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Keramidas P, Pitou M, Papachristou E, Choli-Papadopoulou T. Insights into the Activation of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanism during Coronavirus Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4286-4308. [PMID: 38785529 PMCID: PMC11120126 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses represent a significant class of viruses that affect both animals and humans. Their replication cycle is strongly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which, upon virus invasion, triggers ER stress responses. The activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) within infected cells is performed from three transmembrane receptors, IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, and results in a reduction in protein production, a boost in the ER's ability to fold proteins properly, and the initiation of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) to remove misfolded or unfolded proteins. However, in cases of prolonged and severe ER stress, the UPR can also instigate apoptotic cell death and inflammation. Herein, we discuss the ER-triggered host responses after coronavirus infection, as well as the pharmaceutical targeting of the UPR as a potential antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.K.); (M.P.); (E.P.)
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2
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Alur A, Phillips J, Xu D. Effects of hexavalent chromium on mitochondria and their implications in carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024; 42:109-125. [PMID: 38230947 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2301899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-known occupational and environmental human carcinogen. The cellular effect of Cr(VI) is complex and often nonspecific due to its ability to modulate multiple cellular targets. The toxicity of Cr(VI) is strongly linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during its reduction process. ROS can cause oxidation of cellular macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, thereby altering their functions. A major genotoxic effect of Cr(VI) that contributes to carcinogenesis is the formation of DNA adducts, which can lead to DNA damage. Modulations of cellular signaling pathways and epigenetics may also contribute to the carcinogenic effects of Cr(VI). Cr(VI) has a major impact on many aspects of mitochondrial biology, including oxidative phosphorylation, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. These effects have the potential to alter the trajectory of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenic process. This perspective article summarizes current understandings of the effect of Cr(VI) on mitochondria and discusses the future directions of research in this area, particularly with regard to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Alur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - John Phillips
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Dazhong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
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3
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Koyama H, Kamogashira T, Yamasoba T. Heavy Metal Exposure: Molecular Pathways, Clinical Implications, and Protective Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38247500 PMCID: PMC10812460 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are often found in soil and can contaminate drinking water, posing a serious threat to human health. Molecular pathways and curation therapies for mitigating heavy metal toxicity have been studied for a long time. Recent studies on oxidative stress and aging have shown that the molecular foundation of cellular damage caused by heavy metals, namely, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial stress, share the same pathways as those involved in cellular senescence and aging. In recent aging studies, many types of heavy metal exposures have been used in both cellular and animal aging models. Chelation therapy is a traditional treatment for heavy metal toxicity. However, recently, various antioxidants have been found to be effective in treating heavy metal-induced damage, shifting the research focus to investigating the interplay between antioxidants and heavy metals. In this review, we introduce the molecular basis of heavy metal-induced cellular damage and its relationship with aging, summarize its clinical implications, and discuss antioxidants and other agents with protective effects against heavy metal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Koyama
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Teru Kamogashira
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan
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4
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Ding Q, Tang W, Li X, Ding Y, Chen X, Cao W, Wang X, Mo W, Su Z, Zhang Q, Guo H. Mitochondrial-targeted brequinar liposome boosted mitochondrial-related ferroptosis for promoting checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in bladder cancer. J Control Release 2023; 363:221-234. [PMID: 37717657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) have exhibited remarkable benefits for cancer therapy. However, the low responsivity of CBI hinders its application in treatment of bladder cancer. Ferroptosis shows potential for increasing the responsivity of CBI by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) process. Herein, we developed a mitochondrial-targeted liposome loaded with brequinar (BQR) (BQR@MLipo) for enhancing the mitochondrial-related ferroptosis in bladder cancer in situ. It could be found that BQR@MLipo could selectively accumulate into mitochondria and inactivate dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), which induced extensive mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ROS, finally triggering ferroptosis of bladder cancer cells to boost the release of intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as calreticulin (CRT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). In addition, BQR@MLipo further promoted the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm to activate the cGAS-STING pathway for the secretion of IFN-β, which would increase the cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells and macrophage phagocytosis. Furthermore, the in vivo studies revealed that BQR@MLipo could remarkably accumulate into the bladder tumor and successfully initiate the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumor microenvironment for enabling efficient CBI to inhibit bladder tumor growth. Therefore, BQR@MLipo may represent a clinically promising modality for enhancing CBI in bladder tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Ding
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Weinan Tang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xianglong Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanzhen Ding
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xinnan Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Wenmin Cao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xinwu Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Wenjing Mo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Zhigui Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China.
