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Goonetilleke D, Suard E, Bergner B, Janek J, Brezesinski T, Bianchini M. In situ neutron diffraction to investigate the solid-state synthesis of Ni-rich cathode materials. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1066-1075. [PMID: 37555229 PMCID: PMC10405595 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying chemical reactions in real time can provide unparalleled insight into the evolution of intermediate species and can provide guidance to optimize the reaction conditions. For solid-state synthesis reactions, powder diffraction has been demonstrated as an effective tool for resolving the structural evolution taking place upon heating. The synthesis of layered Ni-rich transition-metal oxides at a large scale (grams to kilograms) is highly relevant as these materials are commonly employed as cathodes for Li-ion batteries. In this work, in situ neutron diffraction was used to monitor the reaction mechanism during the high-temperature synthesis of Ni-rich cathode materials with a varying ratio of Ni:Mn from industrially relevant hydroxide precursors. Rietveld refinement was further used to model the observed phase evolution during synthesis and compare the behaviour of the materials as a function of temperature. The results presented herein confirm the suitability of in situ neutron diffraction to investigate the synthesis of batches of several grams of electrode materials with well-controlled stoichiometry. Furthermore, monitoring the structural evolution of the mixtures with varying Ni:Mn content in real time reveals a delayed onset of li-thia-tion as the Mn content is increased, necessitating the use of higher annealing temperatures to achieve layering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Goonetilleke
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Suard
- Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL), BP 156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jürgen Janek
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Brezesinski
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matteo Bianchini
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory (BELLA), Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- University of Bayreuth, Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt), Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Kasai H, Liu J, Xu CN, Nishibori E. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction under high pressures up to 33 MPa for mechanoresponsive materials. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:555-560. [PMID: 36897393 PMCID: PMC10161880 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752300108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Equipment for synchrotron X-ray diffraction at high pressures up to 33 MPa with an accuracy of ±0.1 MPa using a liquid as a pressure-transmitting medium has been developed. This equipment enables atomic-scale observation of the structural change of mechanoresponsive materials under applied pressures. The validity of the equipment is demonstrated by observation of the pressure dependence of the lattice parameters of copper. The observed bulk modulus of copper was found to be 139 (13) GPa which is a good agreement with the literature value. The developed equipment was subsequently applied to a repeatable mechanoluminescence material, Li0.12Na0.88NbO3:Pr3+. The bulk modulus and compressibility along the a and c axes were determined as 79 (9) GPa, 0.0048 (6) GPa-1 and 0.0030 (9) GPa-1, respectively, for the R3c phase. The advance of high-pressure X-ray diffraction will play an important role in understanding mechanoresponsive materials towards their atomic-scale design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kasai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 807-1 Shuku-machi, Tosu, Saga 841-0052, Japan
| | - Chao Nan Xu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 807-1 Shuku-machi, Tosu, Saga 841-0052, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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3
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Pflug C, Rudolph D, Schleid T, Kohlmann H. Hydrogenation Reaction Pathways and Crystal Structures of La
2
H
2
Se, La
2
H
3
Se and La
2
H
4
Se. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pflug
- Leipzig University Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Daniel Rudolph
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Thomas Schleid
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Leipzig University Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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Finger R, Hansen TC, Kohlmann H. A double-walled sapphire single-crystal gas-pressure cell (type III) for in situ neutron diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:67-73. [PMID: 35145356 PMCID: PMC8805162 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ neutron diffraction is an important characterization technique for the investigation of many functional materials, e.g. for hydrogen uptake and release in hydrogen storage materials. A new sapphire single-crystal gas-pressure cell for elastic neutron scattering has been developed and evaluated; it allows conditions of 298 K and 9.5 MPa hydrogen pressure and 1110 K at ambient pressure. The pressure vessel consists of a sapphire single-crystal tube of 35 mm radius and a sapphire single-crystal crucible as sample holder. Heating is realized by two 100 W diode lasers. It is optimized for the D20 diffractometer, ILL, Grenoble, France, and requires the use of a radial oscillating collimator. Its advantages over earlier sapphire single-crystal gas-pressure cells are higher maximum temperatures and lower background at low and high diffraction angles. The deuterium uptake in palladium was followed in situ for validation, proving the potential of the type-III gas-pressure cell for in situ neutron diffraction on solid-gas reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Finger
- Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johanisallee 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Hansen
- Institut Laue–Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johanisallee 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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5
