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Zhou Y, Anoopkumar AN, Tarafdar A, Madhavan A, Binoop M, Lakshmi NM, B AK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Sirohi R, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Microbial engineering for the production and application of phytases to the treatment of the toxic pollutants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119703. [PMID: 35787420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are a group of digestive enzymes which are commonly used as feed enzymes. These enzymes are used exogenously in the feeds of monogastric animals thereby it improves the digestibility of phosphorous and thus reduces the negative impact of inorganic P excretion on the environment. Even though these enzymes are widely distributed in many life forms, microorganisms are the most preferred and potential source of phytase. Despite the extensive availability of the phytase-producing microbial consortia, only a few microorganisms have been known to be exploited at industrial level. The high costs of the enzyme along with the incapability to survive high temperatures followed by the poor storage stability are noted to be the bottleneck in the commercialization of enzymes. For this reason, besides the conventional fermentation approaches, the applicability of cloning, expression studies and genetic engineering has been implemented for the past few years to accomplish the abovesaid benefits. The site-directed mutagenesis as well as knocking out have also validated their prominent role in microbe-based phytase production with enhanced levels. The present review provides detailed information on recent insights on the modification of phytases through heterologous expression and protein engineering to make thermostable and protease-resistant phytases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - A N Anoopkumar
- Centre for Research in Emerging Tropical Diseases, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Mohan Binoop
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Nair M Lakshmi
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Arun K B
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India; Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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You S, Li J, Zhang F, Bai ZY, Shittu S, Herman RA, Zhang WX, Wang J. Loop engineering of a thermostable GH10 xylanase to improve low-temperature catalytic performance for better synergistic biomass-degrading abilities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125962. [PMID: 34563821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biorefining for producing biofuels poses technical challenges. It is usually conducted over a long time using heat, making it energy intensive. In this study, we lowered the energy consumption of this process through an optimized enzyme and pretreatment strategy. First, the dominant mutant M137E/N269G of Bispora sp. MEY-1XYL10C_ΔN was obtained by directed evolution with highcatalytic efficiency (970 mL/s∙mg)and specific activity (2090 U/mg)at 37 °C, and thermostability was improved (T50 increased by5 °C). After pretreatment with seawater immersionfollowing steam explosion,bagasse was co-treated with cellulase and M137E/N269G under mild conditions (37 °C), the resulting highest yield of fermentable sugars reached 219 µmol/g of bagasse,46% higher than that of the non-seawater treatment group, with the highest degree of synergy of 2.0. Pretreatment with seawater following steam explosion and synergistic hydrolysis through high activity xylanase and cellulase helped to achieve low energy degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China
| | - Saidi Shittu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China
| | - Richard-Ansah Herman
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, PR China.
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Navone L, Vogl T, Luangthongkam P, Blinco JA, Luna-Flores CH, Chen X, von Hellens J, Mahler S, Speight R. Disulfide bond engineering of AppA phytase for increased thermostability requires co-expression of protein disulfide isomerase in Pichia pastoris. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:80. [PMID: 33789740 PMCID: PMC8010977 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytases are widely used commercially as dietary supplements for swine and poultry to increase the digestibility of phytic acid. Enzyme development has focused on increasing thermostability to withstand the high temperatures during industrial steam pelleting. Increasing thermostability often reduces activity at gut temperatures and there remains a demand for improved phyases for a growing market. RESULTS In this work, we present a thermostable variant of the E. coli AppA phytase, ApV1, that contains an extra non-consecutive disulfide bond. Detailed biochemical characterisation of ApV1 showed similar activity to the wild type, with no statistical differences in kcat and KM for phytic acid or in the pH and temperature activity optima. Yet, it retained approximately 50% activity after incubations for 20 min at 65, 75 and 85 °C compared to almost full inactivation of the wild-type enzyme. Production of ApV1 in Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffi) was much lower than the wild-type enzyme due to the presence of the extra non-consecutive disulfide bond. Production bottlenecks were explored using bidirectional promoters for co-expression of folding chaperones. Co-expression of protein disulfide bond isomerase (Pdi) increased production of ApV1 by ~ 12-fold compared to expression without this folding catalyst and restored yields to similar levels seen with the wild-type enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results show that protein engineering for enhanced enzymatic properties like thermostability may result in folding complexity and decreased production in microbial systems. Hence parallel development of improved production strains is imperative to achieve the desirable levels of recombinant protein for industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Jo-Anne Blinco
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carlos H Luna-Flores
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Bioproton Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Navone L, Vogl T, Luangthongkam P, Blinco JA, Luna-Flores C, Chen X, von Hellens J, Speight R. Synergistic optimisation of expression, folding, and secretion improves E. coli AppA phytase production in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:8. [PMID: 33494776 PMCID: PMC7836175 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is an important platform for heterologous protein production due to its growth to high cell density and outstanding secretory capabilities. Recent developments in synthetic biology have extended the toolbox for genetic engineering of P. pastoris to improve production strains. Yet, overloading the folding and secretion capacity of the cell by over-expression of recombinant proteins is still an issue and rational design of strains is critical to achieve cost-effective industrial manufacture. Several enzymes are commercially produced in P. pastoris, with phytases being one of the biggest on the global market. Phytases are ubiquitously used as a dietary supplement for swine and poultry to increase digestibility of phytic acid, the main form of phosphorous storage in grains. Results Potential bottlenecks for expression of E. coli AppA phytase in P. pastoris were explored by applying bidirectional promoters (BDPs) to express AppA together with folding chaperones, disulfide bond isomerases, trafficking proteins and a cytosolic redox metabolism protein. Additionally, transcriptional studies were used to provide insights into the expression profile of BDPs. A flavoprotein encoded by ERV2 that has not been characterised in P. pastoris was used to improve the expression of the phytase, indicating its role as an alternative pathway to ERO1. Subsequent AppA production increased by 2.90-fold compared to the expression from the state of the AOX1 promoter. Discussion The microbial production of important industrial enzymes in recombinant systems can be improved by applying newly available molecular tools. Overall, the work presented here on the optimisation of phytase production in P. pastoris contributes to the improved understanding of recombinant protein folding and secretion in this important yeast microbial production host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pawarisa Luangthongkam
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Blinco
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carlos Luna-Flores
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Bioproton Pty Ltd, Acacia Ridge, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert Speight
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Fungal Phytases: Current Research and Applications in Food Industry. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Nováková J, Vértesi A, Béres E, Petkov S, Niederberger KE, Van Gaver D, Hirka G, Balázs Z. Safety assessment of a novel thermostable phytase. Toxicol Rep 2020; 8:139-147. [PMID: 33437655 PMCID: PMC7787994 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of Phytase TSP a new thermostable phytase was studied. No genotoxic or toxic effects were recorded for Phytase TSP. The NOAEL for the new Phytase TSP is 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The studies support the safety of Phytase TSP as an animal feed additive.
