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Vesala L, Basikhina Y, Tuomela T, Nurminen A, Siukola E, Vale PF, Salminen TS. Mitochondrial perturbation in immune cells enhances cell-mediated innate immunity in Drosophila. BMC Biol 2024; 22:60. [PMID: 38475850 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria participate in various cellular processes including energy metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, production of reactive oxygen species, stress responses, inflammation and immunity. However, the role of mitochondrial metabolism in immune cells and tissues shaping the innate immune responses are not yet fully understood. We investigated the effects of tissue-specific mitochondrial perturbation on the immune responses at the organismal level. Genes for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes cI-cV were knocked down in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, targeting the two main immune tissues, the fat body and the immune cells (hemocytes). RESULTS While OXPHOS perturbation in the fat body was detrimental, hemocyte-specific perturbation led to an enhanced immunocompetence. This was accompanied by the formation of melanized hemocyte aggregates (melanotic nodules), a sign of activation of cell-mediated innate immunity. Furthermore, the hemocyte-specific OXPHOS perturbation induced immune activation of hemocytes, resulting in an infection-like hemocyte profile and an enhanced immune response against parasitoid wasp infection. In addition, OXPHOS perturbation in hemocytes resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and upregulation of genes associated with the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we show that while the effects of mitochondrial perturbation on immune responses are highly tissue-specific, mild mitochondrial dysfunction can be beneficial in immune-challenged individuals and contributes to variation in infection outcomes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vesala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yuliya Basikhina
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tea Tuomela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Nurminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emilia Siukola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tiina S Salminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Edenharter O, Clement J, Schneuwly S, Navarro JA. Overexpression of Drosophila frataxin triggers cell death in an iron-dependent manner. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:189-202. [PMID: 28838288 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1363200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most important autosomal recessive ataxia in the Caucasian population. FRDA patients display severe neurological and cardiac symptoms that reflect a strong cellular and axonal degeneration. FRDA is caused by a loss of function of the mitochondrial protein frataxin which impairs the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and in turn the catalytic activity of several enzymes in the Krebs cycle and the respiratory chain leading to a diminished energy production. Although FRDA is due to frataxin depletion, overexpression might also be very helpful to better understand cellular functions of frataxin. In this work, we have increased frataxin expression in neurons to elucidate specific roles that frataxin might play in these tissues. Using molecular, biochemical, histological and behavioral methods, we report that frataxin overexpression is sufficient to increase oxidative phosphorylation, modify mitochondrial morphology, alter iron homeostasis and trigger oxidative stress-dependent cell death. Interestingly, genetic manipulation of mitochondrial iron metabolism by silencing mitoferrin successfully improves cell survival under oxidative-attack conditions, although enhancing antioxidant defenses or mitochondrial fusion failed to ameliorate frataxin overexpression phenotypes. This result suggests that cell degeneration is directly related to enhanced incorporation of iron into the mitochondria. Drosophila frataxin overexpression might also provide an alternative approach to identify processes that are important in FRDA such as changes in mitochondrial morphology and oxidative stress induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Edenharter
- a Institute of Zoology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Janik Clement
- a Institute of Zoology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stephan Schneuwly
- a Institute of Zoology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Juan A Navarro
- a Institute of Zoology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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3
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Odnokoz O, Nakatsuka K, Klichko VI, Nguyen J, Solis LC, Ostling K, Badinloo M, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Mitochondrial peroxiredoxins are essential in regulating the relationship between Drosophila immunity and aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:68-80. [PMID: 27770625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that flies under-expressing the two mitochondrial peroxiredoxins (Prxs), dPrx3 and dPrx5, display increases in tissue-specific apoptosis and dramatically shortened life span, associated with a redox crisis, manifested as changes in GSH:GSSG and accumulation of protein mixed disulfides. To identify specific pathways responsible for the observed biological effects, we performed a transcriptome analysis. Functional clustering revealed a prominent group enriched for immunity-related