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Mahroum N, Habra M, Alrifaai MA, Shoenfeld Y. Antiphospholipid syndrome in the era of COVID-19 - Two sides of a coin. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103543. [PMID: 38604461 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In addition to the respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19, the disease has consistently been linked to many autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). APS in particular was of paramount significance due to its devastating clinical sequela. In fact, the hypercoagulable state seen in patients with acute COVID-19 and the critical role of anticoagulant treatment in affected individuals shed light on the possible relatedness between APS and COVID-19. Moreover, the role of autoimmunity in the assumed association is not less important especially with the accumulated data available regarding the autoimmunity-triggering effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is furtherly strengthened at the time patients with COVID-19 manifested antiphospholipid antibodies of different types following infection. Additionally, the severe form of the APS spectrum, catastrophic APS (CAPS), was shown to have overlapping characteristics with severe COVID-19 such as cytokine storm and multi-organ failure. Interestingly, COVID vaccine-induced autoimmune phenomena described in the medical literature have pointed to an association with APS. Whether the antiphospholipid antibodies were present or de novo, COVID vaccine-induced vascular thrombosis in certain individuals necessitates further investigations regarding the possible mechanisms involved. In our current paper, we aimed to focus on the associations mentioned, their implications, importance, and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Mahroum
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mona Habra
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for autoimmune diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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2
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Gerashchenko GV, Hryshchenko NV, Melnichuk NS, Marchyshak TV, Chernushyn SY, Demchyshina IV, Chernenko LM, Kuzin IV, Tkachuk ZY, Kashuba VI, Tukalo MA. Genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants observed upon three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine between February 2021-January 2022. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25618. [PMID: 38380034 PMCID: PMC10877268 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify and characterize the SARS-CoV-2 variants in COVID-19 patients' samples collected from different regions of Ukraine to determine the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetics and COVID-19 epidemiology. Patients and methods Samples were collected from COVID-19 patients during 2021 and the beginning of 2022 (401 patients). The SARS-CoV-2 genotyping was performed by parallel whole genome sequencing. Results The obtained SARS-CoV-2 genotypes showed that three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine were represented by three main variants of concern (VOC), named Alpha, Delta and Omicron; each VOC successfully replaced the earlier variant. The VOC Alpha strain was presented by one B.1.1.7 lineage, while VOC Delta showed a spectrum of 25 lineages that had different prevalence in 19 investigated regions of Ukraine. The VOC Omicron in the first half of the pandemic was represented by 13 lines that belonged to two different clades representing B.1 and B.2 Omicron strains. Each of the three epidemic waves (VOC Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) demonstrated their own course of disease, associated with genetic changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The observed epidemiological features are associated with the genetic characteristics of the different VOCs, such as point mutations, deletions and insertions in the viral genome. A phylogenetic and transmission analysis showed the different mutation rates; there were multiple virus sources with a limited distribution between regions. Conclusions The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus and high levels of morbidity due to COVID-19 are still registered in the world. Observed multiple virus sourses with the limited distribution between regions indicates the high efficiency of the anti-epidemic policy pursued by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine to prevent the spread of the epidemic, despite the low level of vaccination of the Ukrainian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zenovii Yu Tkachuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir I. Kashuba
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo A. Tukalo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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3
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Kawanishi N, Kinoshita Y, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Nemoto M. Performance of a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit for equine influenza virus antigen detection. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104956. [PMID: 37879453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) infection is one of the most important respiratory diseases in the equine industry around the world. Rapid diagnosis, facilitated by point-of-care testing, is essential to implement movement restrictions and control disease outbreaks. This study evaluated a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit, which detects influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 antigens in human specimens with a 12 min turnaround time, for its potential use in detecting EIV. The microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit succeeded in detecting 11 EIV strains. Using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a reference assay, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit showed a sensitivity of 60.7% when evaluating nasopharyngeal swab samples of three horses experimentally infected with EIV. Comparing with the other two rapid antigen detection kits based on immunochromatography and silver amplification immunochromatography, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit exhibited higher sensitivity than the former assay (53.6%) and the same sensitivity as the latter (60.7%). The microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit did not detect nine non-EIV viruses including one equine coronavirus strain and seven bacteria, suggesting a high specificity for EIV antigens. Similar to other rapid antigen detection kits, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit could be an effective diagnostic tool to detect EIV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kawanishi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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4
