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Kumar V, Chunchagatta Lakshman PK, Prasad TK, Manjunath K, Bairy S, Vasu AS, Ganavi B, Jasti S, Kamariah N. Target-based drug discovery: Applications of fluorescence techniques in high throughput and fragment-based screening. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23864. [PMID: 38226204 PMCID: PMC10788520 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Target-based discovery of first-in-class therapeutics demands an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases. Precise measurements of cellular and biochemical activities are critical to gain mechanistic knowledge of biomolecules and their altered function in disease conditions. Such measurements enable the development of intervention strategies for preventing or treating diseases by modulation of desired molecular processes. Fluorescence-based techniques are routinely employed for accurate and robust measurements of in-vitro activity of molecular targets and for discovering novel chemical molecules that modulate the activity of molecular targets. In the current review, the authors focus on the applications of fluorescence-based high throughput screening (HTS) and fragment-based ligand discovery (FBLD) techniques such as fluorescence polarization (FP), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence thermal shift assay (FTSA) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) for the discovery of chemical probe to exploring target's role in disease biology and ultimately, serve as a foundation for drug discovery. Some recent advancements in these techniques for compound library screening against important classes of drug targets, such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and GTPases, as well as phosphorylation- and acetylation-mediated protein-protein interactions, are discussed. Overall, this review presents a landscape of how these techniques paved the way for the discovery of small-molecule modulators and biologics against these targets for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thazhe Kootteri Prasad
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kavyashree Manjunath
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Sneha Bairy
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Akshaya S. Vasu
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - B. Ganavi
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Subbarao Jasti
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Neelagandan Kamariah
- Centre for Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, inStem & NCBS, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
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Pathirage R, Favrot L, Petit C, Yamsek M, Singh S, Mallareddy JR, Rana S, Natarajan A, Ronning DR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis CitA activity is modulated by cysteine oxidation and pyruvate binding. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:921-933. [PMID: 37252106 PMCID: PMC10211323 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As an adaptation for survival during infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes dormant, reducing its metabolism and growth. Two types of citrate synthases have been identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, GltA2 and CitA. Previous work shows that overexpression of CitA, the secondary citrate synthase, stimulates the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis under hypoxic conditions without showing accumulation of triacylglycerols and makes mycobacteria more sensitive to antibiotics, suggesting that CitA may play a role as a metabolic switch during infection and may be an interesting TB drug target. To assess the druggability and possible mechanisms of targeting CitA with small-molecule compounds, the CitA crystal structure was solved to 2.1 Å by X-ray crystallography. The solved structure shows that CitA lacks an NADH binding site that would afford allosteric regulation, which is atypical of most citrate synthases. However, a pyruvate molecule is observed within the analogous domain, suggesting pyruvate may instead be the allosteric regulator for CitA. The R149 and R153 residues forming the charged portion of the pyruvate binding pocket were mutated to glutamate and methionine, respectively, to assess the effect of mutations on activity. Protein thermal shift assay shows thermal stabilization of CitA in the presence of pyruvate compared to the two CitA variants designed to decrease pyruvate affinity. Solved crystal structures of both variants show no significant structural changes. However, the catalytic efficiency of the R153M variant increases by 2.6-fold. Additionally, we show that covalent modification of C143 of CitA by Ebselen completely arrests enzyme activity. Similar inhibition is observed using two spirocyclic Michael acceptor containing compounds, which inhibit CitA with ICapp50 values of 6.6 and 10.9 μM. A crystal structure of CitA modified by Ebselen was solved, but significant structural changes were lacking. Considering that covalent modification of C143 inactivates CitA and the proximity of C143 to the pyruvate binding site, this suggests that structural and/or chemical changes in this sub-domain are responsible for regulating CitA enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasangi Pathirage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Lorenza Favrot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA
| | - Cecile Petit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA
| | - Melvin Yamsek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606 USA
| | - Sarbjit Singh
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | | | - Sandeep Rana
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE USA