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Finger R, Hansen TC, Kohlmann H. Simultaneous neutron powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy – an approach of combining two complementary techniques. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2021-2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffraction techniques are well-established methods for crystal structure determination as well as phase identification and quantification. Raman spectroscopy can be a valuable complementary characterization technique, because in contrast to the former it yields also information on amorphous materials and it is a probe for short-range structural effects. The herein presented setup allows for simultaneous neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, shown with a sample of lead sulfate under ambient conditions as a proof of principle. In order to fulfil requirements of both methods, a sapphire single-crystal is used as a sample holder. Practical considerations for successful simultaneous in situ neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic measurements are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Finger
- Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johanisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Thomas C. Hansen
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig , Johannisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
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Penner S. How the in situ monitoring of bulk crystalline phases during catalyst activation results in a better understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. CrystEngComm 2021; 23:6470-6480. [PMID: 34602861 PMCID: PMC8474056 DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The present Highlight article shows the importance of the in situ monitoring of bulk crystalline compounds for a more thorough understanding of heterogeneous catalysts at the intersection of catalysis, materials science, crystallography and inorganic chemistry. Although catalytic action is widely regarded as a purely surface-bound phenomenon, there is increasing evidence that bulk processes can detrimentally or beneficially influence the catalytic properties of various material classes. Such bulk processes include polymorphic transformations, formation of oxygen-deficient structures, transient phases and the formation of a metal-oxide composite. The monitoring of these processes and the subsequent establishment of structure-property relationships are most effective if carried out in situ under real operation conditions. By focusing on synchrotron-based in situ X-ray diffraction as the perfect tool to follow the evolution of crystalline species, we exemplify the strength of the concept with five examples from various areas of catalytic research. As catalyst activation studies are increasingly becoming a hot topic in heterogeneous catalysis, the (self-)activation of oxide- and intermetallic compound-based materials during methanol steam and methane dry reforming is highlighted. The perovskite LaNiO3 is selected as an example to show the complex structural dynamics before and during methane dry reforming, which is only revealed upon monitoring all intermediate crystalline species in the transformation from LaNiO3 into Ni/La2O3/La2O2CO3. ZrO2-based materials form the second group, indicating the in situ decomposition of the intermetallic compound Cu51Zr14 into an epitaxially stabilized Cu/tetragonal ZrO2 composite during methanol steam reforming, the stability of a ZrO0.31C0.69 oxycarbide and the gas-phase dependence of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic ZrO2 polymorphic transformation. The latter is the key parameter to the catalytic understanding of ZrO2 and is only appreciated in full detail once it is possible to follow the individual steps of the transformation between the crystalline polymorphic structures. A selected example is devoted to how the monitoring of crystalline reactive carbon during methane dry reforming operation aids in the mechanistic understanding of a Ni/MnO catalyst. The most important aspect is the strict use of in situ monitoring of the structural changes occurring during (self-)activation to establish meaningful structure-property relationships allowing conclusions beyond isolated surface chemical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck Innrain 52c A-6020 Innsbruck Austria +4351250758003
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Grinderslev JB, Lee YS, Paskevicius M, Møller KT, Yan Y, Cho YW, Jensen TR. Ammonium–Ammonia Complexes, N2H7+, in Ammonium closo-Borate Ammines: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11449-11458. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B. Grinderslev
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Young-Su Lee
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute (FETI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Kasper T. Møller
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute (FETI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Yigang Yan
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Young Whan Cho
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Kohlmann H. Solid–gas reactions in synthetic chemistry: what can we learn from reaction pathways? RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of reaction pathways in the preparation of solids is usually rather scarce, which hinders synthesis planning and process control. This is particularly true for metastable compounds, which are a challenge for chemical synthesis, especially in the solid state. In situ studies can help in exploring the energy landscape around their local minimum by investigating formation and decomposition. Screening the multi-parameter space in synthetic chemistry is much more efficient using in as compared to ex situ methods. Studying solid–gas reactions in situ is demanding due to the oftentimes harsh conditions as for temperature and gas pressure. Examples are given for a variety of solids and applications, e.g., metal hydrides (hydrogen storage, hydrogenation – decomposition – desorption – recombination), intermetallics (heterogeneous catalysis), metal nitrides, nitride oxides and oxides (magnetic materials, photocatalysts). Many new metastable compounds with intriguing properties were discovered by such in situ studies in flowing or static gas atmosphere (H2, Ar, NH3, air) at elevated pressures and temperatures using a variety of in situ methods such as X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, thermal analysis, environmental scanning electron microscopy, Raman, NMR, UV-VIS and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The potential of unravelling reaction pathways of solid–gas reactions for improving syntheses and controlling chemical processes is demonstrated.