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Zhu C, Wu J, Shelat VG, Sayagués JM, Yamamoto S, Yang L, He X. Transmembrane serine protease 2, a SARS-CoV-2 internalization protease, correlates with clinical outcome, molecular features, and immunotherapy response in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:2146-2157. [PMID: 37969833 PMCID: PMC10643587 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) mediates the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells. The relevant research indicates the intestine to be a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and thus we aimed to investigate the correlation between TMPRSS2 expression and the prognosis, molecular features, and immunotherapy response in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were used in this study and a total of 1,385 patients were identified. The CIBERSORT algorithms were used to evaluate the relative infiltration levels of immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The correlation between TMPRSS2 expression and immunotherapy response rate was assessed in another 2 independent cohorts. Results TMPRSS2 expression was significantly downregulated in cancer tissue compared to the adjacent normal tissue, and patients with CRC with lower TMPRSS2 expression showed notably poorer prognosis. Functional enrichment analysis found that low TMPRSS2 expression was significantly associated with cancer metastasis-related pathways. Further analysis based on the miRWalk tool and JASPAR database identified a list of microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcriptional factors targeting TMPRSS2. Distinct differences in immune cell infiltration and tumor purity reflected by estimate and mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity score were observed between patients with low and high TMPRSS2 expression levels. Interestingly, patients with a low TMPRSS2 expression level showed a higher response rate to immunotherapy. Conclusions CRC cells may be more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the decreased expression of TMPRSS2, which could be a newly identified biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Vishal G. Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - José María Sayagués
- Pathology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Seiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Li Yang
- Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
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5
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Garjani A, Chegini AM, Salehi M, Tabibzadeh A, Yousefi P, Razizadeh MH, Esghaei M, Esghaei M, Rohban MH. Forecasting influenza hemagglutinin mutations through the lens of anomaly detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14944. [PMID: 37696867 PMCID: PMC10495359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus hemagglutinin is an important part of the virus attachment to the host cells. The hemagglutinin proteins are one of the genetic regions of the virus with a high potential for mutations. Due to the importance of predicting mutations in producing effective and low-cost vaccines, solutions that attempt to approach this problem have recently gained significant attention. A historical record of mutations has been used to train predictive models in such solutions. However, the imbalance between mutations and preserved proteins is a big challenge for the development of such models that need to be addressed. Here, we propose to tackle this challenge through anomaly detection (AD). AD is a well-established field in Machine Learning (ML) that tries to distinguish unseen anomalies from normal patterns using only normal training samples. By considering mutations as anomalous behavior, we could benefit existing rich solutions in this field that have emerged recently. Such methods also fit the problem setup of extreme imbalance between the number of unmutated vs. mutated training samples. Motivated by this formulation, our method tries to find a compact representation for unmutated samples while forcing anomalies to be separated from the normal ones. This helps the model to learn a shared unique representation between normal training samples as much as possible, which improves the discernibility and detectability of mutated samples from the unmutated ones at the test time. We conduct a large number of experiments on four publicly available datasets, consisting of three different hemagglutinin protein datasets, and one SARS-CoV-2 dataset, and show the effectiveness of our method through different standard criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Garjani
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Salehi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Moein Esghaei
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hu H, Feng Z, Shuai XS, Lyu J, Li X, Lin H, Shuai J. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 infected cells with scVDN. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236653. [PMID: 37492254 PMCID: PMC10364606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful tool for understanding cellular heterogeneity and identifying cell types in virus-related research. However, direct identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells at the single-cell level remains challenging, hindering the understanding of viral pathogenesis and the development of effective treatments. Methods In this study, we propose a deep learning framework, the single-cell virus detection network (scVDN), to predict the infection status of single cells. The scVDN is trained on scRNA-seq data from multiple nasal swab samples obtained from several contributors with varying cell types. To objectively evaluate scVDN's performance, we establish a model evaluation framework suitable for real experimental data. Results and Discussion Our results demonstrate that scVDN outperforms four state-of-the-art machine learning models in identifying SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, even with extremely imbalanced labels in real data. Specifically, scVDN achieves a perfect AUC score of 1 in four cell types. Our findings have important implications for advancing virus research and improving public health by enabling the identification of virus-infected cells at the single-cell level, which is critical for diagnosing and treating viral infections. The scVDN framework can be applied to other single-cell virus-related studies, and we make all source code and datasets publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/studentiz/scvdn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Wenzhou Institute and Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinghao Steven Shuai
