Potassium bromate causes cell lysis and induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes

Protective effects of Urtica dioica on the cerebral cortex damage induced by Potassium bromate in adult male albino rats

Potassium bromate is used in cheese production, beer making and is also used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic. It is a proven carcinogen as it is a strong oxidizing agent that generates free radicals during xenobiotic metabolism. Urtica dioica (Ud) (from the plants' family of Urticaceae) is a plant that has long been used as a medicinal plant in many parts of the world. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunosuppressive properties. So, this study aimed to clarify the effect of Potassium bromate on the histological structure of cerebral cortex of adult male albino rats, evaluate the possible protective role of Urtica dioica. Thirty adult healthy male albino rats were divided into three groups; group I (Control group), group II (KBrO3 treated group). Group III (KBrO3 and Urtica dioica treated group).At the end of the experiment, rats in all groups were anesthetized and specimens were processed for light and electron microscope. Morphometric and statistical analyses were also performed. Nerve cells of the treated group showed irregular contours, dark nuclei, irregular nuclear envelopes, dilated RER cisternae, and mitochondria with ruptured cristae. Vacuolated neuropil was also observed. Immunohistochemically, stained sections for GFAP showed strong positive reaction in the processes of astrocytes. Recovery group showed revealed nearly the same as the histological picture as the control group. In conclusion, potassium bromate induces degenerative effects on neurons of cerebral cortex and urtica dioica provide an important neuroprotective effects against these damaging impacts through their antioxidant properties.

Toxicity assessment of potassium bromate and the remedial role of grape seed extract

In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L., an indicator test material. In addition, the toxicity-reducing effects of grape seed extract (GSE) were tested. The toxicity was investigated by some physiological (germination percentage, root length, weight gain, relative injury rate), cytogenetic [mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal abnormalities (CAs)], biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) levels] and anatomical parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups as control and five treatment groups (Group II: 465 mg/L GSE, Group III: 930 mg/L GSE, Group IV: 100 mg/L potassium bromate, Group V: 100 mg/L potassium bromate + 465 mg/L GSE, Group VI: 100 mg /L potassium bromate + 930 mg/L GSE). The bulbs were germinated for 72 h and at the end of the period the bulbs were subjected to routine preparations and made ready for analysis and measurements. As a result, potassium bromate exposure caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in all physiological parameter values. Potassium bromate application decreased MI by 41.6%, and increased the MN and CAs frequencies. CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, and vagrant chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, reverse polarization, nuclear bud and disordered mitosis were induced in root meristem cells. The mechanism of potassium bromate genotoxicity has been associated with DNA-potassium bromate interaction supported by spectral shift. Potassium bromate caused a decrease in GSH levels and an increase in MDA, SOD and CAT levels, thereby disrupting the antioxidant/oxidant balance in root tip cells. GSE administration in two different doses together with potassium bromate reduced the toxic effects and caused improvements in all parameters examined. The most significant reduction in toxicity was in group VI, which received 930 mg/L GSE, and there was an improvement about 18% in MI levels and an improvement about 44% in GSH levels in this group. While GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels, it decreased MDA, SOD, CAT levels, MN and CAs frequencies. As a result, it has been determined that potassium bromate causes multi-directional toxicity at high doses and A. cepa is a very reliable indicator in determining this toxicity. In addition, GSE extract has been found to have a strong role in reducing the toxicity induced by potassium bromate.

Potassium bromate-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the blood and liver cells of mice

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is an oxidising agent that is extensively used as a food additive, it is also a product of cosmetic and pharmaceutical relevance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and apoptosis induced by KBrO₃ in an experimental animal model. To study the toxic effects and oxidative stress, different doses of KBrO₃ below LD₅₀ (The half maximal lethal dose, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight) were given intraperitoneally to the mice for multiple time periods (24, 48, and 72 h). The results showed that KBrO₃ significantly induces oxidative damage by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidase and depleted the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) enzymes in the serum and liver. Moreover, a significant increase of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells and an elevated incidence of micronuclei in the peripheral blood of mice were observed. KBrO₃ induces 3 ´ -OH end double-strand DNA breaks, which was evident in liver sections of the treated mice, and increases the percentage of apoptotic cells, as observed in TUNEL assays and flow cytometry analysis. The present findings indicate that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice.

