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Botticelli M, Risdonne V, Young C. Enhancement of protein detection on cultural heritage samples after SYPRO™ Ruby staining by optical microscopy and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123067. [PMID: 37393674 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper investigates SYPRO™ Ruby staining in combination with external reflection micro-FTIR spectroscopy, for the detection of proteinaceous media in paint layers on cultural heritage, from unembedded micro-fragments and samples embedded in cross-sections. Combining FTIR spectroscopy with staining helped to verify that the FTIR mapping is accurate when performed by the integration of the main amide I and II bands, despite their naturally occurrent distortions due to the specular component and material absorption/surface properties. The research filled some gaps in the published literature on SYPRO™ Ruby interaction with different Cultural Heritage materials, including identifying drawbacks, e.g. swelling mechanisms in the sample after staining. The effects of the staining were investigated on different reference samples containing rabbit skin glue (proteinaceous), and samples from cultural heritage case studies undergoing technical examination as part of research projects, where identification of protein is an important aspect of understanding the sequence of complex multi-layers within a sample. Results showed that, when external reflection µ-FTIR is performed after the staining, the contribution from amide I and II, which occurs at higher wavenumbers than in transmission or attenuated total reflection, is more resolved and therefore easier to determine. When inorganic or organic compounds are present in the same layer, variation in the position of amide bands can occur. However, they can be used for chemical mapping using simple data-treatment strategies, as validated with the positive staining. This type of data processing gives a good estimation of the protein distribution in the layers, both in terms of morphology and thickness, on mock-up samples and cross-sections from real case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Botticelli
- Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Hall, 1445 Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AW, UK
| | - V Risdonne
- Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Hall, 1445 Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AW, UK; Science Lab, Collections Care and Access, Victoria & Albert Museum, South Kensington, Cromwell Road, London SW7 2RL, UK
| | - C Young
- Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Hall, 1445 Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AW, UK.
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2
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Musyaju S, Modi HR, Flerlage WJ, Scultetus AH, Shear DA, Pandya JD. Revert total protein normalization method offers a reliable loading control for mitochondrial samples following TBI. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115301. [PMID: 37673410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a dominant role in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology, the Western blot (WB) based immunoblotting method is widely employed to identify changes in the mitochondrial protein expressions after neurotrauma. In WB method, the housekeeping proteins (HKPs) expression is routinely used as an internal control for sample normalization. However, the traditionally employed HKPs can be susceptible to complex cascades of TBI pathogenesis, leading to their inconsistent expression. Remarkably, our data illustrated here that mitochondrial HKPs, including Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC), Complex-IV, Cytochrome C and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) yielded altered expressions following penetrating TBI (PTBI) as compared to Sham. Therefore, our goal was to identify more precise normalization procedure in WB. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (N = 6 rats/group) were used to perform PTBI, and the novel REVERT Total Protein (RTP) method was used to quantify mitochondrial protein load consistency between samples at 6 h and 24 h post-injury. Notably, the RTP method displayed superior protein normalization compared to HKPs method with higher sensitivity at both time-points between experimental groups. Our data favors application of RTP based normalization to accurately quantify protein expression where inconsistent HKPs may be evident in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Musyaju
- TBI Bioenergetics Metabolism and Neurotherapuetics, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Hiren R Modi
- TBI Bioenergetics Metabolism and Neurotherapuetics, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - William J Flerlage
- TBI Bioenergetics Metabolism and Neurotherapuetics, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Anke H Scultetus
- TBI Bioenergetics Metabolism and Neurotherapuetics, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- TBI Bioenergetics Metabolism and Neurotherapuetics, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jignesh D Pandya
- TBI Bioenergetics Metabolism and Neurotherapuetics, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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3
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Zhai C, Huff-Lonergan EJ, Lonergan SM, Nair MN. Housekeeping Proteins in Meat Quality Research: Are They Reliable Markers for Internal Controls in Western Blot? A Mini Review. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in technology and analytical methods enable researchers to explore the biochemical events that cause variation in meat quality. Among those, western blot techniques have been successfully used in identifying and quantifying the key proteins that have critical functions in the development of meat quality. Housekeeping proteins, like β-actin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and tubulins are often used as internal controls in western blots to normalize the abundance of the protein of interest. However, there are increasing concerns about using housekeeping proteins for western blot normalization, as these proteins do not demonstrate any loading differences above the relatively small total protein loading amounts of 10μg. In addition, the interaction between these housekeeping proteins and programmed cell death processes highlights the concerns about using the housekeeping protein as the internal control in meat quality research. Moreover, recent proteomic research has indicated that the abundance of some housekeeping proteins, like β-actin, GAPDH, and tubulin, can be altered by preslaughter stress, dietary supplementation, sex, slaughter method, genotype, breed, aging period, muscle type, and muscle portion. Furthermore, these housekeeping proteins could have differential expression in meat with differing color stability, tenderness, and water holding capacity. Therefore, this review aims to examine the realities of using housekeeping proteins as the loading control in meat quality research and introduce some alternative methods that can be used for western blot normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Zhai
- Colorado State University Department of Animal Sciences
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4
