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Shanmugasundaram KB, Ahmed E, Miao X, Kulasinghe A, Fletcher JA, Monkman J, Mainwaring P, Masud MK, Park H, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Sina AAI, O'Byrne K, Wuethrich A, Trau M. A Mesoporous Gold Sensor Unveils Phospho PD-L1 in Extracellular Vesicles as a Proxy for PD-L1 Expression in Lung Cancer Tissue. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3009-3016. [PMID: 38836608 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), or its receptor, PD-1 have improved survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Assessment of PD-L1 expression requires tissue biopsy or fine needle aspiration that are currently used to identify patients most likely to respond to single agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. However, obtaining sufficient tissue to generate a PD-L1 tissue proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50% using immunohistochemistry remains a challenge that potentially may be overcome by liquid biopsies. This study utilized a mesoporous gold sensor (MGS) assay to examine the phosphorylation status of PD-L1 in plasma extracellular vesicles (EV pPD-L1) and PD-L1 levels in plasma from NSCLC patient samples and their association with tumor PD-L1 TPS. The 3-dimensional mesoporous network of the electrodes provides a large surface area, high signal-to-noise ratio, and a superior electro-conductive framework, thereby significantly improving the detection sensitivity of PD-L1 nanosensing. Test (n = 20) (Pearson's r = 0.99) and validation (n = 45) (Pearson's r = 0.99) cohorts show that EV pPD-L1 status correlates linearly with the tumor PD-L1 TPS assessed by immunohistochemistry irrespective of the tumor stage, with 64% of patients overall showing detectable EV pPD-L1 levels in plasma. In contrast to the EV pPD-L1 results, plasma PD-L1 levels did not correlate with the tumor PD-L1 TPS score or EV pPD-L1 levels. These data demonstrate that EV pPD-L1 levels may be used to select patients for appropriate PD-1 and PD-L1 ICI therapy regimens in early, locally advanced, and advanced NSCLC and should be tested further in randomized controlled trials. Most importantly, the assay used has a less than 24h turnaround time, facilitating adoption of the test into the routine diagnostic evaluation of patients prior to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik B Shanmugasundaram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emtiaz Ahmed
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xinzhe Miao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - James A Fletcher
- Division of Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - James Monkman
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Paul Mainwaring
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hyeongyu Park
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Abu A I Sina
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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2
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Kosutova N, Lorencova L, Hires M, Jane E, Orovcik L, Kollar J, Kozics K, Gabelova A, Ukraintsev E, Rezek B, Kasak P, Cernocka H, Ostatna V, Blahutova J, Vikartovska A, Bertok T, Tkac J. Negative Charge-Carrying Glycans Attached to Exosomes as Novel Liquid Biopsy Marker. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1128. [PMID: 38400284 PMCID: PMC10892626 DOI: 10.3390/s24041128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer. In this paper, the isolation and properties of exosomes as potential novel liquid biopsy markers for early PCa liquid biopsy diagnosis are investigated using two prostate human cell lines, i.e., benign (control) cell line RWPE1 and carcinoma cell line 22Rv1. Exosomes produced by both cell lines are characterised by various methods including nanoparticle-tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is used to study three different receptors on the exosomal surface (CD63, CD81 and prostate-specific membrane antigen-PMSA), implementing monoclonal antibodies and identifying the type of glycans present on the surface of exosomes using lectins (glycan-recognising proteins). Electrochemical analysis is used to understand the interfacial properties of exosomes. The results indicate that cancerous exosomes are smaller, are produced at higher concentrations, and exhibit more nega tive zeta potential than the control exosomes. The SPR experiments confirm that negatively charged α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acid-containing glycans are found in greater abundance on carcinoma exosomes, whereas bisecting and branched glycans are more abundant in the control exosomes. The SPR results also show that a sandwich antibody/exosomes/lectins configuration could be constructed for effective glycoprofiling of exosomes as a novel liquid biopsy marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kosutova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Lenka Lorencova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Michal Hires
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Eduard Jane
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Lubomir Orovcik
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9/6319, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Kollar
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kozics
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia (A.G.)
