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Wei Z, Lai Y, Li W, Cui X, Zhou D, Zhang C, Chen C, Fang Y. Accumulation of nitrite after reclaimed water recharge due to the disinfection byproduct chlorite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138119. [PMID: 36804496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its toxicity, the disinfection byproduct chlorite in drinking water is strictly regulated to be ≤ 1.0 mg/L, but in reclaimed, non-drinking water chlorite is unregulated and rarely considered. However, chlorite is cytotoxic and has a high oxidation potential. Therefore, as reclaimed water infiltrates soil and groundwater, it may alter the soil environment and microbial community, which may affect the degradation of organic matter and the transformation of the N element. In this study, the effects of reclaimed water containing chlorite on soil microorganisms were investigated by simulating subsurface infiltration. It was found that chlorite improved the conversion of nitrate nitrogen to nitrite nitrogen, but inhibited further conversion of nitrite nitrogen. The nitrite nitrogen in the effluent reached 4.61 mg/L when chlorite was present, while only 0.16 mg/L was found in the control system. The chlorite produced obvious oxidative stress reactions in cells, inhibited the EPSs production, in which the contents of polysaccharides and proteins reduced by nearly 41% and 62%, respectively. Besides, chlorite resulted in the enrichment of efflux resistance genes in the microbial community, mainly adeF and cmlB1. Self-protection against chlorite is achieved mainly using efflux pump related genes. Metagenomics data analysis showed that Delftia became the dominant genus when exposed to chlorite, with the greatest abundance at 17.9%. Chlorite also resulted in the upregulated expression of nar genes (by more than 149%) and downregulation of nir gene expression (by more than 62%). This study reveals the effects of the disinfection byproduct chlorite on a soil microecosystem, providing important information for the management and reuse of reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yingnan Lai
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xiaochun Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Congli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yuanping Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
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A genetically encoded system for oxygen generation in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207955119. [PMID: 36215519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207955119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen plays a key role in supporting life on our planet. It is particularly important in higher eukaryotes where it boosts bioenergetics as a thermodynamically favorable terminal electron acceptor and has important roles in cell signaling and development. Many human diseases stem from either insufficient or excessive oxygen. Despite its fundamental importance, we lack methods with which to manipulate the supply of oxygen with high spatiotemporal resolution in cells and in organisms. Here, we introduce a genetic system, SupplemeNtal Oxygen Released from ChLorite (SNORCL), for on-demand local generation of molecular oxygen in living cells, by harnessing prokaryotic chlorite O2-lyase (Cld) enzymes that convert chlorite (ClO2-) into molecular oxygen (O2) and chloride (Cl-). We show that active Cld enzymes can be targeted to either the cytosol or mitochondria of human cells, and that coexpressing a chlorite transporter results in molecular oxygen production inside cells in response to externally added chlorite. This first-generation system allows fine temporal and spatial control of oxygen production, with immediate research applications. In the future, we anticipate that technologies based on SNORCL will have additional widespread applications in research, biotechnology, and medicine.
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Tunbridge M, Chandler S, Isbel N, Jegatheesan D, McNeill IR, Isoardi K, Viecelli AK. Sodium chlorite poisoning: a case of severe methaemoglobinaemia and dialysis-requiring kidney injury. Intern Med J 2022; 52:1452-1453. [PMID: 35973949 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tunbridge
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shaun Chandler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Isbel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dev Jegatheesan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Iain R McNeill
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Toxicology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine Isoardi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Toxicology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea K Viecelli
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Rougé V, Lee Y, von Gunten U, Allard S. Kinetic and mechanistic understanding of chlorite oxidation during chlorination: Optimization of ClO 2 pre-oxidation for disinfection byproduct control. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118515. [PMID: 35700645 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) applications to drinking water are limited by the formation of chlorite (ClO2-) which is regulated in many countries. However, when ClO2 is used as a pre-oxidant, ClO2- can be oxidized by chlorine during subsequent disinfection. In this study, a kinetic model for the reaction of chlorine with ClO2- was developed to predict the fate of ClO2- during chlorine disinfection. The reaction of ClO2- with chlorine was found to be highly pH-dependent with formation of ClO3- and ClO2 in ultrapure water. In presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), 60-70% of the ClO2- was transformed to ClO3- during chlorination, while the in situ regenerated ClO2 was quickly consumed by reaction with DOM. The remaining 30-40% of the ClO2- first reacted to ClO2 which then formed chlorine from the DOM-ClO2 reaction. Since only part of the ClO2- was transformed to ClO3-, the sum of the molar concentrations of oxychlorine species (ClO2- + ClO3-) decreased during chlorination. By kinetic modelling, the ClO2- concentration after 24 h of chlorination was accurately predicted in synthetic waters but was largely overestimated in natural waters, possibly due to a ClO2- decay enhanced by high concentrations of chloride and in situ formed bromine from bromide. Understanding the chlorine-ClO2- reaction mechanism and the corresponding kinetics allows to potentially apply higher ClO2 doses during the pre-oxidation step, thus improving disinfection byproduct mitigation while keeping ClO2-, and if required, ClO3- below the regulatory limits. In addition, ClO2 was demonstrated to efficiently degrade haloacetonitrile precursors, either when used as pre-oxidant or when regenerated in situ during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rougé
