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da Rocha Torres Pavione N, de Moraes JVB, Ribeiro IC, de Castro RB, da Silva W, de Souza ACA, da Silva VHF, de Souza Vasconcellos R, da Costa Bressan G, Fietto JLR. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the recombinant nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (LbNTPDase2) from Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09980-9. [PMID: 37999896 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), an important tropical neglected disease. ENTPDases are nucleotidases that hydrolyze intracellular and/or extracellular nucleotides. ENTPDases are known as regulators of purinergic signalling induced by extracellular nucleotides. Leishmania species have two isoforms of ENTPDase, and, particularly, ENTPDase2 seems to be involved in infectivity and virulence. In this study, we conducted the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the recombinant ENTPDase2 of L. braziliensis (rLbNTPDase2). Our results show that this enzyme is a canonical ENTPDase with apyrase activity, capable of hydrolysing triphosphate and diphosphate nucleotides, and it is dependent on divalent cations (calcium or magnesium). Substrate specificity was characterized as UDP>GDP>ADP>GTP>ATP=UTP. The enzyme showed optimal activity at a neutral to basic pH and was partially inhibited by suramin and DIDS. Furthermore, the low apparent Km for ADP suggests that the enzyme may play a role in adenosine-mediated signalling. The biochemical characterization of this enzyme can open new avenues for using LbNTPDase2 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy da Rocha Torres Pavione
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- General Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Badaró de Moraes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- General Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cunha Ribeiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Walmir da Silva
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo da Costa Bressan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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2
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Carvalho-Kelly LF, Freitas-Mesquita AL, Ferreira Pralon C, de Souza-Maciel E, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Identification and characterization of an ectophosphatase activity involved in Acanthamoeba castellanii adhesion to host cells. Eur J Protistol 2023; 91:126026. [PMID: 37871554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba and an opportunistic pathogen for humans that can cause encephalitis and, more commonly, Acanthamoeba keratitis. During its life cycle, A. castellanii may present as proliferative and infective trophozoites or resistant cysts. The adhesion of trophozoites to host cells is a key first step in the pathogenesis of infection. A major virulence protein of Acanthamoeba is a mannose-binding protein (MBP) that mediates the adhesion of amoebae to cell surfaces. Ectophosphatases are ecto-enzymes that can dephosphorylate extracellular substrates and have already been described in several microorganisms. Regarding their physiological roles, there is consistent evidence that ectophosphatase activities play an important role in parasite-host interactions. In the present work, we identified and biochemically characterized the ectophosphatase activity of A. castellanii. The ectophosphatase activity is acidic, stimulated by magnesium, cobalt and nickel, and presents the following apparent kinetic parameters: Km = 2.12 ± 0.54 mM p-NPP and Vmax = 26.12 ± 2.53 nmol p-NP × h-1 × 10-6 cells. We observed that sodium orthovanadate, ammonium molybdate, sodium fluoride, and inorganic phosphate are able to inhibit ectophosphatase activity. Comparing the two stages of the A. castellanii lifecycle, ectophosphatase activity is significantly higher in trophozoites than in cysts. The ectophosphatase activity is stimulated by mannose residues and is significantly increased when trophozoites interact with LLC-MK2 cells. The inhibition of ectophosphatase by pretreatment with sodium orthovanadate also inhibits the adhesion of trophozoites to epithelial cells. These results allow us to conclude that the ectophosphatase activity of A. castellanii is somehow important for the adhesion of trophozoites to their host cells. According to our data, we believe that the activation of MBP by mannose residues triggers the stimulation of ectophosphatase activity to facilitate the adhesion process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clara Ferreira Pralon
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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3
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da Silva W, Ribeiro IC, Agripino JDM, da Silva VHF, de Souza LÂ, Oliveira TA, Bressan GC, Vasconcellos RDS, Dumas C, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Papadopoulou B, Fietto JLR. Leishmania infantum NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 play an important role in infection and nitric oxide production in macrophages. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. E-NTPDases: Possible Roles on Host-Parasite Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:769922. [PMID: 34858878 PMCID: PMC8630654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Belonging to the GDA1/CD39 protein superfamily, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to the monophosphate form (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Several NTPDase isoforms have been described in different cells, from pathogenic organisms to animals and plants. Biochemical characterization of nucleotidases/NTPDases has revealed the existence of isoforms with different specificities regarding divalent cations (such as calcium and magnesium) and substrates. In mammals, NTPDases have been implicated in the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation. In parasites, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Schistosoma spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, NTPDases were found on the surface of the cell, and important processes like growth, infectivity, and virulence seem to depend on their activity. For instance, experimental evidence has indicated that parasite NTPDases can regulate the levels of ATP and Adenosine (Ado) of the host cell, leading to the modulation of the host immune response. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review showing the involvement of the nucleotidases/NTPDases in parasites infectivity and virulence, and how inhibition of NTPDases contributes to parasite clearance and the development of new antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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da Silva W, da Rocha Torres N, de Melo Agripino J, da Silva VHF, de Souza ACA, Ribeiro IC, de Oliveira TA, de Souza LA, Andrade LKR, de Moraes JVB, Diogo MA, de Castro RB, Polêto MD, Afonso LCC, Fietto JLR. ENTPDases from Pathogenic Trypanosomatids and Purinergic Signaling: Shedding Light towards Biotechnological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:213-226. [PMID: 33019932 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201005125146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ENTPDases are enzymes known for hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides and playing an essential role in controlling the nucleotide signaling via nucleotide/purinergic receptors P2. Moreover, ENTPDases, together with Ecto-5´-nucleotidase activity, affect the adenosine signaling via P1 receptors. These signals control many biological processes, including the immune system. In this context, ATP is considered as a trigger to inflammatory signaling, while adenosine (Ado) induces anti-inflammatory response. The trypanosomatids Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic agents of Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease, respectively, have their own ENTPDases named "TpENTPDases," which can affect the nucleotide signaling, adhesion and infection, in order to favor the parasite. Besides, TpENTPDases are essential for the parasite nutrition, since the Purine De Novo synthesis pathway is absent in them, which makes these pathogens dependent on the intake of purines and nucleopurines for the Salvage Pathway, in which TpENTPDases also take place. Here, we review information regarding TpNTPDases, including their known biological roles and their effect on the purinergic signaling. We also highlight the roles of these enzymes in parasite infection and their biotechnological applications, while pointing to future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmir da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nancy da Rocha Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joice de Melo Agripino
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Cláudia Alves de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cunha Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Angelo de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcel Arruda Diogo
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Depolo Polêto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Ciencias Biologicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Chaves MM, Savio LEB, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic signaling: a new front-line determinant of resistance and susceptibility in leishmaniasis. Biomed J 2021; 45:109-117. [PMID: 34175493 PMCID: PMC9133308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that causes several clinical manifestations. Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause this disease. Spread across five continents, leishmaniasis is a particular public health problem in developing countries. Leishmania infects phagocytic cells such as macrophages, where it induces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release at the time of infection. ATP activates purinergic receptors in the cell membranes of infected cells and promotes parasite control by inducing leukotriene B4 release and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, uridine triphosphate induces ATP release, exacerbating the immune response. However, ATP may also undergo catalysis by ectonucleotidases present in the parasite membrane, generating adenosine, which activates P1 receptors and induces the production of anti-inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandin E2 and IL-10. These mechanisms culminate in Leishmania's survival. Thus, how Leishmania handles extracellular nucleotides and the activation of purinergic receptors determines the control or the dissemination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo B Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mycoplasma bovis Membrane Protein MilA Is a Multifunctional Lipase with Novel Lipid and Glycosaminoglycan Binding Activity. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00945-19. [PMID: 32253247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00945-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival, replication, and virulence of mycoplasmas depend on their ability to capture and import host-derived nutrients using poorly characterized membrane proteins. Previous studies on the important bovine pathogen Mycoplasma bovis demonstrated that the amino-terminal end of an immunogenic 226-kDa (P226) protein, encoded by milA (the full-length product of which has a predicted molecular weight of 303 kDa), had lipase activity. The predicted sequence of MilA contains glycosaminoglycan binding motifs, as well as multiple copies of a domain of unknown function (DUF445) that is also found in apolipoproteins. We mutagenized the gene to facilitate expression of a series of regions spanning the gene in Escherichia coli Using monospecific antibodies against these recombinant proteins, we showed that MilA was proteolytically processed into 226-kDa and 50-kDa fragments that were both partitioned into the detergent phase by Triton X-114 phase fractionation. Trypsin treatment of intact cells showed that P226 was surface exposed. In vitro, the recombinant regions of MilA bound to 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid and to a variety of lipids. The MilA fragments were also shown to bind heparin. Antibody against the carboxyl-terminal fragment inhibited the growth of M. bovis in vitro This carboxyl end also bound and hydrolyzed ATP, suggestive of a potential role as an autotransporter. Our studies have demonstrated that DUF445 has lipid binding activity and that MilA is a multifunctional protein that may play multiple roles in the pathogenesis of infection with M. bovis.
