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Lambert KA, Clements CM, Mukherjee N, Pacheco TR, Shellman SX, Henen MA, Vögeli B, Goldstein NB, Birlea S, Hintzsche J, Caryotakis G, Tan AC, Zhao R, Norris DA, Robinson WA, Wang Y, VanTreeck JG, Shellman YG. SASH1 S519N Variant Links Skin Hyperpigmentation and Premature Hair Graying to Dysfunction of Melanocyte Lineage. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00393-2. [PMID: 38848986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
A better understanding of human melanocyte (MC) and MC stem cell biology is essential for treating MC-related diseases. This study employed an inherited pigmentation disorder carrying the SASH1S519N variant in a Hispanic family to investigate SASH1 function in the MC lineage and the underlying mechanism for this disorder. We used a multidisciplinary approach, including clinical examinations, human cell assays, yeast 2-hybrid screening, and biochemical techniques. Results linked early hair graying to the SASH1S519N variant, a previously unrecognized clinical phenotype in hyperpigmentation disorders. In vitro, we identified SASH1 as a regulator in MC stem cell maintenance and discovered that TNKS2 is crucial for SASH1's role. In addition, the S519N variant is located in one of multiple tankyrase-binding motifs and alters the binding kinetics and affinity of the interaction. In summary, this disorder links both gain and loss of pigmentation in the same individual, hinting to accelerated aging in human MC stem cells. The findings offer insights into the roles of SASH1 and TNKS2 in MC stem cell maintenance and the molecular mechanisms of pigmentation disorders. We propose that a comprehensive clinical evaluation of patients with MC-related disorders should include an assessment and history of hair pigmentation loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline A Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher M Clements
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Theresa R Pacheco
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha X Shellman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Morkos A Henen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Beat Vögeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Goldstein
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stanca Birlea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Griffin Caryotakis
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Norris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - William A Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jillian G VanTreeck
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yiqun G Shellman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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2
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Al-Adwan S, Alqaisi KM, Al Katheri G. Nevus Variations in the Jordanian Population: Effects of Age, Medical Conditions, Environment, Congenital, Inherited, and Genetic Factors. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:17-29. [PMID: 38193026 PMCID: PMC10773247 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s433447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Nevi is a common benign proliferation of melanin-producing cells. Many triggers can influence their transformation into either benign or malignant, thus it is important to understand these triggers and their incidence across different populations to take adequate prevention. Here, we aim to examine the different etiologies of nevi changes across the Jordanian population. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional observational study focusing on patients seeking dermatological consultation for normal nevi or nevi with minimal changes. Demographic and clinical variables were collected from the patient's case history. Nevi's characteristics were also recorded. A skilled dermatologist assessed nevi morphology and changes using the ABCDE criteria for potential signs of melanoma. Nevi biopsy samples were fixed in formalin and sent for histopathological analysis and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Results A total of 231 patients were enrolled, with a majority of females (85%) and a median age of 37. Past medical history was positive in 17% of the samples, with hypertension, endocrine diseases, and diabetes mellitus being the most common. The majority of patients (61%) had fewer than three nevi. Changes in nevus size, configuration, and color were reported in 10% of patients, with multiple changes observed in 36% of patients. Microscopic analysis revealed polypoidal intradermal melanocytic blue nevi as the most common histopathological finding (84%). Positive medical history and the number of nevi were significantly associated with nevi changes. Conclusion Our results report that the number of nevi, as well as medical history, is linked to changes in their appearance. Additionally, we provide a detailed account of the various types of observed changes and their occurrence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Al-Adwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Khalid M Alqaisi
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Ghassan Al Katheri
- Department of Pathology, Humboldt General Hospital, Winnemucca, Nevada, 89446, USA
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3
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Lambert KA, Clements CM, Mukherjee N, Pacheco TR, Shellman SX, Henen MA, Vögeli B, Goldstein NB, Birlea S, Hintzsche J, Tan AC, Zhao R, Norris DA, Robinson WA, Wang Y, VanTreeck JG, Shellman YG. SASH1 interacts with TNKS2 and promotes human melanocyte stem cell maintenance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559624. [PMID: 37808724 PMCID: PMC10557680 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Both aging spots (hyperpigmentation) and hair graying (lack of pigmentation) are associated with aging, two seemingly opposite pigmentation phenotypes. It is not clear how they are mechanistically connected. This study investigated the underlying mechanism in a family with an inherited pigmentation disorder. Clinical examinations identified accelerated hair graying and skin dyspigmentation (intermixed hyper and hypopigmentation) in the family members carrying the SASH1 S519N variant. Cell assays indicated that SASH1 promoted stem-like characteristics in human melanocytes, and SASH1 S519N was defective in this function. Multiple assays showed that SASH1 binds to tankyrase 2 (TNKS2), which is required for SASH1's promotion of stem-like function. Further, the SASH1 S519N variant is in a bona fide Tankyrase-binding motif, and SASH1 S519N alters the binding kinetics and affinity. Results here indicate SASH1 as a novel protein regulating the appropriate balance between melanocyte stem cells (McSC) and mature melanocytes (MCs), with S519N variant causing defects. We propose that dysfunction of McSC maintenance connects multiple aging-associated pigmentation phenotypes in the general population.
