1
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Hanegraef H, Spoor F. Maxillary morphology of chimpanzees: Captive versus wild environments. J Anat 2024; 244:977-994. [PMID: 38293709 PMCID: PMC11095307 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological studies typically avoid using osteological samples that derive from captive animals because it is assumed that their morphology is not representative of wild populations. Rearing environments indeed differ between wild and captive individuals. For example, mechanical properties of the diets provided to captive animals can be drastically different from the food present in their natural habitats, which could impact cranial morphology and dental health. Here, we examine morphological differences in the maxillae of wild versus captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) given the prominence of this species in comparative samples used in human evolution research and the key role of the maxilla in such studies. Size and shape were analysed using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods based on computed tomography scans of 94 wild and 30 captive specimens. Captive individuals have on average larger and more asymmetrical maxillae than wild chimpanzees, and significant differences are present in their maxillary shapes. A large proportion of these shape differences are attributable to static allometry, but wild and captive specimens still differ significantly from each other after allometric size adjustment of the shape data. Levels of shape variation are higher in the captive group, while the degree of size variation is likely similar in our two samples. Results are discussed in the context of ontogenetic growth trajectories, changes in dietary texture, an altered social environment, and generational differences. Additionally, sample simulations show that size and shape differences between chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are exaggerated when part of the wild sample is replaced with captive chimpanzees. Overall, this study confirms that maxillae of captive chimpanzees should not be included in morphological or taxonomic analyses when the objective is to characterise the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Hanegraef
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Fred Spoor
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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2
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Le Clercq LS, Kotzé A, Grobler JP, Dalton DL. Methylation-based markers for the estimation of age in African cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13940. [PMID: 38390700 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Age is a key demographic in conservation where age classes show differences in important population metrics such as morbidity and mortality. Several traits, including reproductive potential, also show senescence with ageing. Thus, the ability to estimate age of individuals in a population is critical in understanding the current structure as well as their future fitness. Many methods exist to determine age in wildlife, with most using morphological features that show inherent variability with age. These methods require significant expertise and become less accurate in adult age classes, often the most critical groups to model. Molecular methods have been applied to measuring key population attributes, and more recently epigenetic attributes such as methylation have been explored as biomarkers for age. There are, however, several factors such as permits, sample sovereignty, and costs that may preclude the use of extant methods in a conservation context. This study explored the utility of measuring age-related changes in methylation in candidate genes using mass array technology. Novel methods are described for using gene orthologues to identify and assay regions for differential methylation. To illustrate the potential application, African cheetah was used as a case study. Correlation analyses identified six methylation sites with an age relationship, used to develop a model with sufficient predictive power for most conservation contexts. This model was more accurate than previous attempts using PCR and performed similarly to candidate gene studies in other mammal species. Mass array presents an accurate and cost-effective method for age estimation in wildlife of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Stéphane Le Clercq
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotzé
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - J Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Desiré L Dalton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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3
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Cooper DM, Yamaguchi N, Macdonald DW, Patterson BD, Salkina GP, Yudin VG, Dugmore AJ, Kitchener AC. Getting to the Meat of It: The Effects of a Captive Diet upon the Skull Morphology of the Lion and Tiger. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3616. [PMID: 38066967 PMCID: PMC10705091 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoo animals are crucial for conserving and potentially re-introducing species to the wild, yet it is known that the morphology of captive animals differs from that of wild animals. It is important to know how and why zoo and wild animal morphology differs to better care for captive animals and enhance their survival in reintroductions, and to understand how plasticity may influence morphology, which is supposedly indicative of evolutionary relationships. Using museum collections, we took 56 morphological measurements of skulls and mandibles from 617 captive and wild lions and tigers, reflecting each species' recent historical range. Linear morphometrics were used to identify differences in size and shape. Skull size does not differ between captive and wild lions and tigers, but skull and mandible shape does. Differences occur in regions associated with biting, indicating that diet has influenced forces acting upon the skull and mandible. The diets of captive big cats used in this study predominantly consisted of whole or partial carcasses, which closely resemble the mechanical properties of wild diets. Thus, we speculate that the additional impacts of killing, manipulating and consuming large prey in the wild have driven differentiation between captive and wild big cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK;