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
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Metformin Induces Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer (PC) Cells Accompanied by Changes in the Levels of Histone Acetyltransferases (Particularly, p300/CBP-Associated Factor (PCAF) Protein Levels). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010115. [PMID: 36678613 PMCID: PMC9863441 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence (mainly from experimental research) suggests that metformin possesses anticancer properties through the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. However, its effect on the enzymes responsible for histone acetylation status, which plays a key role in carcinogenesis, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of metformin on histone acetyltransferases (HATs) (i.e., p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), p300, and CBP) and on histone deacetylases (HDACs) (i.e., SIRT-1 in human pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines, 1.2B4, and PANC-1). The cells were exposed to metformin, an HAT inhibitor (HATi), or a combination of an HATi with metformin for 24, 48, or 72 h. Cell viability was determined using an MTT assay, and the percentage of early apoptotic cells was determined with an Annexin V-Cy3 Apoptosis Detection Assay Kit. Caspase-9 activity was also assessed. SIRT-1, PCAF, p300, and CBP expression were determined at the mRNA and protein levels using RT-PCR and Western blotting methods, respectively. Our results reveal an increase in caspase-9 in response to the metformin, indicating that it induced the apoptotic death of both 1.2B4 and PANC-1 cells. The number of cells in early apoptosis and the activity of caspase-9 decreased when treated with an HATi alone or a combination of an HATi with metformin, as compared to metformin alone. Moreover, metformin, an HATi, and a combination of an HATi with metformin also modified the mRNA expression of SIRT-1, PCAF, CBP, and p300. However, metformin did not change the expression of the studied genes in 1.2B4 cells. The results of the Western blot analysis showed that metformin diminished the protein expression of PCAF in both the 1.2B4 and PANC-1 cells. Hence, it appears possible that PCAF may be involved in the metformin-mediated apoptosis of PC cells.
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Investigation of in vitro histone H3 glycosylation using H3 tail peptides. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19251. [PMID: 36357422 PMCID: PMC9649660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on histone tails regulate eukaryotic gene expression by impacting the chromatin structure and by modulating interactions with other cellular proteins. One such PTM has been identified as serine and threonine glycosylation, the introduction of the ß-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moiety on histone H3 tail at position Ser10 and Thr32. The addition of the ß-O-GlcNAc moiety on serine or threonine residues is facilitated by the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and can be removed by the action of O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Conflicting reports on histone tail GlcNAc modification in vivo prompted us to investigate whether synthetic histone H3 tail peptides in conjunction with other PTMs are substrates for OGT and OGA in vitro. Our enzymatic assays with recombinantly expressed human OGT revealed that the unmodified and PTM-modified histone H3 tails are not substrates for OGT at both sites, Ser10 and Thr32. In addition, full length histone H3 was not a substrate for OGT. Conversely, our work demonstrates that synthetic peptides containing the GlcNAc functionality at Ser10 are substrates for recombinantly expressed human OGA, yielding deglycosylated histone H3 peptides. We also show that the catalytic domains of human histone lysine methyltransferases G9a, GLP and SETD7 and histone lysine acetyltransferases PCAF and GCN5 do somewhat tolerate glycosylated H3Ser10 close to lysine residues that undergo methylation and acetylation reactions, respectively. Overall, this work indicates that GlcNAcylation of histone H3 tail peptide in the presence of OGT does not occur in vitro.
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Song J, Ngo L, Bell K, Zheng YG. Chemoproteomic Profiling of Protein Substrates of a Major Lysine Acetyltransferase in the Native Cellular Context. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1092-1102. [PMID: 35417122 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) regulates epigenetics and signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. So far, knowledge of different KAT members contributing to the cellular acetylome is limited, which limits our understanding of biological functions of KATs in physiology and disease. Here, we found that a clickable acyl-CoA reporter, 3-azidopropanoyl CoA (3AZ-CoA), presented remarkable cell permeability and effectively acylated proteins in cells. We rationally engineered the major KAT member, histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1), to generate its mutant forms that displayed excellent bio-orthogonal activity for 3AZ-CoA in substrate labeling. We were able to apply the bio-orthogonal enzyme-cofactor pair combined with SILAC proteomics to achieve HAT1 substrate targeting, enrichment, and proteomic profiling in living cells. A total of 123 protein substrates of HAT1 were disclosed, underlining the multifactorial functions of this important enzyme than hitherto known. This study demonstrates the first example of utilizing bio-orthogonal reporters as a chemoproteomic strategy for substrate mapping of individual KAT isoforms in the native biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Liza Ngo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kaylyn Bell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Y. George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Han Q, Chen F, Liu S, Ge Y, Wu J, Liu D. Genetically encoded FRET fluorescent sensor designed for detecting MOF histone acetyltransferase activity in vitro and in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5453-5461. [PMID: 34268587 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation of lysine in the histone H4 N-terminal is one of the most significant epigenetic modifications in cells. Aberrant changes involving lysine acetylation modification are commonly reported in multiple types of cancers. Currently, whether it is for in vivo or in vitro, there are limited approaches for the detection of H4 lysine acetylation levels. In particular, the main problems are the high cost and the cumbersome detection process, such as for radioactive 14C isotope detection. Therefore, there is an important need to develop a simple, fast, and low-cost means of detection. In this study, we reported the development of a gene-coding protein sensor. This protein sensor was designed based on the mechanism of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The four kinds of sensors, varying from substrate and linker length, were evaluated, with ~20% increases in response efficiency. Next, sensors with different lysine mutation sites in the substrate sequence or mutation of key amino acids in the binding domain were also analyzed to determine site specificity. We found single-site lysine mutant could not cause a significant decrease in response efficiency. Furthermore, addition of MG149, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, resulted in a decrease in the ratio change value. Moreover, histone deacetylase1 HDAC1 was also found to reduce the ratio change values when added to reaction system. Finally, the optimized sensor was applied to living cells and established to provide a sensitive response with overexpression and knockdown of MOF (males absent on the first). These results indicated that the sensor can be used for screening chemical drugs regulating H4 N-terminal lysine acetylation level in vitro, as well as monitoring dynamic changes of lysine acetylation levels in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Shushan Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Yushu Ge
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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7
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Hu D, Zhan T, Guo Z, Wang S, Hu Y. Reprogrammable fluorescence logic sensing for biomolecules via RNA-like coenzyme A-based coordination polymer. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112405. [PMID: 32729525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coenzyme A (CoA)-based coordination polymers (CPs) have been generated in situ by exploiting the reaction of thiols with metal ion (Au(III) or Ag(I)), which are dependent on both thiol-metal and aurophilic metal∙metal interaction. It is interesting to note that CPs-related biosensing capabilities toward some biomolecules including ascorbic acid (AA), cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) are also investigated via SYBR Green II (SGII)-derived fluorescence switchable mechanisms. The synthesized CPs display especial RNA-like structure and are capable of initiating the fluorescence of SGII. Conversely, AA, Cys or GSH can give rise to the structural destruction of RNA-like CPs, thus inhibiting the fluorescence signal, and quantitative detection of these biomolecules are achieved favorably with a detection limit of 7.2, 0.55 and 0.48 nM, respectively. Meanwhile, the fascinating fluorescence on-off property and simple synthetic process are employed to build a series of basic logic gates (YES, NOT, OR, AND, INHIBIT and NOR) and multiple configurable logic gates (OR-AND and OR-OR-INHIBIT) along with different logic inputs. In view of these, developing CoA-based CPs as a new material to execute logic operations provides a valuable platform to establish the next generation of advanced molecular devices for clinic diagnostic and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Dandan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Sui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Yufang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China.
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8
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Chen H, Liu X, Li W, Peng Y, Nie Z. Silver coordination complex amplified electrochemiluminescence sensor for sensitive detection of coenzyme A and histone acetyltransferase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:535-542. [PMID: 30481667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A kind of coenzyme A (CoA)-silver coordination complex (CoA-Ag) was in-situ developed and verified to accelerate the electron transferring and electrochemical catalysis of H2O2 decomposition to enhance the cathode ECL intensity of CdTe@CdS QDs. Afterward, a convenient label-free signal-on ECL approach was constructed for CoA detection with excellent specificity. In addition, the unique ECL enhancing phenomenon was also proposed to assay the enzymatic activity of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and screen relevant inhibitors, exhibiting a promising potential in the practical application of biochemical research, disease diagnosis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Harmless Application, Collaborative Innovation Center for Field Weeds Control (CICFWC) of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, PR China
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China.