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Thawabteh AM, Jibreen A, Karaman D, Thawabteh A, Karaman R. Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:4839. [PMID: 37375394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients' physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. Hyperpigmentation, where pigment appears to overflow, and hypopigmentation, where pigment is reduced, are the two major classifications of skin pigmentation. Albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison's disease, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can be brought on by eczema, acne vulgaris, and drug interactions, are the most common skin pigmentation disorders in clinical practice. Anti-inflammatory medications, antioxidants, and medications that inhibit tyrosinase, which prevents the production of melanin, are all possible treatments for pigmentation problems. Skin pigmentation can be treated orally and topically with medications, herbal remedies, and cosmetic products, but a doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new medicine or treatment plan. This review article explores the numerous types of pigmentation problems, their causes, and treatments, as well as the 25 plants, 4 marine species, and 17 topical and oral medications now on the market that have been clinically tested to treat skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Alaa Jibreen
- Research and Development Department, Beit Jala Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beit Jala 97300, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Alà Thawabteh
- Medical Imaging Department, Faculty of Health Profession, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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5
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Hong X, Song X, Wu X, Yang C, Gong D, Zhang G. Treatments of heating and ultrasound improve the inhibition of gallocatechin gallate on tyrosinase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3896-3906. [PMID: 36321508 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallocatechin gallate (GCG), a catechin of tea polyphenols, possesses inhibitory ability against tyrosinase, but few studies have reported how common processing methods affect it. In this research, the influence of heating and ultrasound treatments on the inhibition of GCG against tyrosinase was explored by ultraviolet-visible absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Both heating and ultrasound treatments of GCG alone improved GCG's inhibitory ability against tyrosinase compared with the untreated, and a combination of heating and ultrasound treatment (100 °C, 20 min + 630 W, 20 min) further decreased the relative tyrosinase activity to 26.8%. The treated GCG exhibited a stronger fluorescence quenching effect on tyrosinase, but did not have any influence on the static quenching mechanism. Compared to the untreated GCG, the binding constants of treated GCG by heating, ultrasound and their combination with tyrosinase significantly increased, but the number of binding sites was still approximately one and the main driving force of the treated GCG was still hydrophobic interaction. After treatments of heating, ultrasound and their combination, the composition of GCG solutions was changed. CONCLUSION The enhanced inhibition of treated GCG on tyrosinase may be due to partial conversion of GCG into epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and gallic acid (GA), which may cooperate with GCG to better inhibit the enzyme activity. This study has provided some valuable information for the application of catechins against tyrosinase in food processing and cosmetic industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Change Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Novak TE, Bailey NP, Stevison LS. Genetic characterization of Macaca arctoides: A highlight of key genes and pathways. Primates 2023:10.1007/s10329-023-01064-x. [PMID: 37142891 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
When compared to the approximately 22 other macaque species, Macaca arctoides has many unique phenotypes. These traits fall into various phenotypic categories, including genitalia, coloration, mating, and olfactory traits. Here we used a previously identified whole genome set of 690 outlier genes to look for possible genetic explanations of these unique traits. Of these, 279 genes were annotated miRNAs, which are non-coding. Patterns within the remaining outliers in coding genes were investigated using GO (n = 370) and String (n = 383) analysis, which showed many interconnected immune-related genes. Further, we compared the outliers to candidate pathways associated with M. arcotides' unique phenotypes, revealing 10/690 outlier genes that overlapped these four pathways: hedgehog signaling, WNT signaling, olfactory, and melanogenesis. Of these, genes in all pathways except olfactory had higher FST values than the rest of the genes in the genome based on permutation tests. Overall, our results point to many genes each having a small impact on phenotype, working in tandem to cause large systemic changes. Additionally, these results may indicate pleiotropy. This seems to be especially true with the development and coloration of M. arctoides. Our results highlight that development, melanogenesis, immune function, and miRNAs may be heavily involved in M. arctoides' evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Nick P Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Laurie S Stevison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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7
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Benslama O, Lekmine S, Mansouri N. Phytochemical constituents of Astragalus monspessulanus and integrative analysis for its antioxidant, photoprotective, and antityrosinase activities: Experimental and computational investigation. Eur J Integr Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2023.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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8
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Carvalho AA, Ferraz LDA, Martelli DRB, Machado RA, Martelli H. Craniofacial findings in syndromes associated with cafe-au-lait spots: a literature review. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:195-202. [PMID: 36629650 PMCID: PMC9937591 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Amaral Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences – Montes Claros (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Medical School – Montes Claros (MG), Brazil.,Corresponding author:
| | | | | | - Renato Assis Machado
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies – Bauru (SP), Brazil
| | - Hercílio Martelli
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences – Montes Claros (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Dental School – Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
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9
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Newly Designed Quinazolinone Derivatives as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitor: Synthesis, Inhibitory Activity, and Mechanism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175558. [PMID: 36080324 PMCID: PMC9457556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a series of quinazolinone derivates as tyrosinase inhibitors and evaluated their inhibition constants. We synthesized 2-(2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-dien-1-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (Q1) from the natural citral. The concentration, which led to 50% activity loss of Q1, was 103 ± 2 μM (IC50 = 103 ± 2 μM). Furthermore, we considered Q1 to be a mixed-type and reversible tyrosinase inhibitor, and determined the KI and KIS inhibition constants to be 117.07 μM and 423.63 μM, respectively. Our fluorescence experiment revealed that Q1 could interact with the substrates of tyrosine and L-DOPA in addition to tyrosinase. Molecular docking studies showed that the binding of Q1 to tyrosinase was driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity. Briefly, the current study confirmed a new tyrosinase inhibitor, which is expected to be developed into a novel pigmentation drug.