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanti-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK;
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. DuSable Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA;
| | - Galina P. Salkina
- Joint Directorate of the Lazovsky State Nature Reserve and the National Park «Zov Tigra», Tiger Protect Society, Primorskij Kraj, Vladivostok 692609, Russia;
| | - Viktor G. Yudin
- Federal Scientific Centre for the Biodiversity of Terrestrial Biota of East Asia, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Primorskij Kraj, Vladivostok 690022, Russia;
| | - Andrew J. Dugmore
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Human Ecodynamics Research Center and Doctoral Program in Anthropology, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK;
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
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4
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Cooper DM, Yamaguchi N, Macdonald DW, Nanova OG, Yudin VG, Dugmore AJ, Kitchener AC. Phenotypic plasticity determines differences between the skulls of tigers from mainland Asia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220697. [PMID: 36465684 PMCID: PMC9709513 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tiger subspecific taxonomy is controversial because of morphological and genetic variation found between now fragmented populations, yet the extent to which phenotypic plasticity or genetic variation affects phenotypes of putative tiger subspecies has not been explicitly addressed. In order to assess the role of phenotypic plasticity in determining skull variation, we compared skull morphology among continental tigers from zoos and the wild. In turn, we examine continental tiger skulls from across their wild range, to evaluate how the different environmental conditions experienced by individuals in the wild can influence morphological variation. Fifty-seven measurements from 172 specimens were used to analyse size and shape differences among wild and captive continental tiger skulls. Captive specimens have broader skulls, and shorter rostral depths and mandible heights than wild specimens. In addition, sagittal crest size is larger in wild Amur tigers compared with those from captivity, and it is larger in wild Amur tigers compared with other wild continental tigers. The degree of phenotypic plasticity shown by the sagittal crest, skull width and rostral height suggests that the distinctive shape of Amur tiger skulls compared with that of other continental tigers is mostly a phenotypically plastic response to differences in their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanti-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Olga G. Nanova
- Zoological Museum, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor G. Yudin
- Federal Scientific Centre for the Biodiversity of Terrestrial Biota of East Asia, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Primorskij kraj, Russia
| | - Andrew J. Dugmore
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
- Human Ecodynamics Research Centerand Doctoral Program in Anthropology, City University of New York (CUNY), NY 10017, USA
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
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5
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Mitchell DR, Wroe S, Ravosa MJ, Menegaz RA. More Challenging Diets Sustain Feeding Performance: Applications Toward the Captive Rearing of Wildlife. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab030. [PMID: 34888486 PMCID: PMC8653637 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rescue and rehabilitation of young fauna is of substantial importance to conservation. However, it has been suggested that incongruous diets offered in captive environments may alter craniofacial morphology and hinder the success of reintroduced animals. Despite these claims, to what extent dietary variation throughout ontogeny impacts intrapopulation cranial biomechanics has not yet been tested. Here, finite element models were generated from the adult crania of 40 rats (n = 10 per group) that were reared on 4 different diet regimes and stress magnitudes compared during incisor bite simulations. The diets consisted of (1) exclusively hard pellets from weaning, (2) exclusively soft ground pellet meal from weaning, (3) a juvenile switch from pellets to meal, and (4) a juvenile switch from meal to pellets. We hypothesized that a diet of exclusively soft meal would result in the weakest adult skulls, represented by significantly greater stress magnitudes at the muzzle, palate, and zygomatic arch. Our hypothesis was supported at the muzzle and palate, indicating that a diet limited to soft food inhibits bone deposition throughout ontogeny. This finding presents a strong case for a more variable and challenging diet during development. However, rather than the "soft" diet group resulting in the weakest zygomatic arch as predicted, this region instead showed the highest stress among rats that switched as juveniles from hard pellets to soft meal. We attribute this to a potential reduction in number and activity of osteoblasts, as demonstrated in studies of sudden and prolonged disuse of bone. A shift to softer foods in captivity, during rehabilitation after injury in the wild for example, can therefore be detrimental to healthy development of the skull in some growing animals, potentially increasing the risk of injury and impacting the ability to access full ranges of wild foods upon release. We suggest captive diet plans consider not just nutritional requirements but also food mechanical properties when rearing wildlife to adulthood for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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6
