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Stahl D. New horizons in prediction modelling using machine learning in older people's healthcare research. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae201. [PMID: 39311424 PMCID: PMC11417961 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) and prediction modelling have become increasingly influential in healthcare, providing critical insights and supporting clinical decisions, particularly in the age of big data. This paper serves as an introductory guide for health researchers and readers interested in prediction modelling and explores how these technologies support clinical decisions, particularly with big data, and covers all aspects of the development, assessment and reporting of a model using ML. The paper starts with the importance of prediction modelling for precision medicine. It outlines different types of prediction and machine learning approaches, including supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised learning, and provides an overview of popular algorithms for various outcomes and settings. It also introduces key theoretical ML concepts. The importance of data quality, preprocessing and unbiased model performance evaluation is highlighted. Concepts of apparent, internal and external validation will be introduced along with metrics for discrimination and calibration for different types of outcomes. Additionally, the paper addresses model interpretation, fairness and implementation in clinical practice. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for reporting and identifies common pitfalls in prediction modelling and machine learning. The aim of the paper is to help readers understand and critically evaluate research papers that present ML models and to serve as a first guide for developing, assessing and implementing their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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López Ortega M, Astudillo García CI, Farrés R, Gutiérrez Robledo LM. Health and Social Care System Preparedness for Dementia Care in Mexico: Current Status and Recommendations to Achieve Optimal Care. DEMENTIA 2024; 23:366-377. [PMID: 37164946 DOI: 10.1177/14713012231173806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we summarise the findings of the situational analysis of dementia care generated as part of the STRiDE: Strengthening responses to dementia care in developing countries project, including a desk review, a SWOT analysis and views from relevant stakeholders. In addition, the article incorporates the experience of 4 years of work within the STRiDE project of FEDMA, Mexico's Federation of Alzheimer's and other dementias and its allied Associations in presenting specific recommendations to optimise dementia care in the country. All the information gathered brings together a detailed understanding of the current dementia care systems of diagnosis, treatment, and support in general and what is lacking, allowing for the generation of general recommendations to enhance the isolated efforts currently available and amplify their impact, as well as strategies to generate new services currently unavailable, but urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana López Ortega
- National Institute of Geriatrics, National Institutes of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia I Astudillo García
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, National Institutes of Health, Mexico City, Mexic
| | - Rosa Farrés
- Mexican Federation of Alzheimer's Disease, Mexico City, Mexico
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Klee M, Langa KM, Leist AK. Performance of probable dementia classification in a European multi-country survey. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6657. [PMID: 38509130 PMCID: PMC10954769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Feasibility constraints limit availability of validated cognitive assessments in observational studies. Algorithm-based identification of 'probable dementia' is thus needed, but no algorithm developed so far has been applied in the European context. The present study sought to explore the usefulness of the Langa-Weir (LW) algorithm to detect 'probable dementia' while accounting for country-level variation in prevalence and potential underreporting of dementia. Data from 56 622 respondents of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, 2017) aged 60 years and older with non-missing data were analyzed. Performance of LW was compared to a logistic regression, random forest and XGBoost classifier. Population-level 'probable dementia' prevalence was compared to estimates based on data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. As such, application of the prevalence-specific LW algorithm, based on recall and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living, reduced underreporting from 61.0 (95% CI, 53.3-68.7%) to 30.4% (95% CI, 19.3-41.4%), outperforming tested machine learning algorithms. Performance in other domains of health and cognitive function was similar for participants classified 'probable dementia' and those self-reporting physician-diagnosis of dementia. Dementia classification algorithms can be adapted to cross-national cohort surveys such as SHARE and help reduce underreporting of dementia with a minimal predictor set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klee
- Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anja K Leist
- Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Bucholc M, James C, Khleifat AA, Badhwar A, Clarke N, Dehsarvi A, Madan CR, Marzi SJ, Shand C, Schilder BM, Tamburin S, Tantiangco HM, Lourida I, Llewellyn DJ, Ranson JM. Artificial intelligence for dementia research methods optimization. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5934-5951. [PMID: 37639369 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) approaches are increasingly being used in dementia research. However, several methodological challenges exist that may limit the insights we can obtain from high-dimensional data and our ability to translate these findings into improved patient outcomes. To improve reproducibility and replicability, researchers should make their well-documented code and modeling pipelines openly available. Data should also be shared where appropriate. To enhance the acceptability of models and AI-enabled systems to users, researchers should prioritize interpretable methods that provide insights into how decisions are generated. Models should be developed using multiple, diverse datasets to improve robustness, generalizability, and reduce potentially harmful bias. To improve clarity and reproducibility, researchers should adhere to reporting guidelines that are co-produced with multiple stakeholders. If these methodological challenges are overcome, AI and ML hold enormous promise for changing the landscape of dementia research and care. HIGHLIGHTS: Machine learning (ML) can improve diagnosis, prevention, and management of dementia. Inadequate reporting of ML procedures affects reproduction/replication of results. ML models built on unrepresentative datasets do not generalize to new datasets. Obligatory metrics for certain model structures and use cases have not been defined. Interpretability and trust in ML predictions are barriers to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Bucholc