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Economics and Management, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, PR China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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9
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He M, Han Z, Liu L, Zheng YG. Untersuchung der epigenetischen Funktionen von Lysin‐Acetyltransferasen mit Methoden der chemischen Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Y. George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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10
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He M, Han Z, Liu L, Zheng YG. Chemical Biology Approaches for Investigating the Functions of Lysine Acetyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:1162-1184. [PMID: 28786225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The side-chain acetylation of lysine residues in histones and non-histone proteins catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) represents a widespread posttranslational modification (PTM) in the eukaryotic cells. Lysine acetylation plays regulatory roles in major cellular pathways inside and outside the nucleus. In particular, KAT-mediated histone acetylation has an effect on all DNA-templated epigenetic processes. Aberrant expression and activation of KATs are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. In recent years, the study of KAT functions in biology and disease has greatly benefited from chemical biology tools and strategies. In this Review, we present the past and current accomplishments in the design of chemical biology approaches for the interrogation of KAT activity and function. These methods and probes are classified according to their mechanisms of action and respective applications, with both strengths and limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
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11
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Zucconi BE, Cole PA. Allosteric regulation of epigenetic modifying enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 39:109-115. [PMID: 28689145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic enzymes including histone modifying enzymes are key regulators of gene expression in normal and disease processes. Many drug development strategies to target histone modifying enzymes have focused on ligands that bind to enzyme active sites, but allosteric pockets offer potentially attractive opportunities for therapeutic development. Recent biochemical studies have revealed roles for small molecule and peptide ligands binding outside of the active sites in modulating the catalytic activities of histone modifying enzymes. Here we highlight several examples of allosteric regulation of epigenetic enzymes and discuss the biological significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Zucconi
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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12
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Kulkarni RA, Worth AJ, Zengeya TT, Shrimp JH, Garlick JM, Roberts AM, Montgomery DC, Sourbier C, Gibbs BK, Mesaros C, Tsai YC, Das S, Chan KC, Zhou M, Andresson T, Weissman AM, Linehan WM, Blair IA, Snyder NW, Meier JL. Discovering Targets of Non-enzymatic Acylation by Thioester Reactivity Profiling. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28163016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic protein modification driven by thioester reactivity is thought to play a major role in the establishment of cellular lysine acylation. However, the specific protein targets of this process are largely unknown. Here we report an experimental strategy to investigate non-enzymatic acylation in cells. Specifically, we develop a chemoproteomic method that separates thioester reactivity from enzymatic utilization, allowing selective enrichment of non-enzymatic acylation targets. Applying this method to cancer cell lines identifies numerous candidate targets of non-enzymatic acylation, including several enzymes in lower glycolysis. Functional studies highlight malonyl-CoA as a reactive thioester metabolite that can modify and inhibit glycolytic enzyme activity. Finally, we show that synthetic thioesters can be used as novel reagents to probe non-enzymatic acylation in living cells. Our studies provide new insights into the targets and drivers of non-enzymatic acylation, and demonstrate the utility of reactivity-based methods to experimentally investigate this phenomenon in biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhushikesh A Kulkarni
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Penn SRP Center, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas T Zengeya
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan H Shrimp
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Julie M Garlick
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Allison M Roberts
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David C Montgomery
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Carole Sourbier
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Benjamin K Gibbs
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Penn SRP Center, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yien Che Tsai
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sudipto Das
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - King C Chan
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Allan M Weissman
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP Center, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Drexel University, A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, 3020 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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13
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Xu P, Li C, Chen Z, Jiang S, Fan S, Wang J, Dai J, Zhu P, Chen Z. The NuA4 Core Complex Acetylates Nucleosomal Histone H4 through a Double Recognition Mechanism. Mol Cell 2016; 63:965-75. [PMID: 27594449 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NuA4 catalyzes the acetylation of nucleosomes at histone H4, which is a well-established epigenetic event, controlling many genomic processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we report the crystal structures of the NuA4 core complex and a cryoelectron microscopy structure with the nucleosome. The structures show that the histone-binding pocket of the enzyme is rearranged, suggesting its activation. The enzyme binds the histone tail mainly through the target lysine residue, with a preference for a small residue at the -1 position. The complex engages the nucleosome at the dish face and orients its catalytic pocket close to the H4 tail to achieve selective acetylation. The combined data reveal a space-sequence double recognition mechanism of the histone tails by a modifying enzyme in the context of the nucleosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Chengmin Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Shuanying Jiang
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Junbiao Dai
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhucheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China.