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Steenkamp G, Boy SC, van Staden PJ, Bester MN. Focal Palatitis (Previously Focal Palatine Erosions) in Captive Cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:682150. [PMID: 34322534 PMCID: PMC8312244 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.682150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal palatine erosion (FPE) is a misleading term that is used in the literature to describe inflammatory lesions associated with depressions of the palatal mucosa in cheetah. Cheetahs have large cheek teeth and these depressions are formed to accommodate them. Previously FPE was only described as a mandibular molar tooth malocclusion on the hard palate due to suspected rotation and super eruption of the mandibular molar teeth of cheetahs aged 18 months and older. Two hundred and fifty six cheetahs (135 male, 121 female), originating from two independent facilities, had their oral cavities evaluated as part of an annual health visit over a decade. Ninety-nine cheetahs were seen once, 59 cheetahs were seen twice, 33 were seen three times, 43 on four occasions, 16 on five occasions, 5 on six occasions, and 1 cheetah was seen seven times. Apart from these clinical cases a prospective study on 5 cheetah cubs (3 male and 2 female) was conducted to document their skull development and mandibular molar tooth eruption over a period of 25 months. Of the 261 cheetahs observed none developed rotation or super eruption of their mandibular molar teeth. The term FPE is a misnomer as these inflammatory lesions were found in palatal depressions opposing any of the cusps of all of the cheetah mandibular cheek teeth. It consisted mainly of deep ulcerations, inflammation and oedema and also micro abscess formation. In severe cases oro-nasal fistulas were present. Of all the depressions present on the cheetah's palate, the large one palatal to the 4th maxillary premolar tooth was most commonly affected. In the five cubs evaluated prospectively, focal palatitis was evident from the 7 month evaluation, before all the permanent teeth erupted. Conservative treatment of the inflamed depressions by removing the foreign material through curettage and copious flushing reduced the grade of the inflammation when observed on follow-up. Focal palatine erosion is an incorrect term used to describe focal palatitis that occurs randomly in cheetahs. This focal palatitis is often associated with foreign material trapped in the palatal depressions. Conservative management is sufficient to treat these animals without odontoplasties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Steenkamp
- Institute of Mammal Research, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sonja C Boy
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Lancet Laboratories, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paul J van Staden
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Institute of Mammal Research, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Steenkamp G, Schmidt MJ, van Staden PJ, Bester MN. Longitudinal Radiographic Study of Cranial Bone Growth in Young Cheetah. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:256. [PMID: 31417919 PMCID: PMC6682635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal palatitis (also known as focal palatine erosion) is thought to be a developmental disease, specifically of cheetah in captivity raised on a commercial diet. The lack of chewing is thought to cause the mandibular molar to change angulation, contacting the palate and causing the lesions. We followed the development of five captive cheetah cubs, born within 2 weeks of each other, at the same facility. This longitudinal study followed the cubs cephalometrically from 7-months-old to 25-months-old. Of each cub we made a lateral and dorsoventral radiograph at 7, 13, 20, and 25-months-old. For each radiograph at each age, a predefined series of measurements were made including the angle of the molar. The latter was measured as the angle of the bisecting line running through the apex of the caudal molar root intersecting with a line drawn at the ventral margin of the mandible. The results confirmed that the cheetah skull and neurocranium follows the same neural growth pattern as has been described for other mammalians. Similarly the maxillofacial component follows the same somatic growth as seen in all mammalians excluding humans and non-human primates, where a pubertal growth spurt is present. Finally the angle of the mandibular molar at 7 months differed significantly from the angle at the other ages, however there were no statistical difference in the angulation of the molar after eruption (13 months and older ages). In these five cheetah the lack of chewing (as seen in captivity with a commercial or meat only based diet) did not alter the angulation of the mandibular molar, nor did the mandibular molars super erupt in these patients at 25-months-of-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Steenkamp
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic-Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Paul J van Staden
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthàn N Bester