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10
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Wang L, Zuo D, Sun L. Transient neonatal hyperpigmentation of the proximal nail fold in a Chinese infant: a case report. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605211067748. [PMID: 35023378 PMCID: PMC8785318 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211067748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous alterations are common in neonates and usually occur in the first few days of life. Most of these are transient and benign, appearing as physiological responses to birth. Skin pigmentation disorders are considered transitory dermatoses of newborn infants. Nail pigmentation manifests as asymptomatic brown to bluish-black skin pigmentation over the fingers and toes in newborns. Hyperpigmentation of the distal phalanx of both hands and feet is commonly found in dark-skinned newborns, but it is rare in fair-skinned newborns and East Asian populations. We herein describe a Chinese infant with transient neonatal hyperpigmentation of the proximal nail fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, 70570Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ledong Sun
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, 70570Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Brombin A, Simpson DJ, Travnickova J, Brunsdon H, Zeng Z, Lu Y, Young AIJ, Chandra T, Patton EE. Tfap2b specifies an embryonic melanocyte stem cell that retains adult multifate potential. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110234. [PMID: 35021087 PMCID: PMC8764619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are replenished from multiple stem cell niches in adult tissue. Although pigmentation traits are known risk factors for melanoma, we know little about melanocyte stem cell (McSC) populations other than hair follicle McSCs and lack key lineage markers with which to identify McSCs and study their function. Here we find that Tfap2b and a select set of target genes specify an McSC population at the dorsal root ganglia in zebrafish. Functionally, Tfap2b is required for only a few late-stage embryonic melanocytes, and is essential for McSC-dependent melanocyte regeneration. Fate mapping data reveal that tfap2b+ McSCs have multifate potential, and are the cells of origin for large patches of adult melanocytes, two other pigment cell types (iridophores and xanthophores), and nerve-associated cells. Hence, Tfap2b confers McSC identity in early development, distinguishing McSCs from other neural crest and pigment cell lineages, and retains multifate potential in the adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Daniel J Simpson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jana Travnickova
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hannah Brunsdon
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Yuting Lu
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adelaide I J Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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12
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Lee KE, Bharadwaj S, Sahoo AK, Yadava U, Kang SG. Determination of tyrosinase-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin binding modes reveal mechanistic differences in tyrosinase inhibition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24494. [PMID: 34969954 PMCID: PMC8718538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, exquisitely catalyzes the phenolic compounds into brown or black pigment, inhibition is used as a treatment for dermatological or neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products, such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin, are considered safe and non-toxic food additives in tyrosinase inhibition but their ambiguous inhibitory mechanism against tyrosinase is still elusive. Thus, we presented the mechanistic insights into tyrosinase with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin using computational simulations and in vitro assessment. Initial molecular docking results predicted ideal docked poses (- 9.346 to - 5.795 kcal/mol) for tyrosinase with selected flavonoids. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations and post-simulation analysis of docked poses established their stability and oxidation of flavonoids as substrate by tyrosinase. Particularly, metal chelation via catechol group linked with the free 3-OH group on the unconjugated dihydropyran heterocycle chain was elucidated to contribute to tyrosinase inhibition by (-/+)-catechin against cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Also, predicted binding free energy using molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area for each docked pose was consistent with in vitro enzyme inhibition for both mushroom and murine tyrosinases. Conclusively, (-/+)-catechin was observed for substantial tyrosinase inhibition and advocated for further investigation for drug development against tyrosinase-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
- Stemforce, 313 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, 211015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
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13
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Dumitrescu AV, Pfeifer WL, Drack AV. Clinical phenocopies of albinism. J AAPOS 2021; 25:220.e1-220.e8. [PMID: 34280564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a series of patients diagnosed with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) based on clinical presentation who were later proven to have a different diagnosis. METHODS The medical records of patients seen at the Pediatric Inherited Eye Disease Clinic of the University of Iowa from 1980 to 2018 who were eventually discovered to have an incorrect diagnosis of OCA were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Eight pediatric patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of OCA which changed to a different diagnosis over time were identified. Presenting clinical features included fair pigmentation of the skin and adnexa (8/8), congenital nystagmus (6/8), decreased visual acuity (8/8), iris transillumination defects (8/8), and foveal hypoplasia (7/8). Of the 8 patients, 4 manifested progressive, preschool-age-onset myopia. Other associated clinical features included hearing loss (3), seizures (1), abnormal chest x-ray (1) and easy bruising (2). During follow-up, additional clinical features and genetic testing proved that they have different clinical entities, namely, Knobloch syndrome, Jeune syndrome, Donnai-Barrow syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, Aniridia syndrome, Stickler syndrome, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, one of the syndromic types of OCA. CONCLUSIONS Clinical features used to diagnose OCA also occur in other disorders. For a definitive diagnosis of OCA, ancillary/genetic testing must be performed. Clinical features not typically found in association with albinism, such as hearing loss, or early onset, or progressive myopia, may indicate the need for more extensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina V Dumitrescu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
| | - Wanda L Pfeifer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Arlene V Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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14