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8
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Basu M, Gupta P, Dutta A, Jana K, Ukil A. Increased host ATP efflux and its conversion to extracellular adenosine is crucial for establishing Leishmania infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239939. [PMID: 32079656 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani demands rapid production of host ATP for its sustenance. However, a gradual decrease in intracellular ATP in spite of increased glycolysis suggests ATP efflux during infection. Accordingly, upon infection, we show here that ATP is exported and the major exporter was pannexin-1, leading to raised extracellular ATP levels. Extracellular ATP shows a gradual decrease after the initial increase, and analysis of cell surface ATP-degrading enzymes revealed induction of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Ectonucleotidase-mediated ATP degradation leads to increased extracellular adenosine (eADO), and inhibition of CD39 and CD73 in infected cells decreased adenosine concentration and parasite survival, documenting the importance of adenosine in infection. Inhibiting adenosine uptake by cells did not affect parasite survival, suggesting that eADO exerts its effect through receptor-mediated signalling. We also show that Leishmania induces the expression of adenosine receptors A2AR and A2BR, both of which are important for anti-inflammatory responses. Treating infected BALB/c mice with CD39 and CD73 inhibitors resulted in decreased parasite burden and increased host-favourable cytokine production. Collectively, these observations indicate that infection-induced ATP is exported, and after conversion into adenosine, propagates infection via receptor-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
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9
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Silva-Gomes NL, Rampazzo RDCP, Moreira CMDN, Porcino GN, Dos Santos CMB, Krieger MA, Vasconcelos EG, Fragoso SP, Moreira OC. Knocking Down TcNTPDase-1 Gene Reduces in vitro Infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:434. [PMID: 32256481 PMCID: PMC7094052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases are enzymes that hydrolyze tri- and/or diphosphate nucleosides. Evidences pointed out to their participation in Trypanosoma cruzi virulence, infectivity, and purine acquisition. In this study, recombinant T. cruzi knocking out or overexpressing the TcNTPDase-1 gene were built, and the role of TcNTPDase-1 in the in vitro interaction with VERO cells was investigated. Results show that epimastigote forms of hemi-knockout parasites showed about 50% lower level of TcNTPDase-1 gene expression when compared to the wild type, while the T. cruzi overexpressing this gene reach 20 times higher gene expression. In trypomastigote forms, the same decreasing in TcNTPDase-1 gene expression was observed to the hemi-knockout parasites. The in vitro infection assays showed a reduction to 51.6 and 59.9% at the adhesion and to 25.2 and 26.4% at the endocytic indexes to the parasites knockout to one or other allele (Hygro and Neo hemi-knockouts), respectively. In contrast, the infection assays with T. cruzi overexpressing TcNTPDase-1 from the WT or Neo hemi-knockout parasites showed an opposite result, with the increasing to 287.7 and 271.1% at the adhesion and to 220.4 and 186.7% at the endocytic indexes, respectively. The parasitic load estimated in infected VERO cells by quantitative real time PCR corroborated these findings. Taken together, the partial silencing and overexpression of the TcNTPDase-1 gene generated viable parasites with low and high infectivity rates, respectively, corroborating that the enzyme encoded for this gene plays an important role to the T. cruzi infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Lins Silva-Gomes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriane Nascimento Porcino
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Proteins, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eveline Gomes Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Proteins, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Stenio Perdigão Fragoso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Trypanosomatids, Carlos Chagas Institute, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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de Carvalho LSA, Alves Jr Ij, Junqueira LR, Silva LM, Riani LR, de Faria Pinto P, da Silva Filho AA. ATP-Diphosphohydrolases in Parasites: Localization, Functions and Recent Developments in Drug Discovery. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:873-884. [PMID: 31272352 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190704152827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ATP-diphosphohydrolases (EC 3.6.1.5), also known as ATPDases, NTPases, NTPDases, EATPases or apyrases, are enzymes that hydrolyze a variety of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates to their respective nucleosides, being their activities dependent on the presence of divalent cations, such as calcium and magnesium. Recently, ATP-diphosphohydrolases were identified on the surface of several parasites, such as Trypanosoma sp, Leishmania sp and Schistosoma sp. In parasites, the activity of ATPdiphosphohydrolases has been associated with the purine recuperation and/or as a protective mechanism against the host organism under conditions that involve ATP or ADP, such as immune responses and platelet activation. These proteins have been suggested as possible targets for the development of new antiparasitic drugs. In this review, we will comprehensively address the main aspects of the location and function of ATP-diphosphohydrolase in parasites. Also, we performed a detailed research in scientific database of recent developments in new natural and synthetic inhibitors of the ATPdiphosphohydrolases in parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Soares Aleixo de Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alves Jr Ij
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lauriene Ricardo Junqueira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rodrigues Riani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Faria Pinto
- Departament of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ademar Alves da Silva Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Lauri N, Bazzi Z, Alvarez CL, Leal Denis MF, Schachter J, Herlax V, Ostuni MA, Schwarzbaum PJ. ATPe Dynamics in Protozoan Parasites. Adapt or Perish. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:E16. [PMID: 30591699 PMCID: PMC6356682 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In most animals, transient increases of extracellular ATP (ATPe) are used for physiological signaling or as a danger signal in pathological conditions. ATPe dynamics are controlled by ATP release from viable cells and cell lysis, ATPe degradation and interconversion by ecto-nucleotidases, and interaction of ATPe and byproducts with cell surface purinergic receptors and purine salvage mechanisms. Infection by protozoan parasites may alter at least one of the mechanisms controlling ATPe concentration. Protozoan parasites display their own set of proteins directly altering ATPe dynamics, or control the activity of host proteins. Parasite dependent activation of ATPe conduits of the host may promote infection and systemic responses that are beneficial or detrimental to the parasite. For instance, activation of organic solute permeability at the host membrane can support the elevated metabolism of the parasite. On the other hand ecto-nucleotidases of protozoan parasites, by promoting ATPe degradation and purine/pyrimidine salvage, may be involved in parasite growth, infectivity, and virulence. In this review, we will describe the complex dynamics of ATPe regulation in the context of protozoan parasite⁻host interactions. Particular focus will be given to features of parasite membrane proteins strongly controlling ATPe dynamics. This includes evolutionary, genetic and cellular mechanisms, as well as structural-functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lauri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Chair of Biological Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Zaher Bazzi
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cora L Alvarez
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes, Buenos Aires 2160, Argentina.
| | - María F Leal Denis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Julieta Schachter
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Herlax
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP) "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner", Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Av. 60 y Av. 120 La Plata, Argentina.