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Kamaluddin SN, Tanaka M, Wakamori H, Nishimura T, Ito T. Phenotypic plasticity in the mandibular morphology of Japanese macaques: captive-wild comparison. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181382. [PMID: 31417687 PMCID: PMC6689643 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence suggesting the importance of phenotypic plasticity in diversification and adaptation, little is known about plastic variation in primate skulls. The present study evaluated the plastic variation of the mandible in Japanese macaques by comparing wild and captive specimens. The results showed that captive individuals are square-jawed with relatively longer tooth rows than wild individuals. We also found that this shape change resembles the sexual dimorphism, indicating that the mandibles of captive individuals are to some extent masculinized. By contrast, the mandible morphology was not clearly explained by ecogeographical factors. These findings suggest the possibility that perturbations in the social environment in captivity and resulting changes of androgenic hormones may have influenced the development of mandible shape. As the high plasticity of social properties is well known in wild primates, social environment may cause the inter- and intra-population diversity of skull morphology, even in the wild. The captive-wild morphological difference detected in this study, however, can also be possibly formed by other untested sources of variation (e.g. inter-population genetic variation), and therefore this hypothesis should be validated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norsyuhada Kamaluddin
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hikaru Wakamori
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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9
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Iske CJ, Morris CL, Colpoys JD, Kappen KL, Iennarella CA, Johnson AK. Nutrient evaluation of a pork by-product and its use as environmental enrichment for managed large exotic cats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202144. [PMID: 30208036 PMCID: PMC6135386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
North American zoological institutions typically feed ground raw meat diets to large exotic cats. These diets typically are nutritionally complete, but lack physical properties characteristic of whole prey. Lack of mastication and prey manipulation may contribute to behavioral and health challenges. Pork by-products may provide environmental enrichment to mitigate these challenges. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a pig head for nutritional composition and to determine if a pig head was biologically relevant environmental enrichment for managed large exotic cats. Pig heads consisted of: DM: 48.5%; OM: 60.7%; CP: 38.4%; fat: 22.0%; CF: 13.5%; TDF: 3.4%; GE: 4.1 kcal/g DM. Five individually housed exotic cats (Panthera tigris tigris, Panthera tigris altaica (n = 2), Panthera tigris jacksoni, Panthera leo) were observed in 2-h blocks, 24-h before pig head introduction (Baseline), at time of pig head introduction (Enrichment) and immediately after the pig head was removed (Post Enrichment) via instantaneous scan sampling for 4 consecutive weeks. Active behaviors were 55.7% higher on Enrichment compared to Baseline days, and 26.4% higher compared to Post Enrichment days (p<0.0001). Active behaviors were 39.8% higher on Post Enrichment compared to Baseline days (p<0.0001). Total active behaviors were highest (p<0.0001) in week 3 and lowest (p<0.0001) in week 4 with differences as high as 64.5% seen among weeks. In conclusion, pig heads have potential to provide nutrient dense enrichment to large exotic cats, and employing a pig head as environmental enrichment increased active behaviors and did not lose novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla J. Iske
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Morris
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Colpoys
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Kappen
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chelsea A. Iennarella
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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10
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Abstract
The sustainability of captive cheetah populations is limited by high mortality due to chronic renal disease. This necropsy study, conducted on 243 captive cheetahs from one institution, investigated the relationships between focal palatine erosions, gastritis, enterocolitis, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal infarcts, renal cortical and medullary fibrosis, and renal medullary amyloidosis at death. Associations between the individual renal lesions and death due to chronic renal disease and comparisons of lesion prevalence between captive bred and wild born and between normal and king coated cheetahs were also assessed. All lesions were significantly positively correlated with age at death. Renal medullary fibrosis was the only lesion associated with the likelihood of death being due to chronic renal disease, and cheetahs with this lesion were younger, on average, than cheetahs with other renal lesions. Alimentary tract lesions were not associated with amyloidosis. All lesions, except for palatine erosions, were more common in wild born than in captive bred cheetahs; the former were older at death than the latter. Having a king coat had no clear effect on disease prevalence. These results suggest that age and renal medullary fibrosis are the primary factors influencing the pathogenesis of chronic renal disease in captive cheetahs. Apart from amyloidosis, these findings are analogous to those described in chronic renal disease in domestic cats, which is postulated to result primarily from repetitive hypoxic injury of renal tubules, mediated by age and stress. Cheetahs may be particularly susceptible to acute renal tubular injury due to their propensity for stress and their extended life span in captivity, as well as their adaptation for fecundity (rather than longevity) and adrenaline-mediated high speed prey chases. The presence of chronic renal disease in subadult cheetahs suggests that prevention, identification and mitigation of stress are critical to the successful prevention of chronic renal disease in captive cheetahs.