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Coarfa C, Grimm SL, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Lu HY, Wang X, Christensen KR, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S. Reverse-Phase Protein Array: Technology, Application, Data Processing, and Integration. J Biomol Tech 2021; 32:15-29. [PMID: 34025221 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.21-3202-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) is a high-throughput antibody-based targeted proteomics platform that can quantify hundreds of proteins in thousands of samples derived from tissue or cell lysates, serum, plasma, or other body fluids. Protein samples are robotically arrayed as microspots on nitrocellulose-coated glass slides. Each slide is probed with a specific antibody that can detect levels of total protein expression or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation as a measure of protein activity. Here we describe workflow protocols and software tools that we have developed and optimized for RPPA in a core facility setting that includes sample preparation, microarray mapping and printing of protein samples, antibody labeling, slide scanning, image analysis, data normalization and quality control, data reporting, statistical analysis, and management of data. Our RPPA platform currently analyzes ∼240 validated antibodies that primarily detect proteins in signaling pathways and cellular processes that are important in cancer biology. This is a robust technology that has proven to be of value for both validation and discovery proteomic research and integration with other omics data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and.,Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Lu
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kurt R Christensen
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and.,Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and.,Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Coarfa C, Grimm SL, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Lu HY, Wang X, Christensen KR, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S. Reverse-Phase Protein Array: Technology, Application, Data Processing, and Integration. J Biomol Tech 2021:jbt.2021-3202-001. [PMID: 33584151 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.2021-3202-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) is a high-throughput antibody-based targeted proteomics platform that can quantify hundreds of proteins in thousands of samples derived from tissue or cell lysates, serum, plasma, or other body fluids. Protein samples are robotically arrayed as microspots on nitrocellulose-coated glass slides. Each slide is probed with a specific antibody that can detect levels of total protein expression or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation as a measure of protein activity. Here we describe workflow protocols and software tools that we have developed and optimized for RPPA in a core facility setting that includes sample preparation, microarray mapping and printing of protein samples, antibody labeling, slide scanning, image analysis, data normalization and quality control, data reporting, statistical analysis, and management of data. Our RPPA platform currently analyzes ∼240 validated antibodies that primarily detect proteins in signaling pathways and cellular processes that are important in cancer biology. This is a robust technology that has proven to be of value for both validation and discovery proteomic research and integration with other omics data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Lu
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kurt R Christensen
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Spectrophotometric kinetic study of mercury(II)-catalyzed formation of [4-CNpyRu(CN)5]3− via ligand exchange reaction of hexacyanoruthenate(II) with 4-cyanopyridine: a mechanistic approach. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Sarkar A, Kumar R, Das B, Ray PS, Gupta P. A cyclometalated trinuclear Ir(iii)/Pt(ii) complex as a luminescent probe for histidine-rich proteins. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1864-1872. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A trinuclear luminescent organometallic Pt–Ir–Pt complex acts as an efficient protein staining agent due to reversible binding to histidine-rich proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Bishnu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Partho Sarothi Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Parna Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
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8
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Srivastava A, Sharma V, Prajapati A, Srivastava N, Naik R. Spectrophotometric Determination of Ruthenium Utilizing its Catalytic Activity on Oxidation of Hexacyanoferrate(II) by Periodate Ion in Water Samples. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht13.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Kirshner ZZ, Gibbs RB. Use of the REVERT ® total protein stain as a loading control demonstrates significant benefits over the use of housekeeping proteins when analyzing brain homogenates by Western blot: An analysis of samples representing different gonadal hormone states. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:156-165. [PMID: 29396126 PMCID: PMC6045444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Western blot is routinely used to quantify differences in the levels of target proteins in tissues. Standard methods typically use measurements of housekeeping proteins to control for variations in loading and protein transfer. This is problematic, however, when housekeeping proteins also are affected by experimental conditions such as injury, disease, and/or gonadal hormone manipulations. Our goal was to evaluate an alternative and perhaps superior method for conducting Western blot analysis of brain tissue homogenates from rats with distinct physiologically relevant gonadal hormone states. Tissues were collected from the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum of young adult female rats that either were ovariectomized to model surgical menopause, or were treated with the ovatotoxin 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) to model transitional menopause. Tissues also were collected from rats with a normal estrous cycle killed at proestrus when estradiol levels are high, and at diestrus when estradiol levels are low. Western blot detection of α-tubulin, β-actin, and GAPDH was performed and were compared for sensitivity and reliability with a fluorescent total protein stain (REVERT®). Results show that the total protein stain was much less variable across samples and had a greater linear range than α-tubulin, β-actin, or GAPDH. The stain was stable and easy to use, and did not interfere with the immunodetection or multiplexed detection of the housekeeping proteins. In addition, we show that normalization of our data to total protein, but not to GAPDH, revealed significant differences in α-tubulin expression in the hippocampus as a function of treatment, and that gel-to-gel consistency in measuring differences between paired samples run on multiple gels was significantly better when data were normalized to total protein than when normalized to GAPDH. These results demonstrate that the REVERT® total protein stain can be used in Western blot analysis of brain tissue homogenates to control for variations in loading and protein transfer, and provides significant advantages over the use of housekeeping proteins for quantifying changes in the levels of multiple target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Kirshner
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - R B Gibbs
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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10
