1
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Miyazaki T, Park EY. Crystal structure of the Enterococcus faecalis α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 31. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2282-2293. [PMID: 32367553 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in carbohydrates. The glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) contains α-glucosidase, α-xylosidase, α-galactosidase, and α-transglycosylase. Recent work has expanded the diversity of substrate specificity of GH31 enzymes, and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases (αGalNAcases) belonging to GH31 have been identified in human gut bacteria. Here, we determined the first crystal structure of a truncated form of GH31 αGalNAcase from the human gut bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. The enzyme has a similar fold to other reported GH31 enzymes and an additional fibronectin type 3-like domain. Additionally, the structure in complex with N-acetylgalactosamine reveals that conformations of the active site residues, including its catalytic nucleophile, change to recognize the ligand. Our structural analysis provides insight into the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of GH31 αGalNAcases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
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2
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Rahfeld P, Wardman JF, Mehr K, Huff D, Morgan-Lang C, Chen HM, Hallam SJ, Withers SG. Prospecting for microbial α- N-acetylgalactosaminidases yields a new class of GH31 O-glycanase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16400-16415. [PMID: 31530641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Linked GalNAc (α-GalNAc) is most notably found at the nonreducing terminus of the blood type-determining A-antigen and as the initial point of attachment to the peptide backbone in mucin-type O-glycans. However, despite their ubiquity in saccharolytic microbe-rich environments such as the human gut, relatively few α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases are known. Here, to discover and characterize novel microbial enzymes that hydrolyze α-GalNAc, we screened small-insert libraries containing metagenomic DNA from the human gut microbiome. Using a simple fluorogenic glycoside substrate, we identified and characterized a glycoside hydrolase 109 (GH109) that is active on blood type A-antigen, along with a new subfamily of glycoside hydrolase 31 (GH31) that specifically cleaves the initial α-GalNAc from mucin-type O-glycans. This represents a new activity in this GH family and a potentially useful new enzyme class for analysis or modification of O-glycans on protein or cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin Mehr
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Drew Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Connor Morgan-Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Steven J Hallam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada.,ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Hoedt EC, Parks DH, Volmer JG, Rosewarne CP, Denman SE, McSweeney CS, Muir JG, Gibson PR, Cuív PÓ, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW, Morrison M. Culture- and metagenomics-enabled analyses of the Methanosphaera genus reveals their monophyletic origin and differentiation according to genome size. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2942-2953. [PMID: 30068938 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genus Methanosphaera is a well-recognized but poorly characterized member of the mammalian gut microbiome, and distinctive from Methanobrevibacter smithii for its ability to induce a pro-inflammatory response in humans. Here we have used a combination of culture- and metagenomics-based approaches to expand the representation and information for the genus, which has supported the examination of their phylogeny and physiological capacity. Novel isolates of the genus Methanosphaera were recovered from bovine rumen digesta and human stool, with the bovine isolate remarkable for its large genome size relative to other Methanosphaera isolates from monogastric hosts. To substantiate this observation, we then recovered seven high-quality Methanosphaera-affiliated population genomes from ruminant and human gut metagenomic datasets. Our analyses confirm a monophyletic origin of Methanosphaera spp. and that the colonization of monogastric and ruminant hosts favors representatives of the genus with different genome sizes, reflecting differences in the genome content needed to persist in these different habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Hoedt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donovan H Parks
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James G Volmer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carly P Rosewarne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart E Denman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Christopher S McSweeney
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jane G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Páraic Ó Cuív
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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4
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Bakunina I, Chadova O, Malyarenko O, Ermakova S. The Effect of Fucoidan from the Brown Alga Fucus evanescence on the Activity of α- N-Acetylgalactosaminidase of Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E155. [PMID: 29748462 PMCID: PMC5983286 DOI: 10.3390/md16050155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.49) (alpha-NaGalase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactoside residues from non-reducing ends of various complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. It is known that human cancer cells express an alpha-NaGalase, which accumulates in the blood plasma of patients. The enzyme deglycosylates the Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) and inhibits macrophage activity acting as an immunosuppressor. The high specific activity 0.033 ± 0.002 μmol mg−1 min−1 of the enzyme was found in human colon carcinoma cells DLD-1. The alpha-NaGalase of DLD-1 cells was isolated and biochemical characterized. The enzyme exhibits maximum activity at pH 5.2 and temperature 55 °C. The Km is 2.15 mM, Vmax⁻0.021 μmol min−1 mL−1, kcat⁻1.55 min−1 and kcat/Km⁻0.72 min−1 mM−1 at 37 °C, pH 5.2. The effects of fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescence on the activity of alpha-NaGalase in human colon carcinoma DLD-1 cells and on the biosynthesis of this enzyme were investigated. It was shown that fucoidan did not inhibit free alpha-NaGalase, however, it reduced the expression of the enzyme in the DLD-1 cells at IC50 73 ± 4 μg mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bakunina
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Oksana Chadova
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
| | - Olesya Malyarenko
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Ermakova