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11
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Curtis AA, Orke M, Tetradis S, van Valkenburgh B. Diet-related differences in craniodental morphology between captive-reared and wild coyotes, Canis latrans (Carnivora: Canidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathew Orke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Terio KA, Mitchell E, Walzer C, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Marker L, Citino S. Diseases Impacting Captive and Free-Ranging Cheetahs. CHEETAHS: BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2018. [PMCID: PMC7148644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804088-1.00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Veasey JS. In pursuit of peak animal welfare; the need to prioritize the meaningful over the measurable. Zoo Biol 2017; 36:413-425. [PMID: 29193216 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the diversity of animal welfare definitions, most recognise the centrality of the feelings of animals which are currently impossible to measure directly. As a result, animal welfare assessment is heavily reliant upon the indirect measurement of factors that either affect what animals feel, or are effected by how they feel. Physiological and health orientated measures have emerged as popular metrics for assessing welfare because they are quantifiable, can effect and be affected by how animals feel and have merits regardless of their relationship to the feelings of animals. However, their popularity in animal welfare assessment has led to them having a disproportionate influence on animal management to the detriment of animal welfare in numerous instances. Here, the case is made that a tension exists between management that prioritizes aspects of care reflecting popular animal welfare metrics such as those relating to physical health, and management that emphasizes psychological wellbeing. By re-examining the relative merits of physical and psychological priorities in animal management, an alternate animal welfare paradigm emerges less tied to traditional welfare metrics. This paradigm theorizes about the possibility for an optimal animal welfare state to exist where managed animal populations provided essential psychological outlets but protected from key physical stressors routinely experienced in the wild, might experience higher levels of welfare than wild populations would routinely experience. The proposition that optimal animal welfare could theoretically be achieved in well managed and well designed captive environments challenges a widely held ethical perspective that captivity is inherently bad for animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Veasey
- Care for the Rare c/o, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom
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Steenkamp G, Boy SC, Staden PJ, Bester MN. How the cheetahs' specialized palate accommodates its abnormally large teeth. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Steenkamp
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - S. C. Boy
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Oral Health Sciences Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Ga‐Rankuwa Pretoria South Africa
| | - P. J. Staden
- Department of Statistics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M. N. Bester
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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Drumheller SK, Wilberg EW, Sadleir RW. The utility of captive animals in actualistic research: A geometric morphometric exploration of the tooth row of Alligator mississippiensis suggesting ecophenotypic influences and functional constraints. J Morphol 2016; 277:866-78. [PMID: 27098092 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Captive broad snouted crocodylians are generally thought to have wider, shorter rostra than their wild counterparts. Interpreted to reflect morphological change in response to the conditions of captivity, this qualitative pattern could affect the utility of these animals in a variety of fields of research. However, due to relative ease of access and availability of life history data, captive animals are often utilized in actualistic research. Thus, this issue should be addressed in more detail. Here we explore snout shape variation between captive and wild members of Alligator mississippiensis using two-dimensional (2D) morphometric techniques. Several landmark schemesare used to assess the utility of different aspects of morphology in distinguishing the groups. While statistical analyses consistently differentiated between the groups, the area of morphospace occupied by wild members of A. mississippiensis generally overlapped with the larger area encompassing the captive specimens. This indicates that the captive condition is not as uniform as previously thought and instead encompasses a large spectrum of morphologies, ranging from the stereotypical broad, shortened snouts to outlines that are indistinguishable from the wild morphotype. These results align well with the interpretation that this change reflects an extreme example of ecophenotypy, since ranched, farmed, or zoo organisms are held in an array of enclosures, ranging from indoor, climate controlled pens to outdoor, more natural areas. This variation in environments should be reflected in different reactions to the animals' surroundings, resulting in a broad spectrum of morphotypes. While wild specimens are still preferred, especially for fine scale analyses, these results indicate that not all captive members of A. mississippiensis exhibit the extreme morphological alterations often cited in the literature. Weighing the conditions in which the animals are held and exploring the possibility of morphological differences against the benefits of using captive specimens should be part of any actualistic study. J. Morphol. 277:866-878, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Drumheller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Eric W Wilberg
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | - Rudyard W Sadleir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, Illinois, 60655.,Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60605