The bibliography includes 48 references.
Based on a talk given at the 5th EUCHEMS Inorganic Chemistry Conference (EICC-5, Moscow, Russia, 2019).
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10
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Grinderslev JB, Møller KT, Yan Y, Chen XM, Li Y, Li HW, Zhou W, Skibsted J, Chen X, Jensen TR. Potassium octahydridotriborate: diverse polymorphism in a potential hydrogen storage material and potassium ion conductor. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:8872-8881. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00742c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen storage properties and polymorphism in KB3H8. The order–disorder polymorphic transition results in disordered B3H8− anions, facilitating cation mobility.
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11
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Payandeh GharibDoust S, Heere M, Nervi C, Sørby MH, Hauback BC, Jensen TR. Synthesis, structure, and polymorphic transitions of praseodymium(iii) and neodymium(iii) borohydride, Pr(BH 4) 3 and Nd(BH 4) 3. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8307-8319. [PMID: 29892753 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, praseodymium(iii) borohydride, Pr(BH4)3, and an isotopically enriched analogue, Pr(11BD4)3, are prepared by a new route via a solvate complex, Pr(11BD4)3S(CH3)2. Nd(BH4)3 was synthesized using the same method and the structures, polymorphic transformations, and thermal stabilities of these compounds are investigated in detail. α-Pr(BH4)3 and α-Nd(BH4)3 are isostructural with cubic unit cells (Pa3[combining macron]) stable at room temperature (RT) and a unit cell volume per formula unit (V/Z) of 180.1 and 175.8 Å3, respectively. Heating α-Pr(BH4)3 to T ∼ 190 °C, p(Ar) = 1 bar, introduces a transition to a rhombohedral polymorph, r-Pr(BH4)3 (R3[combining macron]c) with a smaller unit cell volume and a denser structure, V/Z = 156.06 Å3. A similar transition was not observed for Nd(BH4)3. However, heat treatment of α-Pr(BH4)3, at T ∼ 190 °C, p(H2) = 40 bar and α-Nd(BH4)3, at T ∼ 270 °C, p(H2) = 98 bar facilitates reversible formation of another three cubic polymorph, denoted as β, β' and β''-RE(BH4)3 (Fm3[combining macron]c). Moreover, the transition β- to β'- to β''- is considered a rare example of stepwise negative thermal expansion. For Pr(BH4)3, ∼2/3 of the sample takes this route of transformation whereas in argon only ∼5 wt%, and the remaining transforms directly from α- to r-Pr(BH4)3. The β-polymorphs are porous with V/Z = 172.4 and 172.7 Å3 for β''-RE(BH4)3, RE = Pr or Nd, respectively, and are stabilized by the elevated hydrogen pressures. The polymorphic transitions occur due to rotation of RE(BH4)6 octahedra without breaking or forming chemical bonds. Structural DFT optimization reveals the decreasing stability of α-Pr(BH4)3 > β-Pr(BH4)3 > r-Pr(BH4)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedHosein Payandeh GharibDoust
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark.
