1
|
Papaneophytou C. Breaking the Chain: Protease Inhibitors as Game Changers in Respiratory Viruses Management. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8105. [PMID: 39125676 PMCID: PMC11311956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections (VRTIs) rank among the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of individuals each year across all age groups. These infections are caused by various pathogens, including rhinoviruses (RVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), and coronaviruses (CoVs), which are particularly prevalent during colder seasons. Although many VRTIs are self-limiting, their frequent recurrence and potential for severe health complications highlight the critical need for effective therapeutic strategies. Viral proteases are crucial for the maturation and replication of viruses, making them promising therapeutic targets. This review explores the pivotal role of viral proteases in the lifecycle of respiratory viruses and the development of protease inhibitors as a strategic response to these infections. Recent advances in antiviral therapy have highlighted the effectiveness of protease inhibitors in curtailing the spread and severity of viral diseases, especially during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It also assesses the current efforts aimed at identifying and developing inhibitors targeting key proteases from major respiratory viruses, including human RVs, AdVs, and (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) SARS-CoV-2. Despite the recent identification of SARS-CoV-2, within the last five years, the scientific community has devoted considerable time and resources to investigate existing drugs and develop new inhibitors targeting the virus's main protease. However, research efforts in identifying inhibitors of the proteases of RVs and AdVs are limited. Therefore, herein, it is proposed to utilize this knowledge to develop new inhibitors for the proteases of other viruses affecting the respiratory tract or to develop dual inhibitors. Finally, by detailing the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials of these inhibitors, this review aims to demonstrate their significant role in transforming the management of respiratory viral diseases and to offer insights into future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Papaneophytou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Janin YL. On the origins of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:81-118. [PMID: 38283212 PMCID: PMC10809347 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to address the world-wide health challenge caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 3CL protease/SARS-CoV-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) coded by its nsp5 gene became one of the biochemical targets for the design of antiviral drugs. In less than 3 years of research, 4 inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Mpro have actually been authorized for COVID-19 treatment (nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, leritrelvir and simnotrelvir) and more such as EDP-235, FB-2001 and STI-1558/Olgotrelvir or five undisclosed compounds (CDI-988, ASC11, ALG-097558, QLS1128 and H-10517) are undergoing clinical trials. This review is an attempt to picture this quite unprecedented medicinal chemistry feat and provide insights on how these cysteine protease inhibitors were discovered. Since many series of covalent SARS-CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors owe some of their origins to previous work on other proteases, we first provided a description of various inhibitors of cysteine-bearing human caspase-1 or cathepsin K, as well as inhibitors of serine proteases such as human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or the hepatitis C protein complex NS3/4A. This is then followed by a description of the results of the approaches adopted (repurposing, structure-based and high throughput screening) to discover coronavirus main protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stubbing LA, Hubert JG, Bell-Tyrer J, Hermant YO, Yang SH, McSweeney AM, McKenzie-Goldsmith GM, Ward VK, Furkert DP, Brimble MA. P 1 Glutamine isosteres in the design of inhibitors of 3C/3CL protease of human viruses of the Pisoniviricetes class. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:533-547. [PMID: 37547456 PMCID: PMC10398354 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the leading causes of acute morbidity in humans and much endeavour has been made by the synthetic community for the development of drugs to treat associated diseases. Peptide-based enzyme inhibitors, usually short sequences of three or four residues, are one of the classes of compounds currently under development for enhancement of their activity and pharmaceutical properties. This review reports the advances made in the design of inhibitors targeting the family of highly conserved viral proteases 3C/3CLpro, which play a key role in viral replication and present minimal homology with mammalian proteases. Particular focus is put on the reported development of P1 glutamine isosteres to generate potent inhibitors mimicking the natural substrate sequence at the site of recognition.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Stubbing
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jonathan G Hubert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Joseph Bell-Tyrer
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Yann O Hermant
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sung Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alice M McSweeney
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago PO Box 56, 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Geena M McKenzie-Goldsmith