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Lyons LA, Buckley RM, Harvey RJ. Mining the 99 Lives Cat Genome Sequencing Consortium database implicates genes and variants for the Ticked locus in domestic cats (Felis catus). Anim Genet 2021; 52:321-332. [PMID: 33780570 PMCID: PMC8252059 DOI: 10.1111/age.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tabby patterns of fur coats are defining characteristics in wild and domestic felids. Historically, three autosomal alleles at one locus (Tabby): Abyssinian (Ta ; a.k.a. ticked), mackerel (Tm ; a.k.a. striped) and blotched (tb ; a.k.a. classic, blotched) were thought to control these patterns in domestic cats and their breeds. Currently, at least three loci influence cat tabby markings, two of which are designated Tabby and Ticked. The Tabby locus is laeverin (LVRN) and affects the mackerel and blotched patterns. The unidentified gene for the Ticked locus on cat chromosome B1 was suggested to control the presence or absence of the ticked pattern (Tabby - Abyssinian (Ta ; a.k.a. ticked). The cat reference genome (Cinnamon, the Abyssinian) has the ticked phenotype and the variant dataset and coat phenotypes from the 99 Lives Cat Genome Consortium (195 cats) were used to identify candidate genes and variants associated with the Ticked locus. Two strategies were used to find the Ticked allele(s), one considered Cinnamon with the reference allele or heterozygous (Strategy A) and the other considered Cinnamon as having the variant allele or heterozygous (Strategy B). For Strategy A, two variants in Dickkopf Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 4 (DKK4), a p.Cys63Tyr (B1:41621481, c.188G>A) and a less common p.Ala18Val (B1:42620835, c.53C>T) variant are suggested as two alleles influencing the Ticked phenotype. Bioinformatic and molecular modeling analysis suggests that these changes disrupt a key disulfide bond in the Dkk4 cysteine-rich domain 1 or Dkk4 signal peptide cleavage respectively. All coding variants were excluded as Ticked alleles using Strategy B.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Missouri – ColumbiaColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - R. M. Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Missouri – ColumbiaColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - R. J. Harvey
- School of Health and Behavioural SciencesUniversity of the Sunshine CoastSippy DownsQld4558Australia
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15
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Lu Y, Xu Y, Song MT, Qian LL, Liu XL, Gao RY, Han RM, Skibsted LH, Zhang JP. Promotion effects of flavonoids on browning induced by enzymatic oxidation of tyrosinase: structure-activity relationship. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13769-13779. [PMID: 35423946 PMCID: PMC8697750 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, widely distributed in nature, is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase involved in the formation of melanin. Flavonoids are most often considered as tyrosinase inhibitors but have also been confirmed to be tyrosinase substrates. Four structure-related flavonoids including flavones (apigenin and luteolin) and flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) are found to promote not inhibit browning induced by tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation both in model systems and in mushrooms under aerobic conditions. A comparison with enzymatic oxidation and autooxidation of flavonoids alone has helped to clarify why flavonoids function as a substrate rather than an inhibitor. Flavonoids almost do not affect the kinetics of melanin formation from enzymatic oxidation of l-dopa in excess. In addition, a new brown complex formed during the reaction of flavonoid quinone and dopaquinone is suggested to enhance the browning effects by competing with isomerization and autooxidation. Structure-activity relationships of the four flavonoids in melanin formation leading to browning induced by autooxidation and enzymatic oxidation confirm the enzymatic nature of the browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Meng-Ting Song
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Ling-Ling Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Rong-Yao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 30 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
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16
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Masyita A, Salim E, Asri RM, Nainu F, Hori A, Yulianty R, Hatta M, Rifai Y, Kuraishi T. Molecular modeling and phenoloxidase inhibitory activity of arbutin and arbutin undecylenic acid ester. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:75-81. [PMID: 33610043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive melanin formation has been linked to various skin disorders such as hyperpigmentation and skin cancer. Tyrosinase is the most prominent target for inhibitors of melanin production. In this study, we investigated whether arbutin and its prodrug, arbutin undecylenic acid ester, might inhibit phenoloxidase (PO), a tyrosinase-like enzyme. Molecular docking simulation results suggested that arbutin and arbutin undecylenic acid ester can bind to the substrate-binding pocket of PO. Arbutin undecylenic acid ester with an IC50 6.34 mM was effective to inhibit PO compared to arbutin (IC50 29.42 mM). In addition, arbutin undecylenic acid ester showed low cytotoxicity in Drosophila S2 cells and the compound inhibited the melanization reaction. Therefore, the results of this study have demonstrated that arbutin undecylenic acid ester as a potential inhibitor of PO. We successfully designed a new platform utilizing Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori as animal models propounding fast, cheap, and high effectiveness in method to screen tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayu Masyita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rangga Meidianto Asri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Aki Hori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Risfah Yulianty
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yusnita Rifai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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17
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Ullate-Agote A, Tzika AC. Characterization of the Leucistic Texas Rat Snake Pantherophis obsoletus. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.583136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Albinism and leucism are phenotypes resulting from impaired melanin pigmentation in the skin and skin appendages. However, melanin pigmentation of eyes remains unaffected in leucism. Here, using transmission electron microscopy, we show that the leucistic morph of the Texas rat snake (Pantherophis obsoletus lindheimeri) lacks both melanophores and xanthophores in its skin and exhibits a uniform ivory white color generated by iridophores and collagen fibers. In addition, we sequenced the full genome of a leucistic individual and obtained a highly-contiguous near-chromosome quality assembly of 1.69 Gb with an N50 of 14.5 Mb and an L50 of 29 sequences. Using a candidate-gene approach, we then identify in the leucistic genome a single-nucleotide deletion that generates a frameshift and a premature termination codon in the melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) gene. This mutation shortens the translated protein from 574 to 286 amino acids, removing the helix-loop-helix DNA-binding domain that is highly conserved among vertebrates. Genotyping leucistic animals of independent lineages showed that not all leucistic individuals carry this single-nucleotide deletion. Subsequent gene expression analyses reveal that all leucistic individuals that we analyzed exhibit a significantly decreased expression of MITF. We thus suggest that mutations affecting the regulation and, in some cases, the coding sequence of MITF, the former probably predating the latter, could be associated with the leucistic phenotype in Texas rat snakes. MITF is involved in the development and survival of melanophores in vertebrates. In zebrafish, a classical model species for pigmentation that undergoes metamorphosis, larvae and adults of homozygous mitfa mutants lack melanophores, show an excess of iridophores and exhibit reduced yellow pigmentation. On the contrary, in the leucistic Texas rat snake, a non-metamorphic species, only iridophores persist. Our results suggest that fate determination of neural-crest derived melanophores and xanthophores, but not of iridophores, could require the expression of MITF during snake embryonic development.