- Cognitive Analytics Research Lab, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - Charlotte James
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - AmanPreet Badhwar
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) Lab, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de génie biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natasha Clarke
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) Lab, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amir Dehsarvi
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Sarah J Marzi
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cameron Shand
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian M Schilder
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - David J Llewellyn
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
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Bucholc M, James C, Al Khleifat A, Badhwar A, Clarke N, Dehsarvi A, Madan CR, Marzi SJ, Shand C, Schilder BM, Tamburin S, Tantiangco HM, Lourida I, Llewellyn DJ, Ranson JM. Artificial Intelligence for Dementia Research Methods Optimization. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2303.01949v1. [PMID: 36911275 PMCID: PMC10002770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Machine learning (ML) has been extremely successful in identifying key features from high-dimensional datasets and executing complicated tasks with human expert levels of accuracy or greater. METHODS We summarize and critically evaluate current applications of ML in dementia research and highlight directions for future research. RESULTS We present an overview of ML algorithms most frequently used in dementia research and highlight future opportunities for the use of ML in clinical practice, experimental medicine, and clinical trials. We discuss issues of reproducibility, replicability and interpretability and how these impact the clinical applicability of dementia research. Finally, we give examples of how state-of-the-art methods, such as transfer learning, multi-task learning, and reinforcement learning, may be applied to overcome these issues and aid the translation of research to clinical practice in the future. DISCUSSION ML-based models hold great promise to advance our understanding of the underlying causes and pathological mechanisms of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Bucholc
- Cognitive Analytics Research Lab, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - Charlotte James
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - AmanPreet Badhwar
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) Lab, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Institut de génie biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Natasha Clarke
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) Lab, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amir Dehsarvi
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Sarah J. Marzi
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cameron Shand
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian M. Schilder
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - David J. Llewellyn
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
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Jin H, Crimmins E, Langa KM, Dey A, Lee J. Estimating the Prevalence of Dementia in India Using a Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Approach. Neuroepidemiology 2023; 57:43-50. [PMID: 36617419 PMCID: PMC10038923 DOI: 10.1159/000528904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate estimation of dementia prevalence is essential for making effective public and social care policy to support individuals and families suffering from the disease. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of dementia in India using a semi-supervised machine learning approach based on a large nationally representative sample. METHODS The sample of this study is adults 60 years or older in the wave 1 (2017-2019) of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI). A subsample in LASI received extensive cognitive assessment and clinical consensus ratings and therefore has diagnoses of dementia. A semi-supervised machine learning model was developed to predict the status of dementia for LASI participants without diagnoses. After obtaining the predictions, sampling weights and age standardization to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard population were applied to generate the estimate for prevalence of dementia in India. RESULTS The prevalence of dementia for those aged 60 years and older in India was 8.44% (95% CI: 7.89%-9.01%). The age-standardized prevalence was estimated to be 8.94% (95% CI: 8.36%-9.55%). The prevalence of dementia was greater for those who were older, were females, received no education, and lived in rural areas. DISCUSSION The prevalence of dementia in India may be higher than prior estimates derived from local studies. These prevalence estimates provide the information necessary for making long-term planning of public and social care policy. The semi-supervised machine learning approach adopted in this paper may also be useful for other large population aging studies that have a similar data structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Jin
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Crimmins
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A.B. Dey
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Leist AK, Klee M, Kim JH, Rehkopf DH, Bordas SPA, Muniz-Terrera G, Wade S. Mapping of machine learning approaches for description, prediction, and causal inference in the social and health sciences. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk1942. [PMID: 36260666 PMCID: PMC9581488 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) methodology used in the social and health sciences needs to fit the intended research purposes of description, prediction, or causal inference. This paper provides a comprehensive, systematic meta-mapping of research questions in the social and health sciences to appropriate ML approaches by incorporating the necessary requirements to statistical analysis in these disciplines. We map the established classification into description, prediction, counterfactual prediction, and causal structural learning to common research goals, such as estimating prevalence of adverse social or health outcomes, predicting the risk of an event, and identifying risk factors or causes of adverse outcomes, and explain common ML performance metrics. Such mapping may help to fully exploit the benefits of ML while considering domain-specific aspects relevant to the social and health sciences and hopefully contribute to the acceleration of the uptake of ML applications to advance both basic and applied social and health sciences research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K. Leist
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality (IRSEI), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Corresponding author.