- National University of La Plata, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. 60 y Av. 120 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mariano A Ostuni
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of La Réunion, University of Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion (INTS), Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Pablo J Schwarzbaum
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Chair of Biological Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. NTPDase activities: possible roles onLeishmania sppinfectivity and virulence. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:670-682. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590 Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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13
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Peres NTDA, Cunha LCS, Barbosa MLA, Santos MB, de Oliveira FA, de Jesus AMR, de Almeida RP. Infection of Human Macrophages by Leishmania infantum Is Influenced by Ecto-Nucleotidases. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1954. [PMID: 29379503 PMCID: PMC5770793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidase activity is involved in the infection process of Leishmania and various other parasites that enables modulation of host immune responses to promote disease progression. One of the enzymes responsible for this activity is the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase). The enzyme hydrolyzes nucleotides tri- and/or di-phosphate into monophosphate products, which are subsequently hydrolyzed into adenosine. These nucleotides can serve as purinergic signaling molecules involved in diverse cellular processes that govern immune responses. Given the importance of the extracellular metabolism of these nucleotides during intracellular pathogen infections, this study evaluates the role of ecto-nucleotidase activity during Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) infection in human macrophages. E-NTPDase protein expression and activity was evaluated in L. infantum during purine starvation, adenosine-enriched medium, or in the presence of an inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidases. Results show that E-NTPDase is expressed in L. infantum parasites, including on the cell membrane. Furthermore, functional activity of the enzyme was modulated according to the availability of adenosine in the medium. Purine starvation increased the hydrolytic capacity of nucleotides leading to higher infectivity, while growth in adenosine-enriched medium led to lower infectivity. Moreover, inhibiting E-NTPDase function decreased L. infantum infection in macrophages, suggesting the enzyme may serve as a ligand. Taken together, the ability of L. infantum to hydrolyze nucleotides is directly associated with increased infectivity in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Teixeira de Aguiar Peres
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Luana Celina Seraphim Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Meirielly Lima Almeida Barbosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bezerra Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Alvise de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Amélia Maria Ribeiro de Jesus
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
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14
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Dias DA, de Barros Penteado B, Dos Santos LD, Dos Santos PM, Arruda CCP, Schetinger MRC, Leal DBR, Dos Santos Jaques JA. Characterization of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5) activity in mouse peritoneal cavity cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:358-363. [PMID: 28871607 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the activity of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5) in peritoneal cavity cells from BALB/c mice. E-NTPDase was activated in the presence of both calcium (1.5mM) and magnesium (1.5mM) ions. However, the activity was higher in the presence of Ca2+ . A pH of 8.5 and temperature of 37°C were the optimum conditions for catalysis. The apparent Km values were 0.51mM and 0.66mM for the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), respectively. The Vmax values were 136.4 and 120.8 nmol Pi/min/mg of protein for ATPase and ADPase activity, respectively. Nucleotide hydrolysis was inhibited in the presence of sodium azide (20mM, ATP: P < .05; ADP: P < .001), sodium fluoride (20mM; ATP and ADP: P < .001), and suramin (0.3mM; ATP: P < .01; ADP: P < .05), which is a known profile for NTPDase inhibition. Although all of the diphosphate and triphosphate nucleotides that were tested were hydrolyzed, enzyme activity was increased when adenine nucleotides were used as substrates. Finally, we stress that knowledge of the E-NTPDase catalytic biochemical properties in mouse peritoneal cavity cells is indispensable for properly determining its activity, as well as to fully understand the immune response profile in both healthy and sick cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhébora Albuquerque Dias
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Barros Penteado
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Derbocio Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Cardozo Pinto Arruda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeandre Augusto Dos Santos Jaques
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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15
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Magnesium-Dependent Ecto-ATP Diphosphohydrolase Activity in Leishmania donovani. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:811-819. [PMID: 27589852 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have described the expression of ecto-ATPDase on the external surface of Leishmania donovani. This enzyme has the ability to hydrolyze extracellular ATP. There is a low level of ATP hydrolysis in the absence of divalent cation 2.5 ± 0.51 nM Pi 107 cells/h which shows the divalent cation-dependent activity of this enzyme in the intact parasite. However, MgCl2 stimulated the ATP hydrolysis to a greater extent compared with CaCl2 and ZnCl2. This activity was also observed when replaced by MnCl2. The Mg-dependent ecto-ATPase activity was 46.58 ± 6.248 nM Pi 107 cells/h. The apparent K m for ATP was 5.76 mM. Since Leishmania also possesses acid phosphatase activity and to discard the possibility that the observed ATP hydrolysis was due to acid phosphatase, the effect of pH was examined. In the pH range 6.0-9.0, in which the cells were viable, the phosphatase activity decreased while ATPase activity increased. To show that the observed ATP hydrolysis was not due to phosphatase or nucleotidase activity, certain inhibitors for these enzymes were tested. Vandate and NaF inhibited the phosphatase activity; Ammonium molybdate inhibited 5'-nucleotidase activity, but these inhibitors did not inhibit the observed ATP hydrolysis. However, when ADP was used as a substrate, there was no inhibition of ATP hydrolysis showing the possibility of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity. To confirm that this Mg-dependent ATPase activity is an ecto-ATPase activity, we used an impermeable inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene 2,-2'-disulfonic acid, as well as suramin, an antagonist of P2-purinoceptors and inhibitor of some ecto-ATPases. These two reagents inhibited the Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of L. donovani E-NTPDase activity was demonstrated using antibodies against NTPDase by Western blotting and flow cytometry. The presence of Mg2+-dependent ATP diphosphohydrolase activity on the surface of L. donovani modulates the nucleotide concentration and protects the parasite from the lytic effects of the nucleotides mainly ATP. Ecto-ATPDase from L. donovani may be further characterized as a good antigen and as a target for immunodiagnosis and drug development, respectively.
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16
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Kinetic and biochemical characterization of Trypanosoma evansi nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Sansom FM, Ralton JE, Sernee MF, Cohen AM, Hooker DJ, Hartland EL, Naderer T, McConville MJ. Golgi-located NTPDase1 of Leishmania major is required for lipophosphoglycan elongation and normal lesion development whereas secreted NTPDase2 is dispensable for virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3402. [PMID: 25521752 PMCID: PMC4270689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa, such as Leishmania species, are thought to express a number of surface and secreted nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) which hydrolyze a broad range of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates. However, the functional significance of NTPDases in parasite virulence is poorly defined. The Leishmania major genome was found to contain two putative NTPDases, termed LmNTPDase1 and 2, with predicted NTPDase catalytic domains and either an N-terminal signal sequence and/or transmembrane domain, respectively. Expression of both proteins as C-terminal GFP fusion proteins revealed that LmNTPDase1 was exclusively targeted to the Golgi apparatus, while LmNTPDase2 was predominantly secreted. An L. major LmNTPDase1 null mutant displayed increased sensitivity to serum complement lysis and exhibited a lag in lesion development when infections in susceptible BALB/c mice were initiated with promastigotes, but not with the obligate intracellular amastigote stage. This phenotype is characteristic of L. major strains lacking lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the major surface glycoconjugate of promastigote stages. Biochemical studies showed that the L. major NTPDase1 null mutant synthesized normal levels of LPG that was structurally identical to wild type LPG, with the exception of having shorter phosphoglycan chains. These data suggest that the Golgi-localized NTPase1 is involved in regulating the normal sugar-nucleotide dependent elongation of LPG and assembly of protective surface glycocalyx. In contrast, deletion of the gene encoding LmNTPDase2 had no measurable impact on parasite virulence in BALB/c mice. These data suggest that the Leishmania major NTPDase enzymes have potentially important roles in the insect stage, but only play a transient or non-major role in pathogenesis in the mammalian host. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a family of enzymes expressed in many eukaryotes, ranging from single-celled parasites to mammals. In mammals, NTPDases can have an immunomodulatory role, while in pathogenic protists cell-surface and secreted NTPDases are thought to be important virulence factors, although this has never been explicitly tested. In this study we have investigated the function of two NTPDases, termed LmNTPDase1 and LmNTPDase2, in Leishmania major parasites. We show that LmNTPDase 1 and LmNTPDase 2 are differentially targeted to the Golgi apparatus and secreted, respectively. A Leishmania major mutant lacking the Golgi LmNTPDase1 exhibited a delayed capacity to induce lesions in susceptible mice when promastigote (insect) stages were used to initiate infection, but not when amastigote (mammalian-infective) stages were used. Loss of promastigote infectivity in the LmNTPDase1 null mutant was associated with the synthesis and surface expression of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), with shorter glycan chains and increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. In contrast, a null mutant lacking the secreted LmNTPDase2 did not exhibit any difference in virulence. Our results suggest that Leishmania major NTPDases have specific roles in regulating Golgi glycosylation pathways, and nucleoside salvage pathways in the insect stages, but do not appear to be required for virulence of the mammalian-infective stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie E. Ralton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Fleur Sernee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M. Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Hooker
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Giarola NLL, Silveira TS, Inacio JDF, Vieira LP, Almeida-Amaral EE, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis: Increase in ecto-ATPase activity and parasite burden of vinblastine-resistant protozoa. Exp Parasitol 2014; 146:25-33. [PMID: 25176449 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is a protozoan parasite that induces mucocutaneous and diffuse cutaneous lesions upon infection. An important component in treatment failure is the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. It is necessary to clarify the mechanism of resistance that occurs in these parasites to develop effective drugs for leishmaniasis treatment. Promastigote forms of L. amazonensis were selected by gradually increasing concentrations of vinblastine and were maintained under continuous drug pressure (resistant cells). Vinblastine-resistant L. amazonensis proliferated similarly to control parasites. However, resistant cells showed changes in the cell shape, irregular flagella and a decrease in rhodamine 123 accumulation, which are factors associated with the development of resistance, suggesting the MDR phenotype. The Mg-dependent-ecto-ATPase, an enzyme located on cell surface of Leishmania parasites, is involved in the acquisition of purine and participates in the adhesion and infectivity process. We compared control and resistant L. amazonensis ecto-enzymatic activities. The control and resistant Leishmania ecto-ATPase activities were 16.0 ± 1.5 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7) cells and 40.0 ± 4.4 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7)cells, respectively. Interestingly, the activity of other ecto-enzymes present on the L. amazonensis cell surface, the ecto-5' and 3'-nucleotidases and ecto-phosphatase, did not increase. The level of ecto-ATPase modulation is related to the degree of resistance of the cell. Cells resistant to 10 μM and 60 μM of vinblastine have ecto-ATPase activities of 22.7 ± 0.4 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7) cells and 33.8 ± 0.8 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7)cells, respectively. In vivo experiments showed that both lesion size and parasite burden in mice infected with resistant parasites are greater than those of L. amazonensis control cells. Furthermore, our data established a relationship between the increase in ecto-ATPase activity and greater infectivity and severity of the disease caused by vinblastine-resistant L. amazonensis promastigotes. Taken together, these data suggest that ecto-enzymes could be potential therapeutic targets in the struggle against the spread of leishmaniasis, a neglected world-wide public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira Lígia Lima Giarola
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souza Silveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro IFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - Lisvane Paes Vieira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil.