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jie Lyu
- Wenzhou Institute and Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Wenzhou Institute and Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Wenzhou Institute and Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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7
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Bhardwaj P, Mishra SK, Behera SP, Zaman K, Kant R, Singh R. Genomic evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: COVID-19 pandemic waves in India. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:451-465. [PMID: 37534220 PMCID: PMC10390896 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has mutated rapidly since its first case report in Wuhan, China, leading to the emergence of an indefinite number of variants. India has witnessed three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The country saw its first wave of SARS-CoV-2 illness from late January 2020 to February 2021. With a peak surge of cases in mid-September 2020, India recorded more than 11 million cases and a death toll of more than 0.165 million at this time. India faced a brutal second wave driven by the emergence of highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.617.2 (Delta variant) and the third wave with the leading cause of BA.2 (Omicron variant), which has led to an unprecedented rise in COVID-19 cases in the country. On September 14, 2022, India recorded a cumulative 44.51 million cases of COVID-19 with more than 0.528 million deaths. The discovery of common circulating mutants is facilitated by genome sequencing. The changes in the Spike surface glycoprotein recombinant binding domains served as the critical alterations, resulting in enhanced infectivity and transmissibility, with severe clinical effects. Further, the predominant mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; the D614G strains served as a model for vaccine development. The mutation of the Wuhan strain to the Variant of Concern led to a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, there was a shift in the age group affected by SARS-CoV-2 variant infection. The current review summarized the COVID-19 pandemic's Variant of Concern and the advent of SARS-CoV-2 in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhardwaj
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Regional Medical Research Center Gorakhpur, BRD Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur-273013, U.P., India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Mishra
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Regional Medical Research Center Gorakhpur, BRD Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur-273013, U.P., India
| | - Sthita Pragnya Behera
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Regional Medical Research Center Gorakhpur, BRD Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur-273013, U.P., India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Regional Medical Research Center Gorakhpur, BRD Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur-273013, U.P., India
| | - Rajni Kant
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Regional Medical Research Center Gorakhpur, BRD Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur-273013, U.P., India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Regional Medical Research Center Gorakhpur, BRD Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur-273013, U.P., India
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Subhadra B, Agrawal R, Pal VK, Chenine AL, Mattathil JG, Singh A. Significant Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of Bi121 against Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:1299. [PMID: 37376598 DOI: 10.3390/v15061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has so far infected 762 million people with over 6.9 million deaths worldwide. Broad-spectrum viral inhibitors that block the initial stages of infection by reducing virus binding and proliferation, thereby reducing disease severities, are still an unmet global medical need. We studied Bi121, which is a standardized polyphenolic-rich compound isolated from Pelargonium sidoides, against recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2S (mutations in the spike protein) of six different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Bi121 was effective at neutralizing all six rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2S variants. The antiviral activity of Bi121 was also assessed against SARS-CoV-2 variants (USA WA1/2020, Hongkong/VM20001061/2020, B.1.167.2 (Delta), and Omicron) in Vero cells and HEK-ACE2 cell lines using RT-qPCR and plaque assays. Bi121 showed significant antiviral activity against all the four SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, suggesting a broad-spectrum activity. Bi121 fractions generated using HPLC showed antiviral activity in three fractions out of eight against SARS-CoV-2. The dominant compound identified in all three fractions using LC/MS/MS analysis was Neoilludin B. In silico structural modeling studies with Neoilludin B showed that it has a novel RNA-intercalating activity toward RNA viruses. In silico findings and the antiviral activity of this compound against several SARS-CoV-2 variants support further evaluation as a potential treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobban Subhadra
- Biom Pharmaceutical Corporation, 2203 Industrial Blvd, Sarasota, FL 34234, USA
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CV Raman Ave., Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Virender Kumar Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CV Raman Ave., Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CV Raman Ave., Bengaluru 560012, India