genes, including a considerable number of NF-kB-dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMP) that are up-regulated in the Prx double mutant. Using qRT-PCR analysis we determined that the age-dependent changes in AMP levels in mutant flies were similar to those observed in controls when scaled to percentage of life span. To further clarify the role of Prx-dependent mitochondrial signaling, we expressed different forms of dPrx5, which unlike the uniquely mitochondrial dPrx3 is found in multiple subcellular compartments, including mitochondrion, nucleus and cytosol. Ectopic expression of dPrx5 in mitochondria but not nucleus or cytosol partially extended longevity under normal or oxidative stress conditions while complete restoration of life span occurred when all three forms of dPrx5 were expressed from the wild type dPrx5 transgene. When dPrx5 was expressed in mitochondria or in all three compartments, it substantially delayed the development of hyperactive immunity while expression of cytosolic or nuclear forms had no effect on the immune phenotype. The data suggest a critical role of mitochondria in development of chronic activation of the immune response triggered by impaired redox control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Odnokoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kyle Nakatsuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vladimir I Klichko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Liz Calderon Solis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kaitlin Ostling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marziyeh Badinloo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William C Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Svetlana N Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Mason RP, Casu M, Butler N, Breda C, Campesan S, Clapp J, Green EW, Dhulkhed D, Kyriacou CP, Giorgini F. Glutathione peroxidase activity is neuroprotective in models of Huntington's disease. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1249-54. [PMID: 23974869 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion encoding a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Here we report a genome-wide overexpression suppressor screen in which we identified 317 ORFs that ameliorate the toxicity of a mutant Htt fragment in yeast and that have roles in diverse cellular processes, including mitochondrial import and copper metabolism. Two of these suppressors encode glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), which are conserved antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches in yeast, mammalian cells and Drosophila, we found that GPx activity robustly ameliorates Huntington's disease-relevant metrics and is more protective than other antioxidant approaches tested here. Notably, we found that GPx activity, unlike many antioxidant treatments, does not inhibit autophagy, which is an important mechanism for clearing mutant Htt. Because previous clinical trials have indicated that GPx mimetics are well tolerated in humans, this study may have important implications for treating Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mason
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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5
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Mockett RJ, Sohal BH, Sohal RS. Expression of multiple copies of mitochondrially targeted catalase or genomic Mn superoxide dismutase transgenes does not extend the life span of Drosophila melanogaster. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:2028-31. [PMID: 20923705 PMCID: PMC3006069 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous overexpression of multiple copies of Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ectopic catalase (mtCat) transgenes in the mitochondria of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, was shown previously to diminish the life span. The hypothesis tested in this study was that this effect was due primarily to the presence of one or the other transgene. An alternative hypothesis was that both transgenes have additive, negative effects. Crosses were performed between five pairs of transgenic lines containing single-copy insertions of mtCat, Mn SOD, or P element vector control transgenes at unique loci, and the life spans of progeny containing two mtCat, Mn SOD, or vector insertions were determined. Increasing amounts of mitochondrial catalase activity tended to be associated with decreases in mean life span. Overexpression of two copies of the genomic Mn SOD transgene had no effect on life span. The results do not support the hypothesis that enhanced mitochondrial SOD or catalase activity promotes longevity in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J. Mockett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Alabama, 307 University Blvd. N., Mobile, AL 36688
| | - Barbara H. Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Rajindar S. Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- To whom correspondence and proofs should be addressed: Tel.: 323-442-1860, Fax.: 323-224-7473,
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6
