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Halliwell B, Watt F, Minqin R. Iron and atherosclerosis: Lessons learned from rabbits relevant to human disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:165-170. [PMID: 37852545 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of iron in promoting atherosclerosis, and hence the cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases that result from atherosclerosis, has been fiercely controversial. Many studies have been carried out on various rodent models of atherosclerosis, especially on apoE-knockout (apoE-/-) mice, which develop atherosclerosis more readily than normal mice. These apoE-/- mouse studies generally support a role for iron in atherosclerosis development, although there are conflicting results. The purpose of the current article is to describe studies on another animal model that is not genetically manipulated; New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. This may be a better model than the apoE-/- mice for human atherosclerosis, although it has been given much less attention. Studies on NZW rabbits support the view that iron promotes atherosclerosis, although some uncertainties remain, which need to be resolved by further experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurobiology Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01A, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Frank Watt
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science, 2 Science Drive 3, Blk S12, Level 2, 117551, Singapore.
| | - Ren Minqin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science, 2 Science Drive 3, Blk S12, Level 2, 117551, Singapore.
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2
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Everett J, Brooks J, Lermyte F, O'Connor PB, Sadler PJ, Dobson J, Collingwood JF, Telling ND. Iron stored in ferritin is chemically reduced in the presence of aggregating Aβ(1-42). Sci Rep 2020; 10:10332. [PMID: 32587293 PMCID: PMC7316746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical low-oxidation-state iron phases in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology are implicated in disease pathogenesis, as they may promote elevated redox activity and convey toxicity. However, the origin of low-oxidation-state iron and the pathways responsible for its formation and evolution remain unresolved. Here we investigate the interaction of the AD peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) with the iron storage protein ferritin, to establish whether interactions between these two species are a potential source of low-oxidation-state iron in AD. Using X-ray spectromicroscopy and electron microscopy we found that the co-aggregation of Aβ and ferritin resulted in the conversion of ferritin's inert ferric core into more reactive low-oxidation-states. Such findings strongly implicate Aβ in the altered iron handling and increased oxidative stress observed in AD pathogenesis. These amyloid-associated iron phases have biomarker potential to assist with disease diagnosis and staging, and may act as targets for therapies designed to lower oxidative stress in AD tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Jake Brooks
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Dobson
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| | | | - Neil D Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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Badu-Boateng C, Naftalin RJ. Ascorbate and ferritin interactions: Consequences for iron release in vitro and in vivo and implications for inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:75-87. [PMID: 30268889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the chemical mechanisms of ascorbate-dependent reduction and solubilization of ferritin's ferric iron core and subsequent release of ferrous iron. The process is accelerated by low concentrations of Fe(II) that increase ferritin's intrinsic ascorbate oxidase activity, hence increasing the rate of ascorbate radical formation. These increased rates of ascorbate oxidation provide reducing equivalents (electrons) to ferritin's core and speed the core reduction rates with subsequent solubilization and release of Fe(II). Ascorbate-dependent solubilization of ferritin's iron core has consequences relating to the interpretation of 59Fe uptake sourced from 59Fe-lebelled holotransferrin into ferritin. Ascorbate-dependent reduction of the ferritin core iron solubility increases the size of ferritin's iron exchangeable pool and hence the rate and amount of exchange uptake of 59Fe into ferritin, whilst simultaneously increasing net iron release rate from ferritin. This may rationalize the inconsistency that ascorbate apparently stabilizes 59Fe ferritin and retards lysosomal ferritinolysis and whole cell 59Fe release, whilst paradoxically increasing the rate of net iron release from ferritin. This capacity of ascorbate and iron to synergise ferritin iron release has pathological significance, as it lowers the concentration at which ascorbate activates ferritin's iron release to within the physiological range (50-250 μM). These effects have relevance to inflammatory pathology and to the pro-oxidant effects of ascorbate in cancer therapy and cell death by ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Badu-Boateng
- Kings, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard J Naftalin
- Kings, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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4
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Kozlov S, Afonin A, Evsyukov I, Bondarenko A. Alzheimer's disease: as it was in the beginning. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:825-843. [PMID: 28704198 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since Alzheimer's disease was first described in 1907, many attempts have been made to reveal its main cause. Nowadays, two forms of the disease are known, and while the hereditary form of the disease is clearly caused by mutations in one of several genes, the etiology of the sporadic form remains a mystery. Both forms share similar sets of neuropathological and molecular manifestations, including extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta, intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, disturbances in both the structure and functions of mitochondria, oxidative stress, metal ion metabolism disorders, impairment of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-related signaling pathways, abnormalities of lipid metabolism, and aberrant cell cycle reentry in some neurons. Such a diversity of symptoms led to proposition of various hypotheses for explaining the development of Alzheimer's disease, the amyloid hypothesis, which postulates the key role of amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease development, being the most prominent. However, this hypothesis does not fully explain all of the molecular abnormalities and is therefore heavily criticized. In this review, we propose a hypothetical model of Alzheimer's disease progression, assuming a key role of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, as was postulated in the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis. Our model explains the connections between all the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, with particular attention to autophagy, metal metabolism disorders, and aberrant cell cycle re-entry in neurons. Progression of the Alzheimer's disease appears to be a complex process involving aging and too many protective mechanisms affecting one another, thereby leading to even greater deleterious effects.