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Yun JS, Song H, Kim NH, Cha SY, Hwang KH, Lee JE, Jeong CH, Song SH, Kim S, Cho ES, Kim HS, Yook JI. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Interaction Domain Enhances Phosphorylation of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein. Mol Cells 2022; 45:911-922. [PMID: 36572560 PMCID: PMC9794558 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), nucleocapsid (N) protein is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 on the serine/arginine (SR) rich motif located in disordered regions. Although phosphorylation by GSK-3β constitutes a critical event for viral replication, the molecular mechanism underlying N phosphorylation is not well understood. In this study, we found the putative alpha-helix L/FxxxL/AxxRL motif known as the GSK-3 interacting domain (GID), found in many endogenous GSK-3β binding proteins, such as Axins, FRATs, WWOX, and GSKIP. Indeed, N interacts with GSK-3β similarly to Axin, and Leu to Glu substitution of the GID abolished the interaction, with loss of N phosphorylation. The N phosphorylation is also required for its structural loading in a virus-like particle (VLP). Compared to other coronaviruses, N of Sarbecovirus lineage including bat RaTG13 harbors a CDK1-primed phosphorylation site and Gly-rich linker for enhanced phosphorylation by GSK-3β. Furthermore, we found that the S202R mutant found in Delta and R203K/G204R mutant found in the Omicron variant allow increased abundance and hyper-phosphorylation of N. Our observations suggest that GID and mutations for increased phosphorylation in N may have contributed to the evolution of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seop Yun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeeun Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - So Young Cha
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kyu Ho Hwang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eunae Sandra Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Thakur N, Das S, Kumar S, Maurya VK, Dhama K, Paweska JT, Abdel‐Moneim AS, Jain A, Tripathi AK, Puri B, Saxena SK. Tracing the origin of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): A systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5766-5779. [PMID: 35945190 PMCID: PMC9538017 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to trace and understand the origin of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through various available literatures and accessible databases. Although the world enters the third year of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, health and socioeconomic impacts continue to mount, the origin and mechanisms of spill-over of the SARS-CoV-2 into humans remain elusive. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was performed that showcased the integrated information obtained through manual searches, digital databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) searches, and searches from legitimate publications (1966-2022), followed by meta-analysis. Our systematic analysis data proposed three postulated hypotheses concerning the origin of the SARS-CoV-2, which include zoonotic origin (Z), laboratory origin (L), and obscure origin (O). Despite the fact that the zoonotic origin for SARS-CoV-2 has not been conclusively identified to date, our data suggest a zoonotic origin, in contrast to some alternative concepts, including the probability of a laboratory incident or leak. Our data exhibit that zoonotic origin (Z) has higher evidence-based support as compared to laboratory origin (L). Importantly, based on all the studies included, we generated the forest plot with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk ratio estimates. Our meta-analysis further supports the zoonotic origin of SARS/SARS-CoV-2 in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life SciencesSikkim UniversityTadong GangtokIndia
| | - Sayak Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life SciencesSikkim UniversityTadong GangtokIndia
| | - Swatantra Kumar
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of MedicineKing George's Medical University (KGMU)LucknowIndia
| | - Vimal K. Maurya
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of MedicineKing George's Medical University (KGMU)LucknowIndia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of PathologyICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research InstituteIzatnagar, BareillyIndia
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServicePB X4Sandringham‐JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | | | - Amita Jain
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of MedicineKing George's Medical University (KGMU)LucknowIndia
| | - Anil K. Tripathi
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of MedicineKing George's Medical University (KGMU)LucknowIndia
| | - Bipin Puri
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of MedicineKing George's Medical University (KGMU)LucknowIndia
| | - Shailendra K. Saxena
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of MedicineKing George's Medical University (KGMU)LucknowIndia
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Kumar S, Kumar GS, Maitra SS, Malý P, Bharadwaj S, Sharma P, Dwivedi VD. Viral informatics: bioinformatics-based solution for managing viral infections. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6659740. [PMID: 35947964 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new viral infections have emerged in the human population and establishing as global pandemics. With advancements in translation research, the scientific community has developed potential therapeutics to eradicate or control certain viral infections, such as smallpox and polio, responsible for billions of disabilities and deaths in the past. Unfortunately, some viral infections, such as dengue virus (DENV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), are still prevailing due to a lack of specific therapeutics, while new pathogenic viral strains or variants are emerging because of high genetic recombination or cross-species transmission. Consequently, to combat the emerging viral infections, bioinformatics-based potential strategies have been developed for viral characterization and developing new effective therapeutics for their eradication or management. This review attempts to provide a single platform for the available wide range of bioinformatics-based approaches, including bioinformatics methods for the identification and management of emerging or evolved viral strains, genome analysis concerning the pathogenicity and epidemiological analysis, computational methods for designing the viral therapeutics, and consolidated information in the form of databases against the known pathogenic viruses. This enriched review of the generally applicable viral informatics approaches aims to provide an overview of available resources capable of carrying out the desired task and may be utilized to expand additional strategies to improve the quality of translation viral informatics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | - Geethu S Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India.,Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, 59053 Ulrika, Sweden
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12