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Radyuk SN, Rebrin I, Klichko VI, Sohal BH, Michalak K, Benes J, Sohal RS, Orr WC. Mitochondrial peroxiredoxins are critical for the maintenance of redox state and the survival of adult Drosophila. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1892-902. [PMID: 20869434 PMCID: PMC3005798 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila mitochondria contain two peroxidases, peroxiredoxin 3 (dPrx3) and peroxiredoxin 5 (dPrx5), which together constitute the sole known intramitochondrial mechanism for the catalytic removal of hydrogen and organic peroxides. dPrx3 exists exclusively within mitochondria, whereas dPrx5 is also present in some other intracellular compartments. Levels of these two peroxiredoxins were genetically manipulated, singly and together, in D. melanogaster, for the purpose of understanding their respective functions. Underexpression of dPrx3 by 90-95% had no discernable effect on life span under normal or oxidative stress conditions; the dPrx5 null flies were previously reported to exhibit a 10% shortening of mean life span and an increase in sensitivity to oxidative stress. Flies underexpressing both dPrx3 and dPrx5 showed an 80% decrease in life span, a severe disruption in thiol homeostasis, and a massive induction of apoptosis in the muscle and digestive system tissues. The early mortality in flies underexpressing both peroxiredoxins was partially offset by overexpression of thioredoxin reductase but not mitochondrion-targeted catalase. These results suggest that mitochondrial peroxiredoxins confer specific protection for thioredoxin/glutathione systems, play a critical role in the maintenance of global thiol homeostasis, and prevent the age-associated apoptosis and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Rd., Dallas, TX 75275
| | - Igor Rebrin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Vladimir I. Klichko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Rd., Dallas, TX 75275
| | - Barbara H. Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Rd., Dallas, TX 75275
| | - Judith Benes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Rd., Dallas, TX 75275
| | - Rajindar S. Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - William C. Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Rd., Dallas, TX 75275
- Corresponding author. Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Rd., Dallas, TX 75275, USA. Phone: +1-214-768-4018. Fax: +1-214-768-3955.
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Kubo E, Singh DP, Fatma N, Akagi Y. TAT-mediated peroxiredoxin 5 and 6 protein transduction protects against high-glucose-induced cytotoxicity in retinal pericytes. Life Sci 2009; 84:857-64. [PMID: 19351539 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is implicated in pericyte apoptosis seen in diabetic retinopathy. The six mammalian Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) comprise a novel family of antioxidative proteins that negatively regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used to detect the retinal expressions of PRDXs1-6. Pig pericytes cultured in high-glucose medium were used to monitor the protective effect of PRDX5 and 6 against high-glucose-associated change. Recombinant PRDX5 and 6 proteins were linked to the Trans-Activating Transduction (TAT) domain from HIV-1 TAT protein for their efficient delivery into cells/tissues. KEY FINDINGS We found higher expression of PRDX5 and 6 mRNAs and PRDX5 and 6 proteins in retina than the other Prdxs (Prdx1-4). Western blotting affirmed the intracellular presence of TAT-linked proteins and revealed the efficient transduction of TAT-HA-PRDX5 and 6 in these cells. Extrinsic supply of TAT-HA-PRDX5 and 6 proteins inhibited the oxidative stress-induced DNA damage after high-glucose exposure in pig pericytes. The cell survival and apoptosis assay revealed that extrinsic supply of TAT-HA-PRDX5 and 6 proteins was responsible for inhibiting hyperglycemia-induced pericyte apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Results suggest that delivery of PRDX5 and 6 might protect hyperglycemia-induced pericyte loss to inhibit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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Li X, Liu Z, Luo C, Jia H, Sun L, Hou B, Shen W, Packer L, Cotman CW, Liu J. Lipoamide protects retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1465-74. [PMID: 18258206 PMCID: PMC2597696 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Lipoic acid (LA) has been widely studied as an agent for preventing and treating various diseases associated with oxidative disruption of mitochondrial functions. To investigate a related mitochondrial antioxidant, we compared the effects of lipoamide (LM), the neutral amide of LA, with LA for measures of oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in a human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line. Acrolein, a major component of cigarette smoke and a product of lipid peroxidation, was used to induce oxidative mitochondrial damage in RPE cells. Overall, using comparable concentrations, LM was more effective than LA at preventing acrolein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Relative to LA, LM improved ATP levels, membrane potentials, and activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and V and dehydrogenases that had been decreased by acrolein exposure. LM reduced acrolein-induced oxidant generation, calcium levels, protein oxidation, and DNA damage to a greater degree than LA. And, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione content, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase activities and expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 were increased by LM relative to LA. These results suggest that LM is a more potent mitochondrial-protective agent and antioxidant than LA in protecting RPE from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Li
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haiqun Jia
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bei Hou
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weili Shen
