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Çakır B, Klobučar G, Akat Çömden E. Investigating the toxic effects of ethoprophos on Eisenia fetida: Integrating light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and biochemical analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141019. [PMID: 38141679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the ecological impact of exposing Eisenia fetida, an essential component of soil ecosystems, to the organophosphate pesticide ethoprophos, widely used in agriculture. With a focus on understanding the specific effects on earthworms, we employed three concentrations (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) over 28 days, considering the pesticide's short half-life and existing data on environmental concentrations. We aimed to contribute to a broader understanding of how these pesticides affect soil health. Histological analysis, including staining with Hematoxylin-eosin, Mallory Trichrome, Periodic acid-Schiff, and Alcian blue methods, was conducted on control and treatment groups. The histological and histopathological results were evaluated using the light microscopy, revealing various degenerations in the epithelial and muscle layers. Scanning electron microscopy analysis detected concentration-related notable compaction of the body surface, asymmetry, and distortion in the body segments. In the exposed groups, especially those subjected to higher ethoprophos concentrations, the grid-like appearance of the clitellum was visibly disturbed. This disturbance in the grid-like pattern is indicative of structural changes and disruptions at the microscopic level. Furthermore, total protein, carbohydrate, lipid analyses, as well as acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities, were also evaluated for earthworms from each experimental group. The analyses showed a concentration-related decrease in all biochemical measurements, except acid phosphatase enzyme activity. In conclusion, our study reveals that the environmentally realistic concentrations of ethoprophos, an effective and widely used pesticide in pest control, have detrimental effects on the health and physiology of E. fetida. These effects are manifested through histological deformities, altered biochemical profiles, and observable physiological disturbances. These results shed light on the harmful effects of ethoprophos on earthworms, underlining the necessity to restrict its usage in agricultural practices and thereby support environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Çakır
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35040, İzmir, Turkey; Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Göran Klobučar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Esra Akat Çömden
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35040, İzmir, Turkey.
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Yuan Y, Teng H, Zhang T, Wang D, Gu H, Lv W. Toxicological effects induced by two carbamates on earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Acute toxicity, arrested regeneration and underlying mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115824. [PMID: 38096595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida is recognised as advantageous model species in ecotoxicological and regeneration investigations. The intensive utilization of carbamate pesticides (CARs) imposes heavy residue burdens and grave hazards on edaphic environments as well as soil fauna therein. However, precise mechanisms whereby the specific CAR exerted toxic effects on earthworms remain largely elusive, notably from regenerative perspective. Herein, acute responses and regenerative toxicity of two carbamates (metolcarb, MEB and fenoxycarb, FEB) against E. fetida were dissected using biochemical, histological as well as molecular approaches following OECD guidelines at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. The acute toxicity data implied that MEB/FEB were very toxic/medium to extremely toxic, respectively in filter paper contact test and low to medium toxic/low toxic, respectively in artificial soil test. Chronic exposure to MEB and FEB at sublethal concentrations significantly mitigated the soluble protein content, protein abundance while enhanced the protein carbonylation level. Moreover, severely retarded posterior renewal of amputated earthworms was noticed in MEB and FEB treatments relative to the control group, with pronouncedly compromised morphology, dwindling segments and elevated cell apoptosis of blastema tissues, which were mediated by the rising Sox2 and decreasing TCTP levels. Taken together, these findings not only presented baseline toxicity cues for MEB and FEB exposure against earthworms, but also yielded mechanistic insights into regenerative toxicity upon CAR exposure, further contributing to the environmental risk assessment and benchmark formulation of agrochemical pollution in terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongda Yuan
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haiyuan Teng
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haotian Gu
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Agricultural Environment and Farmland Conservation Experiment Station of Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
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Bart S, Amossé J, Lowe CN, Mougin C, Péry ARR, Pelosi C. Aporrectodea caliginosa, a relevant earthworm species for a posteriori pesticide risk assessment: current knowledge and recommendations for culture and experimental design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33867-33881. [PMID: 29931645 PMCID: PMC6245014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological tests with earthworms are widely used and are mandatory for the risk assessment of pesticides prior to registration and commercial use. The current model species for standardized tests is Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. However, these species are absent from agricultural soils and often less sensitive to pesticides than other earthworm species found in mineral soils. To move towards a better assessment of pesticide effects on non-target organisms, there is a need to perform a posteriori tests using relevant species. The endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826) is representative of cultivated fields in temperate regions and is suggested as a relevant model test species. After providing information on its taxonomy, biology, and ecology, we reviewed current knowledge concerning its sensitivity towards pesticides. Moreover, we highlighted research gaps and promising perspectives. Finally, advice and recommendations are given for the establishment of laboratory cultures and experiments using this soil-dwelling earthworm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bart
- UMR1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 6 RD 10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Joël Amossé
