nonuse period (November 2015). The results showed that the pesticide level in blood during the use period led to oxidative stress, DNA damage (mean comet length and % tail DNA), and unfolded/misfolded protein response. Particularly, in pesticide use season, difference between these parameters was found statistically significant with comparison to control. Our results indicate that individuals residing around a monoculture rice farming area comprise an at-risk group as a result of increased genotoxicity evidenced in human blood. We suggest that biological monitoring efforts should be used to control nonoccupational exposures to pesticides and thus safeguard the health of agricultural area residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Banu Doğanlar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Oğuzhan Doğanlar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Tozkir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Fulya Dilek Gökalp
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ayten Doğan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ferah Yamaç
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Orhan Onur Aşkın
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey
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Yahia D, Ali MF. Assessment of neurohepatic DNA damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to organophosphates and pyrethroid insecticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15616-15629. [PMID: 29572745 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current work was undertaken to test the genotoxic potential of chlorpyrifos (CPF), dimethoate, and lambda cyhalothrin (LCT) insecticides in rat brain and liver using the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Three groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed orally to one third LD50of CPF, dimethoate, or LCT for 24 and 48 h while the control group received corn oil. Serum samples were collected for estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); the brain and liver samples were used for comet assay and for histopathological examination. Results showed that signs of neurotoxicity appeared clinically as backward stretching of hind limb and splayed gait in dimethoate and LCT groups, respectively. CPF, LCT, and dimethoate induced oxidative stress indicated by increased MDA and decreased GPx levels. CPF and LCT caused severe DNA damage in the brain and liver at 24 and 48 h indicated by increased percentage of DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment, and olive tail moment. Dimethoate induced mild DNA damage in the brain and liver at 48 h. Histopathological changes were observed in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver of exposed rats. The results concluded that CPF, LCT, and dimethoate insecticides induced oxidative stress and DNA damage associated with histological changes in the brain and liver of exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha Yahia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Marwa F Ali
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Hilgert Jacobsen-Pereira C, Dos Santos CR, Troina Maraslis F, Pimentel L, Feijó AJL, Iomara Silva C, de Medeiros GDS, Costa Zeferino R, Curi Pedrosa R, Weidner Maluf S. Markers of genotoxicity and oxidative stress in farmers exposed to pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:177-183. [PMID: 29055201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic exposure to pesticides can lead to the development of several diseases, including different types of cancer, since the genotoxic and mutagenic capacity of these substances can be observed. The objective of this study is to investigate the relation between the occupational exposure to various pesticides and the presence of DNA damage and oxidative stress. Blood samples from 50 rural workers (41 men and 9 women) exposed to pesticides, 46 controls (20 men and 26 women) from the same city (Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina state, Brazil) and 29 controls (15 men and 14 women) from another city (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state, Brazil), were evaluated using the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) technique for genetic damage, and the test of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT) activity for the oxidative stress. Cholinesterase activities were also determined, but there was no statistical difference among exposed workers and controls. Significant differences were found in DNA damage among groups. The comet assay performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of these individuals had a significantly higher DNA damage index in the exposed group comparing to controls (p < 0.0001). MNi (p < 0.001), NBUDs (p < 0.005) and NPBs (p < 0.0001) were also found to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The TBARS values were significantly higher comparing to the Florianopolis control group (p < 0.0001). Even though CAT values were higher than controls, there was no statistical difference. Thus, it is concluded that the exposed individuals, participants of this study, are more subject to suffer genetic damage and, consequently, more susceptible to diseases resulting from such damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hilgert Jacobsen-Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Regina Dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flora Troina Maraslis
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luisi Pimentel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Lobo Feijó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Clarice Iomara Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme da Silva de Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Zeferino
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rozangela Curi Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sharbel Weidner Maluf
- Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Jørs E, Gonzáles AR, Ascarrunz ME, Tirado N, Takahashi C, Lafuente E, Santos RAD, Bailon N, Cervantes R, Huici O, Bælum J, Lander F. Genetic Alterations in Pesticide Exposed Bolivian Farmers An evaluation by analysis of chromosomal aberrations and the comet assay. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticides are of concern in Bolivia because of increasing use. Frequent intoxications have been demonstrated due to use of very toxic pesticides, insufficient control of distribution and sale and little knowledge among farmers of protective measures and hygienic procedures. Method Questionnaires were applied and blood tests taken from 81 volunteers from La Paz County, of whom 48 were pesticide exposed farmers and 33 non-exposed controls. Sixty males and 21 females participated with a mean age of 37.3 years (range 17–76). Data of exposure and possible genetic damage were collected and evaluated by well known statistical methods, controlling for relevant confounders. To measure genetic damage chromosomal aberrations and the comet assay analysis were performed. Results Pesticide exposed farmers had a higher degree of genetic damage compared to the control group. The number of chromosomal aberrations increased with the intensity of pesticide exposure. Females had a lower number of chromosomal aberrations than males, and people living at altitudes above 2500 metres seemed to exhibit more DNA damage measured by the comet assay. Conclusions Bolivian farmers showed signs of genotoxic damage, probably related to exposure to pesticides. Due to the potentially negative long term health effects of genetic damage on reproduction and the development of cancer, preventive measures are recommended. Effective control with imports and sales, banning of the most toxic pesticides, education and information are possible measures, which could help preventing the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jørs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ana Rosa Gonzáles
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Maria Eugenia Ascarrunz
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Catharina Takahashi
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Erika Lafuente
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Raquel A Dos Santos
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Natalia Bailon
- Unidad de Genética Toxicológica. Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - O Huici
- Proyecto PLAGBOL, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jesper Bælum
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Flemming Lander
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Skive Hospital, Denmark
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9
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Ali T, Ismail M, Asad F, Ashraf A, Waheed U, Khan QM. Pesticide genotoxicity in cotton picking women in Pakistan evaluated using comet assay. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:213-220. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1343342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farkhanda Asad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser M. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Perumalla Venkata R, Rahman MF, Mahboob M, Indu Kumari S, Chinde S, M. B, Dumala N, Grover P. Assessment of genotoxicity in female agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Biomarkers 2016; 22:446-454. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. F. Rahman
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M. Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. Indu Kumari
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bhanuramya M.
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Dumala
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Xia X, Xia X, Huo W, Dong H, Zhang L, Chang Z. Toxic effects of imidacloprid on adult loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:132-139. [PMID: 27299658 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed to assess the effects of imidacloprid on the survival, genetic materials, hepatic transaminase activity and histopathology of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The values of LC50 (24, 48, 72 and 96h) of imidacloprid were 167.7, 158.6, 147.9 and 145.8mg/L, respectively, and the safety concentration was 42.55mg/L. The erythrocyte micronuclei assays and the comet assay results showed that imidacloprid had genetic toxic effect on the loach erythrocytes. To assess the physiological and biochemical damage caused by imidacloprid, the activities of hepatic glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) were measured and their values declined in treatment groups. Histological examination of testis revealed that imidacloprid treatment resulted in disorganized lobules and cysts structures. In the present work, we also investigated the joint toxicity of pesticides commonly used in paddy fields (imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin) on M. anguillicaudatus, and confirmed that a synergistic effect existing in the binary mixtures. The results of our study provide relevant and comparable toxicity information that are useful for safety application of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopei Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Huo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China.
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Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:166-76. [PMID: 24576785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides is a major public health concern, because of the widespread distribution of these compounds and their possible long term effects. Recently, organic farming has been introduced as a consumer and environmental friendly agricultural system, although little is known about the effects on workers' health. The aim of this work was to evaluate genetic damage and immunological alterations in workers of both traditional and organic farming. Eighty-five farmers exposed to several pesticides, thirty-six organic farmers and sixty-one controls took part in the study. Biomarkers of exposure (pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and thioethers in urine and butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma), early effect (micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, T-cell receptor mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations, comet assay and lymphocytes subpopulations) and susceptibility (genetic polymorphisms related to metabolism - EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 - and DNA repair-XRCC1 and XRCC2) were evaluated. When compared to controls and organic farmers, pesticide farmers presented a significant increase of micronuclei in lymphocytes (frequency ratio, FR=2.80) and reticulocytes (FR=1.89), chromosomal aberrations (FR=2.19), DNA damage assessed by comet assay (mean ratio, MR=1.71), and a significant decrease in the proportion of B lymphocytes (MR=0.88). Results were not consistent for organic farmers when compared to controls, with a 48% increase of micronuclei in lumphocytes frequency (p=0.016) contrasted by the significant decreases of TCR-Mf (p=0.001) and %T (p=0.001). Our data confirm the increased presence of DNA damage in farmers exposed to pesticides, and show as exposure conditions may influence observed effects. These results must be interpreted with caution due to the small size of the sample and the unbalanced distribution of individuals in the three study groups.