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Li Y, Yang H, Ni W, Gu Y. Effects of deferoxamine on blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172784. [PMID: 28249040 PMCID: PMC5332094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a key mechanism of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced brain injury. This study examined the mechanism of iron-induced BBB disruption after SAH and investigated the potential therapeutic effect of iron chelation on SAH. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats had an endovascular perforation of left internal carotid artery bifurcation or sham operation. The rats were treated with deferoxamine (DFX) or vehicle (100mg/kg) for a maximum of 7 days. Brain edema, BBB leakage, behavioral and cognitive impairment were examined. In SAH rat, the peak time of brain edema and BBB impairment in the cortex was at day 3 after SAH. SAH resulted in a significant increase in ferritin expression in the cortex. The ferritin positive cells were colocalized with endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Compared with vehicle, DFX caused less ferritin upregulation, brain water content, BBB impairment, behavioral and cognitive deficits in SAH rats. The results suggest iron overload could be a therapeutic target for SAH induced BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (WN); (YG)
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (WN); (YG)
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Serum ferritin levels may have a pro-atherosclerotic role in coronary artery disease patients with sleep disordered breathing. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Aliaga ME, López-Alarcón C, Bridi R, Speisky H. Redox-implications associated with the formation of complexes between copper ions and reduced or oxidized glutathione. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 154:78-88. [PMID: 26277412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Binding of copper by reduced glutathione (GSH) is generally seen as a mechanism to lower, if not abolish, the otherwise high electrophilicity and redox activity of its free ions. In recent years, however, this concept has been contradicted by new evidence revealing that, rather than stabilizing free copper ions, its binding to GSH leads to the formation of a Cu(I)-[GSH]2 complex capable of reducing molecular oxygen into superoxide. It is now understood that, under conditions leading to the removal of such radicals, the Cu(I)-[GSH]2 complex is readily oxidized into Cu(II)-GSSG. Interestingly, in the presence of a GSH excess, the latter complex is able to regenerate the superoxide-generating capacity of the complex it originated from, opening the possibility that a GSH-dependent interplay exists between the reduced and the oxidized glutathione forms of these copper-complexes. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained from experiments conducted in non-cellular systems and intact mitochondria indicates that the Cu(II)-GSSG complex is also able to function in a catalytic manner as an efficient superoxide dismutating- and catalase-like molecule. Here we review and discuss the most relevant chemical and biological evidence on the formation of the Cu(I)-[GSH]2 and Cu(II)-GSSG complexes and on the potential redox implications associated with their intracellular occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita E Aliaga
- Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile.
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Raquel Bridi
- Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Hernán Speisky
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Bolisetty S, Jaimes EA. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species: physiology and pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6306-44. [PMID: 23528859 PMCID: PMC3634422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The air that we breathe contains nearly 21% oxygen, most of which is utilized by mitochondria during respiration. While we cannot live without it, it was perceived as a bane to aerobic organisms due to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites by mitochondria and other cellular compartments. However, this dogma was challenged when these species were demonstrated to modulate cellular responses through altering signaling pathways. In fact, since this discovery of a dichotomous role of reactive species in immune function and signal transduction, research in this field grew at an exponential pace and the pursuit for mechanisms involved began. Due to a significant number of review articles present on the reactive species mediated cell death, we have focused on emerging novel pathways such as autophagy, signaling and maintenance of the mitochondrial network. Despite its role in several processes, increased reactive species generation has been associated with the origin and pathogenesis of a plethora of diseases. While it is tempting to speculate that anti-oxidant therapy would protect against these disorders, growing evidence suggests that this may not be true. This further supports our belief that these reactive species play a fundamental role in maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Bolisetty
- Nephrology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Edgar A. Jaimes
- Nephrology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; E-Mail:
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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9
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10
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Won SM, Lee JH, Park UJ, Gwag J, Gwag BJ, Lee YB. Iron mediates endothelial cell damage and blood-brain barrier opening in the hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:121-8. [PMID: 21278483 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.2.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood cells are transported into the brain and are thought to participate in neurodegenerative processes following hypoxic ischemic injury. We examined the possibility that transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) causes the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to become permeable to blood cells, possibly via dysfunction and degeneration of endothelial cells in rats. Extravasation of Evans blue and immunoglobulin G (IgG) was observed in the hippocampal CA1-2 areas within 8 h after TFI, and peaked at 48 h. This extravasation was accompanied by loss of tight junction proteins, occludin, and zonula occludens-1, and degeneration of endothelial cells in the CA1-2 areas. Iron overload and mitochondrial free radical production were evident in the microvessel endothelium of the hippocampus before endothelial cell damage occurred. Administration of deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, or Neu2000, an antioxidant, blocked free radical production and endothelial cell degeneration. Our findings suggest that iron overload and iron-mediated free radical production cause loss of tight junction proteins and degeneration of endothelial cells, opening of the BBB after TFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Won
