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Zhang Z, Zhan F. Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5363. [PMID: 38001623 PMCID: PMC10670837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins-a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties. This review provides an overview of type 2 cystatins, including their biological similarities and differences, their regulatory effect on human immune responses, and their roles in tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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2
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Comprehensive analysis and comparison of proteins in salivary exosomes of climacteric and adolescent females. Odontology 2020; 109:82-102. [PMID: 32681298 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is difficult to extract exosomes with stable physicochemical properties from saliva. Furthermore, due to inadequate availability of basic data, the application of salivary exosomes as a diagnostic material is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate an easier method for extraction of exosomes from whole saliva and compared proteins in salivary exosomes derived from subjects of two age groups. Salivary exosomes were extracted from nine females (56.7 ± 1.17 years old; climacteric or 19.9 ± 0.20 years old; adolescent) using commercial reagents and kits and detected using western blotting with anti-exosome marker antibodies. Exosome particle size and exosome-containing proteins were identified using NanoSight® and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. In addition, an efficient method of exosome extraction from saliva using a reagent and without the use of an ultracentrifuge was shown. Our results showed a higher total protein content and larger particle size in climacteric exosomes than in adolescent exosomes. However, adolescent exosomes showed a larger variety of proteins (780 proteins) than the climacteric exosomes (573 proteins). Altogether, 893 proteins were identified in the salivary exosomes. Although viral process-, ribosome- and structural molecule-related proteins were higher in the adolescent exosomes, the levels of major salivary proteins such as immunoglobulins and amylase, were higher in the climacteric exosomes than in the adolescent exosomes. The data presented, which show the fundamental protein composition of salivary exosomes and the changes that occur with age, are beneficial in both diagnostic and biotechnological applications.
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Techatanawat S, Surarit R, Chairatvit K, Roytrakul S, Khovidhunkit W, Thanakun S, Izumi Y, Khovidhunkit SOP. Salivary and serum cystatin SA levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or diabetic nephropathy. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 104:67-75. [PMID: 31174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate putative salivary biomarkers for screening and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. DESIGN Saliva and serum samples were collected from 29 patients with type 2 diabetes, 20 patients with diabetic nephropathy, eight patients with non-diabetic induced nephropathy, and 25 healthy subjects. Initially, pooled unstimulated saliva samples from six sex- and age-matched healthy subjects and six patients with type 2 diabetes were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by mass spectrometry. Protein expression of cystatin SA in the saliva of patients with type 2 diabetes was further examined in saliva and serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed upregulation of salivary cystatin SA in patients with type 2 diabetes. ELISA showed a weak trend of increasing salivary cystatin SA levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, compared with those levels in healthy subjects. When patients were stratified according to periodontal status, linear regression analyses revealed that salivary cystatin SA levels were associated with Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) index (β = 0.297, p < 0.05) when the analysis was adjusted for age, sex, HbA1C, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and number of teeth. Serum cystatin SA levels were negatively associated with eGFR (β = -0.534, p < 0.0001) when the analysis was adjusted for age, sex, HbA1C, number of teeth, and PSR index. CONCLUSIONS Salivary cystatin SA was associated with periodontal disease severity; moreover, serum cystatin SA levels could reflect kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suteera Techatanawat
- Ph.D. program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kongthawat Chairatvit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Weerapan Khovidhunkit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanee Thanakun
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yadav VK, Chhikara N, Gill K, Dey S, Singh S, Yadav S. Three low molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitors of human seminal fluid: purification and enzyme kinetic properties. Biochimie 2013; 95:1552-9. [PMID: 23619703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cystatins form a superfamily of structurally related proteins with highly conserved structural folds. They are all potent, reversible, competitive inhibitors of cysteine proteinases (CPs). Proteins from this group present differences in proteinase inhibition despite their high level of structural similarities. In this study, three cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CPIs) of low molecular weight were isolated from human seminal fluid (HSF) by affinity chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-papain-Sepharose column, purified using various chromatographic procedures and checked for purity on sodium-dodecyl PAGE (SDS-PAGE). Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) identified these proteins as cystatin 9, cystatin SN, and SAP-1 (an N-terminal truncated form of cystatin S). All three CPIs suppressed the activity of papain potentially and showed remarkable heat stability. Interestingly SAP-1 also inhibits the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and PSA (prostate specific antigen) and acts as a cross-class protease inhibitor in in vitro studies. Using Surface Plasmon Resonance, we have also observed that SAP-1 shows a significant binding with all these proteases. These studies suggest that SAP-1 is a cross-class inhibitor that may regulate activity of various classes of proteases within the reproductive systems. To our knowledge, this is the first report about purification of CPIs from HSF; the identification of such proteins could provide better insights into the physiological processes and offer intimation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Eliyahu E, Shtraizent N, He X, Chen D, Shalgi R, Schuchman EH. Identification of cystatin SA as a novel inhibitor of acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35624-35633. [PMID: 21846728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoproteolytic cleavage of the inactive acid ceramidase (AC) precursor into the active heterodimer exposes a free cysteine residue, leading us to study whether AC could be regulated by one or more members of the cystatin family. Co-expression of the full-length AC and cystatin SA (cysSA) cDNAs led to significant reduction of AC activity in the transfected cells. Expression of cysSA also inhibited endogenous AC activity in cells and increased ceramide. Conversely, cysSA siRNA expression led to elevated AC activity and reduction in ceramide. The effects of cysSA siRNA expression could be reversed by the addition of recombinant cysSA into the culture media. These results were consistent with detection of a physical interaction between AC and cysSA, assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography, and further supported by co-localization of the endogenous proteins using confocal microscopy. In vitro kinetic analysis of purified, recombinant AC and cysSA confirmed the transfection results and suggested a non-competitive type of inhibition with a K(i) in the low micromolar range. Processing of the AC precursor into the active form was not affected by cysSA expression, suggesting that it likely inhibits AC by allosteric interference. Computer modeling and expression studies identified several potential inhibitory domains in cysSA, including a small "AC-like" domain (identical to the AC cleavage site, TICT). Small peptides, synthesized with combinations of this and a "cystatin-like" domain (QXVXG), exhibited significant AC inhibition as well. Such peptide-based AC inhibitors could potentially be used to regulate AC activity in cancer cells that are known to overexpress this enzyme alone and in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Eliyahu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Nataly Shtraizent
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Xingxuan He
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Dafna Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ruth Shalgi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029.
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Ito T, Komiya-Ito A, Arataki T, Furuya Y, Yajima Y, Yamada S, Okuda K, Kato T. Relationship Between Antimicrobial Protein Levels in Whole Saliva and Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2008; 79:316-22. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Saitoh E, Yamamoto S, Okamoto E, Hayakawa Y, Hoshino T, Sato R, Isemura S, Ohtsubo S, Taniguchi M. Identification of Cysteine Proteases and Screening of Cysteine Protease Inhibitors in Biological Samples by a Two-Dimensional Gel System of Zymography and Reverse Zymography. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a two-dimensional (2D-) gel system of zymography and reverse zymography for the detection and characterization of proteases and protease inhibitors. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) agarose gels with pH gradients were employed for separation in the first-dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel copolymerized with gelatin used for the second dimension. Proteases and protease inhibitors separated by IEF gel were applied on the second gel without trichloroacetic acid (TCA) fixation. Protease activity in the 2D-gel was visualized as transparent spots where gelatin substrate was digested after commassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining. Some of the transparent spots from the skin mucus extract of rainbow trout were determined to be a cysteine protease through use of E-64 or CA-074. In the reverse zymography technique, the gel was incubated with papain solution at 37°C for 18 h. Cysteine protease inhibitors from broad bean seeds were detected as clear blue spots after CBB staining. The amino (N-) terminal sequences of four papain inhibitor spots thus detected were demonstrated to be identical to that of favin β chain, a broad bean lectin. Taken together, our system can be considered to be an efficient technique for discovering and characterizing new proteases and protease inhibitors in biological samples. This is the first report describing a 2D-gel system of zymography and reverse zymography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Saitoh
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Eishiro Okamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Takashi Hoshino
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Sato