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14
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Structure and function of human Naa60 (NatF), a Golgi-localized bi-functional acetyltransferase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31425. [PMID: 27550639 PMCID: PMC4993997 DOI: 10.1038/srep31425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation), carried out by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs), is a conserved and primary modification of nascent peptide chains. Naa60 (also named NatF) is a recently identified NAT found only in multicellular eukaryotes. This protein was shown to locate on the Golgi apparatus and mainly catalyze the Nt-acetylation of transmembrane proteins, and it also harbors lysine Nε-acetyltransferase (KAT) activity to catalyze the acetylation of lysine ε-amine. Here, we report the crystal structures of human Naa60 (hNaa60) in complex with Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) or Coenzyme A (CoA). The hNaa60 protein contains an amphipathic helix following its GNAT domain that may contribute to Golgi localization of hNaa60, and the β7-β8 hairpin adopted different conformations in the hNaa60(1-242) and hNaa60(1-199) crystal structures. Remarkably, we found that the side-chain of Phe 34 can influence the position of the coenzyme, indicating a new regulatory mechanism involving enzyme, co-factor and substrates interactions. Moreover, structural comparison and biochemical studies indicated that Tyr 97 and His 138 are key residues for catalytic reaction and that a non-conserved β3-β4 long loop participates in the regulation of hNaa60 activity.
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15
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Shi S, Liu K, Chen Y, Zhang S, Lin J, Gong C, Jin Q, Yang XJ, Chen R, Ji Z, Han A. Competitive Inhibition of Lysine Acetyltransferase 2B by a Small Motif of the Adenoviral Oncoprotein E1A. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14363-14372. [PMID: 27143356 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.697300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) oncoprotein hijacks host cells via direct interactions with many key cellular proteins, such as KAT2B, also known as PCAF (p300/CBP associated factor). E1A binds the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain of KAT2B to repress its transcriptional activation. However, the molecular mechanism by which E1A inhibits the HAT activity is not known. Here we demonstrate that a short and relatively conserved N-terminal motif (cNM) in the intrinsically disordered E1A protein is crucial for KAT2B interaction, and inhibits its HAT activity through a direct competition with acetyl-CoA, but not its substrate histone H3. Molecular modeling together with a series of mutagenesis experiments suggests that the major helix of E1A cNM binds to a surface of the acetyl-CoA pocket of the KAT2B HAT domain. Moreover, transient expression of the cNM peptide is sufficient to inhibit KAT2B-specific H3 acetylation H3K14ac in vivo Together, our data define an essential motif cNM in N-terminal E1A as an acetyl-CoA entry blocker that directly associates with the entrance of acetyl-CoA binding pocket to block the HAT domain access to its cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Juanyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chenfang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Quanwen Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, and Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ruichuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhiliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Aidong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen 361102, China.
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16
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Sorum AW, Shrimp JH, Roberts AM, Montgomery DC, Tiwari NK, Lal-Nag M, Simeonov A, Jadhav A, Meier JL. Microfluidic Mobility Shift Profiling of Lysine Acetyltransferases Enables Screening and Mechanistic Analysis of Cellular Acetylation Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:734-41. [PMID: 26428393 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) are critical regulators of signaling in many diseases, including cancer. A major challenge in establishing the targetable functions of KATs in disease is a lack of well-characterized, cell-active KAT inhibitors. To confront this challenge, here we report a microfluidic mobility shift platform for the discovery and characterization of small molecule KAT inhibitors. Novel fluorescent peptide substrates were developed for four well-known KAT enzymes (p300, Crebbp, Morf, and Gcn5). Enzyme-catalyzed acetylation alters the electrophoretic mobility of these peptides in a microfluidic chip, allowing facile and direct monitoring of KAT activity. A pilot screen was used to demonstrate the utility of microfluidic mobility shift profiling to identify known and novel modulators of KAT activity. Real-time kinetic monitoring of KAT activity revealed that garcinol, a natural product KAT inhibitor used in cellular studies, exhibits time-dependent and detergent-sensitive inhibition, consistent with an aggregation-based mechanism. In contrast, the cell-permeable bisubstrate inhibitor Tat-CoA exhibited potent and time-independent KAT inhibition, highlighting its potential utility as a cellular inhibitor of KAT activity. These studies define microfluidic mobility shift profiling as a powerful platform for the discovery and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of KAT activity, and provide mechanistic insights potentially important for the application of KAT inhibitors in cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Sorum
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Shrimp
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Allison M. Roberts
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David C. Montgomery
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Neil K. Tiwari
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Madhu Lal-Nag
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational
Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational
Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational
Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jordan L. Meier