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18
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Bahraman AG, Jamshidzadeh A, Keshavarzi M, Arabnezhad MR, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi-Bardbori A. α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Triggers Melanogenesis Via Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:153-160. [PMID: 33438493 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820987548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a group of natural pigments that determines the human skin color and provides fundamental protection against the harmful impacts of physical and chemical stimuli. The aim of this study was to establish the regulatory role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induced melanogenesis. In the present study, following knockdown of AhR, murine B16F10 cells were treated with α-MSH (200 nM) and tyrosinase activities, cellular melanin content, mRNA levels of several important genes involved in melanogenesis including AhR, CTNNB1, TYR2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were measured as endpoints. Exposure to α-MSH led to elevated expression of AhR, CTNNB1, MITF, and TYR in accordance with increased tyrosinase enzyme activity as well as a significant rise in the total melanin content. Our results suggest that AhR plays a regulatory role in α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaffarian Bahraman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48435Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.,Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48435Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48435Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Arabnezhad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48435Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Afshin Mohammadi-Bardbori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48435Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
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19
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Iraji A, Adelpour T, Edraki N, Khoshneviszadeh M, Miri R, Khoshneviszadeh M. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking analysis of vaniline-benzylidenehydrazine hybrids as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. BMC Chem 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32280949 PMCID: PMC7137441 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, 11 novel compounds based on vaniline and benzylidenehydrazine structure were synthesized with various substituents on phenyl aromatic ring of the molecule and evaluated as tyrosinase inhibitors. These new derivatives showed significant anti-tyrosinase activities, among which 4i demonstrated to be the most potent compound, with IC50 values of 1.58 µM . The structure–activity relationship study of the novel constructed analogs was fully discussed. Kinetic study of compound 4i showed uncompetitive inhibition towards tyrosinase. Furthermore, the high potency of 4i was supported theoretically by molecular docking evaluations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- 1Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tina Adelpour
- 2Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- 1Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- 1Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Miri
- 1Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- 1Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,2Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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20
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Morikura T, Miyata S. Effect of Mechanical Compression on Invasion Process of Malignant Melanoma Using In Vitro Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Device. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100666. [PMID: 31575066 PMCID: PMC6843826 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma in the plantar surface of the foot is subjected to various mechanical stimuli generated by daily human activity such as walking. Some studies have reported that mechanical compression affects the development and progression of melanoma. However, little is known about how mechanical compression affects the behavior of malignant melanoma cells in a physiological condition due to the complexity of the invasion mechanisms. In this study, we developed an in vitro three-dimensional cell culture device using microporous membrane in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical compression on the invasion process of malignant melanoma. Our results suggest that the invasion of melanoma cells under the compressive stress for 8 h of culture was promoted with the elongation of F-actin filaments compared to control groups, whereas there was no significant difference between both groups at 32 h of culture, with increasing cell death associated with promoting melanin synthesis. The results of this study contribute to the elucidation of the invasion mechanisms of malignant melanoma caused by mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Morikura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shogo Miyata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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21
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Murtas D, Pilloni L, Diana A, Casula L, Tomei S, Piras F, Ferreli C, Maxia C, Perra MT. Tyrosinase and nestin immunohistochemical expression in melanocytic nevi as a histopathologic pattern to trace melanocyte differentiation and nevogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:175-185. [PMID: 30232588 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While histological analysis represents a powerful tool for the classification of melanocytic lesions as benign or malignant, a clear-cut distinction between a nevus and a melanoma is sometimes a challenging step of the diagnostic process. The immunohistochemical detection of tyrosinase, cardinal melanogenic enzyme during melanocytic maturation, has often been helpful in formulating a differential diagnosis due to the peculiar staining pattern in nevocytes compared with melanoma cells. Tyrosinase distribution in nevi appears to overlap with the cytoarchitectural changes observable within these lesions, that result in epidermal or superficial dermal nevocytes being larger and strongly expressing melanocytic differentiation antigens, such as tyrosinase, compared with deeper dermal nevus cells. Our study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression pattern of tyrosinase in different histological types of acquired dysplastic melanocytic nevi, including junctional, compound, and intradermal nevi. Moreover, to estimate whether in nevocytes the expression of tyrosinase was associated with their differentiation state, we investigated the expression of two recognized markers of pluripotency, CD34 and nestin. In all examined nevi, our analysis revealed a remarkable immunoreactivity for tyrosinase in junctional and superficial dermal nevocytes and a decreasing gradient of staining in dermal nevocytes, up to become negative in deeper dermis. Meanwhile, junctional and dermal nevocytes were lacking in CD34 protein. Furthermore, nestin immunostaining showed an opposite distribution compared with tyrosinase, leading us to look into the tyrosinase/nestin expression pattern in melanocytic nevus as a tool to better understand the final stages of differentiation of melanocyte precursors toward their ultimate anatomical site into the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Murtas