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Soni V, Khosla A, Singh P, Nguyen VH, Le QV, Selvasembian R, Hussain CM, Thakur S, Raizada P. Current perspective in metal oxide based photocatalysts for virus disinfection: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114617. [PMID: 35121465 PMCID: PMC8803534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology holds huge potential for the prevention of various viral outbreaks that have increased at a disquieting rate over the past decades. Metal oxide nanomaterials with oxidative capability are the effective materials that provide platforms as well as tools for the well understanding of the mechanism, its detection, and treatment of various viral diseases like measles, influenza, herpes, ebola, current COVID-19 etc. In this inclusive review, we survey various previous research articles on different notable photoactive transition metal oxides that possess enough potential to act as antiviral agents for the deactivation of harmful viruses. We investigated and highlighted the plausible photocatalytic oxidative mechanism of photoactive transition metal oxides in degrading viral coatings, genomic RNA using suitable free radical generation. The key finding of the present review article including the discovery of a vision on the suitable photocatalytic transition metal oxides that have been proven to be excellent against harmful viruses and consequently combatting deadly CoV-2 in the environment. This review intends to provide conclusive remarks and a realistic outlook on other advanced photocatalytic metal oxides as a potential solution in battling other similar upcoming pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatika Soni
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Atul Khosla
- School of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India, 173229
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Van-Huy Nguyen
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | | | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, N J, 07102, USA
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
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13
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Jung BK, An YH, Jang JJ, Jeon JH, Jang SH, Jang H. The human ACE-2 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 express on the viral surface of the Newcastle disease virus as a non-replicating viral vector vaccine candidate. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263684. [PMID: 35134091 PMCID: PMC8824364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has rapidly spread worldwide and has become a significant pandemic disease. In addition, human death and serious health problem caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, the socio-economic impact has been very serious. Here, we describe the development of the viral vector vaccine, which is the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 expressed on the surface of Newcastle disease virus (LVP-K1-RBD19). The RBD protein concentrations on the viral surface were measured by the sandwich ELISA method. 106.7 TCID50/ml of LVP-K1-RBD19 has a 0.17 μg of RBD protein. Optical density (OD) values of mouse sera inoculated with 10 μg of RBD protein expressed on the surface of LVP-K1-RBD19 generated 1.78-fold higher RBD-specific antibody titers than mice inoculated with 10 μg RBD protein with alum at 28 dpi. Moreover, mice inoculated with 10 μg of RBD protein expressed on the surface of LVP-K1-RBD19 virus showed more than 80% neutralization at 1:256 against the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These results demonstrated that inactivated LVP-K1-RBD19 virus produces neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a short period and could be elect protective immunity in humans and LVP-K1-RBD19 will be a good candidate for the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Hee An
- Libentech Co. LTD, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jang
- Libentech Co. LTD, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung Hoon Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jang
- Libentech Co. LTD, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Jearanaiwitayakul T, Apichirapokey S, Chawengkirttikul R, Limthongkul J, Seesen M, Jakaew P, Trisiriwanich S, Sapsutthipas S, Sunintaboon P, Ubol S. Peritoneal Administration of a Subunit Vaccine Encapsulated in a Nanodelivery System Not Only Augments Systemic Responses against SARS-CoV-2 but Also Stimulates Responses in the Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112202. [PMID: 34835008 PMCID: PMC8617950 DOI: 10.3390/v13112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has currently created an unprecedented threat to human society and global health. A rapid mass vaccination to create herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial measure to ease the spread of this disease. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine candidate, a SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein encapsulated in N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan particles or S-TMC NPs. Upon intraperitoneal immunization, S-TMC NP-immunized mice elicited a stronger systemic antibody response, with neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2, than mice receiving the soluble form of S-glycoprotein. S-TMC NPs were able to stimulate the circulating IgG and IgA as found in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In addition, spike-specific T cell responses were drastically activated in S-TMC NP-immunized mice. Surprisingly, administration of S-TMC NPs via the intraperitoneal route also stimulated SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in the respiratory tract, which were demonstrated by the presence of high levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA in the lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavages of the immunized mice. We found that peritoneal immunization with spike nanospheres stimulates both systemic and respiratory mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuksin Jearanaiwitayakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Suttikarn Apichirapokey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Runglawan Chawengkirttikul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Jitra Limthongkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Mathurin Seesen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Phissinee Jakaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Sakalin Trisiriwanich