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19
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Qiao Y, Pengsakul T. Cloning and expression of apyrase gene from Ancylostoma caninum in Escherechia coli. Acta Parasitol 2014. [PMID: 26204021 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Apyrase encoding metal-ions activated plasma membrane protease is present in animal and plant tissues. This enzyme can hydrolyze ADP and ATP pyrophosphate bond, resulting in AMP and free phosphate groups, and plays an important role for insects and parasites to evade host immune system. However localization and function of apyrase in the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, remains unknown. To analyze apyrase gene in A. caninum (a eukaryotic parasitic hookworm), a pair of primers was designed according to the previous EST data. The full-length cDNA of apyrase gene was amplified from A. caninum by RT-PCR. The partial cDNA of apyrase encodes 249 amino acid protein was expressed in Escherechia coli. The recombinant protein was induced to express under proper conditions and the molecular size was as expected. The recombinant protein was purified. The transcripts of apyrase in different stages of A. caninum were analyzed by the Real-time PCR assay, and Immuno-localization assays were used to research the protein expression in different stages of A. caninum.
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20
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Freitas-Mesquita AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Ecto-nucleotidases and Ecto-phosphatases from Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:217-252. [PMID: 24264248 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecto-enzymes can be defined as membrane-bound proteins that have their active site facing the extracellular millieu. In trypanosomatids, the physiological roles of these enzymes remain to be completed elucidated; however, many important events have already been related to them, such as the survival of parasites during their complex life cycle and the successful establishment of host infection. This chapter focuses on two remarkable classes of ecto-enzymes: ecto-nucleotidases and ecto-phosphatases, summarizing their occurrence and possible physiological roles in Leishmania and Trypanosoma genera. Ecto-nucleotidases are characterized by their ability to hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides, playing an important role in purinergic signaling. By the action of these ecto-enzymes, parasites are capable of modulating the host immune system, which leads to a successful parasite infection. Furthermore, ecto-nucleotidases are also involved in the purine salvage pathway, acting in the generation of nucleosides that are able to cross plasma membrane via specialized transporters. Another important ecto-enzyme present in a vast number of pathogenic organisms is the ecto-phosphatase. These enzymes are able to hydrolyze extracellular phosphorylated substrates, releasing free inorganic phosphate that can be internalized by the cell, crossing the plasma membrane through a Pi-transporter. Ecto-phosphatases are also involved in the invasion and survival of parasite in the host cells. Several alternative functions have been suggested for these enzymes in parasites, such as participation in their proliferation, differentiation, nutrition and protection. In this context, the present chapter provides an overview of recent discoveries related to the occurrence of ecto-nucleotidase and ecto-phosphatase activities in Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites.
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21
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Freitas-Mesquita AL, Fonseca-de-Souza AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis: characterization of an ecto-pyrophosphatase activity. Exp Parasitol 2013; 137:8-13. [PMID: 24316462 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several ecto-enzymatic activities have been described in the plasma membrane of the protozoan Leishmania amazonensis, which is the major etiological agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America. These enzymes, including ecto-phosphatases, contribute to the survival of the parasite by participating in phosphate metabolism. This work identifies and characterizes the extracellular hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate related to an ecto-pyrophosphatase activity of the promastigote form of L. amazonensis. This ecto-pyrophosphatase activity is insensitive to MnCl2 but is strongly stimulated by MgCl2. This stimulation was not observed during the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) or β-glycerophosphate, two substrates for different ecto-phosphatases present in the L. amazonensis plasma membrane. Furthermore, extracellular PPi hydrolysis is more efficient at alkaline pHs, while p-NPP hydrolysis occurs mainly at acidic pHs. These results led us to conclude that extracellular PPi is hydrolyzed not by non-specific ecto-phosphatases but rather by a genuine ecto-pyrophosphatase. In the presence of 5mM MgCl2, the ecto-pyrophosphatase activity from L. amazonensis is sensitive to micromolar concentrations of NaF and millimolar concentrations of CaCl2. Moreover, this activity is significantly higher during the first days of L. amazonensis culture, which suggests a possible role for this enzyme in parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Leocadio Freitas-Mesquita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Fonseca-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Terapia e Fisiologia Celular e Molecular, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, 23070-200 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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22
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Lal CS, Kumar S, Ranjan A, Rabidas VN, Verma N, Pandey K, Verma RB, Das S, Singh D, Das P. Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium and iron level in acute and chronic patients of visceral leishmaniasis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013. [PMID: 23199594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PROJECT Chronic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an increasingly common problem in disease endemic states of India. Identification of prognosis risk factor in patients with VL may lead to preventive actions, toward decreasing its mortality in chronic individuals. Though serum Zinc levels are decreased in patients of VL, limited information is available regarding trace elements status in acute and chronic VL patients. The present study was undertaken to compare serum trace elements concentrations in acute and chronic VL patients. PROCEDURE Acute (mean age=28.64 years), chronic (mean age=23.68 years) VL patients and healthy controls (mean age=23.05 years) who agreed to provide blood specimens for laboratory investigations participated in this study. Serum zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were measured spectrophotometrically using chemistry analyzer. RESULTS Serum Zn concentration was comparatively much decreased in chronic VL than to acute ones (p=0.007) while serum Mg was higher in chronic VL than acute (p=0.002) ones. There was no statistically significant difference between acute and chronic VL in serum concentrations of Cu, Fe and Ca. CONCLUSIONS Serum Zn levels were much decreased and serum Mg were increased in chronic VL as compared to acute cases. The serum concentrations of Fe and Ca did not show any difference between two groups. The serum Cu was increased in both groups but more in chronic ones. Serum Zn and Mg could be a potential prognosis factor for chronic VL patients. We hypothesize zinc supplementation as a chemo preventive agent for chronic VL cases, particularly in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Lal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Patna, Bihar, India.
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Trypanosoma cruzi: effects of heat shock on ecto-ATPase activity. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:434-41. [PMID: 23295384 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate that Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain epimastigotes exhibit Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase activity that is stimulated by heat shock. When the epimastigotes were incubated at 37°C for 2h, the ecto-ATPase activity of the cells was 43.95±0.97 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells, whereas the ecto-ATPase activity of cells that were not exposed to heat shock stress was 16.97±0.30 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells. The ecto-ATPase activities of cells, that were exposed or not exposed to heat shock stress had approximately the same Km values (2.25±0.26 mM ATP and 1.55±0.23 mM ATP, respectively) and different Vmax values. The heat-shocked cells had higher Vmax values (54.38±3.07 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells) than the cells that were not exposed to heat shock (19.38±1.76 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells). We also observed that the ecto-phosphatase and ecto-5'nucleotidase activities of cells that had been incubated at 28°C or 37°C were the same. Interestingly, cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, suppressed the heat shock effect of ecto-ATPase activity on T. cruzi. The Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase activity from the Y strain (high virulence) was approximately 2-fold higher than that of Dm28c (a clone with low virulence). In addition, these two strains presented different responses to heat shock with regard to their ecto-ATPase activities; Y strain epimastigotes had a stimulation of 2.52-fold while the Dm28c strain had a 1.71-fold stimulation. In this context, the virulent trypomastigote form of T. cruzi, Dm28c, had an ecto-ATPase activity that was more than 7-fold higher (66.67±5.98 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells) than that of the insect epimastigote forms (8.91±0.76 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells). This difference increased to approximately 10-fold when both forms were subjected to heat shock stress (181.14±16.48 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells for trypomastigotes and 16.71±1.17 nmol Pi/h×10(7) cells for epimastigotes at 37°C). The ecto-ATPase activity of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction obtained from T. cruzi epimastigotes was not increased by heat treatment, which suggested that cytoplasmic components had an influence on enzyme activation by heat shock stress.