- Section of Cytomorphology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Luca Pilloni
- Section of Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Diana
- Section of Cytomorphology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Laura Casula
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Tomei
- Omics Core and Biorepository, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Franca Piras
- Section of Cytomorphology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Ferreli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Maxia
- Section of Cytomorphology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Perra
- Section of Cytomorphology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
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Amini F, Thazin Oo NM, Okechukwu PN, Seghayat MS, Ng ESC. Polymorphisms in P53 and VEGFA genes in different subtypes of periorbital hyperpigmentation in a Malaysian Chinese population. Australas J Dermatol 2018; 60:e99-e104. [PMID: 30215845 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The unknown pathogenesis of periorbital hyperpigmentation makes its treatment difficult. Existing evidence links p53 and VEGFA genes with skin hyperpigmentation. This study was aimed at (i) identifying the clinical pattern of periorbital hyperpigmentation; and (ii) detecting the presence of VEGFA and P53 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in different subtypes of periorbital hyperpigmentation in Malaysian Chinese. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among Malaysian Chinese. Clinical assessments were performed, and medical history was collected. Three regions of p53 and two of VEGFA were amplified by PCR followed by direct sequencing using saliva-extracted DNA. RESULTS Eighty-four participants were recruited (average age 22.2 years). In the majority (n = 62), both eyelids were affected. Facial pigmentary, demarcation lines, tear trough and eye bags were not observed. Mixed (pigmented-vascular) was the most common subtype. Thirteen SNPs were found, nine of which are new. Only three out of 13 SNPs showed significant association with periorbital hyperpigmentation presentation. TA genotype in rs1437756379 (p53) was significantly more prevalent among participants with mixed subtype (P = 0.011) while AC genotype in rs1377053612 (VEGFA) was significantly more prevalent among pigmented subtype (P = 0.028). AA genotype in rs1479430148 (VEGFA) was significantly associated with allergic rhinitis in mixed subtype (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Mixed subtype was the most prevalent type of periorbital hyperpigmentation in the study population. Three polymorphisms in p53 and VEGFA genes were statistically linked with different clinical presentations of periorbital hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Amini
- School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naw May Thazin Oo
- School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Marjan Sadat Seghayat
- School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Edmond Siah Chye Ng
- School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Ali SA, Naaz I. Biochemical aspects of mammalian melanocytes and the emerging role of melanocyte stem cells in dermatological therapies. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2018; 12:69-76. [PMID: 29623021 PMCID: PMC5870308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color in animals is richer than human beings and is determined by different types of pigments. Melanin is the key pigment responsible for the diverse pigmentation found in animal and human skin, hair, and eyes. Melanin pigment is synthesized by melanocytes and is consecutively transferred to adjacent keratinocytes; here, it acts as an internal sunscreen to defend from ultraviolet (UV) damage. Any defect in the process of melanocytes development and/or melanin synthesis results in esthetic problem of abnormal pigmentation. Clinically, abnormal pigmentation displays distinct increased or reduced pigment levels, known as hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. These defects affect either the melanocyte number or its function. Herein, we discuss the fundamental aspects of melanocytes/melanin biology taken together the underlying cause of pigmentary disorders. The current chapter also gives an insight into the melanocyte stem cells biology, which in turn can facilitate the development of novel treatment regimens for dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharique A. Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sharique A. Ali, Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Phone: +91-9893 015818. E-mail:
| | - Ishrat Naaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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24
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Ralser DJ, Basmanav FBÜ, Tafazzoli A, Wititsuwannakul J, Delker S, Danda S, Thiele H, Wolf S, Busch M, Pulimood SA, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Lacombe D, Hillen U, Wenzel J, Frank J, Odermatt B, Betz RC. Mutations in γ-secretase subunit-encoding PSENEN underlie Dowling-Degos disease associated with acne inversa. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1485-1490. [PMID: 28287404 DOI: 10.1172/jci90667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dowling-Degos disease (DDD) is an autosomal-dominant disorder of skin pigmentation associated with mutations in keratin 5 (KRT5), protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), or protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 (POGLUT1). Here, we have identified 6 heterozygous truncating mutations in PSENEN, encoding presenilin enhancer protein 2, in 6 unrelated patients and families with DDD in whom mutations in KRT5, POFUT1, and POGLUT1 have been excluded. Further examination revealed that the histopathologic feature of follicular hyperkeratosis distinguished these 6 patients from previously studied individuals with DDD. Knockdown of psenen in zebrafish larvae resulted in a phenotype with scattered pigmentation that mimicked human DDD. In the developing zebrafish larvae, in vivo monitoring of pigment cells suggested that disturbances in melanocyte migration and differentiation underlie the DDD pathogenesis associated with PSENEN. Six of the PSENEN mutation carriers presented with comorbid acne inversa (AI), an inflammatory hair follicle disorder, and had a history of nicotine abuse and/or obesity, which are known trigger factors for AI. Previously, PSENEN mutations were identified in familial AI, and comanifestation of DDD and AI has been reported for decades. The present work suggests that PSENEN mutations can indeed cause a comanifestation of DDD and AI that is likely triggered by predisposing factors for AI. Thus, the present report describes a DDD subphenotype in PSENEN mutation carriers that is associated with increased susceptibility to AI.