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lester Packer
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 949 824 2071. E-mail address: (J. Liu)
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Anderson PR, Kirby K, Orr WC, Hilliker AJ, Phillips JP. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging rescues frataxin deficiency in a Drosophila model of Friedreich's ataxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:611-6. [PMID: 18184803 PMCID: PMC2206584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709691105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disorder arising from a deficit of the mitochondrial iron chaperone, frataxin. Evidence primarily from yeast and mammalian cells is consistent with the hypothesis that a toxic hydroxyl radical generated from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via iron-catalyzed Fenton chemistry at least partially underlies the pathology associated with this disease. However, no whole-organism studies have been presented that directly test this hypothesis. We recently developed a Drosophila model that recapitulates the principal hallmarks of FRDA [Anderson PR, Kirby K, Hilliker A, Phillips JP (2005) Hum Mol Genet 14:3397-3405]. Using the Drosophila FRDA model, we now report that ectopic expression of enzymes that scavenge H2O2 suppresses the deleterious phenotypes associated with frataxin deficiency. In contrast, genetic augmentation with enzymes that scavenge superoxide is without effect. Augmentation of endogenous catalase restores the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive mitochondrial enzyme, aconitase and enhances resistance to H2O2 exposure, both of which are diminished by frataxin deficiency. Collectively, these data argue that H2O2 is an important pathogenic substrate underlying the phenotypes arising from frataxin deficiency in Drosophila and that interventions that reduce this specific ROS can effectively ameliorate these phenotypes. The therapeutic implications of these findings are clear and we believe warrant immediate clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Anderson
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Kim Kirby
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - William C. Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205; and
| | | | - John P. Phillips
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Kim BY, Kim HJ, Lee KS, Seo SJ, Jin BR. Catalase from the white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis: cDNA sequence, expression, and functional characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ballard JWO, Melvin RG, Miller JT, Katewa SD. Sex differences in survival and mitochondrial bioenergetics during aging in Drosophila. Aging Cell 2007; 6:699-708. [PMID: 17725690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to test the role of mitochondria and of mitochondrial metabolism in determining the processes that influence aging of female and male Drosophila. We observe that Drosophila simulans females tended to have shorter lifespan, higher levels of hydrogen peroxide production and significantly lower levels of catalase but not superoxide dismutase compared to males. In contrast, mammalian females tend to be longer lived, have lower rates of reactive oxygen species production and higher antioxidant activity. In both Drosophila and mammals, mitochondria extracted from females consume a higher quantity of oxygen when provided with adenosine diphosphate and have a greater mtDNA copy number than males. Combined, these data illustrate important similarities between the parameters that influence aging and mitochondrial metabolism in Drosophila and in mammals but also show surprising differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William O Ballard
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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12
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Radyuk SN, Michalak K, Rebrin I, Sohal RS, Orr WC. Effects of ectopic expression of Drosophila DNA glycosylases dOgg1 and RpS3 in mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:757-64. [PMID: 16895796 PMCID: PMC2835572 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to determine whether enhancement of repair capacity would attenuate mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage and result in greater cell survival under stressful conditions. The repair of oxidative damage is initiated by DNA glycosylases, which catalyze the excision of oxidized bases, such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Drosophila DNA glycosylases, dOgg1 and RpS3, were ectopically expressed within the mitochondrial matrix in Drosophila S2 cells, causing a severalfold decrease in the levels of 8-oxodG in mitochondrial DNA. Unexpectedly, cells did not show increased resistance to oxidative stress, but instead became more susceptible to treatment with hydrogen peroxide or paraquat. Even in the absence of oxidative challenge, cells expressing RpS3 or dOgg1 in mitochondria exhibited increased apoptosis relative to controls, as determined by flow-cytometric analysis of Annexin V and DNA degradation measured by the Comet assay. Another notable finding was that ectopic expression of either dOgg1 or RpS3 in mitochondria increased cell survival after exposure to the nitric oxide donor SNAP. These results suggest that ectopic expression of one of the constituents of the DNA repair system in mitochondria may cause a perturbation in the base excision repair pathway and lower, rather than enhance, survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dedman Life Sciences Building, Room 338, 6501 Airline, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dedman Life Sciences Building, Room 338, 6501 Airline, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Igor Rebrin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rajindar S. Sohal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - William C. Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dedman Life Sciences Building, Room 338, 6501 Airline, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 214 768 3955. (W.C. Orr)