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia (A.G.)
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.U.); (B.R.)
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.U.); (B.R.)
| | - Peter Kasak
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Hana Cernocka
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.C.)
| | - Veronika Ostatna
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.C.)
| | - Jana Blahutova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Alica Vikartovska
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia (L.L.); (E.J.)
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3
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Ding Z, Wei Y, Han F, Zhang X, Xu Z. DNA-Driven Photothermal Amplification Transducer for Highly Sensitive Visual Determination of Extracellular Vesicles. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2282-2289. [PMID: 37246908 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial focus of current biomedical research and future medical diagnosis. However, the requirement for specialized sophisticated instruments for quantitative readouts has limited the sensitive measurement of EVs to specialized laboratory settings, which in turn has limited bench-to-bedside translation of EV-based liquid biopsies. In this work, a straightforward temperature-output platform based on a DNA-driven photothermal amplification transducer was developed for the highly sensitive visual detection of EVs using a simple household thermometer. The EVs were specifically recognized by the antibody-aptamer sandwich immune-configuration that was constructed on portable microplates. Via a one-pot reaction, cutting-mediated exponential rolling circle amplification was initiated in situ on the EV surface, generating substantial G-quadruplex-DNA-hemin conjugates. Significant amplification in temperature was achieved from the effective photothermal conversion and regulation guided by the G-quadruplex-DNA-hemin conjugates in the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine-H2O2 system. Through obvious temperature outputs, the DNA-driven photothermal transducer enabled highly sensitive EV detection at close to the single-particle level and supported the highly specific identification of tumor-derived EVs directly in serum samples, without the requirement of any sophisticated instrument or labeling process. Benefiting from highly sensitive visual quantification, an easy-to-use readout, and portable detection, this photothermometric strategy is expected to be deliverable across professional on-site screening to home self-testing as EV-based liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Ding
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yunyun Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fei Han
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Kowalczyk A, Gajda-Walczak A, Ruzycka-Ayoush M, Targonska A, Mosieniak G, Glogowski M, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Nowicka AM, Grudzinski IP. Parallel SPR and QCM-D Quantitative Analysis of CD9, CD63, and CD81 Tetraspanins: A Simple and Sensitive Way to Determine the Concentration of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Human Lung Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37307147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins, including CD9, CD63, and CD81, are transmembrane biomarkers that play a crucial role in regulating cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as plasma membrane dynamics and protein trafficking. In this study, we developed simple, fast, and sensitive immunosensors to determine the concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from human lung cancer cells using tetraspanins as biomarkers. We employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) as detectors. The monoclonal antibodies targeting CD9, CD63, and CD81 were oriented vertically in the receptor layer using either a protein A sensor chip (SPR) or a cysteamine layer that modified the gold crystal (QCM-D) without the use of amplifiers. The SPR studies demonstrated that the interaction of EVs with antibodies could be described by the two-state reaction model. Furthermore, the EVs' affinity to monoclonal antibodies against tetraspanins decreased in the following order: CD9, CD63, and CD81, as confirmed by the QCM-D studies. The results indicated that the developed immunosensors were characterized by high stability, a wide analytical range from 6.1 × 104 particles·mL-1 to 6.1 × 107 particles·mL-1, and a low detection limit (0.6-1.8) × 104 particles·mL-1. A very good agreement between the results obtained using the SPR and QCM-D detectors and nanoparticle tracking analysis demonstrated that the developed immunosensors could be successfully applied to clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalczyk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Street 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gajda-Walczak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Street 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ruzycka-Ayoush
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Streer 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Targonska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura Street 3, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura Street 3, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Glogowski
- Department of Lung Cancer and Chest Tumors, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena Street 5, PL-02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Cieckiewicz