| | - Matthias Klee
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality (IRSEI), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality (IRSEI), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - David H. Rehkopf
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Sara Wade
- School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mortensen AH, Stojiljkovic M, Lillekroken D. Strategies to manage cognitive dissonance when experiencing resistiveness to care in people living with dementia: A qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2021; 78:486-497. [PMID: 34432326 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the experiences of healthcare personnel when they face resistiveness to care in people living with dementia in nursing homes. DESIGN The study has a qualitative explorative design. METHODS Three focus group interviews were conducted in June 2019. A total of 16 nurses and other healthcare personnel employed in three different nursing homes participated. A semi-structured interview guide was used during the focus group interviews. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The analysis generated one overarching category-'Tension when facing resistiveness to care', which describes the discomfort healthcare personnel experienced when confronted with resistiveness to care in people with dementia-and two other categories: 'Attitude change' and 'Changing behaviour', which describes their strategies to reduce and/or manage the discomfort. Four subcategories-'Changing the mindset', Conceptual shift', Stepping back' and 'Not giving up'-described the actions taken by healthcare personnel to manage or reduce their cognitive dissonance. CONCLUSION The strategies used to manage or reduce cognitive dissonance provide a new understanding of how healthcare personnel choose to approach resistiveness to care in people living with dementia. IMPACT This study addresses cognitive dissonance, a discomfort experienced by healthcare personnel when facing resistiveness to care from people living with dementia. To reduce their dissonance, the participants employed several strategies, including coercive measures, when providing care. The theory of cognitive dissonance may help explain why healthcare personnel sometimes choose to employ coercive measures while providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Helene Mortensen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marko Stojiljkovic
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela Lillekroken
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Jin H, Chien S, Meijer E, Khobragade P, Lee J. Learning From Clinical Consensus Diagnosis in India to Facilitate Automatic Classification of Dementia: Machine Learning Study. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e27113. [PMID: 33970122 PMCID: PMC8145077 DOI: 10.2196/27113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD) is the first and only nationally representative study on late-life cognition and dementia in India (n=4096). LASI-DAD obtained clinical consensus diagnosis of dementia for a subsample of 2528 respondents. OBJECTIVE This study develops a machine learning model that uses data from the clinical consensus diagnosis in LASI-DAD to support the classification of dementia status. METHODS Clinicians were presented with the extensive data collected from LASI-DAD, including sociodemographic information and health history of respondents, results from the screening tests of cognitive status, and information obtained from informant interviews. Based on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and using an online platform, clinicians individually evaluated each case and then reached a consensus diagnosis. A 2-step procedure was implemented to train several candidate machine learning models, which were evaluated using a separate test set for predictive accuracy measurement, including the area under receiver operating curve (AUROC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1 score, and kappa statistic. The ultimate model was selected based on overall agreement as measured by kappa. We further examined the overall accuracy and agreement with the final consensus diagnoses between the selected machine learning model and individual clinicians who participated in the clinical consensus diagnostic process. Finally, we applied the selected model to a subgroup of LASI-DAD participants for whom the clinical consensus diagnosis was not obtained to predict their dementia status. RESULTS Among the 2528 individuals who received clinical consensus diagnosis, 192 (6.7% after adjusting for sampling weight) were diagnosed with dementia. All candidate machine learning models achieved outstanding discriminative ability, as indicated by AUROC >.90, and had similar accuracy and specificity (both around 0.95). The support vector machine model outperformed other models with the highest sensitivity (0.81), F1 score (0.72), and kappa (.70, indicating substantial agreement) and the second highest precision (0.65). As a result, the support vector machine was selected as the ultimate model. Further examination revealed that overall accuracy and agreement were similar between the selected model and individual clinicians. Application of the prediction model on 1568 individuals without clinical consensus diagnosis classified 127 individuals as living with dementia. After applying sampling weight, we can estimate the prevalence of dementia in the population as 7.4%. CONCLUSIONS The selected machine learning model has outstanding discriminative ability and substantial agreement with a clinical consensus diagnosis of dementia. The model can serve as a computer model of the clinical knowledge and experience encoded in the clinical consensus diagnostic process and has many potential applications, including predicting missed dementia diagnoses and serving as a clinical decision support tool or virtual rater to assist diagnosis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Jin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sandy Chien
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Erik Meijer
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Pranali Khobragade
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Mirghani H, Aljohani S, Albalawi A. Dementia and Adherence to Anti-Diabetic Medications: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2021; 13:e14611. [PMID: 34040911 PMCID: PMC8139604 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia (DN) are common morbid disorders with high mortality, the two disorders shared the pathogenesis of proinflammation and insulin resistance. Polypharmacy is expected when DM and DN co-exist and medication adherence is essential to an effective self-care and management plan. This meta-analysis aimed to assess medication persistence among patients with diabetes and cognitive impairment (CogImp). Methods We systematically searched the literature through PubMed, Medline, Cochrane library, and the first 100 articles published in Google Scholar. We included articles publishes in English and conducted on humans, no limitation was set to the date of publication, all the articles were approached from the first published up to March 15, 2021. The keywords used were Dementia, cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, cognitive dysfunction, diabetes self-care, compliance to anti-diabetic drugs, and medication adherence. One hundred-seventy-six were identified, the 12 full texts screened, only four fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The studies were published in Europe, the United States, and Asia (all were observational). The results showed no effects of dementia on medication adherence, P-value of 0.41, odd ratio: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.89-1.32, Chi-square for heterogeneity: 12.15, I2 = 75%, and standard difference = 3. The P-value for heterogeneity was 0.007. The studies included 2,556 patients and 1,854 events. Conclusion No association was found between dementia and compliance to anti-diabetic medications. Further prospective studies are needed to solve the issue.
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