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Baldelli E, Calvert V, Hodge A, VanMeter A, Petricoin EF, Pierobon M. Reverse Phase Protein Microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1606:149-169. [PMID: 28502000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6990-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While genes and RNA encode information about cellular status, proteins are considered the engine of the cellular machine, as they are the effective elements that drive all cellular functions including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Consequently, investigations of the cellular protein network are considered a fundamental tool for understanding cellular functions.Alteration of the cellular homeostasis driven by elaborate intra- and extracellular interactions has become one of the most studied fields in the era of personalized medicine and targeted therapy. Increasing interest has been focused on developing and improving proteomic technologies that are suitable for analysis of clinical samples. In this context, reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPA) is a sensitive, quantitative, high-throughput immunoassay for protein analyses of tissue samples, cells, and body fluids.RPPA is well suited for broad proteomic profiling and is capable of capturing protein activation as well as biochemical reactions such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, protein cleavage, and conformational alterations across hundreds of samples using a limited amount of biological material. For these reasons, RPPA represents a valid tool for protein analyses and generates data that help elucidate the functional signaling architecture through protein-protein interaction and protein activation mapping for the identification of critical nodes for individualized or combinatorial targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, MS 1A9, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Valerie Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, MS 1A9, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Alex Hodge
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, MS 1A9, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Amy VanMeter
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, MS 1A9, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, MS 1A9, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, MS 1A9, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
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11
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Moritz CP. Tubulin or Not Tubulin: Heading Toward Total Protein Staining as Loading Control in Western Blots. Proteomics 2018; 17. [PMID: 28941183 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Western blotting is an analytical method widely used for detecting and (semi-)quantifying specific proteins in given samples. Western blots are continuously applied and developed by the protein community. This review article focuses on a significant, but not yet well-established, improvement concerning the internal loading control as a prerequisite to accurately quantifying Western blots. Currently, housekeeping proteins (HKPs) like actin, tubulin, or GAPDH are often used to check for equal loading or to compensate potential loading differences. However, this loading control has multiple drawbacks. Staining of the total protein on the blotting membrane has emerged as a better loading control. Total protein staining (TPS) represents the actual loading amount more accurately than HKPs due to minor technical and biological variation. Further, the broad dynamic range of TPS solves the issue of HKPs that commonly fail to show loading differences above small loading amounts of 0.5-10 μg. Although these and further significant advantages have been demonstrated over the past 10 years, only a small percentage of laboratories take advantage of it. The objective of this review article is to collect and compare information about TPS options and to invite users to reconsider their applied loading control. Nine benefits of TPS are discussed and seven different variants are critically evaluated by comparing technical details. Consequently, this review article offers an orientation in selecting the appropriate staining type. I conclude that TPS should be the preferred loading control in future Western blot approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Moritz
- Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, Faculty of Medicine, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, Team Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, Lyon/Saint-Étienne, France
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12
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Shi L, Liu Y, Wang Q, Wang T, Ding Y, Cao Y, Li Z, Wei H. A pH responsive AIE probe for enzyme assays. Analyst 2018; 143:741-746. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
By combining leucine (Leu) and tetraphenylethene (TPE), a pH-sensitive aggregation induced emission (AIE) probe TPE-Leu was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Tiankuo Wang
- School of Physics
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Physics
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
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13
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Goldman A, Harper S, Speicher DW. Detection of Proteins on Blot Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 86:10.8.1-10.8.11. [PMID: 27801518 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Staining of blot membranes enables the visualization of bound proteins. Proteins are usually transferred to blot membranes by electroblotting, by direct spotting of protein solutions, or by contact blots. Staining allows the efficiency of transfer to the membrane to be monitored. This unit describes protocols for staining proteins after electroblotting from polyacrylamide gels to blot membranes such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrocellulose, or nylon membranes. The same methods can be used if proteins are directly spotted, either manually or using robotics. Protocols are included for seven general protein stains (amido black, Coomassie blue, Ponceau S, colloidal gold, colloidal silver, India ink, and MemCode) and three fluorescent protein stains (fluorescamine, IAEDANS, and SYPRO Ruby). Also included is an in-depth discussion of the different blot membrane types and the compatibility of different protein stains with downstream applications, such as immunoblotting or N-terminal Edman sequencing. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Goldman
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandra Harper
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David W Speicher
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Lin TE, Cortés-Salazar F, Lesch A, Qiao L, Bondarenko A, Girault HH. Multiple scanning electrochemical microscopy mapping of tyrosinase in micro-contact printed fruit samples on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Ogai K, Matsumoto M, Minematsu T, Kitamura K, Kobayashi M, Sugama J, Sanada H. Development of an improved method for quantitative analysis of skin blotting: increasing reliability and applicability for skin assessment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:425-32. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Ogai
- Wellness Promotion Science Center; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - M. Matsumoto
- Division of Health Science; Department of Clinical Nursing; Graduate School of Medicine; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - T. Minematsu
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - M. Kobayashi
- Wellness Promotion Science Center; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - J. Sugama