A novel 6-phytase (Phytase TSP, trade name OptiPhos® PLUS) with improved thermostability has been developed for use in animal feed. The safety of the new phytase was evaluated by testing for genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity. In in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays Phytase TSP concentrate was not mutagenic and did not induce biologically or statistically significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. In a subchronic toxicity study, male and female rats administered 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day of Phytase TSP concentrate via oral gavage for 90 days had no mortalities, and no treatment-related effects on body weight, food consumption, clinical observations or ophthalmology. Furthermore, there were no changes in haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, gross pathology, organ weights or histopathology that could be attributed to the test article. Several endpoints exhibited statistically significant effects, but none was dose-related or considered to be of toxicological relevance. Based on these results, Phytase TSP concentrate (OptiPhos® PLUS) was not genotoxic and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for male and female rats was 1000 mg/kg body weight/day.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 6-phytase
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine
- AAFCO, Association of American Feed Control Officials
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- Genotoxicity
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- MMS, methylmethanesulfonate
- MPCE, polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- NPD, 4-nitro-12-phenylenediamine
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation
- OptiPhos PLUS
- PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte
- Phytase TSP
- SAZ, sodium azide
- Subchronic toxicity
- Thermostable phytase
- Toxicity
- bw, body weight
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Nováková
- MediTox s.r.o., Pod Zamkem 279, 281 25, Konarovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-COOP Toxicological Research Center ZRT., Balatonfüred, Arácsi út 97, 8230, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-COOP Toxicological Research Center ZRT., Balatonfüred, Arácsi út 97, 8230, Hungary
| | - Spas Petkov
- Huvepharma EOOD, 39 Petar Rakov Street, 4550, Peshtera, Bulgaria
| | | | - Davy Van Gaver
- Huvepharma N.V., Uitbreidingstraat 80, 2600, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-COOP Toxicological Research Center ZRT., Balatonfüred, Arácsi út 97, 8230, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balázs
- Leveret GmbH, Aberenrain 30, 6340, Baar, Switzerland
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7
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Helian Y, Gai Y, Fang H, Sun Y, Zhang D. A multistrategy approach for improving the expression of E. coli phytase in Pichia pastoris. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:1161-1172. [PMID: 32935229 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytase is an additive in animal feed that degrades phytic acid in plant material, reducing feeding costs, and pollution from fecal phosphorus excretion. A multistrategy approach was adopted to improve the expression of E. coli phytase in Pichia pastoris. We determined that the most suitable signal peptide for phytase secretion was an α-factor secretion signal with an initial enzyme activity of 153.51 U/mL. Increasing the copy number of this gene to four increased phytase enzyme activity by 234.35%. PDI overexpression and Pep4 gene knockout increased extracellular phytase production by 35.33% and 26.64%, respectively. By combining favorable factors affecting phytase expression and secretion, the enzyme activity of the phytase-engineered strain was amplified 384.60% compared with that of the original strain. We also evaluated the potential for the industrial production of the engineered strain using a 50-L fed-batch fermenter and achieved a total activity of 30,246 U/mL after 180 h of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Helian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Gai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Fang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Handa V, Sharma D, Kaur A, Arya SK. Biotechnological applications of microbial phytase and phytic acid in food and feed industries. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Li S, Yang Q, Tang B. Improving the thermostability and acid resistance of Rhizopus oryzae α-amylase by using multiple sequence alignment based site-directed mutagenesis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:677-684. [PMID: 32133700 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Higher thermostability or acid resistance for fungal α-amylase will help to improve the sugar-making process and cut down the production costs. Here, the thermostability or acid resistance of Rhizopus oryzae α-amylase (ROAmy) was significantly enhanced by site-directed evolution based on multiple sequence alignment (MSA) method. For instance, compared with the wild-type ROAmy, the optimum temperature of mutants G136D and A144Y was increased from 50 to 55 °C, whereas for mutants V174R and I276P, the optimum temperature was increased from 50 to 60 °C. The optimum pH of mutants G136D and A144Y shifted from 5.5 to 5.0, whereas for mutants V174R and T253E, the optimum pH changed from 5.5 to 4.5. The results showed that mutant V174R had a 2.52-fold increase in half-life at 55 °C, a 2.55-fold increase in half-life at pH 4.5, and a 1.61-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) on soluble starch. The three-dimensional model simulation revealed that changes of hydrophilicity, hydrogen bond, salt bridge, or rigidity observed in mutants might mainly account for the improvement of thermostability and acid resistance. The mutants with improved catalytic properties attained in this work may render an accessible and operable approach for directed evolution of fungal α-amylase aimed at interesting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, China
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10
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Rungsa P, Janpan P, Saengkun Y, Jangpromma N, Klaynongsruang S, Patramanon R, Uawonggul N, Daduang J, Daduang S. Heterologous expression and mutagenesis of recombinant Vespa affinis hyaluronidase protein (rVesA2). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190030. [PMID: 31839801 PMCID: PMC6892566 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crude venom of the banded tiger waspVespa affinis contains a variety of enzymes including hyaluronidases, commonly known as spreading factors. Methods The cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and structural modelling of V. affinis venom hyaluronidase (VesA2) were herein described. Moreover, heterologous expression and mutagenesis of rVesA2 were performed. Results V. affinis venom hyaluronidase full sequence is composed of 331 amino acids, with four predicted N-glycosylation sites. It was classified into the glycoside hydrolase family 56. The homology modelling exhibited a central core (α/β)7 composed of Asp107 and Glu109, acting as the catalytic residues. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli with hyaluronidase activity. A recombinant mutant type with the double point mutation, Asp107Asn and Glu109Gln, completely lost this activity. The hyaluronidase from crude venom exhibited activity from pH 2 to 7. The recombinant wild type showed its maximal activity at pH 2 but decreased rapidly to nearly zero at pH 3 and was completely lost at pH 4. Conclusion The recombinant wild-type protein showed its maximal activity at pH 2, more acidic pH than that found in the crude venom. The glycosylation was predicted to be responsible for the pH optimum and thermal stability of the enzymes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapenpuksiri Rungsa