- The Nippon Dental University College at Niigata, Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Satoko Isemura
- The Nippon Dental University College at Niigata, Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Sadami Ohtsubo
- Food Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Kamo, Niigata 959-1381
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-2181, Japan
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Oppenheim FG, Salih E, Siqueira WL, Zhang W, Helmerhorst EJ. Salivary proteome and its genetic polymorphisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1098:22-50. [PMID: 17303824 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1384.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary diagnostics for oral as well as systemic diseases is dependent on the identification of biomolecules reflecting a characteristic change in presence, absence, composition, or structure of saliva components found under healthy conditions. Most of the biomarkers suitable for diagnostics comprise proteins and peptides. The usefulness of salivary proteins for diagnostics requires the recognition of typical features, which make saliva as a body fluid unique. Salivary secretions reflect a degree of redundancy displayed by extensive polymorphisms forming families for each of the major salivary proteins. The structural differences among these polymorphic isoforms range from distinct to subtle, which may in some cases not even affect the mass of different family members. To facilitate the use of modern state-of-the-art proteomics and the development of nanotechnology-based analytical approaches in the field of diagnostics, the salient features of the major salivary protein families are reviewed at the molecular level. Knowledge of the structure and function of salivary gland-derived proteins/peptides has a critical impact on the rapid and correct identification of biomarkers, whether they originate from exocrine or non-exocrine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Oppenheim
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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9
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Akiba S, Hayashi Y, Hakamada Y, Endo K, Ara K, Kawai S, Saitoh E. Extracellular production of human cystatin S and cystatin SA by Bacillus subtilis. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 49:203-10. [PMID: 16737825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe the development of a Bacillus subtilis system that can be used to produce large quantities of recombinant (r-) human salivary cystatins, a cysteine protease inhibitor of family 2 in the cystatin superfamily. The B. subtilis that lacked the alkaline protease E gene (DeltaaprE type mutant strain) was prepared by homologous recombination. The cDNA fragments coding for mature cystatins (S and SA) were ligated in frame to the DNA segment for the signal peptide of endoglucanase in the pHSP-US plasmid vector that was then use to transform the DeltaaprE type mutant strain of B. subtilis. The transformants carrying the expression vectors were cultivated in 5-L jar fermenters for 3 days at 30 degrees C. Both r-cystatin S and r-cystatin SA were successfully expressed and secreted into the culture broth, and were purified using a fast performance liquid chromatography system. The first use of DeltaaprE type mutant strain of B. subtilis made it possible to obtain a high yield of secreted protein, which makes this system an improvement over expression in Escherichia coli. We conclude that this system has high utility for expression of commercial quantities of secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Akiba
- Biological Science Laboratories of Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Koo BS, Lee DY, Ha HS, Kim JC, Kim CW. Comparative Analysis of the Tear Protein Expression in Blepharitis Patients Using Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:719-24. [PMID: 15952718 DOI: 10.1021/pr0498133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Change in the expression of body fluid proteins is caused by many diseases or environmental disturbances. The changes in tear proteins are also associated with various pathological eye conditions. Especially, chronic blepharitis is one of the most common conditions seen in the ophthalmologist's office. However, there are no specific clinical diagnostic tests for blepharitis, and it is difficult to treat effectively. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen prognostic or diagnostic marker tear proteins for blepharitis and investigate pathogenesis of this disease using proteomics techniques. The tear proteins expressed in patients suffering from blepharitis (patient, n=19) and healthy volunteers (control, n=27) were analyzed using the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technique. The differentially expressed proteins in patients were identified with ESI-Q-TOF (electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight) mass spectrometry and confirmed with western blotting. Nine proteins in patient were down regulated about 50% compared to those of the control: serum albumin precursor, alpha-1 antitrypsin, lacritin precursor, lysozyme, Ig-kappa chain VIII, prolactin inducible protein (PIP/GCDFP-15), cystatin-SA III, pyruvate kinase, and an unnamed protein. The use of the two-dimensional eletrophoretic technique could give more insight into the disease-related protein expression changes in tear fluids. Our findings reveal that the composition of tear proteins in blepharitis patients is different from that of healthy subjects and may provide further insights into the pathogenesis of blepharitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Suk Koo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea and Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Ito T, Komiya-Ito A, Okuda K, Minaguchi K, Saitoh E, Yamada S, Kato T. Murine monoclonal antibody which can distinguish cystatins SA1 and SA2. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:1259-63. [PMID: 15829315 PMCID: PMC7126565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To develop a diagnostic trial enabling the selective examination for a target cystatin in human body fluids, we attempted to prepare monoclonal antibodies against human cystatin SA1 (originally cystatin SA) and its variant form (cystatin SA2). BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant (r-) cystatins SA1 and SA2. Two monoclonal antibodies designated Cys3F11 and Cys2E5 were selected. By ELISA analyses, the Cys2E5 was shown to react with r-cystatin SA2 but also somewhat with r-cystatin SA1 (22% cross-reactivity) and with plasma cystatin C (18% cross-reactivity), indicating a high specificity for cystatin SA2. The Cys3F11 reacted not only with r-cystatin SA1 but also with r-cystatin SA2 (89% cross-reactivity) and plasma cystatin C (47% cross-reactivity). This finding was further emphasized by immunoblotting of human submandibular-sublingual saliva samples. ELISA additivity test suggests that the two monoclonal antibodies bind to distinct epitopes. In conclusion, we have succeeded in producing two antibodies that discriminate the structural differences between salivary cystatins S and SN, which share more than 90% identity in amino acid sequence with cystatin SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ito
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Department of Periodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | - Akiyo Komiya-Ito
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Department of Periodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | - Katsuji Okuda
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Minaguchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | - Eiichi Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Nippon Dental University, School of Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Department of Periodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kato
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 43 2703742; fax: +81 43 2703744.
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Brand HS, Lerner UH, Grubb A, Beertsen W, Nieuw Amerongen AV, Everts V. Family 2 cystatins inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in calvarial bone explants. Bone 2004; 35:689-96. [PMID: 15336605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclastic bone resorption depends on the activity of various proteolytic enzymes, in particular those belonging to the group of cysteine proteinases. Biochemical studies have shown that cystatins, naturally occurring inhibitors of these enzymes, inhibit bone matrix degradation. Since the mechanism by which cystatins exert this inhibitory effect is not completely resolved yet, we studied the effect of cystatins on bone resorption microscopically and by Ca-release measurements. Calvarial bone explants were cultured in the presence or absence of family 2 cystatins and processed for light and electron microscopic analysis, and the culture media were analyzed for calcium release. Both egg white cystatin and human cystatin C decreased calcium release into the medium significantly. Microscopic analyses of the bone explants demonstrated that in the presence of either inhibitor, a high percentage of osteoclasts was associated with demineralized non-degraded bone matrix. Following a 24-h incubation in the presence of cystatin C, 41% of the cells were adjacent to areas of demineralized non-degraded bone matrix, whereas in controls, this was only 6%. If bone explants were cultured with both PTH and cystatin C, 60% of the osteoclasts were associated with demineralized non-degraded bone matrix, compared to 27% for bones treated with PTH only (P < 0.01). Our study provides evidence that cystatins, the naturally occurring inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, reversibly inhibit bone matrix degradation in the resorption lacunae adjacent to osteoclasts. These findings suggest the involvement of cystatins in the modulation of osteoclastic bone degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kato T, Ito T, Imatani T, Minaguchi K, Saitoh E, Okuda K. Cystatin SA, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, induces interferon-γ expression in CD4-positive T cells. Biol Chem 2004; 385:419-22. [PMID: 15196002 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been demonstrated that family 2 cystatins upregulate interleukin-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cystatin SA on cytokine production by helper T cells. Human CD4-positive T cells were cultured with phytohemagglutinin in the presence or absence of 0.1 microM recombinant cystatin SA1 or SA2. When the amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) were analyzed in an ELISA system after stimulation with either cystatin, no significantly increased levels of IL-4 were detected. However, the amounts of IFNgamma were significantly increased after stimulation with the cystatins. Our results suggest that salivary family 2 cystatins are involved in immune responses through the cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kato
- Oral Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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14