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brain Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Science, Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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11
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Superoxide-dependent reduction of free Fe(3+) and release of Fe(2+) from ferritin by the physiologically-occurring Cu(I)-glutathione complex. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:534-41. [PMID: 21115254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intracellularly-occurring Cu(I)-glutathione complex (Cu(I)-[GSH](2)) has the ability to reduce molecular oxygen into superoxide radicals (O2·-). Based on such ability, we addressed the potential of this complex to generate the redox-active Fe(2+) species, during its interaction with free Fe(3+) and with ferritin-bound iron. Results show that: (i) the complex reduces free Fe(3+) through a reaction that totally depends on its O2·--generating capacity; (ii) during its interaction with ferritin, the complex reduces and subsequently releases iron through a largely (77%) SOD-inhibitable reaction; the remaining fraction is accounted for by a direct effect of GSH molecules contained within the complex. The O2·--dependent iron-releasing efficiency of the complex was half that of its iron-reducing efficiency; (iii) the ability of the complex to release ferritin-bound iron was increased, concentration-dependently, by the addition of GSH and totally prevented by SOD; (iv) in the presence of added H(2)O(2), the Fe(2+) ions generated through (i) or (ii) were able to catalyze the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the present study demonstrates the ability of the Cu(I)-[GSH](2) complex to generate the redox-active Fe(2+) species and suggest that by favouring the occurrence of superoxide-driven Fenton reactions, its pro-oxidant potential could be increased beyond its initial O2·--generating capacity.
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Wolszczak M, Gajda J. Iron release from ferritin induced by light and ionizing radiation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-010-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Heller MI, Croot PL. Application of a superoxide (O(2)(-)) thermal source (SOTS-1) for the determination and calibration of O(2)(-) fluxes in seawater. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 667:1-13. [PMID: 20441861 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O(2)(-)) is an important short lived transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) in seawater. The main source of O(2)(-) in the ocean is believed to be through photochemical reactions though biological processes may also be important. Sink terms for O(2)(-) include redox reactions with bioactive trace metals, including Cu and Fe, and to a lesser extent dissolved organic matter (DOM). Information on the source fluxes, sinks and concentration of superoxide in the open ocean are crucial to improving our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of redox active species. As O(2)(-) is a highly reactive transient species present at low concentrations it is not a trivial task to make accurate and precise measurements in seawater. In this study we developed the appropriate numerical analysis tools and investigated a number of superoxide sources and methods for the purposes of calibrating O(2)(-) concentrations and/or fluxes specifically in seawater. We found the superoxide thermal source bis(4-carboxybenzyl)hyponitrite (SOTS)-1 easy to employ as a reliable source of O(2)(-) which could be successfully applied in seawater. The thermal decomposition of SOTS-1 in seawater was evaluated over a range of seawater temperatures using both a flux based detection scheme developed using two spectrophotometric methods: (i) 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) and (ii) ferricytochrome c (FC), or a concentration based detection scheme using a chemiluminescence flow injection method based on the Cypridina luciferin analog 2-methyl-6-(p-methoxyphenyl)3-7-dihydroimidazol[1,2-alpha]pyrazin-3-one (MCLA) as reagent. Our results suggest SOTS-1 is the best available O(2)(-) source for determining concentrations and fluxes, all detection systems tested have their pros and cons and the choice of which to use depends more on the duration and type of experiment that is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Heller
- FB2 Marine Biogeochemie, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IfM-Geomar), Dienstgebäude Westufer, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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14
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Millerot-Serrurot E, Bertrand N, Mossiat C, Faure P, Prigent-Tessier A, Garnier P, Bejot Y, Giroud M, Beley A, Marie C. Temporal changes in free iron levels after brain ischemia Relevance to the timing of iron chelation therapy in stroke. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1442-8. [PMID: 18485533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Whereas iron chelators have been proposed as therapeutic agents in stroke, changes in free iron levels have never been explored after focal brain ischemia. Therefore, free and total iron levels in cortical tissue and free iron levels in plasma were measured before and after (1, 4 and 24h) photothrombotic occlusion of cortical vessels in rats. Brain ferritin expression and localization were also investigated before and after (24, 72 and 192 h) occlusion. The results showed that free iron remained below detectable levels in plasma and that the lesion exhibited high levels of free and total iron. As compared to contralateral values, free iron levels in ischemic core and penumbra increased (+50%) at 1h and returned to control values at 4h post-occlusion. In contrast, the increase in total iron levels (+20-30%) was long-lasting, but confined to the ischemic core. A time-dependent increase in the expression of both chains of ferritin was detected in regions that previously exhibited free iron accumulation. Finally, ischemic damage was reduced by the liposoluble iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl (20 mg/kg, i.p.) when injected 15 min or 1 h post-occlusion, yet not later (4 h). In conclusion, our results show that focal brain ischemia results in an early and transient elevation in free iron levels in the ischemic tissue and suggest that free iron excess does not originate in blood. They also highlight the importance of starting iron chelation therapy as soon as possible after stroke.