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piyapon Janpan
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yutthakan Saengkun
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Jangpromma
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rina Patramanon
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nunthawun Uawonggul
- Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, 48000, Thailand
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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11
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Cloning and High-Level Expression of the Enzymatic Region of Phytase in E. coli. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Wada M, Hayashi Y, Arai M. Mutational analysis of a catalytically important loop containing active site and substrate-binding site in Escherichia coli phytase AppA. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:860-868. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1571897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A phytase from Escherichia coli, AppA, has been the target of protein engineering to reduce the amount of undigested phosphates from livestock manure by making phosphorous from phytic acid available as a nutrient. To understand the contribution of each amino acid in the active site loop to the AppA activity, alanine and glycine scanning mutagenesis was undertaken. The results of phytase activity assay demonstrated loss of activity by mutations at charged residues within the conserved motif, supporting their importance in catalytic activity. In contrast, both conserved, non-polar residues and non-conserved residues tended to be tolerant to Ala and/or Gly mutations. Correlation analyses of chemical/structural characteristics of each mutation site against mutant activity revealed that the loop residues located closer to the substrate have greater contribution to the activity of AppA. These results may be useful in efficiently engineering AppA to improve its catalytic activity.
Abbreviations: AppA: pH 2.5 acid phosphatase; CSU: contacts of structural units; HAPs: histidine acid phosphatases; SASA: solvent accessible surface area; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SSM: site-saturation mutagenesis; WT: wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehito Arai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mrudula Vasudevan U, Jaiswal AK, Krishna S, Pandey A. Thermostable phytase in feed and fuel industries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:400-407. [PMID: 30709763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytase with wide ranging biochemical properties has long been utilized in a multitude of industries, even so, thermostability plays a crucial factor in choosing the right phytase in a few of the sectors. Mesophilic phytases are not considered to be a viable option in the feed industry owing to its limited stability in the required feed processing temperature. In the recent past, inclusion of thermostable phytase in fuel ethanol production from starch based raw material has been demonstrated with economic benefits. Therefore, considerable emphasis has been placed on using complementary approaches such as mining of extremophilic microbial wealth, encapsulation and using enzyme engineering for obtaining stable phytase variants. This article means to give an insight on role of thermostable phytases in feed and fuel industries and methods for its development, highlighting molecular determinants of thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudula Vasudevan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Shyam Krishna
- MIMS Research Foundation, Calicut 673 007, Kerala, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
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14
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Berto GL, Velasco J, Tasso Cabos Ribeiro C, Zanphorlin LM, Noronha Domingues M, Tyago Murakami M, Polikarpov I, de Oliveira LC, Ferraz A, Segato F. Functional characterization and comparative analysis of two heterologous endoglucanases from diverging subfamilies of glycosyl hydrolase family 45. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 120:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Vieira MS, Pereira VV, da Cunha Morales Álvares A, Nogueira LM, Lima WJN, Granjeiro PA, Gonçalves DB, Campos-da-Paz M, de Freitas SM, Galdino AS. Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Yersinia intermedia Phytase Expressed in Escherichia coli. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2018; 10:131-139. [PMID: 30516117 DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666181205114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytases are enzymes capable of degrading phytic acid and used in animal feed supplementation in order to improve digestibility through the release of minerals such as phosphorus. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to express and characterize a Yersinia intermedia phytase expressed in Escherichia coli cells. METHODS The Y. intermedia phytase gene was synthesized and overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. The phytase recombinante (rPHY) was purified to homogeneity using a Ni-NTA column. The biochemical and biophysical properties of the rPHY were measured in order to fully characterize the recombinant enzyme. The following patents database were consulted: Espacenet, USPTO, LATIPAT, Patent Scope, WIPO and Google Patents. RESULTS The results showed that the rPHY is active at 37-40ºC and presented an optimal pH and temperature of 8.0 and 40°C, respectively. The phytase rPHY was activated by Cu2+ ion and showed resistance to trypsin and pepsin, retaining 55% of the activity at the ratio of 0.02. Furthermore, the dissociation constant (Kd = 1.1150 ± 0.0087 mM), as estimated by a fluorescence binding assay, suggests a medium affinity of the enzyme with the substrate. CONCLUSION The results of this article can be considered as innovative and for this reason, they were protected by Intellectual Property Law in Brazil. Take together, the biochemical properties of the rPHY could be useful in future for its industrial application of this enzyme as an additive in the monogastric feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Vieira
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Vinícius V Pereira
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | | | - Lais M Nogueira
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - William J N Lima
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, MG, 39404- 547, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Granjeiro
- Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos e Purificacao de Macromoleculas, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos e Purificacao de Macromoleculas, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Mariana Campos-da-Paz
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del- Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Sonia M de Freitas
- Laboratorio de BiofIsica, Universidade de BrasIlia, BrasIlia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro S Galdino
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