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Diehl D, Lahm H, Wolf E, Bauersachs S. Transcriptome analysis of a human colorectal cancer cell line shows molecular targets of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 overexpression. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:588-99. [PMID: 15455346 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is expressed commonly in colorectal tumors. IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) counteracts the tumor promoting activities of IGF-II by binding this growth factor. We have shown previously that in LS1034 cells, which highly express IGF-II, overexpression of IGFBP-4 led to a strong reduction in proliferation, colony formation and invasive capacity. To investigate the effects of IGFBP-4 at the molecular level we analyzed growth parameters of LS1034 human colon cancer cells vs. cells expressing the murine IGFBP-4 (mIGFBP-4) and used a subtractive cDNA library approach in combination with cDNA array hybridization to detect changes in the mRNA expression profiles. The mRNA levels for several proteins that are known to affect important biological properties of neoplastic cells, such as proteolysis, proliferation and differentiation were altered by overexpression of IGFBP-4. Transcript levels for tumor markers, like the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM), were reduced by elevated mIGFBP-4. Changes at the mRNA level were confirmed by Western blotting for CST1 (proteolysis or protease inhibitor), COX-2 (cell motility) and CEACAM5 (tumor marker). Furthermore, the effect of mIGFBP-4 on apoptosis was investigated and no increase of apoptosis could be detected in the IGFBP-4 overexpressing LS1034 cells. Our data indicate that IGFBP-4 is involved in the regulation of gene products that are known or supposed to be important for the pathogenesis of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Diehl
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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15
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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16
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Dickinson DP. Salivary (SD-type) cystatins: over one billion years in the making--but to what purpose? CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 13:485-508. [PMID: 12499242 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human saliva contains relatively abundant proteins that are related ancestrally in sequence to the cystatin superfamily. Most, although not all, members of this superfamily are potent inhibitors of cysteine peptidases. Four related genes have been identified, CST1, 2, 4 and 5, encoding cystatins SN, SA, S, and D, respectively. CST1, 4, and probably CST5 are now known to be expressed in a limited number of other tissues in the body, primarily in exocrine epithelia, and the term SD-type cystatin is more appropriate than 'salivary cystatin'. These genes are co-ordinately regulated in the submandibular gland during post-natal development. The organization of these tissue-specifically-expressed genes in the genome, and their phylogeny, indicate that they evolved from an ancestral housekeeping gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed cystatin C, and are members of a larger protein family. Their relationship to rat cystatin S, a developmentally regulated rodent submandibular gland protein, remains to be established. In this review, the evolution of the SD-type cystatins in the cystatin superfamily, their genomics, expression, and structure-function relationships are examined and compared with known cystatin functions, with the goal of providing clues to their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Dickinson
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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17
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Kato T, Imatani T, Minaguchi K, Saitoh E, Okuda K. Salivary cystatins induce interleukin-6 expression via cell surface molecules in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Immunol 2002; 39:423-30. [PMID: 12413693 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, family 2 cystatins have been demonstrated to upregulate interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by human gingival fibroblasts [Biol. Chem. 381 (2000) 1143]. To elucidate the mechanism of the IL-6 inducing activity of cystatins, we tested NF-kappa B activation with salivary cystatins SA1 and SA2-stimulated human gingival fibroblast whole cell lysates. The IL-6 production by human fibroblasts in response to these cystatins was inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors and an inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation. The IL-6 inducing activity of the cystatins was depressed by the anti-CD58 monoclonal antibody. These findings supply evidence that cystatins SA1 and SA2 adhere to human fibroblasts and that the event results in tyrosine phosphorylation and upregulation of the release of IL-6 mediated enhancement of NF-kappa B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kato
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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18