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago PO Box 56, 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago PO Box 56, 720 Cumberland Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 3b Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wan L, Wang X, Wang T, Yuan X, Liu W, Huang Y, Deng C, Cao S. Comparison of Target Pocket Similarity and Progress into Research on Inhibitors of Picornavirus 3C Proteases. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201100. [PMID: 36808685 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The 3C protease (3C Pro) plays a significant role in the life cycle of picornaviruses from replication to translation, making it an attractive target for structure-based design of drugs against picornaviruses. The structurally related 3C-like protease (3CL Pro) is an important protein involved in the replication of coronaviruses. With the emergence of COVID-19 and consequent intensive research into 3CL Pro, development of 3CL Pro inhibitors has emerged as a popular topic. This article compares the similarities of the target pockets of various 3C and 3CL Pros from numerous pathogenic viruses. This article also reports several types of 3C Pro inhibitors that are currently undergoing extensive studies and introduces various structural modifications of 3C Pro inhibitors to provide a reference for the development of new and more effective inhibitors of 3C Pro and 3CL Pro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, P. R. China
| | - Tangle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu S, Liu Y, Wang H, Ding Y, Wu H, Dong J, Wong A, Chen SH, Li G, Chan M, Sawyer N, Gervais FG, Henault M, Kargman S, Bedard LL, Han Y, Friesen R, Lobell RB, Stout DM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 3-amino-4-hydrazine-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-diones as potent and selective CXCR2 chemokine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5741-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
De Palma AM, Vliegen I, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Selective inhibitors of picornavirus replication. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:823-84. [PMID: 18381747 DOI: 10.1002/med.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses cover a large family of pathogens that have a major impact on human but also on veterinary health. Although most infections in man subside mildly or asymptomatically, picornaviruses can also be responsible for severe, potentially life-threatening disease. To date, no therapy has been approved for the treatment of picornavirus infections. However, efforts to develop an antiviral that is effective in treating picornavirus-associated diseases are ongoing. In 2007, Schering-Plough, under license of ViroPharma, completed a phase II clinical trial with Pleconaril, a drug that was originally rejected by the FDA after a New Drug Application in 2001. Rupintrivir, a rhinovirus protease inhibitor developed at Pfizer, reached clinical trials but was recently halted from further development. Finally, Biota's HRV drug BTA-798 is scheduled for phase II trials in 2008. Several key steps in the picornaviral replication cycle, involving structural as well as non-structural proteins, have been identified as valuable targets for inhibition. The current review aims to highlight the most important developments during the past decades in the search for antivirals against picornaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando M De Palma
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hamilton CJ, Saravanamuthu A, Poupat C, Fairlamb AH, Eggleston IM. Time-dependent inhibitors of trypanothione reductase: analogues of the spermidine alkaloid lunarine and related natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:2266-78. [PMID: 16303308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid lunarine 1 from Lunaria biennis is a competitive, time-dependent inhibitor of the protozoan oxidoreductase trypanothione reductase (TryR), a promising target in drug design against tropical parasitic diseases. Various molecules related to 1 and the alkaloid itself have been synthesized in racemic form and evaluated against TryR in order to determine the key features of 1 that are associated with time-dependent inhibition. Kinetic data are consistent with an inactivation mechanism involving a conjugate addition of an active site cysteine residue onto the C-24-C-25 double bond of the tricyclic nucleus of 1. Comparison of data for synthetic (+/-)-1, the natural product, and other derivatives 7-10 from L. biennis confirms the importance of the unique structure of the tricyclic core as a motif for inhibitor design and reveals that the non-natural enantiomer may be a more suitable scaffold upon which thiophilic groups may be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hamilton
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Carnelley Building, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dragovich PS. Recent advances in the development of human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Kao RY, To APC, Ng LWY, Tsui WHW, Lee TSW, Tsoi HW, Yuen KY. Characterization of SARS-CoV main protease and identification of biologically active small molecule inhibitors using a continuous fluorescence-based assay. FEBS Lett 2004; 576:325-30. [PMID: 15498556 PMCID: PMC7134596 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus main protease (SARS‐CoV Mpro) has been proposed as a prime target for anti‐SARS drug development. We have cloned and overexpressed the SARS‐CoV Mpro in Escherichia coli, and purified the recombinant Mpro to homogeneity. The kinetic parameters of the recombinant SARS‐CoV Mpro were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography‐based assay and continuous fluorescence‐based assay. Two novel small molecule inhibitors of the SARS‐CoV Mpro were identified by high‐throughput screening using an internally quenched fluorogenic substrate. The identified inhibitors have Ki values at low μM range with comparable anti‐SARS‐CoV activity in cell‐based assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Kao