- Wellness Promotion Science Center; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
- Division of Health Science; Department of Clinical Nursing; Graduate School of Medicine; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - H. Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
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16
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Berkelman T, Harbers A, Bandhakavi S. 2-D Western blotting for evaluation of antibodies developed for detection of host cell protein. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1295:393-414. [PMID: 25820736 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins generated for therapeutic use must be substantially free of residual host cell protein (HCP). The presence of host cell protein (HCP) is usually assayed by ELISA using a polyclonal antibody mixture raised against a population of proteins derived from the host cell background. This antibody should recognize as high a proportion as possible of the potential HCPs in a given sample. A recommended method for evaluating the assay involves two-dimensional electrophoretic separation followed by Western blotting.We present here a method using commercial anti-HCP antibody and samples derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The 2-D electrophoresis procedure gives highly reproducible spot patterns and entire procedure can be completed in less than 2 days. Software analysis enables the straightforward generation of percent coverage values for the antibody when used to probe HCP-containing samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Berkelman
- Life Science Group, Bio-Rad Laboratories, 6000 James Watson Dr., Hercules, CA, 94547, USA,
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17
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Hu C, Yue W, Yang M. Nanoparticle-based signal generation and amplification in microfluidic devices for bioanalysis. Analyst 2014; 138:6709-20. [PMID: 24067742 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Signal generation and amplification based on nanomaterials and microfluidic techniques have both attracted considerable attention separately due to the demands for ultrasensitive and high-throughput detection of biomolecules. This article reviews the latest development of signal amplification strategies based on nanoparticles for bioanalysis and their integration and applications in microfluidic systems. The applications of nanoparticles in bioanalysis were categorized based on the different approaches of signal amplification, and the microfluidic techniques were summarized based on cell analysis and biomolecule detection with a focus on the integration of nanoparticle-based amplification in microfluidic devices for ultrasensitive bioanalysis. The advantages and limitations of the combination of nanoparticles-based amplification with microfluidic techniques were evaluated, and the possible developments for future research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Suzuki Y, Takagi N, Sano T, Chimuro T. Design and synthesis of a novel fluorescent protein probe for easy and rapid electrophoretic gel staining by using a commonly available UV-based fluorescent imaging system. Electrophoresis 2014; 34:2464-72. [PMID: 23801451 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescent molecular probe, methyl 3-(3,5-bis((bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)-methyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido) propanoate, dizinc(II) chloride salt (Dansyl-1-Zn(II)), which possesses Zn(II) complexes and a dansyl group, was designed and synthesized to enable the detection of proteins in solution and in high-throughput electrophoresis by using a UV-based detection system. Dansyl-1-Zn(II) exhibited weak fluorescence in the absence of proteins and strong green fluorescence at approximately 510 nm in the presence of BSA upon irradiation with light at a wavelength of 345 nm. Compared with conventional protocols for in-gel SDS-PAGE protein staining (e.g. silver staining, SYPRO Ruby, and Oriole), the operating times of which range from 90 min to overnight, Dansyl-1-Zn(II) allowed 1-step protein staining (SDS-PAGE →Staining →Detection) and shortened the operating time (35 min) with high sensitivity (LOD: 1 ng or less) under 312-nm or 365-nm light excitation with orange or red emission filters, respectively. Moreover, Dansyl-1-Zn(II) was successfully applied to protein identification by MS via in-gel tryptic digestion, Western blotting, and Native-PAGE. Accordingly, Dansyl-1-Zn(II) may facilitate highly sensitive and high-throughput protein detection, and it may be widely applicable as a convenient tool in various scientific and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Suzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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19
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Epicocconone staining: A powerful loading control for Western blots. Proteomics 2014; 14:162-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Panfoli I, Calzia D, Santucci L, Ravera S, Bruschi M, Candiano G. A blue dive: from ‘blue fingers’ to ‘blue silver’. A comparative overview of staining methods for in-gel proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:627-34. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Smejkal GB. The Coomassie chronicles: past, present and future perspectives in polyacrylamide gel staining. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 1:381-7. [PMID: 15966833 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.1.4.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Butt RH, Coorssen JR. Coomassie blue as a near-infrared fluorescent stain: a systematic comparison with Sypro Ruby for in-gel protein detection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3834-50. [PMID: 24043422 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative proteome analyses suggest that the well-established stain colloidal Coomassie Blue, when used as an infrared dye, may provide sensitive, post-electrophoretic in-gel protein detection that can rival even Sypro Ruby. Considering the central role of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in top-down proteomic analyses, a more cost effective alternative such as Coomassie Blue could prove an important tool in ongoing refinements of this important analytical technique. To date, no systematic characterization of Coomassie Blue infrared fluorescence detection relative to detection with SR has been reported. Here, seven commercial Coomassie stain reagents and seven stain formulations described in the literature were systematically compared. The selectivity, threshold sensitivity, inter-protein variability, and linear-dynamic range of Coomassie Blue infrared fluorescence detection were assessed in parallel with Sypro Ruby. Notably, several of the Coomassie stain formulations provided infrared fluorescence detection sensitivity to <1 ng of protein in-gel, slightly exceeding the performance of Sypro Ruby. The linear dynamic range of Coomassie Blue infrared fluorescence detection was found to significantly exceed that of Sypro Ruby. However, in two-dimensional gel analyses, because of a blunted fluorescence response, Sypro Ruby was able to detect a few additional protein spots, amounting to 0.6% of the detected proteome. Thus, although both detection methods have their advantages and disadvantages, differences between the two appear to be small. Coomassie Blue infrared fluorescence detection is thus a viable alternative for gel-based proteomics, offering detection comparable to Sypro Ruby, and more reliable quantitative assessments, but at a fraction of the cost.