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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5
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Rashid MHO, Sadik G, Alam AK, Tanaka T. Chemical and structural characterization of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase I and II from starfish, asterina amurensis. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 18:9. [PMID: 28545388 PMCID: PMC5445309 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-017-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The marine invertebrate starfish was found to contain a novel α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, α-GalNAcase II, which catalyzes removal of terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine (α-GalNAc), in addition to a typical α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, α-GalNAcase I, which catalyzes removal of terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine (α-GalNAc) and, to a lesser extent, galactose. The interrelationship between α-GalNAcase I and α-GalNAcase II and the molecular basis of their differences in substrate specificity remain unknown. RESULTS Chemical and structural comparisons between α-GalNAcase I and II using immunostaining, N-terminal amino acid sequencing and peptide analysis showed high homology to each other and also to other glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 27 members. The amino acid sequence of peptides showed conserved residues at the active site as seen in typical α-GalNAcase. Some substitutions of conserved amino acid residues were found in α-GalNAcase II that were located near catalytic site. Among them G171 and A173, in place of C171 and W173, respectively in α-GalNAcase were identified to be responsible for lacking intrinsic α-galactosidase activity of α-GalNAcase II. Chemical modifications supported the presence of serine, aspartate and tryptophan as active site residues. Two tryptophan residues (W16 and W173) were involved in α-galactosidase activity, and one (W16) of them was involved in α-GalNAcase activity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that α-GalNAcase I and II are closely related with respect to primary and higher order structure and that their structural differences are responsible for difference in substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harun-Or Rashid
- Institute of Biological Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Sadik
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Ahm Khurshid Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Toshihisa Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Yang Y, Zheng N, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Han R, Zhao S, Yang J, Li S, Guo T, Zang C, Wang J. N-glycosylation proteomic characterization and cross-species comparison of milk whey proteins from dairy animals. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hefei China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hefei China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Rongwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Songli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tongjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
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7
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Structure and Function of Carbohydrate-Binding Module Families 13 and 42 of Glycoside Hydrolases, Comprising a β-Trefoil Fold. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1363-71. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Mrázek H, Benada O, Man P, Vaněk O, Křen V, Bezouška K, Weignerová L. Facile production of Aspergillus niger α- N -acetylgalactosaminidase in yeast. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 81:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Kiyohara M, Nakatomi T, Kurihara S, Fushinobu S, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Shoda SI, Kitaoka M, Katayama T, Yamamoto K, Ashida H. α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from infant-associated bifidobacteria belonging to novel glycoside hydrolase family 129 is implicated in alternative mucin degradation pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:693-700. [PMID: 22090027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria inhabit the lower intestine of mammals including humans where the mucin gel layer forms a space for commensal bacteria. We previously identified that infant-associated bifidobacteria possess an extracellular membrane-bound endo-α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EngBF) that may be involved in degradation and assimilation of mucin-type oligosaccharides. However, EngBF is highly specific for core-1-type O-glycan (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), also called T antigen, which is mainly attached onto gastroduodenal mucins. By contrast, core-3-type O-glycans (GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) are predominantly found on the mucins in the intestines. Here, we identified a novel α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (NagBb) from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254 that hydrolyzes the Tn antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr). Sialyl and galactosyl core-3 (Galβ1-3/4GlcNAcβ1-3(Neu5Acα2-6)GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), a major tetrasaccharide structure on MUC2 mucin primarily secreted from goblet cells in human sigmoid colon, can be serially hydrolyzed into Tn antigen by previously identified bifidobacterial extracellular glycosidases such as α-sialidase (SiaBb2), lacto-N-biosidase (LnbB), β-galactosidase (BbgIII), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (BbhI and BbhII). Because NagBb is an intracellular enzyme without an N-terminal secretion signal sequence, it is likely involved in intracellular degradation and assimilation of Tn antigen-containing polypeptides, which might be incorporated through unknown transporters. Thus, bifidobacteria possess two distinct pathways for assimilation of O-glycans on gastroduodenal and intestinal mucins. NagBb homologs are conserved in infant-associated bifidobacteria, suggesting a significant role for their adaptation within the infant gut, and they were found to form a new glycoside hydrolase family 129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kiyohara
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakatomi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin Kurihara