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Pramanik K, Kundu S, Banerjee S, Ghosh PK, Maiti TK. Computational-based structural, functional and phylogenetic analysis of Enterobacter phytases. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:262. [PMID: 29805952 PMCID: PMC5960462 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases (i.e., phytases) are known to be a very important enzyme responsible for solubilization of insoluble phosphates. In the present study, Enterobacter phytases have characterized by different phylogenetic, structural and functional parameters using some standard bio-computational tools. Results showed that majority of the Enterobacter phytases are acidic in nature as most of the isoelectric points were under 7.0. The aliphatic indices predicted for the selected proteins were below 40 indicating their thermostable nature. The average molecular weight of the proteins was 48 kDa. The lower values of GRAVY of the said proteins implied that they have better interactions with water. Secondary structure prediction revealed that alpha-helical content was highest among the other forms such as sheets, coils, etc. Moreover, the predicted 3D structure of Enterobacter phytases divulged that the proteins consisted of four monomeric polypeptide chains i.e., it was a tetrameric protein. The predicted tertiary model of E. aerogenes (A0A0M3HCJ2) was deposited in Protein Model Database (Acc. No.: PM0080561) for further utilization after a thorough quality check from QMEAN and SAVES server. Functional analysis supported their classification as histidine acid phosphatases. Besides, multiple sequence alignment revealed that "DG-DP-LG" was the most highly conserved residues within the Enterobacter phytases. Thus, the present study will be useful in selecting suitable phytase-producing microbe exclusively for using in the animal food industry as a food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Pramanik
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Shreyasi Kundu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Sandipan Banerjee
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Pallab Kumar Ghosh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
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Chahed H, Boumaiza M, Ezzine A, Marzouki M. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable Sclerotinia sclerotiorum GH45 endoglucanase in Pichia pastoris. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:629-635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Tang Z, Jin W, Sun R, Liao Y, Zhen T, Chen H, Wu Q, Gou L, Li C. Improved thermostability and enzyme activity of a recombinant phyA mutant phytase from Aspergillus niger N25 by directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 108:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ushasree MV, Shyam K, Vidya J, Pandey A. Microbial phytase: Impact of advances in genetic engineering in revolutionizing its properties and applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1790-1799. [PMID: 28549814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are enzymes that increase the availability of phosphorous in monogastric diet and reduces the anti-nutrition effect of phytate. This review highlights contributions of recombinant technology to phytase research during the last decade with specific emphasis on new generation phytases. Application of modern molecular tools and genetic engineering have aided the discovery of novel phytase genes, facilitated its commercial production and expanded its applications. In future, by adopting most recent gene improvement techniques, more efficient next generation phytases can be developed for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Vasudevan Ushasree
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
| | - Krishna Shyam
- MIMS Research Foundation, Calicut 673 007, Kerala, India.
| | - Jalaja Vidya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali 160 071, Punjab, India.
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20
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Niu C, Yang P, Luo H, Huang H, Wang Y, Yao B. Engineering of Yersinia Phytases to Improve Pepsin and Trypsin Resistance and Thermostability and Application Potential in the Food and Feed Industry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7337-7344. [PMID: 28752758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to proteases usually limits the application of phytase. We sought to improve the pepsin and trypsin resistance of YeAPPA from Yersinia enterocolitica and YkAPPA from Y. kristensenii by optimizing amino acid polarity and charge. The predicted pepsin/trypsin cleavage sites F89/K226 in pepsin/trypsin-sensitive YeAPPA and the corresponding sites (F89/E226) in pepsin-sensitive but trypsin-resistant YkAPPA were substituted with S and H, respectively. Six variants were produced in Pichia pastoris for catalytic and biochemical characterization. F89S, E226H, and F89S/E226H elevated pepsin resistance and thermostability and K226H and F89S/K226H improved pepsin and trypsin resistance and stability at 60 °C and low pH. All the variants increased the ability of the proteins to hydrolyze phytate in corn meal by 2.6-14.9-fold in the presence of pepsin at 37 °C and low pH. This study developed a genetic manipulation strategy specific for pepsin/trypsin-sensitive phytases that can improve enzyme tolerance against proteases and heat and benefit the food and feed industry in a cost-effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canfang Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Cummings CS, Campbell AS, Baker SL, Carmali S, Murata H, Russell AJ. Design of Stomach Acid-Stable and Mucin-Binding Enzyme Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:576-586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Cummings
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan S. Campbell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefanie L. Baker
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sheiliza Carmali
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Sharma V, Kumar A, Archana G, Kumar GN. Ensifer meliloti overexpressing Escherichia coli phytase gene (appA) improves phosphorus (P) acquisition in maize plants. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2016; 103:76. [PMID: 27597170 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli phytase gene appA encoding enzyme AppA was cloned in a broad host range plasmid pBBR1MCS2 (lac promoter), termed pVA1, and transformed into the Ensifer meliloti 1020. Transformation of pVA1 in Ensifer meliloti {E. m (pVA1)} increased its phosphatase and phytase activity by ∼9- and ∼50-fold, respectively, compared to the transformants containing empty plasmid as control {E. m (pBBR1MCS2)}. The western blot experiments using rabbit anti-AppA antibody showed that AppA is translocated into the periplasm of the host after its expression. Ensifer meliloti harboring AppA protein {E. m (pVA1)} and {E. m (pBBR1MCS2)} could acidify the unbuffered phytate minimal media (pH 8.0) containing Ca-phytate or Na-phytate as sole organic P (Po) source to below pH 5.0 and released P. However, both {E. m (pVA1)} and {E. m (pBBR1MCS2)} neither dropped pH of the medium nor released P when the medium was buffered at pH 8.0 using Tris-Cl, indicating that acidification of medium was important for the enzymatic hydrolysis of phytate. Further experiments proved that maize plants inoculated with {E. m. (pVA1)} showed increase in growth under sterile semi solid agar (SSA) medium containing Na-phytate as sole P source. The present study could be helpful in generating better transgenic bioinoculants harboring phosphate mineralization properties that ultimately promote plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 002, India. .,Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa