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23
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Zhang Y, Yue X, Kim B, Yao S, Bondar MV, Belfield KD. Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles with fluorogenic near-IR-emitting squaraine dyes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8710-7. [PMID: 23992402 PMCID: PMC3820157 DOI: 10.1021/am402361w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two squaraine (SQ) dyes, N-propanesulfonate-benzothiazolium squaraine (SQ-1) and N-propanesulfonate-benzoindolium squaraine (SQ-2), were synthesized with sulfonate groups to increase water solubility. Both dyes are almost nonfluorescent in aqueous solution with fluorescent quantum yields of 0.03, but exhibited fluorescence enhancement after noncovalently binding with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Upon addition of BSA, the fluorescence intensity increased by ca. a factor of 10, along with a 10-fold extension in the fluorescence lifetime. SQ-1 and SQ-2 interacted with BSA efficiently and appeared to show a preference for binding at site II, which involves combinational effects of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The fluorogenic squaraine dyes were then used to label BSA, forming BSA-based nanoparticles (NPs) through noncovalent binding. The resulting BSA-SQ NPs exhibited enhanced near-IR fluorescence and reduced aggregation of the squaraine moiety. The BSA-SQ NPs were used for cell incubation and bioimaging studies. Confocal fluorescent images were obtained for HCT 116 cells incubated with the BSA-SQ NPs and LysoSensor Green, demonstrating the utility of the NP probes for intracellular imaging. This strategy ovecomes the generally low fluorescence emission of SQ dyes in water and aggregation-reduced fluorescence, providing a versatile strategy for sensing and imaging in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
| | - Xiling Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
| | - Bosung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
| | - Sheng Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
| | | | - Kevin D. Belfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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24
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Impact of environmental conditions on the form and function of Candida albicans biofilms. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1389-402. [PMID: 23954841 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00127-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, like other pathogens, can form complex biofilms on a variety of substrates. However, as the number of studies of gene regulation, architecture, and pathogenic traits of C. albicans biofilms has increased, so have differences in results. This suggests that depending upon the conditions employed, biofilms may vary widely, thus hampering attempts at a uniform description. Gene expression studies suggest that this may be the case. To explore this hypothesis further, we compared the architectures and traits of biofilms formed in RPMI 1640 and Spider media at 37°C in air. Biofilms formed by a/α cells in the two media differed to various degrees in cellular architecture, matrix deposition, penetrability by leukocytes, fluconazole susceptibility, and the facilitation of mating. Similar comparisons of a/a cells in the two media, however, were made difficult given that in air, although a/a cells form traditional biofilms in RPMI medium, they form polylayers composed primarily of yeast cells in Spider medium. These polylayers lack an upper hyphal/matrix region, are readily penetrated by leukocytes, are highly fluconazole susceptible, and do not facilitate mating. If, however, air is replaced with 20% CO2, a/a cells make a biofilm in Spider medium similar architecturally to that of a/α cells, which facilitates mating. A second, more cursory comparison is made between the disparate cellular architectures of a/a biofilms formed in air in RPMI and Lee's media. The results demonstrate that C. albicans forms very different types of biofilms depending upon the composition of the medium, level of CO2 in the atmosphere, and configuration of the MTL locus.
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A highly sensitive “turn-on” fluorescent probe for bovine serum albumin protein detection and quantification based on AIE-active distyrylanthracene derivative. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Dallongeville S, Richter M, Schäfer S, Kühlenthal M, Garnier N, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Proteomics applied to the authentication of fish glue: application to a 17th century artwork sample. Analyst 2013; 138:5357-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Gürtler A, Kunz N, Gomolka M, Hornhardt S, Friedl AA, McDonald K, Kohn JE, Posch A. Stain-Free technology as a normalization tool in Western blot analysis. Anal Biochem 2012; 433:105-11. [PMID: 23085117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Western blots are used to specifically measure the relative quantities of proteins of interest in complex biological samples. Quantitative measurements can be subject to error due to process inconsistencies such as uneven protein transfer to the membrane. These non-sample-related variations need to be compensated for by an approach known as normalization. Two approaches to data normalization are commonly employed: housekeeping protein (HKP) normalization and total protein normalization (TPN). In this study, we evaluated the performance of Stain-Free technology as a novel TPN tool for Western blotting experiments in comparison with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a representative of the HKP normalization strategy. The target protein (TP) used for this study was MCM7, a DNA licensing replication factor, which was shown previously to be down-regulated by 20% in irradiated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We studied the regulation of MCM7 with a multiplex Western blotting approach based on fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies and found that Stain-Free technology appears to be more reliable, more robust, and more sensitive to small effects of protein regulation when compared with HKP normalization with GAPDH. Stain-Free technology offers the additional advantages of providing checkpoints throughout the Western blotting process by allowing rapid visualization of gel separation and protein transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gürtler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany
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28
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Liao C, Liu R, Zhang F, Li C, Li X. Nitrogen under- and over-supply induces distinct protein responses in maize xylem sap. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:374-387. [PMID: 22501030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Xylem sap primarily transports water and mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) from roots to shoots in vascular plants. However, it remains largely unknown how nitrogenous compounds, especially proteins in xylem sap, respond to N under- or over-supply. We found that reducing N supply increased amino-N percentage of total N in maize (Zea mays L.) xylem sap. Proteomic analysis showed that 23 proteins in the xylem sap of maize plants, including 12 newly identified ones, differentially accumulated in response to various N supplies. Fifteen of these 23 proteins were primarily involved in general abiotic or biotic stress responses, whereas the other five proteins appeared to respond largely to N under- or over-supply, suggesting distinct protein responses in maize xylem upon N under- and over-supply. Furthermore, one putative xylanase inhibitor and two putative O-glycosyl hydrolases had preferential gene expression in shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsong Liao
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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29
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Characterization of biphenyl dioxygenase sequences and activities encoded by the metagenomes of highly polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2706-15. [PMID: 22327590 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07381-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Total extracted DNA from two heavily polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soils was analyzed with respect to biphenyl dioxygenase sequences and activities. This was done by PCR amplification and cloning of a DNA segment encoding the active site of the enzyme. The translated sequences obtained fell into three similarity clusters (I to III). Sequence identities were high within but moderate or low between the clusters. Members of clusters I and II showed high sequence similarities with well-known biphenyl dioxygenases. Cluster III showed low (43%) sequence identity with a biphenyl dioxygenase from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Amplicons from the three clusters were used to reconstitute and express complete biphenyl dioxygenase operons. In most cases, the resulting hybrid dioxygenases were detected in cell extracts of the recombinant hosts. At least 83% of these enzymes were catalytically active. Several amino acid exchanges were identified that critically affected activity. Chlorobiphenyl turnover by the enzymes containing the prototype sequences of clusters I and II was characterized with 10 congeners that were major, minor, or not constituents of the contaminated soils. No direct correlations were observed between on-site concentrations and rates of productive dioxygenations of these chlorobiphenyls. The prototype enzymes displayed markedly different substrate and product ranges. The cluster II dioxygenase possessed a broader substrate spectrum toward the assayed congeners, whereas the cluster I enzyme was superior in the attack of ortho-chlorinated aromatic rings. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the applied approach to functionally characterize dioxygenase activities of soil metagenomes via amplification of incomplete genes.