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Kaur R, Kaur S, Lata M. Evaluation of DNA damage in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2012; 17:179-87. [PMID: 22345990 PMCID: PMC3276987 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.92100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops, but they pose a potential risk to farmers and environment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between the occupational exposure to various pesticides and the presence of DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples of 210 exposed workers (after a day of intense spraying) and 50 control subjects belonging to various districts of Punjab (India) were evaluated using Comet assay. Sixty workers who showed DNA damage were selected for follow up at 5-6 months after the first sampling during a low or null spraying period. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in DNA damage between freshly exposed workers and controls and freshly exposed and followed up cases. There was significant increase in the comet parameters viz. mean comet tail length and frequency of cells showing migration in exposed workers as compared to controls (72.22 ± 20.76 vs. 46.92 ± 8.17, P<0.001; 31.79 vs. 5.77, P<0.001). In the second samples, followed up cases showed significant decrease in frequency of damaged cells as compared to freshly exposed workers of first sampling (P<0.05). The confounding factors such as variable duration of pesticide exposure, age, smoking, drinking and dietary habits etc which were expected to modulate the damage, were instead found to have no significant effect on DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSION: The evidence of a genetic hazard related to exposure resulting from the intensive use of pesticides stresses the need for educational programs for agricultural workers to reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminderjeet Kaur
- Department of Human Biology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India
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Peng D, Jiaxing W, Chunhui H, Weiyi P, Xiaomin W. Study on the cytogenetic changes induced by benzene and hydroquinone in human lymphocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:322-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111433900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Benzene (BN) is a prototypical hematotoxicant, genotoxic carcinogen, and ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Although the molecular mechanisms of BN-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxic damage are poorly understood in humans, previous studies suggested that bioactivated BN metabolites are capable of oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage. The objective of the current study was to investigate the BN-induced cytogenetic changes and underlying mechanisms based on these hypotheses. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) might be the targets for BN-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and therefore DNA damage responses of PBLs after exposure to different concentrations of BN (0.25, 3.5, 50 μmol/L) or BN metabolite, hydroquinone (HQ; 50, 150, 450 μmol/L) were studied in vitro. Microculture tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate assay, comet assay, micronuclei assay, and attenuated total reflectance microspectroscope were chosen for this study. Based on the results, we reached the conclusion that different concentrations of BN or HQ significantly inhibited cell growth, induced the arrest of S phase and G2/M phase, and increased late apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, evidence was also provided to support the conclusion that BN and HQ induced DNA strand breaks and chromosomal mutations in PBL, which indicated the genotoxicity of BN and HQ. Current evidence has indicated that multiple mechanisms including dysfunction of cell cycle, programmed cell death, oxidative stress, and DNA lesions are likely to contribute to BN-induced cytogenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peng
- Department of Public Health, School of Basic Medical, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - W Jiaxing
- School of Chemical Project, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - H Chunhui
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Shiyan, PR China
| | - P Weiyi
- Department of Health Statistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - W Xiaomin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
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Kasiotis KM, Kyriakopoulou K, Emmanouil C, Tsantila N, Liesivuori J, Souki H, Manakis S, Machera K. Monitoring of systemic exposure to plant protection products and DNA damage in orchard workers. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:182-8. [PMID: 22115631 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The systemic exposure of plum tree growers and operators to plant protection products (PPPs) and effects on DNA were assessed. Specifically, a GC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of serum samples for the presence of seven active substances of PPPs. The analytical results verified the presence of myclobutanil, propargite, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in 7 out of 19 serum samples. The incidence of DNA damage was monitored using the single cell electrophoresis assay (comet assay). A paired Student's t-test revealed a statistically significant increase of SSBs in the blood samples collected at the end of the cropping period as compared to the samples collected from the same subjects before the start of PPPs application period. Moreover, the group of seven subjects with detectable serum pesticides levels revealed statistically significant increase of SSBs as compared to the group of subjects with no detectable PPP levels. The results of the present study demonstrate that the agriculture workers may exhibit detectable level of systemic exposure to the applied PPPs which are correlated to increased DNA damage during the cultivation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Kasiotis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. The Comet Assay: A Versatile Tool for Assessing DNA Damage. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559746-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