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Schriner SE, Linford NJ. Extension of mouse lifespan by overexpression of catalase. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:209-18. [PMID: 19943142 PMCID: PMC2464724 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging was originally proposed 50 years ago, and is arguably the most popular mechanism explaining the aging process. According to this theory, aging results from the progressive decline in organ function due to the damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These chemical species are a normal part of metabolism, and a group of enzymes exists to protect cells against their toxic effects. One of these species is hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which can be degraded by catalase. To determine the role of hydrogen peroxide in aging and its importance in different subcellular compartments, transgenic mice were developed with increased catalase activities localized to the peroxisome (PCAT), nucleus (NCAT), or mitochondrion (MCAT). The largest effect on lifespan was found in MCAT animals, with a 20% increase in median lifespan and a 10% increase in the maximum lifespan. A more modest effect was seen in PCAT animals, and no significant change was found in NCAT animals. Upon further examination of the MCAT mice, it was found that H(2)O(2) production and H(2)O(2)-induced aconitase inactivation were attenuated, oxidative damage and the development of mitochondrial deletions were reduced, and cardiac pathology and cataract development were delayed. These results are consistent with a role of H(2)O(2) in the development of pathology and in the limitation of mouse lifespan. They also demonstrate the importance of mitochondria as a source, and possible target, of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Schriner
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 2101 Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA.
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Bayne AC, Mockett R, Orr W, Sohal R. Enhanced catabolism of mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide and aging in transgenic Drosophila. Biochem J 2006; 391:277-84. [PMID: 15954861 PMCID: PMC1276925 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The generation of superoxide anion radicals (O2*-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during mitochondrial respiration has been widely postulated to be causally linked to the aging process. The hypothesis that a specific enhancement of mitochondrial O2*-/H2O2 catabolism would delay age-associated physiological changes and extend the lifespan was tested by simultaneous overexpression of MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) and catalase, ectopically targeted to the mitochondrial matrix of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. The increased activities of these antioxidative enzymes resulted in a decrease of mitochondrial H2O2 release and enhancement of free methionine content. The MnSOD/mitochondrial catalase transgenic flies displayed an enhanced resistance to experimental oxidative stress, induced by dietary H2O2 administration or by exposure to 100% ambient oxygen. However, the lifespan of the flies was decreased, by up to 43%, and this effect coincided with (i) an overall decrease in physical fitness, as measured by the speed of walking, and (ii) an age-related decrease in mitochondrial state 3 (ADP-stimulated) respiration. These findings support the notion that mitochondrial O2*-/H2O2 production at physiological levels is essential for normal biological processes leading to the attainment of a normal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile V. Bayne
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Robin J. Mockett
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - William C. Orr
- †Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, U.S.A
| | - Rajindar S. Sohal
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Ha EM, Oh CT, Ryu JH, Bae YS, Kang SW, Jang IH, Brey PT, Lee WJ. An antioxidant system required for host protection against gut infection in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2005; 8:125-32. [PMID: 15621536 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question that applies to all organisms is how barrier epithelia efficiently manage continuous contact with microorganisms. Here, we show that in Drosophila an extracellular immune-regulated catalase (IRC) mediates a key host defense system that is needed during host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Strikingly, adult flies with severely reduced IRC expression show high mortality rates even after simple ingestion of microbe-contaminated foods. However, despite the central role that the NF-kappaB pathway plays in eliciting antimicrobial responses, NF-kappaB pathway mutant flies are totally resistant to such infections. These results imply that homeostasis of redox balance by IRC is one of the most critical factors affecting host survival during continuous host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Ha
- Division of Molecular Life Science and Center for Cell Signaling Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