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Karlsson D, Ek G, Cedervall J, Zlotea C, Møller KT, Hansen TC, Bednarčík J, Paskevicius M, Sørby MH, Jensen TR, Jansson U, Sahlberg M. Structure and Hydrogenation Properties of a HfNbTiVZr High-Entropy Alloy. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2103-2110. [PMID: 29389120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-entropy alloy (HEA) of HfNbTiVZr was synthesized using an arc furnace followed by ball milling. The hydrogen absorption mechanism was studied by in situ X-ray diffraction at different temperatures and by in situ and ex situ neutron diffraction experiments. The body centered cubic (BCC) metal phase undergoes a phase transformation to a body centered tetragonal (BCT) hydride phase with hydrogen occupying both tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites in the structure. Hydrogen cycling of the alloy at 500 °C is stable. The large lattice strain in the HEA seems favorable for absorption in both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. HEAs therefore have potential as hydrogen storage materials because of favorable absorption in all interstitial sites within the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Ek
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Cedervall
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Zlotea
- Université Paris Est, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (UMR7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Kasper Trans Møller
- Center for Materials Crystallography, iNANO, and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jozef Bednarčík
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Photon Science, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Center for Materials Crystallography, iNANO, and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Magnus Helgerud Sørby
- Institute for Energy Technology , Physics Department, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Torben René Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, iNANO, and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulf Jansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Sahlberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Reversible hydrogenation of the Zintl phases BaGe and BaSn studied by in situ diffraction. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2017-2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hydrogenation products of the Zintl phases AeTt (Ae = alkaline earth; Tt = tetrel) exhibit hydride anions on interstitial sites as well as hydrogen covalently bound to Tt which leads to a reversible hydrogenation at mild conditions. In situ thermal analysis, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction under hydrogen (deuterium for neutrons) pressure was applied to BaTt (Tt=Ge, Sn). BaTtHy (1<y<1.67, γ-phases) were formed at 5 MPa hydrogen pressure and elevated temperatures (400–450 K). Further heating (500–550 K) leads to a hydrogen release forming the new phases β-BaGeH0.5 (Pnma, a=1319.5(2) pm, b=421.46(2) pm, c=991.54(7) pm) and α-BaSnH0.19 (Cmcm, a=522.72(6) pm, b=1293.6(2) pm, c=463.97(6) pm). Upon cooling the hydrogen rich phases are reformed. Thermal decomposition of γ-BaGeHy under vacuum leads to β-BaGeH0.5 and α-BaGeH0.13 [Cmcm, a=503.09(3) pm, b=1221.5(2) pm, c=427.38(4) pm]. At 500 K the reversible reaction α-BaGeH0.23 (vacuum)⇄β-BaGeH0.5 (0.2 MPa deuterium pressure) is fast and was observed with 10 s time resolution by in situ neutron diffraction. The phases α-BaTtHy show a pronounced phase width (at least 0.09<y<0.36). β-BaGeH0.5 and the γ-phases appear to be line phases. The hydrogen poor (α- and β-) phases show a partial occupation of Ba4 tetrahedra by hydride anions leading to a partial oxidation of polyanions and shortening of Tt–Tt bonds.