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Santymire RM, Lavin SR, Branvold-Faber H, Kreeger J, Marinari P. Effect of dietary vitamin E and prey supplementation on semen quality in male black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Theriogenology 2015; 84:217-25. [PMID: 25890779 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years, the captive population of the endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes; ferret) has experienced a decline in normal sperm (NS) morphology (from 50% to 16%), which may be linked to inbreeding depression or it may have been a dietary change. We examined the role of dietary vitamin E, selenium (SE), and vitamin A on serum levels of vitamin E, SE, and vitamin A and semen quality. Ferrets (n = 55 males) were randomly assigned to one of five diet treatments (n = 11 per treatment): (1) horsemeat diet (control); (2) horsemeat diet + vitamin E (400 IU/kg Dry Matter) daily; (3) horsemeat diet + whole prey; (4) horsemeat diet + vitamin E daily + whole prey; and (5) beef diet. Both blood (prediet and postdiet change) and diets were analyzed for vitamin E, vitamin A, and SE concentrations. Electroejaculates were collected monthly and evaluated for sperm concentration, sperm motility index (includes percent motile and forward progression), and percent NS. Results reveal that the beef and horsemeat diets had comparable (P = 0.05) vitamin E and SE concentrations and all diets met most nutrient requirements for small carnivores; however, the horsemeat diet was excessive in vitamin A and the beef diet was deficient in vitamin A. Vitamin E supplementation increased (χ1(2)=25.83; P < 0.001) serum vitamin E. Ferrets fed the beef diet or prey had improved (H4 = 15.596; P = 0.004) sperm motility index than the horsemeat control group, and ferrets fed the horsemeat diet supplemented with vitamin E had the lowest (H4 = 18.408; P = 0.001) NS. In conclusion, the high levels of vitamin A in the horsemeat diet could compete with vitamin E as evidence by serum levels, which may reduce reproductive success in this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Santymire
- Conservation and Science Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Shana R Lavin
- Conservation and Science Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather Branvold-Faber
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Black Footed Ferret Conservation Center, Carr, Colorado, USA
| | - Julie Kreeger
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Black Footed Ferret Conservation Center, Carr, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Marinari
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Black Footed Ferret Conservation Center, Carr, Colorado, USA
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Hartstone-Rose A, Selvey H, Villari JR, Atwell M, Schmidt T. The three-dimensional morphological effects of captivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113437. [PMID: 25409498 PMCID: PMC4237414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many captive animals are fed diets that are drastically different in mechanical properties than their wild diet. Most captive pantherines are fed a nutritionally supplemented diet consisting almost entirely of ground meat. While many zoos supplement this diet with bones, the fact remains that large captive felids are fed diets that require substantially less masticatory effort than those of their wild counterparts. The osteological effects of this dietary difference have not been fully evaluated. To this end, we compared linear measurements and 3D geometric morphometric landmarks of captive and wild lions and tigers. Using Principal Component (PC) analysis of the linear measurements, not only were the sexes and species statistically distinct, but so too was the population clearly divisible in terms of captivity status. The 3D analysis supported these findings: although the most influential variable in the sample (PC1, 21.5% of the variation) separates the two species, the second most influential contributor (PC2) to the overall skull shape is driven not by the sex differences in these highly dimorphic species, but rather by their captivity status. In fact, captivity status drives nearly twice as much of the 3D variation as sexual dimorphism (14.8% vs. 8.0% for PC2 vs. PC3). Thus the shape is influenced nearly twice as much by whether the animal was captive or wild than by whether it was male or female. If a causal relationship can be demonstrated between dietary mechanical properties and morphology, people who oversee the diets of captive carnivores should consider modifying these diets to account for not only nutritional but also the mechanical properties of a carcass-based diet as well. In addition to the husbandry implications, our analyses show the ways in which captive specimens are different than their wild counterparts--ndings that have implications for morphologists when considering anatomical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hannah Selvey
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Villari
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Madeline Atwell
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tammy Schmidt
- Mammals, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Bianchi MA, Mayorga LF, Castro AP, Rossi Junior JL. Estudo das alterações ante-morte da cavidade oral de mãos-peladas (Procyon cancrivorus) de vida livre e de cativeiro. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A maioria das doenças dos animais de natureza e cativeiro encontra-se associada à proximidade humana, que resulta da fragmentação e degradação do habitat destes animais, no isolamento das espécies e no contato mais próximo entre estes e animais domésticos e o homem. Foram estudados os sincrânios de 104 mãos-peladas (Procyon cancrivorus) por meio de avaliação direta, preenchimento de ficha odontológica veterinária e documentação fotográfica, que relataram anormalidades encontradas, as quais foram classificadas e contabilizadas para fins estatísticos. Os achados deste trabalho aludem que os animais de cativeiro foram mais acometidos com as lesões relacionadas à doença periodontal, como cálculo, reabsorção óssea alveolar, deiscência, fenestração, exposição de furca, além de maloclusão, apinhamento dentário e os níveis mais graves de desgaste dentário. Os animais de vida livre apresentaram mais altos índices de fraturas, perdas dentárias ante-morte e escurecimento dentário, que caracterizam maior trauma dentário, durante o processo alimentar. Pretendeu-se, assim, estabelecer um parâmetro do estado de saúde oral da espécie estudada, sua frequência e se esta apresenta as mesmas enfermidades orais em vida livre e em cativeiro, relacionando a prevalência de afecções orais com características da ecologia da espécie.