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Piperakis SM, Kontogianni K, Karanastasi G, Iakovidou-Kritsi Z, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Piperakis MM. Investigation of the genotoxic effect of pesticides on greenhouse workers' lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:121-126. [PMID: 19107909 DOI: 10.1002/em.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the genotoxic effects of commonly applied pesticides were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay (pH > 13). The amount of DNA damage (% DNA in tail) in peripheral lymphocytes of 49 male agricultural workers from Southern Poland were measured and compared to 50 men from the same area who had no previous occupational exposure to pesticides. No statistically significant differences in basal DNA damage were found between the study groups. In addition, exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes to hydrogen peroxide (100 and 150 microM) or gamma-irradiation (2.5 or 4.2 Gy) led to a similar degree of additional DNA damage and subsequent repair (for 2 hr) for all studied populations. In conclusion, our results indicate that the greenhouse workers who participated in this study had no detectable increased DNA damage or alteration in their cellular response to DNA damage in comparison to our control population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos M Piperakis
- Biology Unit, Department of Pre-School Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
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McCauley LA, Lasarev M, Muniz J, Nazar Stewart V, Kisby G. Analysis of Pesticide Exposure and DNA Damage in Immigrant Farmworkers. J Agromedicine 2008; 13:237-46. [DOI: 10.1080/10599240802473817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:5-32. [PMID: 18427939 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemicals are being added each year to the existing burden of toxic substances in the environment. This has led to increased pollution of ecosystems as well as deterioration of the air, water, and soil quality. Excessive agricultural and industrial activities adversely affect biodiversity, threatening the survival of species in a particular habitat as well as posing disease risks to humans. Some of the chemicals, e.g., pesticides and heavy metals, may be genotoxic to the sentinel species and/or to non-target species, causing deleterious effects in somatic or germ cells. Test systems which help in hazard prediction and risk assessment are important to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals before their release into the environment or commercial use as well as DNA damage in flora and fauna affected by contaminated/polluted habitats. The Comet assay has been widely accepted as a simple, sensitive, and rapid tool for assessing DNA damage and repair in individual eukaryotic as well as some prokaryotic cells, and has increasingly found application in diverse fields ranging from genetic toxicology to human epidemiology. This review is an attempt to comprehensively encase the use of Comet assay in different models from bacteria to man, employing diverse cell types to assess the DNA-damaging potential of chemicals and/or environmental conditions. Sentinel species are the first to be affected by adverse changes in their environment. Determination of DNA damage using the Comet assay in these indicator organisms would thus provide information about the genotoxic potential of their habitat at an early stage. This would allow for intervention strategies to be implemented for prevention or reduction of deleterious health effects in the sentinel species as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
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Piperakis SM, Kontogianni K, Karanastasi G, Iakovidou-Kritsi Z, Piperakis MM. The use of comet assay in measuring DNA damage and repair efficiency in child, adult, and old age populations. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 25:65-71. [PMID: 18038185 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used the Comet assay to estimate basal DNA damage in three distinct populations aged 5-10, 40-50, and 60-70 years old. The DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and gamma-irradiation in the lymphocytes of these populations, as well as their repair activity, was also studied. Finally, we measured apoptosis and necrosis after the effect of these agents. Our results indicate that the older population (60-70 years old) showed higher basal levels of DNA damage and was more sensitive to the effects of the DNA-damaging agents than the adult one (40-50 years old), who, in turn, was more sensitive than the younger population (5-10 years old). A decline of the repair efficiency with age to the DNA damage induced by the two agents was also observed. Apoptosis and necrosis were also affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Piperakis
- Biology Unit, Department of Pre-School Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
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