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Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD. Transcriptome and proteome research in veterinary science: what is possible and what questions can be asked? ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:254962. [PMID: 22262952 PMCID: PMC3259802 DOI: 10.1100/2012/254962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years several technologies for the complete analysis of the transcriptome and proteome have reached a technological level which allows their routine application as scientific tools. The principle of these methods is the identification and quantification of up to ten thousands of RNA and proteins species in a tissue, in contrast to the sequential analysis of conventional methods such as PCR and Western blotting. Due to their technical progress transcriptome and proteome analyses are becoming increasingly relevant in all fields of biological research. They are mainly used for the explorative identification of disease associated complex gene expression patterns and thereby set the stage for hypothesis-driven studies. This review gives an overview on the methods currently available for transcriptome analysis, that is, microarrays, Ref-Seq, quantitative PCR arrays and discusses their potentials and limitations. Second, the most powerful current approaches to proteome analysis are introduced, that is, 2D-gel electrophoresis, shotgun proteomics, MudPIT and the diverse technological concepts are reviewed. Finally, experimental strategies for biomarker discovery, experimental settings for the identification of prognostic gene sets and explorative versus hypothesis driven approaches for the elucidation of diseases associated genes and molecular pathways are described and their potential for studies in veterinary research is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klopfleisch
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Pierobon M, Vanmeter AJ, Moroni N, Galdi F, Petricoin EF. Reverse-phase protein microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 823:215-35. [PMID: 22081348 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-216-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the consequence of intra- and extracellular signaling network deregulation that derives from alteration of genetic and proteomic cellular homeostasis. Mapping the individual molecular circuitry of a patient's tumor cells is the starting point for rational personalized therapy.While genes and RNA encode information about cellular status, proteins are considered the engine of the cellular machine, as they are the effective elements that drive cellular functions, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Consequently, investigations of the cellular protein network are considered a fundamental tool to understand cellular functions. In the last decades, increasing interest has been focused on the improvement of new technologies for proteomic analysis. In this context, reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPMAs) have been developed to study and analyze posttranslational modifications that are responsible for principal cell functions and activities. This innovative technology allows the investigation of protein activation as a consequence of protein-protein interaction or biochemical reactions, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, protein cleavage, and conformational alterations.Intracellular balance is carefully conserved by constant rearrangements of proteins through the activity of a series of kinases and phosphatases. Therefore, knowledge of the key cellular signaling cascades reveal information regarding the cellular processes driving a tumor's growth (such as cellular survival, proliferation, invasion, and cell death) and response to treatment.Alteration to cellular homeostasis, driven by elaborate intra- and extracellular interactions, has become one of the most studied fields in the era of personalized medicine and targeted therapy. RPMA technology is a valid tool that can be applied to protein analysis of several diseases for the potential to generate protein interaction and activation maps that lead to the identification of critical nodes for individualized or combinatorial target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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32
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Differentiation of human ES cell-derived neural progenitors to neuronal cells with regional specific identity by co-culturing of notochord and somite. Stem Cell Res 2012; 8:120-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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33
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Utility of a direct dual-mode development analysis on blotted protein mixtures. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Suzuki Y, Takagi N, Chimuro T, Shinohara A, Sakaguchi N, Hiratsuka A, Yokoyama K. Design and synthesis of new fluorescent probe for rapid and highly sensitive detection of proteins via electrophoretic gel stain. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1403-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Arnold GJ, Frohlich T. Dynamic proteome signatures in gametes, embryos and their maternal environment. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:81-93. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive molecular analysis at the level of proteins represents a technically demanding, but indispensable, task since several post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms disable a valid prediction of quantitative protein expression profiles from transcriptome analysis. In crucial steps of gamete and early embryo development, de novo transcription is silenced, meaning that almost all macromolecular events take place at the level of proteins. In this review, we describe selected examples of dynamic proteome signatures addressing capacitation of spermatozoa, in vitro maturation of oocytes, effect of oestrous cycle on oviduct epithelial cells and embryo-induced alterations to the maternal environment. We also present details of the experimental strategies applied and the experiments performed to verify quantitative proteomic data. Far from being comprehensive, examples were selected to cover several mammalian species as well as the most powerful proteomic techniques currently applied. To enable non-experts in the field of proteomics to appraise published proteomic data, our examples are preceded by a customised description of quantitative proteomic methods, covering 2D difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), nano-liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry, and label-free as well as stable-isotope labelling strategies for mass spectrometry-based quantifications.