- UMR1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 6 RD 10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Christopher N. Lowe
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Christian Mougin
- UMR1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 6 RD 10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre R. R. Péry
- UMR1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 6 RD 10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Céline Pelosi
- UMR1402 ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 6 RD 10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Ma LY, Zhang SH, Zhang JJ, Zhang AP, Li N, Wang XQ, Yu QQ, Yang H. Jasmonic Acids Facilitate the Degradation and Detoxification of Herbicide Isoproturon Residues in Wheat Crops (Triticum aestivum). Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:752-761. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shu Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Jing Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ai Ping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Yan X, Gu T, Yi Z, Huang J, Liu X, Zhang J, Xu X, Xin Z, Hong Q, He J, Spain JC, Li S, Jiang J. Comparative genomic analysis of isoproturon-mineralizing sphingomonads reveals the isoproturon catabolic mechanism. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4888-4906. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongquan Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Xihui Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Xin
- College of Food Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Jim C. Spain
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332-0512 USA
| | - Shunpeng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 People's Republic of China
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Pelosi C, Lebrun M, Beaumelle L, Cheviron N, Delarue G, Nélieu S. Sublethal effects of epoxiconazole on the earthworm Aporrectodea icterica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3053-3061. [PMID: 26081777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms play a key role in agroecosystem soil processes. This study aims to assess the effects of different doses of a commercial formulation of epoxiconazole (Opus®), a persistent and widely used fungicide, on the earthworm Aporrectodea icterica. A laboratory study was conducted in a natural soil in order to measure effects of Opus® on earthworm mortality, uptake, weight gain, enzymatic activities (catalase and glutathione-S-transferase), and energy resources (lipids and glycogens). The estimated LC50 was 45.5 mg kg(-1), or 268 times the recommended dose. Weight gains were 28, 19, and 13% of the initial weight after 28 days of exposure in the control and D1 and D10 (1 and 10 times the recommended dose) treatments, respectively. No difference was observed for catalase activity between the three treatments, at 7, 14, or 28 days. The glutathion-S-transferase (GST) activity was two times as high in D1 as in D0 at 14 days. At 28 days, glycogen concentration was lower in D10 than in the D1 treatment. This study highlighted moderate sublethal effects of the commercial formulation Opus® for earthworms. Considering that these effects were observed on a species found in cultivated fields, even at recommended rates, much more attention should be paid to this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pelosi
- INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Bâtiment 6, RD 10, 78026, Versailles cedex, France.
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - M Lebrun
- INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Bâtiment 6, RD 10, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - L Beaumelle
- INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Bâtiment 6, RD 10, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - N Cheviron
- INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Bâtiment 6, RD 10, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- Plateforme Biochem-Env, INRA, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
| | - G Delarue
- INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Bâtiment 6, RD 10, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - S Nélieu
- INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Bâtiment 6, RD 10, 78026, Versailles cedex, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Liang L, Lu YL, Yang H. Toxicology of isoproturon to the food crop wheat as affected by salicylic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:2044-2054. [PMID: 22231370 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Isoproturon, a herbicide belonging to the phenylurea family, is widely used to kill weeds in soils. Recent study indicated that isoproturon has become a contaminant in ecosystems due to its intensive use, thus bringing environmental risks to crop production safety. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the components in plant defense signaling pathways and regulates diverse physiological responses to biotic and environmental stresses. The purpose of the study is to help to understand how SA mediates the biological process in wheat under isoproturon stress. METHODS Wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum, cv. Yangmai 13) were surface-sterilized and placed on moist filter paper for germination. After 24 h, the germinating seeds were placed on a plastic pot (1 L) containing 1,120 g soil mixed with isoproturon at 4 mg kg(-1) soil. After 4 days, wheat leaves were sprayed with 5 mg L(-1) SA. The SA treatment was undertaken once a day and lasted for 6 days, when the third true leaf was well developed. For control seedlings, only water was sprayed. Seedlings were grown under a light intensity of 300 µmol m(-2) s(-1) with a light/dark cycle of 12/12 h at 25°C, and watered to keep 70% relative water content in soils. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We investigated the role of SA in alleviating isoproturon-induced toxicity in the food crop wheat (T. aestivum). Plants exposed to 4 mg kg(-1) isoproturon showed growth stunt and oxidative damage, but concomitant treatment with 5 mg L(-1) SA was able to attenuate the toxic effect. Isoproturon in soils was readily accumulated by wheat, but such accumulation can be blocked significantly by SA application. Treatment with SA decreased the abundance of O(2) (.-) and H(2)O(2), as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increased activities of catalase in isoproturon-exposed plants. The enzyme activities were confirmed by the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further, an RT-PCR-based assay was performed to show that several transcripts coding antioxidant enzymes were increased with isoproturon but decreased by SA. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that exogenous SA is able to improve the wheat tolerance to isoproturon toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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