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Visovatti SH, Hyman MC, Bouis D, Neubig R, McLaughlin VV, Pinsky DJ. Increased CD39 nucleotidase activity on microparticles from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40829. [PMID: 22792409 PMCID: PMC3394716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a devastating disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation, perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, and in situ thrombosis. Circulating intravascular ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine activate purinergic cell signaling pathways and appear to induce many of the same pathologic processes that underlie IPAH. Extracellular dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP and AMP occurs primarily via CD39 (ENTPD1), an ectonucleotidase found on the surface of leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells [1]. Microparticles are micron-sized phospholipid vesicles formed from the membranes of platelets and endothelial cells. Objectives: Studies here examine whether CD39 is an important microparticle surface nucleotidase, and whether patients with IPAH have altered microparticle-bound CD39 activity that may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. Methodology/ Principal Findings Kinetic parameters, inhibitor blocking experiments, and immunogold labeling with electron microscopy support the role of CD39 as a major nucleotidase on the surface of microparticles. Comparison of microparticle surface CD39 expression and nucleotidase activity in 10 patients with advanced IPAH and 10 healthy controls using flow cytometry and thin layer chromatograph demonstrate the following: 1) circulating platelet (CD39+CD31+CD42b+) and endothelial (CD39+CD31+CD42b−) microparticle subpopulations in patients with IPAH show increased CD39 expression; 2) microparticle ATPase and ADPase activity in patients with IPAH is increased. Conclusions/ Significance We demonstrate for the first time increased CD39 expression and function on circulating microparticles in patients with IPAH. Further research is needed to elucidate whether these findings identify an important trigger for the development of the disease, or reflect a physiologic response to IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Visovatti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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Figueiredo AB, Serafim TD, Marques-da-Silva EA, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Afonso LCC. Leishmania amazonensis impairs DC function by inhibiting CD40 expression via A2B adenosine receptor activation. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1203-15. [PMID: 22311598 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the modulation of immune responses and several studies have evaluated the interactions between Leishmania parasites and DCs. While extracellular ATP exhibits proinflammatory properties, adenosine is an important anti-inflammatory mediator. Here we investigated the effects of Leishmania infection on DC responses and the participation of purinergic signalling in this process. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from C57BL/6J mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis or Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes showed decreased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86 expression and increased ectonucleotidase expression as compared with uninfected cells. In addition, L. amazonensis-infected DCs, which had lower CD40 expression, exhibited a decreased ability to induce T-cell proliferation. The presence of MRS1754, a highly selective A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist at the time of infection increased MHC class II, CD86 and CD40 expression in L. amazonensis-infected DCs and restored the ability of the infected DCs to induce T-cell proliferation. Similar results were obtained through the inhibition of extracellular ATP hydrolysis using suramin. In conclusion, we propose that A(2B) receptor activation may be used by L. amazonensis to inhibit DC function and evade the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ICEB/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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The role of the NTPDase enzyme family in parasites: what do we know, and where to from here? Parasitology 2012; 139:963-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201200025x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases, GDA1_CD39 protein superfamily) play a diverse range of roles in a number of eukaryotic organisms. In humans NTPDases function in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses, control of vascular haemostasis and purine salvage. In yeast NTPDases are thought to function primarily in the Golgi, crucially involved in nucleotide sugar transport into the Golgi apparatus and subsequent protein glycosylation. Although rare in bacteria, in Legionella pneumophila secreted NTPDases function as virulence factors. In the last 2 decades it has become clear that a large number of parasites encode putative NTPDases, and the functions of a number of these have been investigated. In this review, the available evidence for NTPDases in parasites and the role of these NTPDases is summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the processes by which NTPDases could function in pathogenesis, purine salvage, thromboregulation, inflammation and glycoconjugate formation are considered, and the data supporting such putative roles reviewed. Potential future research directions to further clarify the role and importance of NTPDases in parasites are proposed. An attempt is also made to clarify the nomenclature used in the parasite field for the GDA1_CD39 protein superfamily, and a uniform system suggested.
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Souza VLD, Veras PST, Welby-Borges M, Silva TMC, Leite BR, Ferraro RB, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Barral A, Costa JML, de Freitas LAR. Immune and inflammatory responses to Leishmania amazonensis isolated from different clinical forms of human leishmaniasis in CBA mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:23-31. [PMID: 21340351 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis causes different diseases depending on the host and parasitic virulence factors. In this study, CBA mice were infected with L. amazonensis isolates from patients with localized (Ba125), diffuse cutaneous (Ba276) or visceral leishmaniasis (Ba109). Mice infected with Ba125 and Ba276 progressed rapidly and lesions displayed an infiltrate rich in parasitized macrophages and were necrotic and ulcerated. Ba109 induced smaller lesions and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate without necrosis or ulceration. Ba109 induced an insidious disease with lower parasite load in CBA mice, similar to human disease. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 did not differ among the groups. Because all groups were unable to control the infection, expression of IL-4 associated with low production of IFN-γ in the early phase of infection may account for susceptibility, but others factors may contribute to the differences observed in inflammatory responses and infection progression. Evaluation of some parasitic virulence factors revealed that Ba276 exhibits higher ecto-ADPase and 5'-nucleotidase activities compared to the Ba109 and Ba125 strains. Both Ba276 and Ba125 had higher arginase activity in comparison to Ba109. Finally, these data suggest that the differences in enzyme activities among parasites can account for differences in host inflammatory responses and infection progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valderes L de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Dick CF, Dos-Santos ALA, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Inorganic phosphate as an important regulator of phosphatases. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:103980. [PMID: 21755037 PMCID: PMC3132463 DOI: 10.4061/2011/103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism depends on the appropriate concentration of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi). Pi starvation-responsive genes appear to be involved in multiple metabolic pathways, implying a complex Pi regulation system in microorganisms and plants. A group of enzymes is required for absorption and maintenance of adequate phosphate levels, which is released from phosphate esters and anhydrides. The phosphatase system is particularly suited for the study of regulatory mechanisms because phosphatase activity is easily measured using specific methods and the difference between the repressed and derepressed levels of phosphatase activity is easily detected. This paper analyzes the protein phosphatase system induced during phosphate starvation in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernanda Dick
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Medica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Araújo Dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Medica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Medica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Characterization of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity present on the cell surface of Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 179:50-6. [PMID: 21367528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is the causative agent of sexually transmitted trichomoniasis in cattle. In females, the infection can be associated with infertility, vaginitis, endometritis, abortion or pyometra, leading to significant economic losses in cattle raising. T. foetus is devoid of the ability to synthesize purine nucleotides de novo, depending instead on salvaging purines from the host environment. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase catalyzes the final step of extracellular nucleotide degradation, the hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates to the corresponding nucleosides and Pi. In this work we show that living, intact cells of T. foetus were able to hydrolyze 5'AMP at a rate of 12.57 ± 1.23 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7) cells at pH 7.2 and the 5'AMP hydrolysis is due to a plasma membrane-bound ecto-enzyme activity. The apparent K(m) for 5'AMP was 0.49 ± 0.06 mM. In addition to 5'AMP, the enzyme hydrolyzed all substrate monophosphates tested except 3'AMP. No divalent metals or metal chelators were able to modulate enzyme activity. Phosphatase inhibitors did not have an effect on ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity while ammonium molybdate did inhibit the activity in a dose dependent manner. The presence of adenosine in the culture medium negatively modulated the enzyme. These results indicate the existence of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase that may play a role in the salvage of purines.
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de Souza MC, de Assis EA, Gomes RS, Marques da Silva EDA, Melo MN, Fietto JLR, Afonso LCC. The influence of ecto-nucleotidases on Leishmania amazonensis infection and immune response in C57B/6 mice. Acta Trop 2010; 115:262-9. [PMID: 20399737 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous results from our laboratory and from the literature have implicated the expression of ecto-nucleotidases in the establishment of Leishmania infection. In the present study we evaluated the correlation between ecto-nucleotidasic activity and the infectivity of L. amazonensis promastigotes that were kept in culture for short or extended numbers of passages, a condition that is known to decrease parasite infectivity. We also analyzed the immune response associated with the infection by these parasites. As expected, we found that long-term cultured parasites induce the development of smaller lesions than the short-term cultured counterparts. Interestingly, long-term cultured parasites presented reduced ecto-nucleotidasic activity. In addition, cells recovered from animals infected with long-term cultured parasites produced higher amounts of IFN-gamma and have smaller parasite load, after 8weeks of infection. Furthermore, after 1week of infection, there is increased expression of the chemokine CCL2 mRNA in animals infected with short-term cultured parasites. Finally, infection of peritoneal macrophages by these parasites also shows marked differences. Thus, while short-term cultured parasites are able to infect a greater proportion of macrophages, cells infected by long-term cultured parasites express higher amounts of CXCL10 mRNA, which may activate these cells to kill the parasites. We suggest that the enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides may have an important role in infection by L. amazonensis, by acting directly in its adhesion to target cells and by modulating host cell chemokine production.