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (S.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (S.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpatom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.A.); (R.C.); (J.L.); (M.S.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Paidas MJ, Mohamed AB, Norenberg MD, Saad A, Barry AF, Colon C, Kenyon NS, Jayakumar AR. Multi-Organ Histopathological Changes in a Mouse Hepatitis Virus Model of COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:1703. [PMID: 34578284 PMCID: PMC8473123 DOI: 10.3390/v13091703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic, causes a respiratory illness that can severely impact other organ systems and is possibly precipitated by cytokine storm, septic shock, thrombosis, and oxidative stress. SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals may be asymptomatic or may experience mild, moderate, or severe symptoms with or without pneumonia. The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infects humans are largely unknown. Mouse hepatitis virus 1 (MHV-1)-induced infection was used as a highly relevant surrogate animal model for this study. We further characterized this animal model and compared it with SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. MHV-1 inoculated mice displayed death as well as weight loss, as reported earlier. We showed that MHV-1-infected mice at days 7-8 exhibit severe lung inflammation, peribronchiolar interstitial infiltration, bronchiolar epithelial cell necrosis and intra-alveolar necrotic debris, alveolar exudation (surrounding alveolar walls have capillaries that are dilated and filled with red blood cells), mononuclear cell infiltration, hyaline membrane formation, the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and interstitial edema. When compared to uninfected mice, the infected mice showed severe liver vascular congestion, luminal thrombosis of portal and sinusoidal vessels, hepatocyte degeneration, cell necrosis, and hemorrhagic changes. Proximal and distal tubular necrosis, hemorrhage in interstitial tissue, and the vacuolation of renal tubules were observed. The heart showed severe interstitial edema, vascular congestion, and dilation, as well as red blood cell extravasation into the interstitium. Upon examination of the MHV-1 infected mice brain, we observed congested blood vessels, perivascular cavitation, cortical pericellular halos, vacuolation of neuropils, darkly stained nuclei, pyknotic nuclei, and associated vacuolation of the neuropil in the cortex, as well as acute eosinophilic necrosis and necrotic neurons with fragmented nuclei and vacuolation in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that the widespread thrombotic events observed in the surrogate animal model for SARS-CoV-2 mimic the reported findings in SARS-CoV-2 infected humans, representing a highly relevant and safe animal model for the study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Paidas
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Adhar B Mohamed
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael D Norenberg
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ali Saad
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ariel Faye Barry
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cristina Colon
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Norma Sue Kenyon
- Microbiology & Immunology and Biomedical Engineering, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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16
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Kchaou M, Alquraish M, Abuhasel K, Abdullah A, Ali AA. Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Review of Current Progress in the Properties and Manufacturing Process, and Possible Applications for COVID-19. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:916. [PMID: 33809662 PMCID: PMC8002202 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, researchers have focused on the potential applications of electrospinning, especially its scalability and versatility. Specifically, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are considered an emergent technology and a promising approach that can be applied to biosensing, drug delivery, soft and hard tissue repair and regeneration, and wound healing. Several parameters control the functional scaffolds, such as fiber geometrical characteristics and alignment, architecture, etc. As it is based on nanotechnology, the concept of this approach has shown a strong evolution in terms of the forms of the materials used (aerogels, microspheres, etc.), the incorporated microorganisms used to treat diseases (cells, proteins, nuclei acids, etc.), and the manufacturing process in relation to the control of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the mimetic nanofibers. However, several difficulties are still considered as huge challenges for scientists to overcome in relation to scaffolds design and properties (hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility) but also in relation to transferring biological nanofibers products into practical industrial use by way of a highly efficient bio-solution. In this article, the authors review current progress in the materials and processes used by the electrospinning technique to develop novel fibrous scaffolds with suitable design and that more closely mimic structure. A specific interest will be given to the use of this approach as an emergent technology for the treatment of bacteria and viruses such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kchaou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alquraish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Khaled Abuhasel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Abdullah
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A. Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.A.A.)
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17
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Guest PC, Ozanne SE. The Worldwide Effort to Develop Vaccines for COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1327:215-223. [PMID: 34279842 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
There have been recent encouraging reports about the development of vaccines for COVID-19. Given the scale and effects of this pandemic on public health and economies worldwide, there has been an unprecedented approach across the globe, leading to the emergence of vaccine candidates many times faster than the normal process would allow. This review gives up-to-date information as of November 28, 2020, on the latest developments in this area and covers the plans to roll out the most promising vaccines across the entire world to halt the spread of this devastating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Addenbrookes Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, UK
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