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36
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Gallagher RI, Silvestri A, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Espina V. Reverse phase protein microarrays: fluorometric and colorimetric detection. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 723:275-301. [PMID: 21370072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-043-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Reverse Phase Protein Microarray (RPMA) is an array platform used to quantitate proteins and their posttranslationally modified forms. RPMAs are applicable for profiling key cellular signaling pathways and protein networks, allowing direct comparison of the activation state of proteins from multiple samples within the same array. The RPMA format consists of proteins immobilized directly on a nitrocellulose substratum. The analyte is subsequently probed with a primary antibody and a series of reagents for signal amplification and detection. Due to the diversity, low concentration, and large dynamic range of protein analytes, RPMAs require stringent signal amplification methods, high quality image acquisition, and software capable of precisely analyzing spot intensities on an array. Microarray detection strategies can be either fluorescent or colorimetric. The choice of a detection system depends on (a) the expected analyte concentration, (b) type of microarray imaging system, and (c) type of sample. The focus of this chapter is to describe RPMA detection and imaging using fluorescent and colorimetric (diaminobenzidine (DAB)) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa I Gallagher
- George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA, USA
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37
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Espina V, Mueller C, Liotta LA. Phosphoprotein stability in clinical tissue and its relevance for reverse phase protein microarray technology. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 785:23-43. [PMID: 21901591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-286-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated proteins reflect the activity of specific cell signaling nodes in biological kinase protein networks. Cell signaling pathways can be either activated or deactivated depending on the phosphorylation state of the constituent proteins. The state of these kinase pathways reflects the in vivo activity of the cells and tissue at any given point in time. As such, cell signaling pathway information can be extrapolated to infer which phosphorylated proteins/pathways are driving an individual tumor's growth. Reverse phase protein microarrays (RPMAs) are a sensitive and precise platform that can be applied to the quantitative measurement of hundreds of phosphorylated signal proteins from a small sample of tissue. Pre-analytical variability originating from tissue procurement and preservation may cause significant variability and bias in downstream molecular analysis. Depending on the ex vivo delay time in tissue processing, and the manner of tissue handling, protein biomarkers such as signal pathway phosphoproteins will be elevated or suppressed in a manner that does not represent the biomarker levels at the time of excision. Consequently, assessment of the state of these kinase networks requires stabilization, or preservation, of the phosphoproteins immediately post-tissue procurement. We have employed RPMA analysis of phosphoproteins to study the factors influencing stability of phosphoproteins in tissue following procurement. Based on this analysis we have established tissue procurement guidelines for clinical research with an emphasis on quantifying phosphoproteins by RPMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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38
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Gauci VJ, Wright EP, Coorssen JR. Quantitative proteomics: assessing the spectrum of in-gel protein detection methods. J Chem Biol 2011; 4:3-29. [PMID: 21686332 PMCID: PMC3022124 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-010-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics research relies heavily on visualization methods for detection of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Commonly used staining approaches involve colorimetric dyes such as Coomassie Brilliant Blue, fluorescent dyes including Sypro Ruby, newly developed reactive fluorophores, as well as a plethora of others. The most desired characteristic in selecting one stain over another is sensitivity, but this is far from the only important parameter. This review evaluates protein detection methods in terms of their quantitative attributes, including limit of detection (i.e., sensitivity), linear dynamic range, inter-protein variability, capacity for spot detection after 2D gel electrophoresis, and compatibility with subsequent mass spectrometric analyses. Unfortunately, many of these quantitative criteria are not routinely or consistently addressed by most of the studies published to date. We would urge more rigorous routine characterization of stains and detection methodologies as a critical approach to systematically improving these critically important tools for quantitative proteomics. In addition, substantial improvements in detection technology, particularly over the last decade or so, emphasize the need to consider renewed characterization of existing stains; the quantitative stains we need, or at least the chemistries required for their future development, may well already exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Gauci
- Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Elise P. Wright
- Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Jens R. Coorssen
- Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 1797 Australia
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Chevalier F. Standard Dyes for Total Protein Staining in Gel-Based Proteomic Analysis. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4784-4792. [PMID: 28883353 PMCID: PMC5445784 DOI: 10.3390/ma3104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Staining of two-dimensional gels is a primary concern in proteomic studies using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with respect to the number of proteins analyzed, the accuracy of spot quantification and reproducibility. In this review article, the efficiency of the most widely used dyes was investigated. Visible dyes (Coomassie blue and silver nitrate), fluorescent dyes (Sypro Ruby, Deep Purple) and cyanine labeled methods were compared.
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Scholze A, Krueger K, Diedrich M, Räth C, Torges A, Jankowski V, Maier A, Thilo F, Zidek W, Tepel M. Superoxide dismutase type 1 in monocytes of chronic kidney disease patients. Amino Acids 2010; 41:427-38. [PMID: 20931343 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed proteomic profiles in monocytes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and healthy control subjects. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and silver staining indicated differences in protein pattern. Among the analyzed proteins, superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1), which was identified both by MS/MS mass-spectrometry and immunoblotting, was reduced in kidney disease. We characterized SOD1 protein amount, using quantitative in-cell Western assay and immunostaining of 2-DE gel blots, and SOD1 gene expression, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in 98 chronic hemodialysis (HD) and 211 CKD patients, and 34 control subjects. Furthermore, we showed that different SOD1 protein species exist in human monocytes. SOD1 protein amount was significantly lower in HD (normalized SOD1 protein, 27.2 ± 2.8) compared to CKD patients (34.3 ± 2.8), or control subjects (48.0 ± 8.6; mean ± SEM; P < 0.05). Analysis of SOD1 immunostaining showed significantly more SOD1 protein in control subjects compared to patients with CKD or HD (P < 0.0001, analysis of main immunoreactive protein spot). SOD1 gene expression was significantly higher in HD (normalized SOD1 gene expression, 17.8 ± 2.3) compared to CKD patients (9.0 ± 0.7), or control subjects (5.5 ± 1.0; P < 0.0001). An increased SOD1 gene expression may indicate increased protein degradation in patients with CKD and compensatory increase of SOD1 gene expression. Taken together, we show reduced SOD1 protein amount in monocytes of CKD, most pronounced in HD patients, accompanied by increased SOD1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Scholze