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Russo-Abrahão T, Cosentino-Gomes D, Daflon-Yunes N, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Giardia duodenalis: biochemical characterization of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity. Exp Parasitol 2010; 127:66-71. [PMID: 20599434 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we biochemically characterized the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity present on the surface of the living trophozoites of Giardia duodenalis. Two sequences of the 5'-nucleotidase family protein were identified in the Giardia genome. Anti-mouse CD73 showed a high reaction with the cell surface of parasites. At pH 7.2, intact cells were able to hydrolyze 5'-AMP at a rate of 10.66 ± 0.92 nmol Pi/h/10(7) cells. AMP is the best substrate for this enzyme, and the optimum pH lies in the acidic range. No divalent cations had an effect on the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, and the same was seen for NaF, an acid phosphatase inhibitor. Ammonium molybdate, a potent inhibitor of nucleotidases, inhibited the enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of adenosine in the culture medium negatively modulated the enzyme. The results indicate the existence of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase that could play a role in the salvage of purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Russo-Abrahão
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kiffer-Moreira T, Fernandes Sampaio ME, Alviano DS, Axelband F, Cesar GV, Cosentino-Gomes D, Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, Vieyra A, Alviano CS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Biochemical characterization of an ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase activity in Candida parapsilosis and its possible role in adenosine acquisition and pathogenesis. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:735-46. [PMID: 20584084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the ability of intact cells of Candida parapsilosis to hydrolyze extracellular ATP. ATP hydrolysis was stimulated by MgCl(2) in a dose-dependent manner. The ecto-ATPase activity was increased in the presence of 5 mM MgCl(2), with values of V(max) and apparent K(m) for Mg-ATP(2-) increasing to 33.80 +/- 1.2 nmol Pi h(-1) 10(-8) cells and 0.6 +/- 0.06 mM, respectively. Inhibitors of phosphatases, mitochondrial Mg(2+)-ATPases and Na(+)-ATPases had no effect on the C. parapsilosis Mg(2+)-stimulated ATPase activity, but extracellular impermeant compounds, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid and suramin, reduced enzyme activity in yeast living cells by 83.1% and 81.9%, respectively. ARL 67156 (6-N,N'-diethyl-d-beta-gamma-dibromomethylene ATP), a nucleotide analogue, also inhibited the ecto-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. ATP was the best substrate for the yeast Mg(2+)-stimulated ecto-enzyme, but ADP, ITP, CTP, GTP and UTP were also hydrolyzed. A direct relationship between ecto-ATPase activity and adhesion to host cells was observed. In these assays, inhibition of enzyme activity resulted in decreased levels of yeast adhesion to epithelial cells. Based also on the differential expression of ecto-ATPase activities in the different isolates of C. parapsilosis, the possible role of this enzyme in fungal biology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kiffer-Moreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Trypanosoma rangeli: Differential expression of ecto-phosphatase activities in response to inorganic phosphate starvation. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:386-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Trypanosoma rangeli: A possible role for ecto-phosphatase activity on cell proliferation. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:242-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Coutinho-Silva R, Corrêa G, Sater AA, Ojcius DM. The P2X(7) receptor and intracellular pathogens: a continuing struggle. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:197-204. [PMID: 19214779 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinergic receptor, P2X(7), has recently emerged as an important component of the innate immune response against microbial infections. Ligation of P2X(7) by ATP can stimulate inflammasome activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, but it can also lead directly to killing of intracellular pathogens in infected macrophages and epithelial cells. Thus, while some intracellular pathogens evade host defense responses by modulating with membrane trafficking or cell signaling in the infected cells, the host cells have also developed mechanisms for inhibiting infection. This review will focus on the effects of P2X(7) on control of infection by intracellular pathogens, microbial virulence factors that interfere with P2X(7) activity, and recent evidence linking polymorphisms in human P2X(7) with susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, RJ, Brazil,
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Possible effects of microbial ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases on host-pathogen interactions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 72:765-81, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052327 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00013-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, purinergic signaling plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses through specific receptors that recognize nucleoside tri- and diphosphates as signaling molecules. Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ecto-NTPDases) have important roles in the regulation of purinergic signaling by controlling levels of extracellular nucleotides. This process is key to pathophysiological protective responses such as hemostasis and inflammation. Ecto-NTPDases are found in all higher eukaryotes, and recently it has become apparent that a number of important parasitic pathogens of humans express surface-located NTPDases that have been linked to virulence. For those parasites that are purine auxotrophs, these enzymes may play an important role in purine scavenging, although they may also influence the host response to infection. Although ecto-NTPDases are rare in bacteria, expression of a secreted NTPDase in Legionella pneumophila was recently described. This ecto-enzyme enhances intracellular growth of the bacterium and potentially affects virulence. This discovery represents an important advance in the understanding of the contribution of other microbial NTPDases to host-pathogen interactions. Here we review other progress made to date in the characterization of ecto-NTPDases from microbial pathogens, how they differ from mammalian enzymes, and their association with organism viability and virulence. In addition, we postulate how ecto-NTPDases may contribute to the host-pathogen interaction by reviewing the effect of selected microbial pathogens on purinergic signaling. Finally, we raise the possibility of targeting ecto-NTPDases in the development of novel anti-infective agents based on potential structural and clear enzymatic differences from the mammalian ecto-NTPDases.
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Abstract
Trypanosomatid protozoa include heteroxenic species some of them pathogenic for men, animals and plants. Parasite membrane contains ecto-enzymes whose active sites face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm. Herpetomonas sp. displayed a Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase activity, a Mg-independent ecto-ADPase and an ecto-phosphatase activity. Both, the ecto-ADPase and phosphatase activities were insensitive to CrATP (chromium(III) adenosine 5'-triphosphate complex). Ecto-ATPase activity was reversibly inhibited. At 2 mm ATP the apparent Ki was 4 x 7+/-1 x 0 microm but a fraction of about 40-50% was insensitive to CrATP. Remarkably, at low substrate concentration (0 x 2 mm) more than 90% of the ecto-ATPase was inhibited with Ki=0 x 33+/-0 x 10 microm. These parameter dependences are interpreted as the presence of 2 ecto-ATPases activities, one of them with high ATP apparent affinity and sensitivity to CrATP. DIDS (4,4 diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2' disulfonic acid), suramin and ADP were also effective as inhibitors. Only ADP presented no additive inhibition with CrATP. The pattern of partial inhibition by CrATP was also observed for the ecto-ATPase activities of Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. CrATP emerges as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases and as a tool for a better understanding of properties and role of ecto-ATPases in the biology of parasites.
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Fonseca-de-Souza AL, Dick CF, Dos Santos ALA, Meyer-Fernandes JR. A Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity on the external surface of Trypanosoma rangeli modulated by exogenous inorganic phosphate. Acta Trop 2008; 107:153-8. [PMID: 18599005 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we characterized a Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity present in live Trypanosoma rangeli epimastigotes. This enzyme showed capacity to hydrolyze the artificial substrate for phosphatases, p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP). At saturating concentration of p-NPP, half-maximal p-NPP hydrolysis was obtained with 0.23mM Mg(2+). Ca(2+) had no effect on the basal phosphatase activity, could not substitute Mg(2+) as an activator and in contrast inhibited the p-NPP hydrolysis stimulated by Mg(2+). The dependence on p-NPP concentration showed a normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics for this phosphatase activity with values of V(max) of 8.94+/-0.36 nmol p-NP x h(-1) x 10(-7) cells and apparent K(m) of 1.04+/-0.16 mM p-NPP. Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity was stimulated by the alkaline pH range. Experiments using inhibitors, such as, sodium fluoride, sodium orthovanadate and ammonium molybdate, inhibited the Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity. Inorganic phosphate (Pi), a product of phosphatases, inhibited reversibly in 50% this activity. Okadaic acid and microcystin-LR, specific phosphoserine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors, inhibited significantly the Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity. In addition, this phosphatase activity was able to recognize as substrates only o-phosphoserine and o-phosphothreonine, while o-phosphotyrosine was not a good substrate for this phosphatase. Epimastigote forms of T. rangeli exhibit a typical growth curve, achieving the stationary phase around fifth or sixth day and the Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity decreased around 10-fold with the cell growth progression. Cells maintained at Pi-deprived medium (2 mM Pi) present Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-phosphatase activity approximately threefold higher than that maintained at Pi-supplemented medium (50 mM Pi).