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Eroh GD, Clayton FC, Florell SR, Cassidy PB, Chirife A, Marón CF, Valenzuela LO, Campbell MS, Seger J, Rowntree VJ, Leachman SA. Cellular and ultrastructural characterization of the grey-morph phenotype in southern right whales (Eubalaena australis). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171449. [PMID: 28170433 PMCID: PMC5295704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern right whales (SRWs, Eubalena australis) are polymorphic for an X-linked pigmentation pattern known as grey morphism. Most SRWs have completely black skin with white patches on their bellies and occasionally on their backs; these patches remain white as the whale ages. Grey morphs (previously referred to as partial albinos) appear mostly white at birth, with a splattering of rounded black marks; but as the whales age, the white skin gradually changes to a brownish grey color. The cellular and developmental bases of grey morphism are not understood. Here we describe cellular and ultrastructural features of grey-morph skin in relation to that of normal, wild-type skin. Melanocytes were identified histologically and counted, and melanosomes were measured using transmission electron microscopy. Grey-morph skin had fewer melanocytes when compared to wild-type skin, suggesting reduced melanocyte survival, migration, or proliferation in these whales. Grey-morph melanocytes had smaller melanosomes relative to wild-type skin, normal transport of melanosomes to surrounding keratinocytes, and normal localization of melanin granules above the keratinocyte nuclei. These findings indicate that SRW grey-morph pigmentation patterns are caused by reduced numbers of melanocytes in the skin, as well as by reduced amounts of melanin production and/or reduced sizes of mature melanosomes. Grey morphism is distinct from piebaldism and albinism found in other species, which are genetic pigmentation conditions resulting from the local absence of melanocytes, or the inability to synthesize melanin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy D. Eroh
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fred C. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Florell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Pamela B. Cassidy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea Chirife
- Programa de Monitoreo Sanitario Ballena Franca Austral, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Carina F. Marón
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano O. Valenzuela
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael S. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Jon Seger
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Victoria J. Rowntree
- Programa de Monitoreo Sanitario Ballena Franca Austral, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ocean Alliance/Whale Conservation Institute, Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sancy A. Leachman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Discovery of a new type of scaffold for the creation of novel tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4509-4515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Wolf Horrell EM, Boulanger MC, D’Orazio JA. Melanocortin 1 Receptor: Structure, Function, and Regulation. Front Genet 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27303435 PMCID: PMC4885833 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a melanocytic Gs protein coupled receptor that regulates skin pigmentation, UV responses, and melanoma risk. It is a highly polymorphic gene, and loss of function correlates with a fair, UV-sensitive, and melanoma-prone phenotype due to defective epidermal melanization and sub-optimal DNA repair. MC1R signaling, achieved through adenylyl cyclase activation and generation of the second messenger cAMP, is hormonally controlled by the positive agonist melanocortin, the negative agonist agouti signaling protein, and the neutral antagonist β-defensin 3. Activation of cAMP signaling up-regulates melanin production and deposition in the epidermis which functions to limit UV penetration into the skin and enhances nucleotide excision repair (NER), the genomic stability pathway responsible for clearing UV photolesions from DNA to avoid mutagenesis. Herein we review MC1R structure and function and summarize our laboratory's findings on the molecular mechanisms by which MC1R signaling impacts NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Wolf Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary C. Boulanger
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
| | - John A. D’Orazio
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
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Yin L, Coelho SG, Valencia JC, Ebsen D, Mahns A, Smuda C, Miller SA, Beer JZ, Kolbe L, Hearing VJ. Identification of Genes Expressed in Hyperpigmented Skin Using Meta-Analysis of Microarray Data Sets. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2455-2463. [PMID: 25950827 PMCID: PMC4567955 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
More than 375 genes have been identified that are involved in regulating skin pigmentation, and those act during development, survival, differentiation and/or responses of melanocytes to the environment. Many of those genes have been cloned and disruptions of their functions are associated with various pigmentary diseases, however many remain to be identified. We have performed a series of microarray analyses of hyperpigmented compared to less pigmented skin to identify genes responsible for those differences. The rationale and goal for this study was to perform a meta-analysis on those microarray databases to identify genes that may be significantly involved in regulating skin phenotype either directly or indirectly that might not have been identified due to subtle differences by any of those individual studies alone. The meta-analysis demonstrates that 1,271 probes representing 921 genes are differentially expressed at significant levels in the 5 microarray datasets compared, which provides new insights into the variety of genes involved in determining skin phenotype. Immunohistochemistry was used to validate 2 of those markers at the protein level (TRIM63 and QPCT) and we discuss the possible functions of those genes in regulating skin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julio C Valencia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominik Ebsen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Mahns
- R&D Skin Research, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sharon A Miller