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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Fan M, Shu L, Zhang X, Yu M, Du Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Synergistic cytotoxicity of binary combinations of inorganic and organic disinfection byproducts assessed by real-time cell analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:222-231. [PMID: 35725074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are widely used as disinfectants in drinking water treatments. However, the combined use of different disinfectants can result in the formation of various organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The toxic interactions, including synergism, addition, and antagonism, among the complex DBPs are still unclear. In this study, we established and verified a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) method for cytotoxicity measurement on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Using this convenient and accurate method, we assessed the cytotoxicity of a series of binary combinations consisting of one of the 3 inorganic DBPs (chlorite, chlorate, and bromate) and one of the 32 regulated and emerging organic DBPs. The combination index (CI) of each combination was calculated and evaluated by isobolographic analysis to reflect the toxic interactions. The results confirmed the synergistic effect on cytotoxicity in the binary combinations consisting of chlorite and one of the 5 organic DBPs (2 iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs) and 3 brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs)), chlorate and one of the 4 organic DBPs (3 aromatic DBPs and dibromoacetonitrile), and bromate and one of the 3 organic DBPs (2 I-DBPs and dibromoacetic acid). The possible synergism mechanism of organic DBPs on the inorganic ones may be attributed to the influence of organic DBPs on cell membrane and cell antioxidant system. This study revealed the toxic interactions among organic and inorganic DBPs, and emphasized the latent adverse outcomes in the combined use of different disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Longfei Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongting Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Ali SN, Arif A, Ansari FA, Mahmood R. Cytoprotective effect of taurine against sodium chlorate-induced oxidative damage in human red blood cells: an ex vivo study. Amino Acids 2022; 54:33-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen HW, Xu M, Ma XW, Tong ZH, Liu DF. Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-reducing bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi XM-1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120873. [PMID: 31325697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Gram-negative chlorate-reducing bacterial strain XM-1 was isolated. The 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the isolate as Ochrobactrum anthropi XM-1, which was the first strain of genus Ochrobactrum reported having the ability to reduce chlorate. The optimum growth temperature and pH for strain XM-1 to reduce chlorate was found to be 30 °C and 5.0-7.5, respectively, under anaerobic condition. Strain XM-1 could tolerate high chlorate concentration (200 mM), and utilize a variety of carbohydrates (glucose, L-arabinose, D-fructose, sucrose), glycerin and sodium citrate as electron donors. In addition, oxygen and nitrate could be used as electron acceptors, but perchlorate could not be reduced. Enzyme activities related to chlorate reducing were characterized in cell extracts. Activities of chlorate reductase and chlorite dismutase could be detected in XM-1 cells grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, implying the two enzymes were constitutively expressed. This work suggests a high potential of applying Ochrobactrum anthropi XM-1 for remediation of chlorate contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Meng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xi-Wen Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Dong-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Cho S, Yoon JY. Organ-on-a-chip for assessing environmental toxicants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:34-42. [PMID: 28088094 PMCID: PMC5474140 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Man-made xenobiotics, whose potential toxicological effects are not fully understood, are oversaturating the already-contaminated environment. Due to the rate of toxicant accumulation, unmanaged disposal, and unknown adverse effects to the environment and the human population, there is a crucial need to screen for environmental toxicants. Animal models and in vitro models are ineffective models in predicting in vivo responses due to inter-species difference and/or lack of physiologically-relevant 3D tissue environment. Such conventional screening assays possess limitations that prevent dynamic understanding of toxicants and their metabolites produced in the human body. Organ-on-a-chip systems can recapitulate in vivo like environment and subsequently in vivo like responses generating a realistic mock-up of human organs of interest, which can potentially provide human physiology-relevant models for studying environmental toxicology. Feasibility, tunability, and low-maintenance features of organ-on-chips can also make possible to construct an interconnected network of multiple-organs-on-chip toward a realistic human-on-a-chip system. Such interconnected organ-on-a-chip network can be efficiently utilized for toxicological studies by enabling the study of metabolism, collective response, and fate of toxicants through its journey in the human body. Further advancements can address the challenges of this technology, which potentiates high predictive power for environmental toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohee Cho
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0020, USA.
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Gérard D, Fattet AJ, Brakta C, Phulpin A, Steschenko D, Lesesve JF, Perrin J. Evaluation of OSMOCELLS, a new semi-automatic device for osmotic fragility assessment. Int J Lab Hematol 2017; 39:521-527. [PMID: 28480998 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The osmotic fragility (OF) test was a central test for the diagnosis of hereditary red blood cell (RBC) disorders (mostly hereditary spherocytosis (HS), but thalassaemia as well). Nowadays although the traditional multitubes method has lost a prominent place, many laboratories still perform such a laboured test, despite the lack of standardization. In fact, the evaluation of OF may offer an inexpensive screening for RBC disorders. We present a new semi-automatic device, allowing the continuous recording of OF, by an updated dialysis method. METHODS Repeatability, stability over time, influence of the anticoagulant were evaluated among a population of healthy blood donors. The test was then performed among patients presenting inherited RBC disorders (HS or haemoglobinopathies) where OF is typically altered. RESULTS Repeatability was excellent; the parameters were greatly influenced by the nature of the anticoagulant and interestingly appeared stable for 48 h. Patients with RBC disorders displayed the expected profile in regard with their disease: patients with HS all presented an increased OF while patients with haemoglobinopathy displayed resistant profiles. CONCLUSION The device offers a substantial improvement in terms of standardization and consistency of the results and may offer a considerable gain for general laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gérard
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'hématologie biologique Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - A-J Fattet
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'hématologie biologique Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France.,INSERM U 1116, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - C Brakta
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'hématologie biologique Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France.,INSERM U 1116, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - A Phulpin
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'oncohématologie pédiatrique, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - D Steschenko
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'oncohématologie pédiatrique, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - J-F Lesesve
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'hématologie biologique Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - J Perrin
- CHRU Nancy, Service d'hématologie biologique Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France.,INSERM U 1116, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Nancy, France
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