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Fonseca-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Medica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Extracellular nucleotide metabolism in Leishmania: influence of adenosine in the establishment of infection. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:850-7. [PMID: 18656412 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with a variety of clinical forms, which are related to the Leishmania species involved. In the murine model, Leishmania amazonensis causes chronic non-healing lesions in Leishmania braziliensis- or Leishmania major-resistant mouse strains. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the pathway of extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis, with special focus on the role of extracellular adenosine, in the establishment of Leishmania infection. Our results show that the more virulent parasite--L. amazonensis--hydrolyzes higher amounts of ATP, ADP and AMP than the two other species, probably due to the higher expression of membrane NTPDase. Corroborating the idea that increased production of adenosine is important to lesion development and establishment of tissue parasitism, we observed that increased 5'-nucleotidase activity in L. braziliensis or addition of adenosine at the moment of infection with this parasite resulted in an increase in lesion size and parasitism as well as a delay in lesion healing. Furthermore, inhibition of adenosine receptor A2B led to decreased lesion size and parasitism. Thus, our results suggest that the conversion of ATP, a molecule with pro-inflammatory activity, into adenosine, which possesses immunomodulatory properties, may contribute to the establishment of infection by Leishmania.
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Hopfe M, Henrich B. OppA, the ecto-ATPase of Mycoplasma hominis induces ATP release and cell death in HeLa cells. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:55. [PMID: 18394151 PMCID: PMC2323007 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the facultative human pathogen Mycoplasma hominis, which belongs to the cell wall-less Mollicutes, the surface-localised substrate-binding domain OppA of the oligopeptide permease was characterised as the main ecto-ATPase. Results With the idea that extra-cellular ATP could only be provided by the infected host cells we analysed the ATP release of HeLa cells after incubation with different preparations of Mycoplasma hominis: intact bacterial cells, the membrane fraction with or without OppA, recombinant OppA as well as an ATPase-deficient OppA mutant. Release of ATP into the supernatant of the HeLa cells was primarily determined in all samples lacking ecto-ATPase activity of OppA. In the presence of the ATPase inhibitor DIDS the amount of ATP in the OppA-containing samples increased. This increase was maximal after incubation with fractions containing OppA protein indicating that OppA is involved in ATP release and subsequent hydrolysis. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that the proliferation of HeLa cells is reduced after infection with M. hominis and flow cytometry experiments established that OppA induces greater apoptosis than necrosis of HeLa cells whereas the preservation of ecto-ATPase activity of OppA induces apoptosis. Conclusion The OppA induced ATP-release and -hydrolysis induced cell death of M. hominis infected HeLa cells was predominantly due to apoptosis rather than necrosis. Future work will elucidate whether the induction of apoptosis is indispensable for survival of these non-invasive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hopfe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Center for Biological Medical Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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41
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Sansom FM, Riedmaier P, Newton HJ, Dunstone MA, Müller CE, Stephan H, Byres E, Beddoe T, Rossjohn J, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF, Robson SC, Hartland EL. Enzymatic properties of an ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase from Legionella pneumophila: substrate specificity and requirement for virulence. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12909-18. [PMID: 18337253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the predominant cause of Legionnaires disease, a severe and potentially fatal form of pneumonia. Recently, we identified an ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) from L. pneumophila, termed Lpg1905, which enhances intracellular replication of L. pneumophila in eukaryotic cells. Lpg1905 is the first prokaryotic member of the CD39/NTPDase1 family of enzymes, which are characterized by the presence of five apyrase conserved regions and the ability to hydrolyze nucleoside tri- and diphosphates. Here we examined the substrate specificity of Lpg1905 and showed that apart from ATP and ADP, the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of GTP and GDP but had limited activity against CTP, CDP, UTP, and UDP. Based on amino acid residues conserved in the apyrase conserved regions of eukaryotic NTPDases, we generated five site-directed mutants, Lpg1905E159A, R122A, N168A, Q193A, and W384A. Although the mutations E159A, R122A, Q193A, and W384A abrogated activity completely, N168A resulted in decreased activity caused by reduced affinity for nucleotides. When introduced into the lpg1905 mutant strain of L. pneumophila, only N168A partially restored the ability of L. pneumophila to replicate in THP-1 macrophages. Following intratracheal inoculation of A/J mice, none of the Lpg1905 mutants was able to restore virulence to an lpg1905 mutant during lung infection, thereby demonstrating the importance of NTPDase activity to L. pneumophila infection. Overall, the kinetic studies undertaken here demonstrated important differences to mammalian NTPDases and different sensitivities to NTPDase inhibitors that may reflect underlying structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Sansom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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de Sá Pinheiro AA, Cosentino-Gomes D, Lanfredi-Rangel A, Ferraro RB, De Souza W, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Giardia lamblia: biochemical characterization of an ecto-ATPase activity. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:279-84. [PMID: 18413274 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the ability of living trophozoites of Giardia lamblia to hydrolyze extracellular ATP. In the absence of any divalent cations, a low level of ATP hydrolysis was observed (0.78+/-0.08 nmol Pi x h(-1)x10(-6) cells). The ATP hydrolysis was stimulated by MgCl(2) in a dose-dependent manner. Half maximum stimulation of ATP hydrolysis was obtained with 0.53+/-0.07 mM. ATP was the best substrate for this enzyme. The apparent K(m) for ATP was 0.21+/-0.04 mM. In the pH range from 5.6 to 8.4, in which cells were viable, this activity was not modified. The Mg(2+)-stimulated ATPase activity was insensitive to inhibitors of intracellular ATPases such as vanadate (P-ATPases), bafilomycin A(1) (V-ATPases), and oligomycin (F-ATPases). Inhibitors of acid phosphatases (molybdate, vanadate and fluoride) or alkaline phosphatases (levamizole) had no effect on the ecto-ATPase activity. The impermeant agent DIDS and suramin, an antagonist of P2 purinoreceptors and inhibitor of some ecto-ATPases, decreased the enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner, confirming the external localization of this enzyme. Besides ATP, trophozoites were also able to hydrolyse ADP and 5 AMP, but the hydrolysis of these nucleotides was not stimulated by MgCl(2). Our results are indicative of the occurrence of a G. lamblia ecto-ATPase activity that may have a role in parasite physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Acacia de Sá Pinheiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Peres-Sampaio CE, de Almeida-Amaral EE, Giarola NLL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis: effects of heat shock on ecto-ATPase activity. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:135-43. [PMID: 18295760 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrated that promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis exhibit an Mg-dependent ecto-ATPase activity, which is stimulated by heat shock. The Mg-dependent ATPase activity of cells grown at 22 and 28 degrees C was 41.0+/-5.2 nmol Pi/h x 10(7)cells and 184.2+/-21.0 nmol Pi/h x 10(7)cells, respectively. When both promastigotes were pre-incubated at 37 degrees C for 2h, the ATPase activity of cells grown at 22 degrees C was increased to 136.4+/-10.6 nmol Pi/h x 10(7) whereas that the ATPase activity of cells grown at 28 degrees C was not modified by the heat shock (189.8+/-10.3 nmol Pi/h x 10(7)cells). It was observed that Km of the enzyme from cells grown at 22 degrees C (Km=980.2+/-88.6 microM) was the same to the enzyme from cells grown at 28 degrees C (Km=901.4+/-91.9 microM). In addition, DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2'-disulfonic acid) and suramin, two inhibitors of ecto-ATPases, also inhibited similarly the ATPase activities from promastigotes grown at 22 and 28 degrees C. We also observed that cells grown at 22 degrees C exhibit the same ecto-phosphatase and ecto 3'- and 5'-nucleotidase activities than cells grown at 28 degrees C. Interestingly, cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, suppressed the heat-shock effect on ecto-ATPase activity of cells grown at 22 degrees C were exposed at 37 degrees C for 2h. A comparison between the stimulation of the Mg-dependent ecto-ATPase activity of virulent and avirulent promastigotes by the heat shock showed that avirulent promastigotes had a higher stimulation than virulent promastigotes after heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Peres-Sampaio
- Faculdade de Enfermagem-FENF, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-UERJ, Av. 28 de setembro 87, Vila Isabel, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Leishmania mexicana amazonensis: plasma membrane adenine nucleotide translocator and chemotaxis. Exp Parasitol 2007; 118:408-19. [PMID: 18031742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania cannot synthesize purines de novo and rely on their host to furnish these compounds. To accomplish this, they possess multiple purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters. Subcellular fractionation, immunohistochemical localization with anti-adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) antibodies and surface biotinylation show that the mitochondrial ANT is also present in the plasma membrane of both promastigotes and amastigotes. Leishmania, however, do not appear to rely on this transporter to supplement their purine or energy requirements via preformed ATP from its host. Rather, Leishmania appear to use the plasma membrane ANT as part of a chemotaxis response. ATP is a chemorepellant for Leishmania and cells treated with atractyloside, an inhibitor of ANT, no longer exhibit negative chemotaxis for this compound.