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Werwein A, Maaß F, Dorsch LY, Janka O, Pöttgen R, Hansen TC, Kimpton J, Kohlmann H. Hydrogenation Properties of Laves Phases LnMg 2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb). Inorg Chem 2017; 56:15006-15014. [PMID: 29166003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogenation properties of Laves phases LnMg2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) were investigated by thermal analysis, X-ray, synchrotron, and neutron powder diffraction. At 14.0 MPa hydrogen gas pressure and 393 K, PrMg2 and NdMg2 take up hydrogen and form the colorless, ternary hydrides PrMg2H7 (P41212, a = 632.386(6) pm, c = 945.722(11) pm) and NdMg2H7 (P41212, a = 630.354(9) pm, c = 943.018(16) pm). The crystal structures were refined by the Rietveld method from neutron powder diffraction data on the deuterides (PrMg2D7, P41212, a = 630.56(2) pm, c = 943.27(3) pm; NdMg2D7, P41212, a = 628.15(2) pm, c = 940.32(3) pm) and shown to be isotypic to LaMg2D7. The LaMg2D7 type of hydrides decompose at 695 K (La), 684 K (Ce), 684 K (Pr), 672 K (Nd), and 639 K (Sm) to lanthanide hydrides and magnesium. The Laves phase EuMg2 forms a hydride EuMg2Hx of black color. Its crystal structure (P212121, a = 664.887(4) pm, b = 1136.993(7) pm, c = 1069.887(7) pm) is closely related to the hexagonal Laves phase (MgZn2 type) of the hydrogen-free parent intermetallic. GdMg2 and TbMg2 form hydrides GdMg2Hx with orthorhombic unit cells (a = 1282.7(4) pm, b = 572.5(2) pm, c = 881.7(2) pm) and TbMg2Hx (a = 617.8(3) pm, b = 1045.8(8) pm, c = 997.1(5) pm), presumably also with a distorted MgZn2 type of structure. CeMg2H7 and NdMg2H7 are paramagnetic with effective magnetic moments of 2.49(1) μB and 3.62(1) μB, respectively, in good agreement with the calculated magnetic moments of the free trivalent rare-earth cations (μcalc(Ce3+) = 2.54 μB; μcalc(Nd3+) = 3.62 μB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Werwein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Maaß
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonhard Y Dorsch
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Janka
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C Hansen
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Justin Kimpton
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
The X-ray diffraction experiment of iron at temperatures up to 1000°C, which Albert Hull conducted 100 years ago, in 1917, may be regarded as the first in situ diffraction experiment. Ever since, diffraction methods matured and became widely used and powerful tools for materials characterization and structure determination. Considerable progress was made in radiation source brilliance and diffraction instrumentation, enabling time-dependent in situ studies of a wide range of compounds and processes today. In this contribution, we will give a brief historical sketch of the first in situ diffraction experiment and present some modern-day examples, highlighting the impact of this investigation technique to solid-state sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Kohlmann
- University Leipzig, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Johannisallee 29 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
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16
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Abstract
Hydrides (deuterides) of the CrB-type Zintl phases AeTt (Ae = alkaline earth; Tt = tetrel) show interesting bonding properties with novel polyanions. In SrGeD4/3-x (γ phase), three zigzag chains of Ge atoms are condensed and terminated by covalently bound D atoms. A combination of in situ techniques (thermal analysis and synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction) revealed the existence of two further hydride (deuteride) phases with lower H (D) content (called α and β phases). Both are structurally related to the parent Zintl phase SrGe and to the ZrNiH structure type containing variable amounts of H (D) in Sr4 tetrahedra. For α-SrGeDy, the highest D content y = 0.29 was found at 575(2) K under 5.0(1) MPa of D2 pressure, and β-SrGeDy shows a homogeneity range of 0.47 < y < 0.63. Upon decomposition of SrGeD4/3-x (γ-SrGeDy), tetrahedral Sr4 voids stay filled, while the Ge-bound D4 site loses D. When reaching the lower D content limit, SrGeD4/3-x (γ phase) with 0.10 < x < 0.17, decomposes to the β phase. All three hydrides (deuterides) of SrGe show variable H (D) content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Auer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johannisalle 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Holger Kohlmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University , Johannisalle 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Møller KT, Jørgensen M, Fogh AS, Jensen TR. Perovskite alkali metal samarium borohydrides: crystal structures and thermal decomposition. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11905-11912. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterisation of samarium containing perovskite-type bimetallic borohydrides for hydrogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper T. Møller
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Mathias Jørgensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Alexander S. Fogh
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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18
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Hansen BRS, Tumanov N, Santoru A, Pistidda C, Bednarcik J, Klassen T, Dornheim M, Filinchuk Y, Jensen TR. Synthesis, structures and thermal decomposition of ammine MxB12H12complexes (M = Li, Na, Ca). Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7770-7781. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01414g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the structural and thermal properties of ammine metal dodecahydro-closo-dodecaboranes and their reversible ammonia (or hydrogen) storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne R. S. Hansen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- iNANO
- and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
- Chemistry Department