Effect of atmospheric nonthermal plasma on physicochemical, morphology and functional properties of sunn pest ( Eurygaster integriceps )‐damaged wheat flour

To improve the quality of sunn pests (Eurygaster integriceps)‐damaged wheat flour, the effects of nonthermal plasma on physicochemical, rheological, functional, and microstructural properties were investigated. Gas type (air and oxygen), voltage (22 and 25 volts), and time (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) were the variables of the experiments conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The results show that with increasing voltage and time of plasma treatment, the pH decreased significantly (p ≥ .05), and brightness parameter, yellow–blue parameter, water‐solubility, water absorption, oil absorption, and swelling power increased significantly (p ≥ .05). The duration of plasma treatment, voltage, and change in input gas from air to oxygen did not significantly change the gluten index, particle size, and negative electric charge of flour particles, and the amount of zeta potential of samples. Differential calorimetric analysis showed the first and second peaks of the thermogram in the range 55–99°C and also 114–99°C. Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) showed hydroxyl group, CH bonds, C=O bonds, as well as the presence of types I and II amide bonds in the structure. Microstructural results indicated that plasma treatment reduced the particle size and increased particle sorting. By Increasing voltage and the duration of plasma treatment, peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity, pasting time and temperature significantly increased and setback viscosity decreased (p ≥ .05), which reduced retrogradation which improved the dough stability during the cooling process.

Protective Effect of Capparis spinosa Extract against Potassium Bromate Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Mice

Despite the commercial value of potassium bromate (KBrO3), it has been linked to many diseases including cancer. Capparis spinosa possesses exceptional ethnobotanical, pharmaceutical, and economic prominence by virtue of its bioactive components. The present study was designed to explore the protective role and antioxidant potential of ethanolic leaves extract of C. spinosa against the oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and apoptosis induced by KBrO3 in an experimental animal model. The results of the study revealed remarkable diminution in the levels of oxidative stress in all the treatment groups. C. spinosa extract attenuated the toxic effects of KBrO3 significantly (p < 0.05) in a time- and dose-dependent manner by restoring the normal levels of ROS and antioxidative enzymes in serum and liver tissues. The extract also abolished the oxidative DNA damage as it was evident in decreased frequency of micronuclei. A marked increase in viable cells was observed in annexin-V apoptosis assay. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrate that ethanolic leaves extract of C. spinosa has considerable protective effects against KBrO3-induced toxicity in experimental mice which is attributed to its antioxidant activity. Therefore, leaves of C. spinosa could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant and bioactive compounds.

The effect of chronic dosing and p53 status on the genotoxicity of pro-oxidant chemicals in vitro

In this study, we have studied the cytotoxicity and genotoxic potency of 3 pro-oxidants; H2O2, menadione and KBrO3 in different dosing scenarios, namely acute (1-day dosing) and chronic (5-days). For this purpose, relative population doubling (RPD%) and mononucleated micronucleus (MN) test were used. TK6 cells and NH32 were employed in in vitro experiments. In the study, the total acute dose was divided into 5 days for each prooxidant chemicals by dose fractionation (1/5th per day) method. Acute dosing was compared to chronic dosing. The oxidative stress caused by the exposure of cells with pro-oxidant chemicals to the cells was determined by an optimized 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) test method. The antioxidant levels of the cell lines were altered with buthionine sulfoxide (BSO) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and the effect of antioxidant capacity on the MN formation in the cells was observed with this method. In the case of H2O2 and menadione, fractional dosing has been observed to result in lower toxicity and lower genotoxicity. But in the case of KBrO3, unlike the other 2 pro-oxidants, higher MN induction was observed with fractionated doses. DCFHDA test clearly demonstrated ROS induction with H2O2 and menadione but not with KBrO3. Unexpectedly, DCFHDA test demonstrated that KBrO3 did not cause an increase ROS levels in both acute and chronic dosing, suggesting an alternative ROS induction mechanism. It was also observed that, treatment with BSO and NAC, caused increasing and decreasing of MN fold change respectively, allowing further ROS specific mechanisms to be explored. Hence, dose fractionation expectedly caused less MN, cytotoxicity and ROS formation with H2O2 and menadione exposure, but not with KBrO3. This implies a unique mechanism of action for KBrO3 induced genotoxicity. Chronic dosing in vitro may be a valuable approach allowing better understanding of how chemicals damage DNA and pose human hazards.