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Santos ALS, Palmeira VF, Rozental S, Kneipp LF, Nimrichter L, Alviano DS, Rodrigues ML, Alviano CS. Biology and pathogenesis of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:570-91. [PMID: 17645522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the principal etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis, a fungal disease whose pathogenic events are poorly understood. Treatment of the disease presents poor effectiveness and serious side effects. The disease is epidemiologically important in several regions, which has stimulated studies focused on the biology and pathogenic potential of its major causative agent. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biological aspects of F. pedrosoi, including cell differentiation and pathogenic mechanisms during the interaction of fungi with different hosts' elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, IMPPG/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Kiffer-Moreira T, Pinheiro AAS, Pinto MR, Esteves FF, Souto-Padrón T, Barreto-Bergter E, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Mycelial forms of Pseudallescheria boydii present ectophosphatase activities. Arch Microbiol 2007; 188:159-66. [PMID: 17429613 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase activities were characterized in intact mycelial forms of Pseudallescheria boydii, which are able to hydrolyze the artificial substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP) to p-nitrophenol (p-NP) at a rate of 41.41+/-2.33 nmol p-NP per h per mg dry weight, linearly with increasing time and with increasing cell density. MgCl2, MnCl2 and ZnCl2 were able to increase the (p-NPP) hydrolysis while CdCl2 and CuCl2 inhibited it. The (p-NPP) hydrolysis was enhanced by increasing pH values (2.5-8.5) over an approximately 5-fold range. High sensitivity to specific inhibitors of alkaline and acid phosphatases suggests the presence of both acid and alkaline phosphatase activities on P. boydii mycelia surface. Cytochemical localization of the acid and alkaline phosphatase showed electron-dense cerium phosphate deposits on the cell wall, as visualized by electron microscopy. The product of p-NPP hydrolysis, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and different inhibitors for phosphatase activities inhibited p-NPP hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner, but only the inhibition promoted by sodium orthovanadate and ammonium molybdate is irreversible. Intact mycelial forms of P. boydii are also able to hydrolyze phosphoaminoacids with different specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kiffer-Moreira
- Instututo de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
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de Sá Pinheiro AA, Amazonas JN, de Souza Barros F, De Menezes LF, Batista EJO, Silva EF, De Souza W, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Entamoeba histolytica: An ecto-phosphatase activity regulated by oxidation–reduction reactions. Exp Parasitol 2007; 115:352-8. [PMID: 17113080 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an ecto-phosphatase activity of Entamoeba histolytica was characterized using intact cells. This activity presented the following biochemical characteristics: (i) it hydrolyzes p-NPP with V(max) of 8.00+/-0.22 nmol p-NP x h(-1) x 10(-5) cells and K(m) of 2.68+/-0.25 mM; (ii) it is inhibited by acid phosphatase inhibitors, such as sodium molybdate (K(i)=1.70+/-0.24 microM) and sodium fluoride (K(i)=0.25+/-0.02 mM); (iii) it also showed high sensitivity to phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, such as sodium orthovanadate (K(i)=1.07+/-0.14 microM), bpV-PHEN (K(i)=0.38+/-0.02 microM) and mpV-PIC (K(i)=0.39+/-0.04 microM). Zn(2+), an oxidizing agent, decreased the enzymatic activity in 50%. DTT and GSH, two reducing agents, enhanced the activity twofold. The non-invasive E. histolytica and free-living E. moshkovskii were less efficient in hydrolyzing p-NPP than the pathogenic E. histolytica suggesting that this enzyme could represent a virulence marker for this cell.
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de Souza Leite M, Thomaz R, Fonseca FV, Panizzutti R, Vercesi AE, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Trypanosoma brucei brucei: biochemical characterization of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activities. Exp Parasitol 2006; 115:315-23. [PMID: 17141762 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work we describe the ability of living cells of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to hydrolyze extracellular ATP. In these intact parasites there was a low level of ATP hydrolysis in the absence of any divalent metal (4.72+/-0.51 nmol Pi x 10(-7) cells x h(-1)). The ATP hydrolysis was stimulated by MgCl(2) and the Mg-dependent ecto-ATPase activity was 27.15+/-2.91 nmol Pi x 10(-7) cells x h(-1). This stimulatory activity was also observed when MgCl(2) was replaced by MnCl(2). CaCl(2) and ZnCl(2) were also able to stimulate the ATPase activity, although less than MgCl(2). The apparent K(m) for ATP was 0.61 mM. This ecto-ATPase activity was insensitive to inhibitors of other ATPase and phosphatase activities. To confirm that this Mg-dependent ATPase activity is an ecto-ATPase activity, we used an impermeable inhibitor, DIDS (4, 4'-diisothiocyanostylbene 2'-2'-disulfonic acid), as well as suramin, an antagonist of P(2) purinoreceptors and inhibitor of some ecto-ATPases. These two reagents inhibited the Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Living cells sequentially hydrolyzed the ATP molecule generating ADP, AMP and adenosine, and supplementation of the culture medium with ATP was able to sustain the proliferation of T. brucei brucei as well as adenosine supplementation. Furthermore, the E-NTPDase activity of T. brucei brucei is modulated by the availability of purines in the medium. These results indicate that this surface enzyme may play a role in the salvage of purines from the extracellular medium in T. brucei brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milane de Souza Leite
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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de Almeida-Amaral EE, Belmont-Firpo R, Vannier-Santos MA, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis: Characterization of an ecto-phosphatase activity. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:334-40. [PMID: 16814776 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized a phosphatase activity present on the external surface of Leishmania amazonensis, using intact living parasites. This enzyme hydrolyzes the substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP) at the rate of 25.70+/-1.17 nmol Pi x h(-1) x 10(-7)cells. The dependence on p-NPP concentration shows a normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics for this ecto-phosphatase activity present a V(max) of 31.93+/-3.04 nmol Pi x h(-1) x 10(-7)cells and apparent K(m) of 1.78+/-0.32 mM. Inorganic phosphate inhibited the ecto-phoshatase activity in a dose-dependent manner with the K(i) value of 2.60 mM. Experiments using classical inhibitor of acid phosphatase, such as ammonium molybdate, as well as inhibitors of phosphotyrosine phosphatase, such as sodium orthovanadate and [potassiumbisperoxo(1,10-phenanthroline)oxovanadate(V)] (bpV-PHEN), inhibited the ecto-phosphatase activity, with the K(i) values of 0.33 microM, 0.36 microM and 0.25 microM, respectively. Zinc chloride, another classical phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, also inhibited the ecto-phosphatase activity in a dose-dependent manner with K(i) 2.62 mM. Zinc inhibition was reversed by incubation with reduced glutathione (GSH) and cysteine, but not serine, showing that cysteine residues are important for enzymatic activity. Promastigote growth in a medium supplemented with 1mM sodium orthovanadate was completely inhibited as compared to the control medium. Taken together, these results suggest that L. amazonensis express a phosphohydrolase ectoenzyme with phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo Eduardo de Almeida-Amaral
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, CCS, Bloco H sala H2-013, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Borges FP, Gottardi B, Stuepp C, Larré AB, Tasca T, De Carli GA, Bonan CD. Characterization of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) activity in intact trophozoites of Trichomonas gallinae. Vet Parasitol 2006; 143:106-11. [PMID: 16962709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the enzymatic properties of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase in Trichomonas gallinae. The enzyme hydrolyzes nucleoside monophosphates at pH 7.2 and is activated by divalent cations, such as magnesium. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was insensitive to levamisole, tetramisole (alkaline phosphatase inhibitors), and AMPCP (adenosine 5'-[alpha,beta-methylene]diphosphate), an ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor, whereas 0.1mM ammonium molybdate (considered a potent inhibitor of 5'-nucleotidase activity) completely inhibited the enzyme activity. The apparent K(M) (Michaelis constant) and Vmax (maximum velocity) values for Mg2+-AMP were 466+/-57 microM and 3.7+/-0.59 nmolPi/min/10(6) trichomonads, respectively. Considering that trichomonads lack the ability to synthesize purines and pyrimidines de novo, the presence of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase in intact trophozoites of T. gallinae could be important in regulating the extracellular nucleotide levels and generating adenosine, essential for the survival strategies of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pires Borges
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
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