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen SH, Lamar J, Victor F, Snyder N, Johnson R, Heinz BA, Wakulchik M, Wang QM. Synthesis and evaluation of tripeptidyl alpha-ketoamides as human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3531-6. [PMID: 14505664 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of tripeptidyl alpha-ketoamides as human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease inhibitors. The most potent inhibitor discussed in this manuscript, 4I, exhibited impressive enzyme inhibitory activity as well as antiviral activity against HRV-14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technology, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Loak K, Li DN, Manoury B, Billson J, Morton F, Hewitt E, Watts C. Novel cell-permeable acyloxymethylketone inhibitors of asparaginyl endopeptidase. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1239-46. [PMID: 12974392 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) or legumain is a recently identified lysosomal cysteine protease belonging to clan CD. To date it has been shown to be involved in antigen presentation within class II MHC positive cells and in pro-protein processing. Further elucidation of the biological functions of the enzyme will require potent and selective inhibitors and thus we describe here new acyloxymethylketone inhibitors of AEP. The most potent of the series is 2,6-dimethyl-benzoic acid 3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-carbamoyl-2-oxo-butyl ester (MV026630) with a kobs/[I] value of 1.09 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). At low microM concentrations this compound is able to enter living cells and irreversibly inactivate AEP. We show that this results in inhibition of AEP autoactivation and in perturbation of the processing and presentation of T cell epitopes from both tetanus toxin and myelin basic protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Loak
- Medivir UK Ltd., Peterhouse Technology Park, 100 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9PT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Niestroj AJ, Feussner K, Heiser U, Dando PM, Barrett A, Gerhartz B, Demuth HU. Inhibition of mammalian legumain by Michael acceptors and AzaAsn-halomethylketones. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1205-14. [PMID: 12437107 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase specific for an asparagine residue in the P1-position. It has been classified as a member of clan CD peptidases due to predicted structural similarities to caspases and gingipains. So far, inhibition studies on legumain are limited by the use of endogenous inhibitors such as cystatin C. A series of Michael acceptor inhibitors based on the backbone Cbz-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Asn (Cbz= benzyloxycarbonyl) has been prepared and resulted in an irreversible inhibition of porcine legumain. Variation of the molecular size within the 'war head' revealed the best inhibition for the compound containing the allyl ester (kobs/I=766 M(-1) s(-1)). To overcome cyclisation between the amide moiety of the Asn residue and the 'war head', several asparagine analogues have been synthesised. Integrated in halomethylketone inhibitors, azaasparagine is accepted by legumain in the P1-position. The most potent inhibitor of this series, Cbz-L-Ala-L-Ala-AzaAsn-chloromethylketone, displays a k(obs)/I value of 139,000 M(-1) s(-1). Other cysteine peptidases, such as papain and cathepsin B, are not inhibited by this compound at concentrations up to 100 microM. The synthetic inhibitors described here represent useful tools for the investigation of the structural and physiological properties of this unique asparagine-specific peptidase.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang QM. Protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for the treatment of picornaviral infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2001; Spec No:229-53. [PMID: 11548209 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7784-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The picornavirus family contains several human pathogens including human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). In the case of HRVs, these small single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses translate their genetic information into a polyprotein precursor which is further processed mainly by two viral proteases designated 2A and 3C. The 2A protease (2Apro) makes the first cleavage between the structural and non-structural proteins, while 3C protease (3Cpro) catalyzes most of the remaining internal cleavages. It has been shown that both 2Apro and 3Cpro are cysteine proteases but their overall protein folding is more like trypsin-type serine proteases. Due to their unique protein structure and essential roles in viral replication, 2Apro and 3Cpro have been viewed as excellent targets for antiviral intervention. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made in the development of antiviral compounds targeting these proteases. This article summarizes the recent approaches in the design of novel 2A and 3C protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for the treatment of picornaviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q M Wang
- Infectious Diseases Research, Lilly Research Labortories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| |
Collapse
|