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Skibiel AL, Trevino HS, Naugher K. Comparison of several types of enrichment for captive felids. Zoo Biol 2012; 26:371-81. [PMID: 19360587 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment can increase the complexity of the captive environment and possibly enhance captive animals' well-being by stimulating active behaviors and reducing stereotypical behaviors commonly seen in zoo felids. In this study, three different enrichment items were added to outdoor enclosures of felids at the Montgomery Zoo to test their effects on activity levels and stereotypic pacing. Bones, frozen fish, and spices (cinnamon, chili powder, and cumin) were presented over a 3-month period to six species of felids: cheetah, cougar, jaguar, lion, ocelot, and tiger. Proportion of time spent engaging in active behaviors and stereotypic pacing were compared before, during, and after treatments. All treatments resulted in a significant increase in activity level from baseline (bones: +15.59%; frozen fish: +35.7%; spices: +12.38%). Effects of enrichment items on activity levels were not sustained 7 days after removal. Proportion of time spent pacing significantly decreased during presentation of spices (-21.25%) and frozen fish (-26.58%), but not with the addition of bones. However, only the effect of frozen fish on stereotypic behavior was sustained 7 days after removal of the enrichment item. In conclusion, bones, spices, and frozen fish are inexpensive and easy-to-administer enrichment items that may be used to increase active behaviors of captive felids. Zoo Biol 26:371-381, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Skibiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Depauw S, Hesta M, Whitehouse-Tedd K, Stagegaard J, Buyse J, Janssens GPJ. Blood values of adult captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed either supplemented beef or whole rabbit carcasses. Zoo Biol 2011; 31:629-41. [PMID: 22052742 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated nutrient intake and relevant blood parameters of 14 captive cheetahs, randomly assigned to a meat-only diet (supplemented beef, SB) or a whole prey diet (whole rabbit, WR) for 4 weeks each. Despite a higher food intake, daily metabolizable energy intake was lower when fed WR (308 kJ BW(-1) ) compared with SB (347 kJ BW(-1) ) (P = 0.002). The ratio of protein to fat was markedly lower for WR (2.3:1) compared with SB (8.8:1), which was reflected in higher serum urea levels when fed SB (P = 0.033), and a tendency for elevated cholesterol levels when fed WR (P = 0.055). Taurine intake of cheetahs fed WR was low (0.06% on DM basis); however, analytical error during taurine analysis cannot be ruled out. Feeding WR resulted in a well-balanced mineral intake, in contrast to SB. The latter provided a low calcium:phosphorus ratio (1:2.3), thereby increasing the risk of metabolic bone disease. The high zinc content of SB (200 mg/kg DM), compared with WR (94 mg/kg DM), was reflected in higher serum zinc concentrations (P = 0.011). Feeding WR resulted in an increase in serum vitamin A (P = 0.011). Therefore, the risk of hypervitaminosis A in captive cheetahs when fed WR exclusively on a long-term basis should be evaluated. Our findings suggest that neither diet is likely to provide appropriate nutrition to captive cheetahs when fed exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Depauw
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Zordan M, Deem SL, Sanchez CR. Focal palatine erosion in captive and free-living cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and other felid Species. Zoo Biol 2011; 31:181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Zordan
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias; Universidad de Chile; Chile
| | | | - Carlos R. Sanchez
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park; District of Columbia; Washington
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Cuozzo FP, Sauther ML, Gould L, Sussman RW, Villers LM, Lent C. Variation in dental wear and tooth loss among known-aged, older ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): a comparison between wild and captive individuals. Am J Primatol 2011; 72:1026-37. [PMID: 20872788 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tooth wear is generally an age-related phenomenon, often assumed to occur at similar rates within populations of primates and other mammals, and has been suggested as a correlate of reduced offspring survival among wild lemurs. Few long-term wild studies have combined detailed study of primate behavior and ecology with dental analyses. Here, we present data on dental wear and tooth loss in older (>10 years old) wild and captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Among older ring-tailed lemurs at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), Madagascar (n=6), the percentage of severe dental wear and tooth loss ranges from 6 to 50%. Among these six individuals, the oldest (19 years old) exhibits the second lowest frequency of tooth loss (14%). The majority of captive lemurs at the Indianapolis Zoo (n=7) are older than the oldest BMSR lemur, yet display significantly less overall tooth wear for 19 of 36 tooth positions, with only two individuals exhibiting antemortem tooth loss. Among the captive lemurs, only one lemur (a nearly 29 year old male) has lost more than one tooth. This individual is only missing anterior teeth, in contrast to lemurs at BMSR, where the majority of lost teeth are postcanine teeth associated with processing specific fallback foods. Postcanine teeth also show significantly more overall wear at BMSR than in the captive sample. At BMSR, degree of severe wear and tooth loss varies in same aged, older individuals, likely reflecting differences in microhabitat, and thus the availability and use of different foods. This pattern becomes apparent before "old age," as seen in individuals as young as 7 years. Among the four "older" female lemurs at BMSR, severe wear and/or tooth loss do not predict offspring survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Cuozzo
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202-8374, USA.