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21008, China.
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Jiang WJ, Lee SH, Heo G, Chung HJ, Cho ES, Sa SJ, Hochi S, Cui XS. Knockdown of Y-box binding protein 1 induces autophagy in early porcine embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1238546. [PMID: 37965572 PMCID: PMC10642524 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1238546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) plays important roles in RNA stabilization, translation, transcriptional regulation, and mitophagy. However, its effects on porcine preimplantation embryos remain unclear. In this study, we knocked down YBX1 in the one-cell (1C) stage embryo via small interfering RNA microinjection to determine its function in porcine embryo development. The mRNA level of YBX1 was found to be highly expressed at the four-cell (4C) stage in porcine embryos compared with one-cell (1C) and two-cell (2C) stages. The number of blastocysts was reduced following YBX1 knockdown. Notably, YBX1 knockdown decreased the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PRKN) mRNA levels. YBX1 knockdown also decreased PINK1, active mitochondria, and sirtuin 1 levels, indicating reduced mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, YBX1 knockdown increased the levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and calnexin, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Additionally, YBX1 knockdown increased autophagy and apoptosis. In conclusion, knockdown of YBX1 decreases mitochondrial function, while increasing ER stress and autophagy during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Sa
- Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Iseo-myeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinichi Hochi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Korotkov SM. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Is the General Reason for Apoptosis Induced by Different-Valence Heavy Metals in Cells and Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14459. [PMID: 37833908 PMCID: PMC10572412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the causes and consequences of apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress that occurs in mitochondria and cells exposed to the toxic effects of different-valence heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+). The problems of the relationship between the integration of these toxic metals into molecular mechanisms with the subsequent development of pathophysiological processes and the appearance of diseases caused by the accumulation of these metals in the body are also addressed in this review. Such apoptosis is characterized by a reduction in cell viability, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and Bcl-2), and the activation of protein kinases (ERK, JNK, p53, and p38) by mitogens. Moreover, the oxidative stress manifests as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitochondrial swelling, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release, a decline in the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmito), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and reduced glutathione and oxygen consumption as well as cytoplasm and matrix calcium overload due to Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The apoptosis and respiratory dysfunction induced by these metals are discussed regarding their interaction with cellular and mitochondrial thiol groups and Fe2+ metabolism disturbance. Similarities and differences in the toxic effects of Tl+ from those of other heavy metals under review are discussed. Similarities may be due to the increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration induced by Tl+ and these metals. One difference discussed is the failure to decrease Tl+ toxicity through metallothionein-dependent mechanisms. Another difference could be the decrease in reduced glutathione in the matrix due to the reversible oxidation of Tl+ to Tl3+ near the centers of ROS generation in the respiratory chain. The latter may explain why thallium toxicity to humans turned out to be higher than the toxicity of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Korotkov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Li Y, Jin M, Yin X, Zhou B, Ni H. Effects of leptin treatment immediately after neonatal seizures on serum clusterin and VEGF levels and brain oxidative stress-related proteins and neurobehavioral phenotypes. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 138:109016. [PMID: 36473302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developing infant brain has a different response mechanism and repair potential for injury than the adult brain. There is an urgent need for new anticonvulsants to effectively control neonatal seizures while minimizing the drug's toxic damage to the developing brain. Leptin protects neuronal plasma membrane integrity, while it has clinical advantages in terms of anticonvulsant properties as well. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immediate leptin treatment on the serum concentration of clusterin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neuronal plasma membrane integrity-related proteins, and the neurobehavioral phenotypes following neonatal seizures. Leptin was injected i.p at a dose of 4 mg/kg 1 hour after daily 30 minutes prolonged seizures for consecutive 10 days. The serum biomarkers (clusterin and VEGF), and brain protein expression of ATF-4/GRP78/autophagy axis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot in the acute phase (24 hours after the last seizures), respectively. Behavioral and histopathological phenotypes and seizure threshold were conducted from P23 to P34, respectively. There were rapid elevation of serum VEGF and clusterin as well as upregulated protein expression of ATF-4, GRP78, Beclin-1, and LC3 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following a neonatal seizure, which was restored by immediate treatment with leptin after seizures. In addition, leptin improved seizure-induced impaired neuropsychological, and cognitive functioning. Furthermore, leptin succeeded in ameliorating markers of neuronal excitability, including seizure threshold and hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting. In conclusion, this study verified that immediate treatment with leptin after neonatal seizures restored both rapid elevation of serum clusterin as well as upregulated protein expression of ATF-4/GRP78/autophagy axis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which contributes to the recovery of neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Li
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Integrated Profiles of Transcriptome and mRNA m6A Modification Reveal the Intestinal Cytotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 on HCT116 Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010079. [PMID: 36672820 PMCID: PMC9858580 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widely prevalent in foods and animal feeds and is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxin subtypes. Existing studies have proved that the intestine is targeted by AFB1, and adverse organic effects have been observed. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between AFB1-induced intestinal toxicity and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, which involves the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA expression. The transcriptome-wide m6A methylome and transcriptome profiles in human intestinal cells treated with AFB1 are presented. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and mRNA sequencing were carried out to determine the distinctions in m6A methylation and different genes expressed in AFB1-induced intestinal toxicity. The results showed that there were 2289 overlapping genes of the differentially expressed mRNAs and differentially m6A-methylation-modified mRNAs. After enrichment of the signaling pathways and biological processes, these genes participated in the terms of the cell cycle, endoplasmic reticulum, tight junction, and mitophagy. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that AFB1-induced HCT116 injury was related to the disruptions to the levels of m6A methylation modifications of target genes and the abnormal expression of m6A regulators.
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Bao S, Zhang C, Luo S, Jiang L, Li Q, Kong Y, Cao J. HMGA2 mediates Cr (VI)-induced metabolic reprogramming through binding to mitochondrial D-Loop region. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114085. [PMID: 36116352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] exists environmentally and occupationally. It has been shown to pose a carcinogenic hazard in certain occupations. This study was to investigate the role of high mobility group A2 (HMGA2) in Cr (VI)-induced metabolism reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis in A549 and HELF cells. First, knockdown of HMGA2 by siHMGA2 significantly attenuated Cr (VI)-reduced expression of OXPHOS-related proteins (COX IV and ND1) and mitochondrial mass, indicating that HMGA2 was involved in Cr (VI)-reduced OXPHOS. Overexpression of HMGA2 by transfection of HMGA2-DNA plasmids reduced the expression of COX IV, ND1 and mitochondrial mass, suggesting the negative role of HMGA2 in OXPHOS. Secondly, both CCCP, the inhibitor of mitochondrial function, and the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), decreased the level of HMGA2, indicating that the interaction of mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress resulted in Cr (VI)-induced HMGA2 expression. Further study demonstrated that ER stress/HMGA2 axis mediated the metabolism rewiring from OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis. Notably, Cr (VI) induced the accumulation of HMGA2 proteins in mitochondria and ChIP assay demonstrated that HMGA2 proteins could bind to D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which provided the proof for HMGA2-modulating OXPHOS. Taken together, our results suggested that the interaction of mitochondria and ER stress-enhanced HMGA2 played an important role in Cr (VI)-induced metabolic reprogramming from OXPHOS to glycolysis by binding directly to D-loop region of mtDNA. This work informs on the potential mode of action for Cr (VI)-induced tumors and builds on growing evidence regarding the contribution of cellular metabolic disruption contributing to carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shengxiang Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qiujuan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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