| | - G Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 002, India
| | - G Naresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 002, India
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Xia W, Xu X, Qian L, Shi P, Bai Y, Luo H, Ma R, Yao B. Engineering a highly active thermophilic β-glucosidase to enhance its pH stability and saccharification performance. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:147. [PMID: 27446236 PMCID: PMC4955127 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucosidase is an important member of the biomass-degrading enzyme system, and plays vital roles in enzymatic saccharification for biofuels production. Candidates with high activity and great stability over high temperature and varied pHs are always preferred in industrial practice. To achieve cost-effective biomass conversion, exploring natural enzymes, developing high level expression systems and engineering superior mutants are effective approaches commonly used. RESULTS A newly identified β-glucosidase of GH3, Bgl3A, from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802, was overexpressed in yeast strain Pichia pastoris GS115, yielding a crude enzyme activity of 6000 U/ml in a 3 L fermentation tank. The purified enzyme exhibited outstanding enzymatic properties, including favorable temperature and pH optima (75 °C and pH 4.5), good thermostability (maintaining stable at 60 °C), and high catalytic performance (with a specific activity and catalytic efficiency of 905 U/mg and 9096/s/mM on pNPG, respectively). However, the narrow stability of Bgl3A at pH 4.0-5.0 would limit its industrial applications. Further site-directed mutagenesis indicated the role of excessive O-glycosylation in pH liability. By removing the potential O-glycosylation sites, two mutants showed improved pH stability over a broader pH range (3.0-10.0). Besides, with better stability under pH 5.0 and 50 °C compared with wild type Bgl3A, saccharification efficiency of mutant M1 was improved substantially cooperating with cellulase Celluclast 1.5L. And mutant M1 reached approximately equivalent saccharification performance to commercial β-glucosidase Novozyme 188 with identical β-glucosidase activity, suggesting its great prospect in biofuels production. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we overexpressed a novel β-glucosidase Bgl3A with high specific activity and high catalytic efficiency in P. pastoris. We further proved the negative effect of excessive O-glycosylation on the pH stability of Bgl3A, and enhanced the pH stability by reducing the O-glycosylation. And the enhanced mutants showed much better application prospect with substantially improved saccharification efficiency on cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- />Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
- />College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- />Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichun Qian
- />College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- />Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- />Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- />Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- />Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- />Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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Akbarzadeh A, Dehnavi E, Aghaeepoor M, Amani J. Optimization of Recombinant Expression of Synthetic Bacterial Phytase in Pichia pastoris Using Response Surface Methodology. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e27553. [PMID: 26870311 PMCID: PMC4746705 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.27553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli phytase is an acidic histidine phytase with great specific activity. Pichia pastoris is a powerful system for the heterologous expression of active and soluble proteins which can express recombinant proteins in high cell density fermenter without loss of product yield and efficiently secrete heterologous proteins into the media. Recombinant protein expression is influenced by expression conditions such as temperature, concentration of inducer, and pH. By optimization, the yield of expressed proteins can be increase. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been widely used for the optimization and studying of different parameters in biotechnological processes. Objectives: In this study, the expression of synthetic appA gene in P. pastoris was greatly improved by adjusting the expression condition. Materials and Methods: The appA gene with 410 amino acids was synthesized by P. pastoris codon preference and cloned in expression vector pPinkα-HC, under the control of AOX1 promoter, and it was transformed into P. pastoris GS115 by electroporation. Recombinant phytase was expressed in buffered methanol-complex medium (BMMY) and the expression was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzymatic assay. To achieve the highest level of expression, methanol concentration, pH and temperature were optimized via RSM. Finally, the optimum pH and temperature for recombinant phytase activity was determined. Results: Escherichia coli phytase was expressed in P. pastoris under different cultivation conditions (post-induction temperature, methanol concentration, and post-induction pH). The optimized conditions by RSM using face centered central composite design were 1% (v/v) methanol, pH = 5.8, and 24.5°C. Under the optimized conditions, appA was successfully expressed in P. pastoris and the maximum phytase activity was 237.2 U/mL after 72 hours of expression. Conclusions: By optimization of recombinant phytase expression in shake flask culture, we concluded that P. pastoris was a suitable host for high-level expression of phytase and it can possess high potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbarzadeh
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ehsan Dehnavi
- Gene Transfer Pioneers Research Group, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Aghaeepoor
- Gene Transfer Pioneers Research Group, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Semnan Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Jafar Amani, Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq, Molasadra St, P. O. Box: 193955487, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2182482568, Fax: +98-2188068924, E-mail:
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Gupta RK, Gangoliya SS, Singh NK. Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:676-84. [PMID: 25694676 PMCID: PMC4325021 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
More than half of the world populations are affected by micronutrient malnutrition and one third of world's population suffers from anemia and zinc deficiency, particularly in developing countries. Iron and zinc deficiencies are the major health problems worldwide. Phytic acid is the major storage form of phosphorous in cereals, legumes, oil seeds and nuts. Phytic acid is known as a food inhibitor which chelates micronutrient and prevents it to be bioavailabe for monogastric animals, including humans, because they lack enzyme phytase in their digestive tract. Several methods have been developed to reduce the phytic acid content in food and improve the nutritional value of cereal which becomes poor due to such antinutrient. These include genetic improvement as well as several pre-treatment methods such as fermentation, soaking, germination and enzymatic treatment of grains with phytase enzyme. Biofortification of staple crops using modern biotechnological techniques can potentially help in alleviating malnutrition in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishor Gupta