Targeted Quantitation Mode Comparison of Haloacetic Acids, Bromate, and Dalapon in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution (Orbitrap) Mass Spectrometry

A highly selective, sensitive, and simple analytical method for identification and quantification of nine haloacetic acids, bromate, and dalapon has been developed. This method uses ion chromatography (IC) coupled with electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-HRMS) to directly analyze water samples on a high capacity anion-exchange column, eliminating the need for sample pretreatment/derivatization. Our study compared the following three types of targeted quantitation experiments using a quadrupole-orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer, full-scan MS with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (full MS/dd-MS2 with inclusion list), targeted selected ion monitoring (SIM) with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (t-SIM/dd-MS2), and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision were validated following the guidelines of U.S. EPA Method 557. Single laboratory lowest concentration minimum reporting levels (LCMRLs) for the analytes using three different acquisition modes ranged from 0.0011 to 0.18 μg/L. All three quantitation modes showed good linearity for the eleven analytes with coefficients of determination of 0.9981- 0.9993. This IC-ESI-HRMS method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial bottled water, tap water from San Francisco Bay Area, and the same tap water that has been through a filtered drinking water faucet. Both t-SIM/dd-MS2 and PRM modes were sensitive to confirm the trace-level presence of all nine HAAs, bromate, and dalapon in the tap water sample. Full-scan HRMS data acquisition provided the benefits of simultaneous data collection for both targeted and non-targeted components, and thus, suitability for simultaneous quantification of an unlimited number of compounds. Data-dependent MS/MS (dd-MS2) product-ion spectra were used for confirmation. All three modes showed good quantitative performance and obtained similar values. Single laboratory precision and accuracy data are presented for three water matrices: reagent water, laboratory synthetic sample matrix (LSSM), and tap water. Single laboratory precision was 0.078- 8.04%, and accuracy was in the range 70-130% for the three MS modes.

An inter-laboratory in vitro assessment of cigarettes and next generation nicotine delivery products

In vitro testing can facilitate the rapid assessment of next generation nicotine delivery products (NGPs) with comparisons to combustible tobacco products. In vitro assays for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were employed at BAT (UK) and JT (Japan) to test total particulate matter (TPM) of a scientific reference cigarette and aerosol collected mass (ACM) of a commercially available E-cigarette and two tobacco heating products (THP). 3R4F TPMs were generated using the Health Canada intense (HCI) regimen, a modified regime (mHCI) for the THP ACMs and the CORESTA recommended method no. 81 for the E-cigarette ACM. Human lung cells were exposed to the test product TPM/ACMs at concentrations between 0-200 μg/ml followed by the employment of commercially available assays for endpoint analysis that included reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), activation of the antioxidant response elements (ARE) and cellular viability. TPM/ACM nicotine concentrations were quantified using a UPLC-PDA technique. At both laboratories the 3R4F TPM induced significant and dose-dependent responses in all in vitro assays, whereas no significant responses could be measured for the NGP ACMs. In conclusion, both laboratories obtained comparable results across all endpoints therefore demonstrating the utility of the in vitro techniques combined with standardised test products to support the assessment of NGPs.

Ameliorative effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against potassium bromate-mediated toxicity in Swiss albino rats

Potassium bromate (PB) is a commonly used food additive, a prominent water disinfection by-product, and a class IIB carcinogen. It exerts a various degree of toxicity depending on its dose and exposure duration consumed with food and water in the living organisms. The present investigation aims to demonstrate the protective efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from Ochradenus arabicus (OA) leaf extract by green technology in PB-challenged Swiss albino rats. The rodents were randomly distributed, under the lab-standardized treatment strategy, into the following six treatment groups: control (group I), PB alone (group II), ZnO alone (group III), ZnO NP alone (group IV), PB + ZnO (group V), and PB + ZnO NPs (group VI). The rats were sacrificed after completion of the treatment, and their blood and liver samples were collected for further analysis. Group II showed extensive toxic effects with altered liver function markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glutathione-S-transferase, and thioredoxin reductase) and compromised redox status (SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, GSH, MDA, and total carbonyl content). The histopathological analysis and comet assay further supported the biochemical results of the same group. Besides, group III also showed moderate toxicity evidenced by an alteration in most of the studied parameters while group IV demonstrated mild toxicity after biochemical analysis indicating the excellent biocompatibility of the NPs. However, group VI exhibited attenuation of the PB-induced toxic insults to a significant level as compared to group II, whereas group V failed to show similar improvement in the studied parameters. All these findings entail that the ZnO NPs prepared by green synthesis have significant ameliorative property against PB-induced toxicity in vivo. Moreover, administration of the NPs improved the overall health of the treated animals profoundly. Hence, these NPs have significant therapeutic potential against the toxic effects of PB and similar compounds in vivo, and they are suitable to be used at the clinical and industrial levels.