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16
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Klichko VI, Radyuk SN, Orr WC. Profiling catalase gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster during development and aging. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 56:34-50. [PMID: 15101064 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Catalase represents one of the key antioxidant enzymes (AOE) in the metabolism of oxygen free radicals. A comprehensive analysis was brought to bear on establishing catalase gene expression profiles during development and aging, with the underlying objective being to identify potential regulatory factors. Expression of the catalase gene exhibits substantial variations during development and aging in a stage- and tissue-specific manner. At the temporal level, previous observations of the coincidence of ecdysteroid pulses with peaks in catalase expression during developmental stages were largely corroborated. In adults, a small but significant decline in catalase expression was noted in adults as a function of age. Spatially, it was ascertained that catalase expression is mostly confined to tissues related to intermediary metabolism, digestive and adipose systems as well as oenocytes. By combining histochemical analysis of reporter gene expression with immunostaining of the endogenous product, it was possible to identify putative positive and negative regulatory elements that control catalase expression. Finally, when adult flies were subjected to various environmental insults, such as heat, paraquat, hyperoxia and H(2)O(2), no significant responses were observed, suggesting that catalase gene expression is largely governed by intrinsic genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Klichko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
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17
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Missirlis F, Rahlfs S, Dimopoulos N, Bauer H, Becker K, Hilliker A, Phillips JP, Jäckle H. A putative glutathione peroxidase of Drosophila encodes a thioredoxin peroxidase that provides resistance against oxidative stress but fails to complement a lack of catalase activity. Biol Chem 2003; 384:463-72. [PMID: 12715897 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular defense systems against reactive oxygen species (ROS) include thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase (GR). They generate sulfhydryl-reducing systems which are coupled to antioxidant enzymes, the thioredoxin and glutathione peroxidases (TPx and GPx). The fruit fly Drosophila lacks a functional GR, suggesting that the thioredoxin system is the major source for recycling glutathione. Whole genome in silico analysis identified two non-selenium containing putative GPx genes. We examined the biochemical characteristics of one of these gene products and found that it lacks GPx activity and functions as a TPx. Transgene-dependent overexpression of the newly identified Glutathione peroxidase homolog with thioredoxin peroxidase activity (Gtpx-1) gene increases resistance to experimentally induced oxidative stress, but does not compensate for the loss of catalase, an enzyme which, like GTPx-1, functions to eliminate hydrogen peroxide. The results suggest that GTPx-1 is part of the Drosophila Trx antioxidant defense system but acts in a genetically distinct pathway or in a different cellular compartment than catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanis Missirlis
- Abteilung Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Mockett RJ, Bayne ACV, Kwong LK, Orr WC, Sohal RS. Ectopic expression of catalase in Drosophila mitochondria increases stress resistance but not longevity. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:207-17. [PMID: 12521602 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the rate of mitochondrial oxidant production governs the aging process of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Catalase, an antioxidative enzyme expressed in the cytosol and peroxisomes of Drosophila, was targetted ectopically to the mitochondrial matrix by fusion of a leader peptide derived from ornithine aminotransferase with its N-terminus. The presence of the transgene encoding this fusion protein was associated with moderate (35 +/- 13%) increases in total catalase activity in most lines, and measurable levels of catalase activity in the mitochondria (30-140 U/mg protein). There was no impact on the life span of the flies at 25 degrees C, even in an exceptional line with a 149% increase in total catalase activity, and there was a small decrease in longevity at 29 degrees C. There were no compensatory changes in the rate of metabolism or physical activity, or in the levels of other major antioxidants, suggesting that the aging process was largely unaffected. Resistance to exogenous hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and cold stress was enhanced, but there was no appreciable effect on resistance to hyperoxia. The results demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial antioxidant levels in the resistance to oxidative stress at the organismal level, and illustrate that different effects on aging and stress resistance may ensue from a single treatment. The main inferences drawn are that: (i) levels of stress resistance may neither be a cause nor a reliable indicator of the rate of aging, and (ii) bolstering antioxidant levels in Drosophila may not delay or slow down the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Mockett
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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