- Medizinische Klinik Nephrologie, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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41
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Lu H, Xu B, Dong Y, Chen F, Li Y, Li Z, He J, Li H, Tian W. Novel fluorescent pH sensors and a biological probe based on anthracene derivatives with aggregation-induced emission characteristics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6838-6844. [PMID: 20112939 DOI: 10.1021/la904727t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three functionalized 9,10-distyrylanthracene (DSA) derivatives, namely, 9,10-bis(4-hydroxystyryl)anthracene (2), 9,10-bis{4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]styryl}anthracene (4), and 9,10-bis{4-[2-(N,N,N-triethylammonium)ethoxy]styryl}anthracene dibromide (5), were synthesized and their fluorescence properties were investigated. The three DSA derivatives possess a typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property (i.e., they are nonluminescent in dilute solutions but are efficiently fluorescent as induced by molecular aggregation). Different AIE properties were tuned through molecular structure control. Dye 2 is a phenol-moiety-containing compound, which shows aggregation at pH values smaller than 10, resulting in a high fluorescence intensity. Thus, dye 2 has a pK(a) of 9.94. 4 is an amine-containing compound that starts to aggregate at slightly basic conditions, resulting in a pK(a) of 6.90. Dye 5 is an ammonium-salt-containing compound. Because it is very soluble in water, this compound has no AIE phenomenon but can interact strongly with protein or DNA to amplify its emission. Therefore, 5 is a fluorescent turn "on" biological probe for protein and DNA detection and it is also selective, which works for native BSA and ct DNA but not their denatured forms. Therefore, we not only developed a few new compounds showing the AIE phenomena but also controlled the AIE through environmental stimulation and demonstrated that the new AIE molecules are suitable for pH and biomacromolecule sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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Chevalier F. Highlights on the capacities of "Gel-based" proteomics. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:23. [PMID: 20426826 PMCID: PMC2873371 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel-based proteomic is the most popular and versatile method of global protein separation and quantification. This is a mature approach to screen the protein expression at the large scale, and a cheaper approach as compared with gel-free proteomics. Based on two independent biochemical characteristics of proteins, two-dimensional electrophoresis combines isoelectric focusing, which separates proteins according to their isoelectric point, and SDS-PAGE, which separates them further according to their molecular mass. The next typical steps of the flow of gel-based proteomics are spots visualization and evaluation, expression analysis and finally protein identification by mass spectrometry. For the study of differentially expressed proteins, two-dimensional electrophoresis allows simultaneously to detect, quantify and compare up to thousand protein spots isoforms, including post-translational modifications, in the same gel and in a wide range of biological systems. In this review article, the limits, benefits, and perspectives of gel-based proteomic approaches are discussed using concrete examples.
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Hagiwara M, Kobayashi KI, Tadokoro T, Yamamoto Y. Erratum to “Application of SYPRO Ruby- and Flamingo-stained polyacrylamide gels to Western blot analysis”. Anal Biochem 2010; 397:262-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cong WT, Hwang SY, Jin LT, He HZ, Choi JK. High-throughput negative detection of SDS-PAGE separated proteins and its application for proteomics. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:411-20. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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MacPhee DJ. Methodological considerations for improving Western blot analysis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 61:171-7. [PMID: 20006725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The need for a technique that could allow the determination of antigen specificity of antisera led to the development of a method that allowed the production of a replica of proteins, which had been separated electrophoretically on polyacrylamide gels, on to a nitrocellulose membrane. This method was coined Western blotting and is very useful to study the presence, relative abundance, relative molecular mass, post-translational modification, and interaction of specific proteins. As a result it is utilized routinely in many fields of scientific research such as chemistry, biology and biomedical sciences. This review serves to touch on some of the methodological conditions that should be considered to improve Western blot analysis, particularly as a guide for graduate students but also scientists who wish to continue adapting this now fundamental research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J MacPhee
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3V6.
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Volkova K, Kovalska V, Yarmoluk S. Modern techniques for protein detection on polyacrylamide gels: problems arising from the use of dyes of undisclosed structures for scientific purposes. Biotech Histochem 2009; 82:201-8. [DOI: 10.1080/10520290701707660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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48
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Wang YD, Wu JD, Jiang ZL, Wang YB, Wang XH, Liu C, Tong MQ. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Neural Retinas from Type 2 Diabetic Rats by Two-dimensional Electrophoresis. Curr Eye Res 2009; 32:891-901. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680701593702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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49
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Howlin RP, Harrison J, Secker T, Keevil CW. Acquisition of proteinaceous contamination through the handling of surgical instruments by hospital staff in sterile service departments. J Infect Prev 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1757177409105073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Episcopic Differential Interference Contrast (EDIC) microscopy, this study has investigated the potential reapplication of prote ina ceouscontami napotential reapplication of proteinaceous contamination onto surgical instruments following a washer-disinfector cycle through the handling of staff within the clean room. The deposition of 0.51 ng/mm2 of protein onto surgical grade stainless steel by one finger print alone has been demonstrated. Moreover, using a previously described contamination index, a 5 to 10-fold increase in protein present on surgical instruments was noted following handling by clean-room staff under current departmental practices, relative to instruments handled by staff wearing gloves. While unlikely to pose a direct risk to patient health, subsequent sterilisation will fix protein to an instrument surface thereby decreasing the effectiveness of further decontamination cycles. Current guidelines make no recommendations surrounding the use of gloves by staff working within the clean room. However it is clear that this matter must be reviewed to limit the unnecessary transference of protein to surgical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- RP Howlin
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK,
| | - J. Harrison
- Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke. UK
| | - T. Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - CW Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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50
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Kumar AP, Reddy PR, Reddy VK, Lee YI. Simple and Simultaneous Method for Determination of Palladium(II) and Ruthenium(III) using Second-Order-Derivative Spectrophotometry. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802568598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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