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15
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Ibrahim HR, Hoq MI, Aoki T. Ovotransferrin possesses SOD-like superoxide anion scavenging activity that is promoted by copper and manganese binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:631-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Cheng Z, Li Y. What is responsible for the initiating chemistry of iron-mediated lipid peroxidation: an update. Chem Rev 2007; 107:748-66. [PMID: 17326688 DOI: 10.1021/cr040077w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
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17
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Abstract
The brain and nervous system are prone to oxidative stress, and are inadequately equipped with antioxidant defense systems to prevent 'ongoing' oxidative damage, let alone the extra oxidative damage imposed by the neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, increased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of oxidized aggregated proteins, inflammation, and defects in protein clearance constitute complex intertwined pathologies that conspire to kill neurons. After a long lag period, therapeutic and other interventions based on a knowledge of redox biology are on the horizon for at least some of the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Pfanzagl B, Tribl F, Koller E, Möslinger T. Homocysteine strongly enhances metal-catalyzed LDL oxidation in the presence of cystine and cysteine. Atherosclerosis 2003; 168:39-48. [PMID: 12732385 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that homocysteine stimulates low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation at copper(II) concentrations causing only a slight oxidation of LDL lipids. LDL oxidation by homocysteine and copper(II) is further enhanced in the presence of cystine, although cystine alone does not stimulate LDL oxidation with copper(II). Similarly, a combination of cysteine with homocysteine provoked a more than additive increase of oxidation. Simultaneous presence of cysteine and homocystine also resulted in a more than additive oxidative effect which was not statistically significant, however. Stimulation of LDL oxidation in the presence of homocysteine by cystine was also observed with iron(III) at acidic pH and when LDL oxidation was initiated by azo-compound generated peroxyl radicals. At pH 7.4 histidine is able to prevent LDL oxidation by copper(II) in a thiol mixture similar to the one found in human plasma if present in tenfold excess over homocysteine, but loses its inhibitory effect at higher homocysteine concentrations. The synergistic effect on metal-catalyzed LDL oxidation observed with mixtures of homocysteine and cystine or cysteine sustains the hypothesis that the epidemiological association between raised homocysteine levels and risk of cardiovascular disease is caused by an increase in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Pfanzagl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Wien, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, Austria.
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19
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Alvarez MN, Trujillo M, Radi R. Peroxynitrite formation from biochemical and cellular fluxes of nitric oxide and superoxide. Methods Enzymol 2003; 359:353-66. [PMID: 12481586 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)59198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Noel Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Paul T, Ingold KU. Eine Methode zur thermischen Erzeugung von Aryloxylradikalen bei Raumtemperatur und deren Anwendung zur Untersuchung der Oxidation von Low-Density-Lipoprotein (LDL). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020301)114:5<808::aid-ange808>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Cassanelli S, Moulis J. Sulfide is an efficient iron releasing agent for mammalian ferritins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1547:174-82. [PMID: 11343803 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent role of mammalian ferritins is to provide an extensive iron-buffering capacity to cells. The large ferritin iron stores can be mobilized in vitro, but the functional relevance of the most efficient iron releasing agents remains elusive. Sulfide is a strongly reducing chemical generated by a series of enzymes. In the presence of limited amounts of sulfide a continuous rate of iron release from ferritin was observed and a majority of the protein iron core was recovered in solution. The rate constants for iron efflux triggered by several reducing or chelating compounds have been measured and compared. Although not as efficient as reduced flavins, sulfide displayed kinetic parameters which suggest a potential physiological role for the chalcogenide in converting the iron storage protein into apoferritin. To further probe the relevance of sulfide in the mobilization of iron, several enzymes, such as NifS, rhodanese, or sulfite reductase generating reduced forms of sulfur by different mechanisms, have been assayed for their ability to catalyze the release of iron from ferritin. The results show that full reduction of sulfur into sulfide is needed to deplete iron from ferritin. These reactions suggest links between sulfur metabolism and intracellular iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cassanelli
- CEA, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
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