Deleterious effects of perinatal exposure to potassium bromate on the development of offspring of Swiss mice

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of perinatal potassium bromate (KBrO₃) exposure on the development of sensorimotor reflexes and redox status, and on the histological architecture of the brain, liver, and kidney of newborn mice. Pregnant mice received 1-ml bottled drinking water daily by oral intubation and served as the control group. Another group of pregnant mice were supplemented orally with 200 mg/kg body weight KBrO₃ dissolved in drinking water from gestation day 5 to postnatal day 21. KBrO₃ induced a decrease in the postnatal body weight in the newborn mice. KBrO₃-exposed newborn mice showed poor performance and delayed development of the sensorimotor reflexes. Histological changes, increased lipid peroxidation, and altered antioxidants were reported in the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, liver, and kidney of the KBrO₃-exposed newborn mice. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that perinatal exposure to bromate induced oxidative stress, histological and behavioral alterations, and was a potential teratogen in newborn mice.

Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes

Sodium chlorite (NaClO₂ ) is used in the production of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used as disinfectant in municipal water treatment and as a component in therapeutic rinses and gels. The effect of NaClO₂ on human erythrocytes has been studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of 5% suspension of erythrocytes with NaClO₂ (0.1-2.0 mM) at 37°C for 30 min resulted in marked cell lysis (1.2-3.8 fold) and increased their osmotic fragility. Several parameters were assayed in cell lysates prepared from NaClO₂ -treated and -untreated (control) erythrocytes. Compared to controls, exposure to NaClO₂ caused significant increase in protein oxidation (1.1-8.07 fold), lipid peroxidation (1.08-4.95 fold) with decrease in total sulfhydryl (-5 to -61%), and glutathione levels (-7 to -86%). Methemoglobin content was tremendously increased, by 5-52 fold when compared to control, while methemoglobin reductase activity decreased (-17 to -93%) upon NaClO₂ treatment. NaClO₂ enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species by 3-21 fold and lowered the metal reducing and free radical quenching ability of erythrocytes. It also caused an increase in nitric oxide levels (2.7-15.4 fold) showing generation of nitrosative stress too. The activities of major antioxidant and membrane bound enzymes were significantly altered. Gross morphological changes, from discocytes to echinocytes, were seen in NaClO₂ -treated erythrocytes under electron microscope. These results show that NaClO₂ induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, damages the membrane, and impairs the cellular antioxidant defence system. This oxidative damage can shorten the life span of erythrocytes in blood resulting in red cell senescence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1343-1353, 2017.

Deleterious effects of potassium bromate administration on renal and hepatic tissues of Swiss mice

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is widely used as a food additive and is a major water disinfection by-product. The present study reports the side effects of KBrO₃ administration in Swiss mice. Animals were randomly divided into three groups: control, low dose KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg/day) and high dose KBrO₃ (200 mg/kg/day) groups. Administration of KBrO₃ led to decreased white blood corpuscles (WBCs), red blood corpuscles (RBCs) and platelets count in the animals of both the high and the low dose groups. Altered lipid profile represented as low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and cholesterol levels were observed in plasma samples of both KBrO₃ treated groups of mice. Also, an increased plasma level of LDH was detected in both KBrO₃ treated groups. Histological investigations showed impaired renal and hepatic histology that was concomitant with increased plasma Creatinine level in both of KBrO₃-treated groups. Nevertheless, decreased glutathione (GSH) level in both renal and hepatic tissue of mice after KBrO₃ intake was detected. These results show that KBrO₃ has serious damaging effects and therefore, its use should be avoided.