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Nand Kumar Singh
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh India
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Chen CC, Cheng KJ, Ko TP, Guo RT. Current Progresses in Phytase Research: Three-Dimensional Structure and Protein Engineering. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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Wang X, Yao M, Yang B, Fu Y, Hu F, Liang A. Enzymology and thermal stability of phytase appA mutants. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(A) The comparison of different melting temperature (Tm) of appA ( ), appAM8 ( ) and appAM10 ( ). TheTmvalues were 60 °C for appA, 64.1 °C for appAM8, and 67.5 °C for appAM10. (B) Titration curves of the addition TNS to appAM10 (a) and appA (b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Mingze Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yuejun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Fengyun Hu
- Department of Neurology
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital
- Taiyuan 030012
- China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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29
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Xi H, Tian Y, Zhou N, Zhou Z, Shen W. Characterization of an N-glycosylated Bacillus subtilis leucine aminopeptidase expressed in Pichia pastoris. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 55:236-46. [PMID: 25389014 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase is an important flavorsome especially in protein hydrolysate debittering by removing hydrophobic amino acid residue at the N-terminal end. Besides, it is also applied to preparation of active peptides and analysis of protein sequence. In this study, leucine aminopeptidase from Bacillus subtilis was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris, a widely used heterologous protein expression host. Then it was purified and characterized. After methanol induction for 96 h, the aminopeptidase activity in culture supernatant reached 28.4 U ml(À1) , which was 7.1 times that of wild strain B. subtilis Zj016. The optimal temperature and pH of the purified recombinant enzyme were 60 °C and 8.5, respectively. The purified aminopeptidase was stable within 30-60 °C and pH 8.0-9.0. It was intensively inhibited by Ni(2β) , Ca(2β) , DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), but activated by Co(2β) . The Km toward leucine-p-nitroanilines (Leu-pNA) of the enzyme was 0.97 mM. The sequence analysis of aminopeptidase indicated three potential N-glycosylation sites and it was further verified via MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Consequently, the N-glycosylated aminopeptidase exhibited higher thermostability and catalytic efficiency. The purified enzyme exhibited two bands through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) while a single band can be identified when the enzyme was deglycosylated. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of recombinant aminopeptidase was similar to the wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Xi
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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30
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Lee SH, Cho J, Bok J, Kang S, Choi Y, Lee PCW. Characterization, Gene Cloning, and Sequencing of a Fungal Phytase, PhyA, FromPenicillium oxalicumPJ3. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:336-47. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.923446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Guo F, Zhang C, Bie X, Zhao H, Diao H, Lu F, Lu Z. Improving the thermostability and activity of lipoxygenase from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Overexpression and Biochemical Characterization of a Thermostable Phytase from Bacillus subtilis US417 in Pichia pastoris. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:839-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Wu TH, Chen CC, Cheng YS, Ko TP, Lin CY, Lai HL, Huang TY, Liu JR, Guo RT. Improving specific activity and thermostability of Escherichia coli phytase by structure-based rational design. J Biotechnol 2014; 175:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Characterization and High Level Expression of Acidic Endoglucanase in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:2253-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Site-Directed Mutagenesis Improves the Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of Aspergillus niger N25 Phytase Mutated by I44E and T252R. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:900-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Tai HM, Yin LJ, Chen WC, Jiang ST. Overexpression of Escherichia coli phytase in Pichia pastoris and its biochemical properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6007-6015. [PMID: 23738921 DOI: 10.1021/jf401853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a Pichia pastoris mutant with an Escherichia coli phytase gene, which was synthesized according to P. pastoris codon preference, a mature phytase cDNA of E. coli being altered according to the codons usage preference of P. pastoris was artificially synthesized and cloned into an expression vector of pGAPZαC. The final extracellular phytase activity was 112.5 U/mL after 72 h of cultivation. The phytase, with a molecular mass of 46 kDa, was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity after Ni Sepharose 6 Fast Flow chromatography. The yield, purification fold, and specific activity were 63.97%, 26.17, and 1.57 kU/mg, respectively. It had an optimal pH and temperature of 4.0-6.0 and 50 °C, respectively, and was stable at pH 3.0-8.0 and 25-40 °C. The purified recombinant phytase was resistant to trypsin, highly inhibited by Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Hg(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and N-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone, but activated by Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), glutathione, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and N-ethylmaleimide. It revealed higher affinity to calcium phytate than to other phosphate conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Ming Tai
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University , Number 200, Section 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Salu, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
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37
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Improving the thermostability of Escherichia coli phytase, appA, by enhancement of glycosylation. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1669-76. [PMID: 23794051 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A codon-optimized Escherichia coli appA phytase gene was synthesized and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Two residue substitutions (Q258N, Q349N) were sequentially introduced to enhance its glycosylation activity. Secretion of appA-Q258N/Q349N was approx. 0.3 mg ml(-1) and enzyme activity reached 1,030 U ml(-1). Purified appA-Q258N/Q349N had a specific activity of 3,137 U mg(-1) with an MW of approx. 53 kDa. Compared with appA-WT, appA-Q258N/Q349N showed over 40 % enhancement in thermostability (85 °C for 10 min) and 4-5 °C increases in the melting temperatures (Tm). The Km and Kcat of appA-Q258N/Q349N were 0.43 mM and 3,058 s(-1), respectively, which are similar with that of appA-WT. The mutant appA-Q258N/Q349N obtained in this study could be used for the large-scale commercial production of phytase.