- Department of Cancer Pathomorphology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena Street 5, PL-02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Department of Cancer Pathomorphology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena Street 5, PL-02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Streer 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Street 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Streer 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Lu R, Zhao B, Yang L, Zheng S, Zan X, Li N. Role of Driving Force on Engineering Layer-by-Layer Protein/Polyphenol Coating with Flexible Structures and Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20551-20562. [PMID: 37052959 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based coatings are of immense interest due to their rich biological functions. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, as a powerful means of transferring protein functions to the material surface, has received widespread attention. However, the assembly mechanism of protein-based LbL coatings is still far from being explained, not only because of protein structure and function diversity but also characterization limitations. Herein, we monitored in situ the LbL assembly process of tannic acid (TA) and lysozyme (Lyz), a classic pair of polyphenol and protein, by combining quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The water content, morphology, mechanical properties, antioxidant activity, and the driving force of TA-Lyz coating engineered under different pH values were analyzed in detail by various techniques. The water content, a key factor in TA-Lyz coatings, increased with increasing assembled pH values, which resulted in a porous morphology, inhomogeneous mechanical distribution, faster assembly growth, and better antioxidant activity in both acellular and cellular levels. In addition, high water content is unfavorable to both entropy and enthalpy changes, and the thermodynamic driving force of TA and Lyz assembly mainly comes from the enthalpy change brought by the noncovalent interaction between TA and Lyz. These results provide new insights into engineering the structure, function, and assembly mechanisms of protein-based coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bingyang Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li Yang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Shengwu Zheng
- Wenzhou Celecare Medical Instruments Co., Ltd, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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Suthar J, Alvarez-Fernandez A, Osarfo-Mensah E, Angioletti-Uberti S, Williams GR, Guldin S. Amplified EQCM-D detection of extracellular vesicles using 2D gold nanostructured arrays fabricated by block copolymer self-assembly. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:460-472. [PMID: 36825603 PMCID: PMC10042438 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are routinely released from nearly all cell types as transport vehicles and for cell communication. Crucially, they contain biomolecular content for the identification of health and disease states that can be detected from readily accessible physiological fluids, including urine, plasma, or saliva. Despite their clinical utility within noninvasive diagnostic platforms such as liquid biopsies, the currently available portfolio of analytical approaches are challenged by EV heterogeneity in size and composition, as well as the complexity of native biofluids. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has recently emerged as a powerful alternative for the phenotypic detection of EVs, offering multiple modes of analyte discrimination by frequency and dissipation. While providing rich data for sensor development, further progress is required to reduce detection limits and fully exploit the technique's potential within biosensing. Herein, we investigate the impact of nanostructuring the sensor electrode surface for enhancing its detection capabilities. We employ self-assembly of the block copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) to create well defined 2D gold islands via selective impregnation of the pyridine domain with gold precursors and subsequent removal of the template. When matched to the EV length scale, we find a 4-fold improvement in sensitivity despite a 4-fold reduction in area for analyte and ligand anchoring in comparison to a flat sensor surface. Creation of tailored and confined sensing regions interspersed by non-binding silica provides optimal spatial orientation for EV capture with reduced steric effects and negative cooperativity of grafted antibodies, offering a promising route for facilitated binding and enhanced performance of sensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Esther Osarfo-Mensah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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Yoshimine H, Sasaki K, Furusawa H. Pocketable Biosensor Based on Quartz-Crystal Microbalance and Its Application to DNA Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:281. [PMID: 36616883 PMCID: PMC9824590 DOI: 10.3390/s23010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) is a technique that can measure nanogram-order masses. When a receptor is immobilized on the sensor surface of a QCM device, the device can detect chemical molecules captured by the mass change. Although QCM devices have been applied to biosensors that detect biomolecules without labels for biomolecular interaction analysis, most highly sensitive QCM devices are benchtop devices. We considered the fabrication of an IC card-sized QCM device that is both portable and battery-powered. Its miniaturization was achieved by repurposing electronic components and film batteries from smartphones and wearable devices. To demonstrate the applicability of the card-sized QCM device as a biosensor, DNA-detection experiments were performed. The card-sized QCM device could detect specific 10-mer DNA chains while discerning single-base differences with a sensitivity similar to that of a conventional benchtop device. The card-sized QCM device can be used in laboratories and in various other fields as a mass sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshimine
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kai Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
- Institute for the Promotion of General Graduate Education (IPGE), Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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