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Hong J, Yoshida K, Rosner MR. Characterization of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor induced during neuronal cell differentiation. J Neurochem 2002; 81:922-34. [PMID: 12065604 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rat homolog of human cystatin E/M was identified by differential display of transcripts induced during neuronal cell differentiation. A member of the family 2 cystatins, rat cystatin E/M is secreted, glycosylated and developmentally regulated. Rat cystatin E/M is expressed in brain, and is induced during differentiation of a conditionally immortalized E17 rat hippocampal cell line (H19-7) by bFGF or activated Raf via MEK-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Rat cystatin E/M protein is increased post-transcriptionally in PC12 cells, and the protein is secreted into the medium of primary embryonal hippocampal cultures. Analysis of the K (i) of recombinant His-tagged rat cystatin E/M toward cathepsins B and H revealed that rat cystatin E/M has an inhibitor profile distinct from that of other members of the cystatin family. Motif swapping between rat cystatin E/M and human cystatin C, a well-characterized cystatin, identified some residues that can contribute to the specificity of inhibition. Taken together, these results describe a member of the cystatin family that has a distinct inhibitor profile and may play a role in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hong
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Kato T, Imatani T, Miura T, Minaguchi K, Saitoh E, Okuda K. Cytokine-inducing activity of family 2 cystatins. Biol Chem 2000; 381:1143-7. [PMID: 11154074 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2000.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are physiological cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Here we report a novel function for some family 2 cystatins that is not related to these activities. The release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by the gingival fibroblasts and that of IL-6 by murine splenocytes were measured using ELISA systems specific for these cytokine molecules. Family 2 cystatins, including cystatins C, SA1, SA2, S, and egg white cystatin, upregulated the IL-6 production by two-lasts at physiological concentrations. After complete saturation with papain, those family 2 cystatins still upregulated IL-6 production, suggesting that the papain-inhibitory site was not involved in the cytokine-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Baron AC, Gansky SA, Ryder MI, Featherstone JD. Cysteine protease inhibitory activity and levels of salivary cystatins in whole saliva of periodontally diseased patients. J Periodontal Res 1999; 34:437-44. [PMID: 10697800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 3 human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN are multifunctional proteins that possess a cysteine protease inhibitory property, but their ability to act as such is very different (SN > SA >> S). One form, S, also appears to possess antibacterial properties towards the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, often associated with periodontal diseases. In this study we measured the total cystatin inhibitory activity and the levels of each salivary cystatin in the whole saliva of 8 periodontally diseased patients and 2 groups of control subjects (n = 6 and n = 10). The total cystatin inhibitory activity and the total salivary cystatin concentration in the periodontally diseased patients were found to be lower than the controls (p < or = 0.005). The concentration of S was depleted to levels that would not allow it to be an effective antibacterial agent, and the concentration of SA, although depleted in some cases, was still present at sufficient levels to allow it to act as an effective physiological inhibitor of cathepsin L. The concentration of cystatin SN was also depleted in the periodontally diseased patients, but was still present in sufficient quantities to act as an effective physiological cysteine protease inhibitor of cathepsins H and L. In comparison, the concentration of all 3 salivary cystatins in the control subjects were sufficient to enable these proteins to be both effective physiological cysteine protease inhibitors and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Baron
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0758, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the cysteine protease inhibitory properties of the human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN in order to identify potential in vivo target cysteine proteases which may include those involved in periodontal tissue destruction. In addition, the potential role of the salivary cystatins with respect to the tooth mineral balance and pellicle formation was also investigated. METHODS Salivary cystatins S major, S minor, SA, SAT (a truncated form of SA) and SN were purified from human submandibular sublingual saliva. Sensitive fluorometric assays were used to test the inhibitory action of each purified form of salivary cystatin against a variety of cysteine proteases and to determine whether pH affected their inhibitory activity towards the well-characterized cysteine protease papain. Their potential role in the mineral balance of the tooth was assessed by the measurement of calcium binding and the rate of binding to carbonated apatite (CAP). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Salivary cystatin SN was found to inhibit the human lysosomal cathepsins B, H and L and salivary cystatin SA was found to inhibit human lysosomal cathepsin L in vitro. These proteases are involved in periodontal tissue destruction and these data suggest that salivary cystatins SA and SN are involved in the control of the proteolytic events in vivo. Salivary cystatin S was not an inhibitor of the cysteine proteases tested suggesting that its primary role is not as a cysteine protease inhibitor. However, S was able to bind more calcium and bind more rapidly to CAP than SA or SN, suggesting that its primary role in the oral environment is likely to be the involvement with the mineral balance of the tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baron
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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