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38
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A multi-factors rational design strategy for enhancing the thermostability of Escherichia coli AppA phytase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:457-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of the importance of protein surface properties for protein thermostability,there are seldom studies on multi-factors rational design strategy, so a more scientific, simple and effective rational strategy is urgent for protein engineering. Here, we first attempted to use a three-factors rational design strategy combining three common structural features, protein flexibility, protein surface, and salt bridges. Escherichia coli AppA phytase was used as a model enzyme to improve its thermostability. Moreover, the structure and enzyme features of the thermostable mutants designed by our strategy were analyzed roundly. For the single mutants, two (Q206E and Y311K), in five exhibited thermostable property with a higher success rate of prediction (40 %). For the multiple mutants, the themostable sites were combined with another site, I427L, we obtained by directed evolution, Q206E/I427L, Y311K/I427L, and Q206E/Y311K/I427L, all exhibited thermostable property. The Y311K/I427L doubled thermostability (61.7 %, and was compared to 30.97 % after being heated at 80 °C for 10 min) and catalytic efficiency (4.46 was compared to 2.37) improved more than the wild-type AppA phytase almost without hampering catalytic activity. These multi-factors of rational design strategy can be applied practically as a thermostabilization strategy instead of the conventional single-factor approach.
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39
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Fei B, Xu H, Zhang F, Li X, Ma S, Cao Y, Xie J, Qiao D, Cao Y. Relationship between Escherichia coli AppA phytase's thermostability and salt bridges. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:623-7. [PMID: 23333035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to study on the relationship between Escherichia coli AppA phytase's thermostability and salt bridges, and indicate an effective technical route of which factor to think about and where to modify at AppA for enhancing its thermostability, a salt bridge subtraction mutant E31Q and a salt bridge addition mutant Q307D were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The residual activities of the wild-type AppA phytase, E31Q and Q307D were 31.42%, 17.46%, and 40.57%, respectively, after being heated at 80°C for 10 min. The salt bridge subtraction mutant E31Q showed 13.96% thermostability decreasement, and the salt bridge addition mutant Q307D showed 9.15% thermostability enhancement than the wild-type both without the pH and temperature optimum changed. It proved salt bridges play a key role in E. coli AppA phytase's thermostability and the α/β-domain of AppA may be sensitive to heat. Salt bridges and the α/β-domain of AppA should have high priority to think about to enhance AppA's thermostability for commercial application. Besides, molecular dynamics simulation was used for salt bridges analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Fei
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, PR China
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40
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Abstract
Phytases are phosphohydrolytic enzymes that initiate stepwise removal of phosphate from phytate. Simple-stomached species such as swine, poultry, and fish require extrinsic phytase to digest phytate, the major form of phosphorus in plant-based feeds. Consequently, this enzyme is supplemented in these species’ diets to decrease their phosphorus excretion, and it has emerged as one of the most effective and lucrative feed additives. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the evolving course of phytase science and technology. It gives realistic estimates of the versatile roles of phytase in animal feeding, environmental protection, rock phosphorus preservation, human nutrition and health, and industrial applications. It elaborates on new biotechnology and existing issues related to developing novel microbial phytases as well as phytase-transgenic plants and animals. And it targets critical and integrated analyses on the global impact, novel application, and future demand of phytase in promoting animal agriculture, human health, and societal sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | | | | | - Michael J. Azain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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41
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Fei B, Cao Y, Xu H, Li X, Song T, Fei Z, Qiao D, Cao Y. AppA C-terminal Plays an Important Role in its Thermostability in Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:374-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Mullaney E, Sethumadhavan K, Boone S, Lei XG, Ullah AHJ. Elimination of a disulfide bridge in <i>Aspergillus niger</i> NRRL 3135 Phytase (PhyA) enhances heat tolerance and optimizes its temperature versus activity profile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Shivange AV, Serwe A, Dennig A, Roccatano D, Haefner S, Schwaneberg U. Directed evolution of a highly active Yersinia mollaretii phytase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 95:405-18. [PMID: 22159661 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytase improves as a feed supplement the nutritional quality of phytate-rich diets (e.g., cereal grains, legumes, and oilseeds) by hydrolyzing indigestible phytate (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis dihydrogen phosphate) and increasing abdominal absorption of inorganic phosphates, minerals, and trace elements. Directed phytase evolution was reported for improving industrial relevant properties such as thermostability (pelleting process) or activity. In this study, we report the cloning, characterization, and directed evolution of the Yersinia mollaretii phytase (Ymphytase). Ymphytase has a tetrameric structure with positive cooperativity (Hill coefficient was 2.3) and a specific activity of 1,073 U/mg which is ∼10 times higher than widely used fungal phytases. High-throughput prescreening methods using filter papers or 384-well microtiter plates were developed. Precise subsequent screening for thermostable and active phytase variants was performed by combining absorbance and fluorescence-based detection system in 96-well microtiter plates. Directed evolution yielded after mutant library generation (SeSaM method) and two-step screening (in total ∼8,400 clones) a phytase variant with ∼20% improved thermostability (58°C for 20 min; residual activity wild type ∼34%; variant ∼53%) and increased melting temperature (1.5°C) with a slight loss of specific activity (993 U/mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol V Shivange