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonari Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ashida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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The -galactosidase type A gene aglA from Aspergillus niger encodes a fully functional -N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1410-9. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Weignerová L, Filipi T, Manglová D, Křen V. Induction, purification and characterization of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Aspergillus Niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:769-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Massart S, Jijakli HM. Use of molecular techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of action of fungal biocontrol agents: a review. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 69:229-41. [PMID: 17084929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological control of fungal plant pathogens appears as an attractive and realistic approach, and numerous microorganisms have been identified as biocontrol agents. There have been many efforts to understand the mechanisms of action of fungal biocontrol agents. Microbiological, microscopic, and biochemical techniques applied over many years have shed light on these mechanisms without fully demonstrating them. More recently, the development of molecular techniques has yielded innovative alternative tools for understanding and demonstrating the mechanisms underlying biocontrol properties. To date, more than 70 publications describe the use of molecular techniques for this purpose. They describe work exploiting targeted or non-targeted gene isolation, gene expression profiling, gene inactivation and/or overexpression, the study of regulatory factors. This work has shed considerable light on mechanisms underlying biocontrol properties. It has also fully demonstrated a number of targeted action mechanisms of some biocontrol agents. This review describes the techniques used in such studies, with their potential and limitations. It should provide a guide for researchers wanting to study the molecular basis of the biocontrol in diverse biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Unit, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des déportés, 2-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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13
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Hsieh HY, Calcutt MJ, Chapman LF, Mitra M, Smith DS. Purification and characterization of a recombinant α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 32:309-16. [PMID: 14965778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Revised: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (alphaNAG) hydrolyzed the terminal N-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine from the blood type A(2) antigen producing H antigen, blood type O. Blood type O is universally compatible in the ABO system. Purification of the native enzyme is difficult with very low yields. To obtain the enzyme in satisfactory yield, the gene encoding the clostridial enzyme was cloned in an Escherichia coli T7 expression system. A highly purified preparation of recombinant alphaNAG was obtained from cell lysates by ion-exchange chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. The final preparation was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of 71.96kDa and the native molecular weight of 72.42kDa. The enzyme was highly selective for terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residues. No other significant exoglycosidase activities, particularly neuraminidase, were detected. The pH optimum of the enzyme was between 6.5 and 7.0 and activity was relatively unaffected by ionic strength. ELISA experiments demonstrated activity against blood type A(2) epitope. These characteristics were similar to those of native alphaNAG from C. perfringens. With adequate expression in E. coli, sufficient recombinant alphaNAG enzyme mass can be obtained for potential use in enzymatic conversion of human blood type A(2) red blood cells to universally transfusable type O red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yeh Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri, USA
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14
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Calcutt MJ, Hsieh HY, Chapman LF, Smith DS. Identification, molecular cloning and expression of an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase gene from Clostridium perfringens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 214:77-80. [PMID: 12204375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Clostridium perfringens gene encoding the previously characterized alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (alphaNAG) was identified by protein microsequencing and database searching. The alphaNAG protein, designated AagA, was found to be encoded by a hypothetical gene of unknown function in the recently completed genome sequence of C. perfringens strain 13. The deduced translation product of 629 amino acid residues possessed a region of limited homology to several hypothetical open reading frames, an enterotoxin of unknown function and several known or predicted alpha-galactosidases, but did not exhibit homology to any of the multiple sequenced eukaryotic alphaNAG proteins. The C. perfringens aagA gene, encoding AagA, was cloned in an Escherichia coli T7 expression system, resulting in recombinants exhibiting high-level expression of the expected alphaNAG activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the cloning and expression of a bacterial alphaNAG-encoding gene and represents an important step in the development of recombinant alphaNAG as a tool in the enzymatic conversion of blood group antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65212, USA
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15
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Ashida H, Yamamoto K, Kumagai H. Enzymatic syntheses of T antigen-containing glycolipid mimicry using the transglycosylation activity of endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Carbohydr Res 2001; 330:487-93. [PMID: 11269400 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) disaccharide, beta-D-galactose-(1-->3)-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (beta-D-Gal-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GalNAc), containing glycolipid mimicry was synthesized using the transglycosylation activity of endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Bacillus sp. This enzyme could transfer the disaccharide from a p-nitrophenyl substrate to water-soluble 1-alkanols and other alcohols at a transfer ratio of 70% or more. Although the transfer ratios were lower for water-insoluble than water-soluble alcohols, they were shown to increase by adding sodium cholate to the reaction mixtures. The enzyme also transferred the disaccharide directly from asialofetuin to 1-alkanols. The anomeric bond between the disaccharide and 1-alkanols of the transglycosylation product is in the alpha configuration as determined by sequential digestion of jack bean beta-galactosidase and Acremonium alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Since the transglycosylation product, beta-D-Gal-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GalNAc-(1-->O)-hexyl, efficiently inhibits the binding of anti-T antigen monoclonal antibody to asialofetuin, it has potential as an agent for blocking T antigen-mediated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ashida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bioresponse, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan.
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