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Felicetti L, Kearney CC, Woodward L, Dierenfeld ES. Proportion of soft tissue in selected bone cuts fed primarily as enrichments to large carnivores. Zoo Biol 2009; 27:154-8. [PMID: 19360613 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zoos often offer large bones or cuts of meat containing bone (bone cuts) to carnivores to provide oral stimulation and behavioral enrichment. Because of its abrasive action, the act of chewing on a bone can increase the oral health of large felids as well as provide an enriching activity. Unfortunately, because the quantity of edible tissue on the bones is usually unknown, when feeding these cuts one can easily miscalculate an animal's caloric and nutrient intake. To fully comprehend the contribution of bones as a dietary item as opposed to an enrichment item, we removed the soft tissue from a total of 70 samples, representing 14 types of bone cuts commonly used in managed carnivore feeding programs. Across types of cuts, soft tissue averaged 50% of wet weight, with pork knuckles averaging the lowest (23%) and horse shanks the greatest (74%) percent soft tissue. Zoo Biol 27:154-158, 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Felicetti
- Department of Animal Health and Nutrition, Saint Louis Zoo, Missouri
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Roux P, Berger M, Stich H, Schawalder P. Oral Examination and Radiographic Evaluation of the Dentition in Wild Cats from Namibia. J Vet Dent 2009; 26:16-22. [DOI: 10.1177/089875640902600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline tooth resorption has been widely reported in domestic cats and sporadically described in other felidae. The goal of the present study was to determine the prevalence of tooth resorption and to report other dental problems in a population of wild felidae. Observations of dental disorders and anomalies were made in skulls from 73 wild felidae (cheetahs, leopards, caracals, African wildcats, and lions) originating from Namibia. In addition, radiographs were taken in 43 cases to determine signs of bone and root pathology. Radiographs showed varying stages of tooth resorption in 16.0 % of the specimens. Other dental anomalies found included fused teeth, supernumerary roots, or missing teeth. The prevalence of dental resorption in wild felidae was lower than reported in the domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Roux
- From the Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Stomatology, College of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, VETSUISSE Faculty, University of Berne, Länggasstrasse 124/128, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M. Berger
- From the Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Stomatology, College of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, VETSUISSE Faculty, University of Berne, Länggasstrasse 124/128, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H. Stich
- From the Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Stomatology, College of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, VETSUISSE Faculty, University of Berne, Länggasstrasse 124/128, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - P. Schawalder
- From the Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Stomatology, College of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, VETSUISSE Faculty, University of Berne, Länggasstrasse 124/128, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP. Somatic variation in living, wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 79:55-78. [PMID: 17878733 DOI: 10.1159/000108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While understanding somatic variability among wild primates can provide insight into natural patterns of developmental plasticity, published data for living populations are rare. Here we provide such information for two distinct wild populations of Lemur catta. Variants observed include microtia, athelia, and female virilization. Dental variants observed include individuals with supernumerary teeth, rotated teeth, maxillary incisor agenesis, and severe malocclusion. There was a sex bias in incisor agenesis, with 5 of 7 examples (71%) found in males. The frequency of dental variants in our sample is lower than that seen in many other lemuriformes, as well as other primates. This may be a product of their less derived dental formula and/or their relatively fast dental development. Amassing such data is a critical first step to assess if wild primate populations are exhibiting normal variability or are being affected by potential inbreeding and/or environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Sauther
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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O'REGAN HANNAHJ, KITCHENER ANDREWC. The effects of captivity on the morphology of captive, domesticated and feral mammals. Mamm Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Marker LL, Dickman AJ. Dental Anomalies and Incidence of Palatal Erosion in Namibian Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). J Mammal 2004. [DOI: 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0019:daaiop>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Fagan DA, Oosterhuis JE, Kirkman JE. A review of the expanding field of exotic animal oral health care--veterinary dentistry. J Vet Dent 1998; 15:117-28. [PMID: 10597157 DOI: 10.1177/089875649801500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the clinical literature of the field of Veterinary Dentistry from its conception in the late 1960's to its rapidly expanding role today as an emerging clinical specialty practice in veterinary medicine. It defines eight dental sub-disciplines in contemporary veterinary oral health care from a practical point of view and provides information concerning standardization of key words searches, definition of terms, and use of the expanded Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) necessary for a comprehensive review of the rapidly expanding literature stored in electronic databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fagan
- Colyer Institute, San Diego, CA 92196, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Young
- Animal Department, Edinburgh Zoo, Murrayfield
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33
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Bond JC, Lindburg DG. Carcass feeding of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus): the effects of a naturalistic feeding program on oral health and psychological well-being. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(90)90036-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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