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Janusz Z Beer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- R&D Skin Research, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Vincent J Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Gautam P, Chaurasia A, Bhattacharya A, Grover R, Mukerji M, Natarajan VT. Population diversity and adaptive evolution in keratinization genes: impact of environment in shaping skin phenotypes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:555-73. [PMID: 25534032 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the role of climatic factors in shaping skin phenotypes, particularly pigmentation. Keratinization is another well-designed feature of human skin, which is involved in modulating transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Although this physiological process is closely linked to climate, presently it is not clear whether genetic diversity is observed in keratinization and whether this process also responds to the environmental pressure. To address this, we adopted a multipronged approach, which involved analysis of 1) copy number variations in diverse Indian and HapMap populations from varied geographical regions; 2) genetic association with geoclimatic parameters in 61 populations of dbCLINE database in a set of 549 genes from four processes namely keratinization, pigmentation, epidermal differentiation, and housekeeping functions; 3) sequence divergence in 4,316 orthologous promoters and corresponding exonic regions of human and chimpanzee with macaque as outgroup, and 4) protein sequence divergence (Ka/Ks) across nine vertebrate classes, which differ in their extent of TEWL. Our analyses demonstrate that keratinization and epidermal differentiation genes are under accelerated evolution in the human lineage, relative to pigmentation and housekeeping genes. We show that this entire pathway may have been driven by environmental selection pressure through concordant functional polymorphisms across several genes involved in skin keratinization. Remarkably, this underappreciated function of skin may be a crucial determinant of adaptation to diverse environmental pressures across world populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Gautam
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Chaurasia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Aniket Bhattacharya
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Grover
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Delhi, India Systems Biology Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Mitali Mukerji
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Delhi, India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Delhi, India Systems Biology Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Yin L, Coelho SG, Ebsen D, Smuda C, Mahns A, Miller SA, Beer JZ, Kolbe L, Hearing VJ. Epidermal gene expression and ethnic pigmentation variations among individuals of Asian, European and African ancestry. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:731-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Sergio G. Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Dominik Ebsen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | | | - Andre Mahns
- R&D Skin Research; Beiersdorf AG; Hamburg Germany
| | - Sharon A. Miller
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Janusz Z. Beer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- R&D Skin Research; Beiersdorf AG; Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincent J. Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
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Taloni A, Alemi AA, Ciusani E, Sethna JP, Zapperi S, La Porta CAM. Mechanical properties of growing melanocytic nevi and the progression to melanoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94229. [PMID: 24709938 PMCID: PMC3978068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi are benign proliferations that sometimes turn into malignant melanoma in a way that is still unclear from the biochemical and genetic point of view. Diagnostic and prognostic tools are then mostly based on dermoscopic examination and morphological analysis of histological tissues. To investigate the role of mechanics and geometry in the morpholgical dynamics of melanocytic nevi, we study a computation model for cell proliferation in a layered non-linear elastic tissue. Numerical simulations suggest that the morphology of the nevus is correlated to the initial location of the proliferating cell starting the growth process and to the mechanical properties of the tissue. Our results also support that melanocytes are subject to compressive stresses that fluctuate widely in the nevus and depend on the growth stage. Numerical simulations of cells in the epidermis releasing matrix metalloproteinases display an accelerated invasion of the dermis by destroying the basal membrane. Moreover, we suggest experimentally that osmotic stress and collagen inhibit growth in primary melanoma cells while the effect is much weaker in metastatic cells. Knowing that morphological features of nevi might also reflect geometry and mechanics rather than malignancy could be relevant for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Taloni
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander A. Alemi
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - James P. Sethna
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Turin, Italy
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Zhang L, Ma P, Collery R, Trowbridge S, Zhang M, Zhong W, Leung YF. Expression profiling of the RPE in zebrafish smarca4 mutant revealed altered signals that potentially affect RPE and retinal differentiation. Mol Vis 2014; 20:56-72. [PMID: 24426776 PMCID: PMC3888495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for analyzing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) expression profiles from zebrafish eye mutants. METHODS The fish model we used was SWI/SNF-related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (smarca4), a retinal dystrophic mutant with a previously described retinal phenotype and expression profiles. Histological and Affymetrix GeneChip analyses were conducted to characterize the RPE defects and underlying differential expression, respectively. RESULTS Histological analysis revealed that smarca4 RPE was formed, but its differentiation was abnormal. In particular, ultrastructural analysis of smarca4 RPE by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated several defects in melanogenesis. The nature of these defects also suggests that the cytoskeletal dynamics, which are tightly linked with melanogenesis, were impaired in smarca4 RPE. To compare the expression profile of normal wild-type (WT) and smarca4 RPE, the gene expression profiles of microdissected retinas and RPE-attached retinas were measured with Affymetrix GeneChip analysis. The RPE expression values were then estimated from these samples by subtracting the retinal expression values from the expression values of the RPE-attached retinas. A factorial analysis was conducted using the expression values of the RPE, retinal, and whole-embryo samples. Specific rules (contrasts) were built using the coefficients of the resulting fitted models to select for three groups of genes: 1) smarca4-regulated RPE genes, 2) smarca4-regulated retinal genes, and 3) smarca4-regulated RPE genes that are not differentially expressed in the retina. Interestingly, the third group consists of 39 genes that are highly related to cytoskeletal dynamics, melanogenesis, and paracrine and intracellular signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS Our analytical framework provides an experimental approach to identify differentially-regulated genes in the retina and the RPE of zebrafish mutants in which both of these tissues are affected by the underlying mutation. Specifically, we have used the method to identify a group of 39 genes that can potentially explain the melanogenesis defect in the smarca4 RPE. In addition, several genes in this group are secreted signaling molecules. Thus, this observation further implicates that the smarca4 RPE might play a role in the retinal dystrophic phenotype in smarca4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ross Collery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Sara Trowbridge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhong
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Yuk Fai Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN
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