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
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44
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Improving Phytase Enzyme Activity in a Recombinant phyA Mutant Phytase from Aspergillus niger N25 by Error-Prone PCR. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:549-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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45
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Improved expression of Rhizopus oryzae α-amylase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Adsorption immobilization of Escherichia coli phytase on probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus spores. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Tran TT, Mamo G, Búxo L, Le NN, Gaber Y, Mattiasson B, Hatti-Kaul R. Site-directed mutagenesis of an alkaline phytase: influencing specificity, activity and stability in acidic milieu. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:177-82. [PMID: 22112406 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis of a thermostable alkaline phytase from Bacillus sp. MD2 was performed with an aim to increase its specific activity and activity and stability in an acidic environment. The mutation sites are distributed on the catalytic surface of the enzyme (P257R, E180N, E229V and S283R) and in the active site (K77R, K179R and E227S). Selection of the residues was based on the idea that acid active phytases are more positively charged around their catalytic surfaces. Thus, a decrease in the content of negatively charged residues or an increase in the positive charges in the catalytic region of an alkaline phytase was assumed to influence the enzyme activity and stability at low pH. Moreover, widening of the substrate-binding pocket is expected to improve the hydrolysis of substrates that are not efficiently hydrolysed by wild type alkaline phytase. Analysis of the phytase variants revealed that E229V and S283R mutants increased the specific activity by about 19% and 13%, respectively. Mutation of the active site residues K77R and K179R led to severe reduction in the specific activity of the enzyme. Analysis of the phytase mutant-phytate complexes revealed increase in hydrogen bonding between the enzyme and the substrate, which might retard the release of the product, resulting in decreased activity. On the other hand, the double mutant (K77R-K179R) phytase showed higher stability at low pH (pH 2.6-3.0). The E227S variant was optimally active at pH 5.5 (in contrast to the wild type enzyme that had an optimum pH of 6) and it exhibited higher stability in acidic condition. This mutant phytase, displayed over 80% of its initial activity after 3h incubation at pH 2.6 while the wild type phytase retained only about 40% of its original activity. Moreover, the relative activity of this mutant phytase on calcium phytate, sodium pyrophosphate and p-nitro phenyl phosphate was higher than that of the wild type phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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48
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Expression of a Bacillus phytase C gene in Pichia pastoris and properties of the recombinant enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5601-8. [PMID: 20601512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00762-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cloning and expression of a native gene encoding a Bacillus subtilis phytase using Pichia pastoris as the host is described. In addition, the influence of N-glycosylation on the biochemical properties of the B. subtilis phytase, the influence of pH on the thermostability of the recombinant and native B. subtilis phytases, and the resistance of both phytases to shrimp digestive enzymes and porcine trypsin are also described. After 48 h of methanol induction in shake flasks, a selected recombinant strain produced and secreted 0.82 U/ml (71 mg/liter) recombinant phytase. This phytase was N-glycosylated, had a molecular mass of 39 kDa after N-deglycosylation, exhibited activity within a pH range of 2.5 to 9 and at temperatures of 25 to 70 degrees C, had high residual activity (85% +/- 2%) after 10 min of heat treatment at 80 degrees C and pH 5.5 in the presence of 5 mM CaCl(2), and was resistant to shrimp digestive enzymes and porcine trypsin. Although the recombinant Bacillus phytase had pH and temperature activity profiles that were similar to those of the corresponding nonglycosylated native phytase, the thermal stabilities of the recombinant and native phytases were different, although both were calcium concentration and pH dependent.
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49
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Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HP, Becker K. Dietary roles of phytate and phytase in human nutrition: A review. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Site-directed mutagenesis of disulfide bridges in Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytase (PhyA), their expression in Pichia pastoris and catalytic characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1367-72. [PMID: 20376636 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have established the importance of five disulfide bridges (DBs) in Aspergillus niger phytase. In this study, the relative importance of each of the individual disulfide bridge is determined by its removal by site-directed mutagenesis of specific cysteines in the cloned A. niger phyA gene. Individually, these mutant phytases were expressed in a Pichia expression system and their product purified and characterized. The removal of disulfide bridge 2 yielded a mutant phytase with a complete loss of catalytic activity. The other disulfide mutants displayed a broad array of altered catalytic properties including a lower optimum temperature from 58 degrees C to 53 degrees C for bridge number 1, 37 degrees C for bridge number 3 and 4, and 42 degrees C for bridge number 5. The pH versus activity profile was also modified in the DB mutants. The pH profile of the wild-type phytase was modified by the DB mutations. In bridge number 1, 3, and 4, the second peak at pH 2.5 was abolished, and in bridge number 5, the peak at pH 5.0 was abolished completely leaving only the pH 2.5. While the K (m) was not affected drastically, the turnover number was lowered significantly in bridge number 3, 4, and 5.
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