| | - Antonio Santoru
- Institute of Materials Research
- Nanotechnology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH
- D-21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Claudio Pistidda
- Institute of Materials Research
- Nanotechnology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH
- D-21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | | | - Thomas Klassen
- Institute of Materials Research
- Nanotechnology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH
- D-21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Martin Dornheim
- Institute of Materials Research
- Nanotechnology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH
- D-21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- iNANO
- and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
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19
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Dunstan MT, Maugeri SA, Liu W, Tucker MG, Taiwo OO, Gonzalez B, Allan PK, Gaultois MW, Shearing PR, Keen DA, Phillips AE, Dove MT, Scott SA, Dennis JS, Grey CP. In situ studies of materials for high temperature CO2 capture and storage. Faraday Discuss 2016; 192:217-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) offers a possible solution to curb the CO2 emissions from stationary sources in the coming decades, considering the delays in shifting energy generation to carbon neutral sources such as wind, solar and biomass. The most mature technology for post-combustion capture uses a liquid sorbent, amine scrubbing. However, with the existing technology, a large amount of heat is required for the regeneration of the liquid sorbent, which introduces a substantial energy penalty. The use of alternative sorbents for CO2 capture, such as the CaO–CaCO3 system, has been investigated extensively in recent years. However there are significant problems associated with the use of CaO based sorbents, the most challenging one being the deactivation of the sorbent material. When sorbents such as natural limestone are used, the capture capacity of the solid sorbent can fall by as much as 90 mol% after the first 20 carbonation–regeneration cycles. In this study a variety of techniques were employed to understand better the cause of this deterioration from both a structural and morphological standpoint. X-ray and neutron PDF studies were employed to understand better the local surface and interfacial structures formed upon reaction, finding that after carbonation the surface roughness is decreased for CaO. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies showed that carbonation with added steam leads to a faster and more complete conversion of CaO than under conditions without steam, as evidenced by the phases seen at different depths within the sample. Finally, in situ X-ray tomography experiments were employed to track the morphological changes in the sorbents during carbonation, observing directly the reduction in porosity and increase in tortuosity of the pore network over multiple calcination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena A. Maugeri
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
| | - Wen Liu
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 138602
| | - Matthew G. Tucker
- ISIS Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot OX11 0QX
- UK
- Diamond Light Source
| | | | - Belen Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | | | | | - Paul R. Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
| | - David A. Keen
- ISIS Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot OX11 0QX
- UK
| | - Anthony E. Phillips
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
| | - Martin T. Dove
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
| | - Stuart A. Scott
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1PZ
- UK
| | - John S. Dennis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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20
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Møller KT, Ley MB, Schouwink P, Černý R, Jensen TR. Synthesis and thermal stability of perovskite alkali metal strontium borohydrides. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:831-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of new thermally stable perovskite-type metal strontium borohydrides, MSr(BH4)3 (M = K, Rb, Cs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper T. Møller
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Morten B. Ley
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- DQMP
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- DQMP
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Torben R. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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21
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Hansen BRS, Møller KT, Paskevicius M, Dippel AC, Walter P, Webb CJ, Pistidda C, Bergemann N, Dornheim M, Klassen T, Jørgensen JE, Jensen TR. In situX-ray diffraction environments for high-pressure reactions. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715011735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
New sample environments and techniques specifically designed forin situpowder X-ray diffraction studies up to 1000 bar (1 bar = 105 Pa) gas pressure are reported and discussed. The cells can be utilized for multiple purposes in a range of research fields. Specifically, investigations of gas–solid reactions and sample handling under inert conditions are undertaken here. Sample containers allowing the introduction of gas from one or both ends are considered, enabling the possibility of flow-through studies. Various containment materials are evaluated,e.g.capillaries of single-crystal sapphire (Al2O3), quartz glass (SiO2), stainless steel (S316) and glassy carbon (Sigradur K), and burst pressures are calculated and tested for the different tube materials. In these studies, high hydrogen pressure is generated with a metal hydride hydrogen compressor mounted in a closed system, which allows reuse of the hydrogen gas. The advantages and design considerations of thein situcells are discussed and their usage is illustrated by a case study.
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