The practicality of using ozone with fruit and vegetables

The fresh produce industry is constantly growing as a result of increasing consumer demand. Food quality and safety management are still major issues for the supply chain. The use of ozone has been identified as a feasible solution to reduce microorganisms present in food, in this way extending the shelf-life of fresh produce. A number of factors that may affect the efficiency of ozone treatment have been identified, e.g. microbial populations, ozone concentration and time of exposure, type of produce, temperature, relative humidity and packaging material, and they are briefly discussed. Furthermore, practical information derived from studies with ozone conducted by the authors and from their knowledge of the subject directs the reader's attention to the key aspects of ozone use under commercial conditions, i.e. from the practical point of view. Finally, one possible direction for future research with the postharvest use of ozone, i.e. the important role of fruit cuticle in response to this postharvest treatment, is indicated. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Red wine activates plasma membrane redox system in human erythrocytes

In the present study, we report that polyphenols present in red wine obtained by a controlled microvinification process are able to protect human erythrocytes from oxidative stress and to activate Plasma Membrane Redox System (PMRS). Human plasma obtained from healthy subjects was incubated in the presence of whole red wine at a concentration corresponding to 9.13-73 μg/ml gallic acid equivalents to verify the capacity to protect against hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced plasma oxidation and to minimize chloramine formation. Red wine reduced hemolysis and chloramine formation induced by HOCl of 40 and 35%, respectively. PMRS present on human erythrocytes transfers electrons from intracellular molecules to extracellular electron acceptors. We demonstrated that whole red wine activated PMRS activity in human erythrocytes isolated from donors in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum at about 70-100 μg/ml gallic acid equivalents. We also showed that red wine increased glutathione (GSH) levels and erythrocytic antioxidant capacity, measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) quenching assay. Furthermore, we reported that GSH played a crucial role in regulating PMRS activity in erythrocytes. In fact, the effect of iodoacetamide, an alkylating agent that induces depletion of intracellular GSH, was completely counteracted by red wine. Bioactive compounds present in red wine, such as gallic acid, resveratrol, catechin, and quercetin were unable to activate PMRS when tested at the concentrations normally present in aged red wines. On the contrary, the increase of PMRS activity was associated with the anthocyanin fraction, suggesting the capacity of this class of compounds to positively modulate PMRS enzymatic activity.

Protective effect of taurine against potassium bromate-induced hemoglobin oxidation, oxidative stress, and impairment of antioxidant defense system in blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO3 ) is widely used as a food-additive and is a major water disinfection by-product. KBrO3 causes severe toxicity in humans and experimental animals. Bromate is considered a probable human carcinogen and a complete carcinogen in animals. We have investigated the potential role of taurine in protecting against KBrO3 -induced oxidative stress in rat blood. Animals were given taurine for 5 days prior to KBrO3 and then sacrificed. Blood was collected and used to prepare hemolysates and plasma, which were then used for the analysis of several biochemical parameters. Administration of single oral dose of KBrO3 alone induced hepato- and nephro-toxicity as evident by elevated marker levels in plasma. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were increased both in plasma and erythrocytes, suggesting the induction of oxidative stress. KBrO3 increased methemoglobin, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide levels. It also altered the activities of the major antioxidant enzymes and lowered the antioxidant power of blood. Administration of taurine, prior to treatment with KBrO3 , resulted in significant attenuation in all these parameters but the administration of taurine alone had no effect. These results show that taurine is effective in mitigating the oxidative insult induced in rat blood by KBrO3 .

Chemoprotective effect of taurine on potassium bromate-induced DNA damage, DNA-protein cross-linking and oxidative stress in rat intestine

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is widely used as a food additive and is a major water disinfection by-product. It induces multiple organ toxicity in humans and experimental animals and is a probable human carcinogen. The present study reports the protective effect of dietary antioxidant taurine on KBrO3-induced damage to the rat intestine. Animals were randomly divided into four groups: control, KBrO3 alone, taurine alone and taurine+ KBrO3. Administration of KBrO3 alone led to decrease in the activities of intestinal brush border membrane enzymes while those of antioxidant defence and carbohydrate metabolism were also severely altered. There was increase in DNA damage and DNA-protein cross-linking. Treatment with taurine, prior to administration of KBrO3, resulted in significant attenuation in all these parameters but the administration of taurine alone had no effect. Histological studies supported these biochemical results showing extensive intestinal damage in KBrO3-treated animals and greatly reduced tissue injury in the taurine+ KBrO3 group. These results show that taurine ameliorates bromate induced tissue toxicity and oxidative damage by improving the antioxidant defence, tissue integrity and energy metabolism. Taurine can, therefore, be potentially used as a therapeutic/protective agent against toxicity of KBrO3 and related compounds.