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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17
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Yuan H, Marmorstein R. Histone acetyltransferases: Rising ancient counterparts to protein kinases. Biopolymers 2016; 99:98-111. [PMID: 23175385 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases catalyze phosphorylation, a posttranslational modification widely utilized in cell signaling. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze a counterpart posttranslational modification of acetylation which marks histones for epigenetic signaling but in some cases modifies non-histone proteins to mediate other cellular activities. In addition, recent proteomic studies have revealed that thousands of proteins are acetylated throughout the cell to regulate diverse biological processes, thus placing acetyltransferases on the same playing field as kinases. Emerging biochemical and structural data further supports mechanistic and biological links between the two enzyme families. In this article, we will review what is known to date about the structure, catalysis and mode of regulation of HAT enzymes and draw analogies, where relevant, to protein kinases. This comparison reveals that HATs may be rising ancient counterparts to protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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18
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McCullough CE, Marmorstein R. In Vitro Activity Assays for MYST Histone Acetyltransferases and Adaptation for High-Throughput Inhibitor Screening. Methods Enzymol 2016; 573:139-60. [PMID: 27372752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a posttranslational modification that is carried out by acetyltransferases. The MYST proteins form the largest and most diverse family of acetyltransferases, which regulate gene expression, DNA repair, and cell cycle homeostasis, among other activities, by acetylating both histone and nonhistone proteins. This chapter will describe methods for the preparation and biochemical characterization of MYST family acetyltransferases, including protocols for the preparation of recombinant protein, enzyme assays for measuring steady-state parameters, and binding assays to measure cofactor and inhibitor binding. We also provide details on adapting these assays for high-throughput screening for small molecule MYST inhibitors. This chapter seeks to prepare researchers for some hurdles that they may encounter when studying the MYST proteins so that there may be better opportunity to plan appropriate controls and obtain high-quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E McCullough
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - R Marmorstein
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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19
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Li P, Han Y, Li Y, Zhu R, Wang H, Nie Z, Yao S. Bioanalytical approaches for the detection of protein acetylation-related enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2659-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Han Z, Luan Y, Zheng YG. Integration of Bioorthogonal Probes and Q-FRET for the Detection of Histone Acetyltransferase Activity. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2605-9. [PMID: 26455821 PMCID: PMC4804155 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are key players in the epigenetic regulation of gene function. The recent discovery of diverse HAT substrates implies a broad spectrum of cellular functions of HATs. Many pathological processes are also intimately associated with the dysregulation of HAT levels and activities. However, detecting the enzymatic activity of HATs has been challenging, and this has significantly impeded drug discovery. To advance the field, we developed a convenient one-pot, mix-and-read strategy that is capable of directly detecting the acylated histone product through a fluorescent readout. The strategy integrates three technological platforms-bioorthogonal HAT substrate labeling, alkyne-azide click chemistry, and quenching FRET-into one system for effective probing of HAT enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 250 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yepeng Luan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 250 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 250 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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21
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Chen S, Li Y, Hu Y, Han Y, Huang Y, Nie Z, Yao S. Nucleic acid-mimicking coordination polymer for label-free fluorescent activity assay of histone acetyltransferases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4469-72. [PMID: 25684413 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and label-free fluorescence assay for histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity was established via in situ generation of a nucleic acid-mimicking CoA-Au(I) coordination polymer (CP). Moreover, the potency of this assay for HAT-targeted drug discovery was proved by screening HAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
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22
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Riss A, Scheer E, Joint M, Trowitzsch S, Berger I, Tora L. Subunits of ADA-two-A-containing (ATAC) or Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltrasferase (SAGA) Coactivator Complexes Enhance the Acetyltransferase Activity of GCN5. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28997-9009. [PMID: 26468280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) play a crucial role in eukaryotes by regulating chromatin architecture and locus specific transcription. GCN5 (KAT2A) is a member of the GNAT (Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase) family of HATs. In metazoans this enzyme is found in two functionally distinct coactivator complexes, SAGA (Spt Ada Gcn5 acetyltransferase) and ATAC (Ada Two A-containing). These two multiprotein complexes comprise complex-specific and shared subunits, which are organized in functional modules. The HAT module of ATAC is composed of GCN5, ADA2a, ADA3, and SGF29, whereas in the SAGA HAT module ADA2b is present instead of ADA2a. To better understand how the activity of human (h) hGCN5 is regulated in the two related, but different, HAT complexes we carried out in vitro HAT assays. We compared the activity of hGCN5 alone with its activity when it was part of purified recombinant hATAC or hSAGA HAT modules or endogenous hATAC or hSAGA complexes using histone tail peptides and full-length histones as substrates. We demonstrated that the subunit environment of the HAT complexes into which GCN5 incorporates determines the enhancement of GCN5 activity. On histone peptides we show that all the tested GCN5-containing complexes acetylate mainly histone H3K14. Our results suggest a stronger influence of ADA2b as compared with ADA2a on the activity of GCN5. However, the lysine acetylation specificity of GCN5 on histone tails or full-length histones was not changed when incorporated in the HAT modules of ATAC or SAGA complexes. Our results thus demonstrate that the catalytic activity of GCN5 is stimulated by subunits of the ADA2a- or ADA2b-containing HAT modules and is further increased by incorporation of the distinct HAT modules in the ATAC or SAGA holo-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riss
- From the Cellular Signaling and Nuclear Dynamics Program and
| | | | - Mathilde Joint
- Proteomics platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France and
| | - Simon Trowitzsch
- EMBL Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz BP 181, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex, France and The School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Clifton BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Berger
- EMBL Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz BP 181, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex, France and The School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Clifton BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - László Tora
- From the Cellular Signaling and Nuclear Dynamics Program and
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23
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Han Y, Li H, Hu Y, Li P, Wang H, Nie Z, Yao S. Time-Resolved Luminescence Biosensor for Continuous Activity Detection of Protein Acetylation-Related Enzymes Based on DNA-Sensitized Terbium(III) Probes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9179-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Duval R, Fritsch L, Bui LC, Berthelet J, Guidez F, Mathieu C, Dupret JM, Chomienne C, Ait-Si-Ali S, Rodrigues-Lima F. An acetyltransferase assay for CREB-binding protein based on reverse phase-ultra-fast liquid chromatography of fluorescent histone H3 peptides. Anal Biochem 2015; 486:35-7. [PMID: 26099937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a lysine acetyltransferase that regulates transcription by acetylating histone and non-histone substrates. Defects in CBP activity are associated with hematologic malignancies, neurodisorders, and congenital malformations. Sensitive and quantitative enzymatic assays are essential to better characterize the pathophysiological features of CBP. We describe a sensitive nonradioactive method to measure purified and immunopurified cellular CBP enzymatic activity through rapid reverse phase-ultra-fast liquid chromatography (RP-UFLC) analysis of fluorescent histone H3 peptide substrates. The applicability and biological relevance of the assay are supported by kinetic, inhibition, and immunoprecipitation studies. More broadly, this approach could be easily adapted to assay other lysine acetyltransferases or methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Duval
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Fritsch
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guidez
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Mathieu
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christine Chomienne
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Slimane Ait-Si-Ali
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France.
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25
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Ngo L, Wu J, Yang C, Zheng YG. Effective Quenchers Are Required to Eliminate the Interference of Substrate: Cofactor Binding in the HAT Scintillation Proximity Assay. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:210-20. [PMID: 26065557 PMCID: PMC4490742 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) mediate the transfer of an acetyl group from the cofactor, acetyl-CoA, to the side chain amino group of specific lysines in diverse protein substrates, most notably nuclear histones. The deregulation of HATs is connected to a number of disease states. Reliable and rapid biochemical assays for HATs are critical for understanding biological functions of protein acetylation, as well as for screening small-molecule inhibitors of HAT enzymes. In this report, we present a scintillation proximity assay (SPA) for the measurement of HAT enzymatic activities. The acetyl donor was [(3)H]Ac-CoA, and a biotin-modified histone peptide served as the HAT substrate. After the HAT reaction, streptavidin-coated beads were added to induce proximity of acetylated substrate to the scintillant molecules. However, we observed strong nonspecific binding between the cofactor and the histone peptide substrates, which adversely complicated the SPA performance. To prevent this problem, a set of chemical agents were evaluated to eliminate the cofactor-substrate interaction, thus providing reliable SPA readings. With optimization, the SPA showed consistent and robust performance for HAT activity measurement and HAT inhibitor evaluation. Overall, this mix-and-measure assay does not require any washing procedure, can be utilized in the microplate format, and is well suited for high-throughput screening of HAT chemical modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Ngo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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Dahlin JL, Nissink JWM, Strasser JM, Francis S, Higgins L, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Walters MA. PAINS in the assay: chemical mechanisms of assay interference and promiscuous enzymatic inhibition observed during a sulfhydryl-scavenging HTS. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2091-113. [PMID: 25634295 PMCID: PMC4360378 DOI: 10.1021/jm5019093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant resources in early drug discovery are spent unknowingly pursuing artifacts and promiscuous bioactive compounds, while understanding the chemical basis for these adverse behaviors often goes unexplored in pursuit of lead compounds. Nearly all the hits from our recent sulfhydryl-scavenging high-throughput screen (HTS) targeting the histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 were such compounds. Herein, we characterize the chemical basis for assay interference and promiscuous enzymatic inhibition for several prominent chemotypes identified by this HTS, including some pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS). Protein mass spectrometry and ALARM NMR confirmed these compounds react covalently with cysteines on multiple proteins. Unfortunately, compounds containing these chemotypes have been published as screening actives in reputable journals and even touted as chemical probes or preclinical candidates. Our detailed characterization and identification of such thiol-reactive chemotypes should accelerate triage of nuisance compounds, guide screening library design, and prevent follow-up on undesirable chemical matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Dahlin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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27
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Liao D. Identification and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of lysine acetyltransferases. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1238:539-48. [PMID: 25421679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) acetylate various proteins including histones, transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, and other cellular substrates. Protein acetylation significantly impacts protein stability and function. Certain KATs such as p300 (KAT3B) are overexpressed in cancer cells and are linked to tumor progression and drug resistance. Thus, pharmacologic inhibition of KATs represents a new strategy for cancer therapy. Quantitative biochemical assays of KAT enzymatic activity have been developed and adapted for high-throughput screens of small-molecule compounds to discover specific KAT inhibitors. Such compounds are useful probes for understanding the cellular functions of these critical enzymes and importantly, they may be further developed as anticancer therapeutics. Here we describe a fluorescence-based KAT activity assay and cell-based validation of KAT inhibition by small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqing Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Room B1-014, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0235, USA,
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28
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Marmorstein R, Zhou MM. Writers and readers of histone acetylation: structure, mechanism, and inhibition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a018762. [PMID: 24984779 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation marks are written by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and read by bromodomains (BrDs), and less commonly by other protein modules. These proteins regulate many transcription-mediated biological processes, and their aberrant activities are correlated with several human diseases. Consequently, small molecule HAT and BrD inhibitors with therapeutic potential have been developed. Structural and biochemical studies of HATs and BrDs have revealed that HATs fall into distinct subfamilies containing a structurally related core for cofactor binding, but divergent flanking regions for substrate-specific binding, catalysis, and autoregulation. BrDs adopt a conserved left-handed four-helix bundle to recognize acetyllysine; divergent loop residues contribute to substrate-specific acetyllysine recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Marmorstein
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, Wistar Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10065
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29
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Montgomery DC, Sorum AW, Meier JL. Chemoproteomic profiling of lysine acetyltransferases highlights an expanded landscape of catalytic acetylation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8669-76. [PMID: 24836640 PMCID: PMC4227742 DOI: 10.1021/ja502372j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs)
play a critical role in the regulation
of gene expression, metabolism, and other key cellular functions.
One shortcoming of traditional KAT assays is their inability to study
KAT activity in complex settings, a limitation that hinders efforts
at KAT discovery, characterization, and inhibitor development. To
address this challenge, here we describe a suite of cofactor-based
affinity probes capable of profiling KAT activity in biological contexts.
Conversion of KAT bisubstrate inhibitors to clickable photoaffinity
probes enables the selective covalent labeling of three phylogenetically
distinct families of KAT enzymes. Cofactor-based affinity probes report
on KAT activity in cell lysates, where KATs exist as multiprotein
complexes. Chemical affinity purification and unbiased LC–MS/MS
profiling highlights an expanded landscape of orphan lysine acetyltransferases
present in the human genome and provides insight into the global selectivity
and sensitivity of CoA-based proteomic probes that will guide future
applications. Chemoproteomic profiling provides a powerful method
to study the molecular interactions of KATs in native contexts and
will aid investigations into the role of KATs in cell state and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Montgomery
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Mittal C, Blacketer MJ, Shogren-Knaak MA. Nucleosome acetylation sequencing to study the establishment of chromatin acetylation. Anal Biochem 2014; 457:51-8. [PMID: 24769374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of posttranslational chromatin modifications is a major mechanism for regulating how genomic DNA is utilized. However, current in vitro chromatin assays do not monitor histone modifications at individual nucleosomes. Here we describe a strategy, nucleosome acetylation sequencing, that allows us to read the amount of modification at each nucleosome. In this approach, a bead-bound trinucleosome substrate is enzymatically acetylated with radiolabeled acetyl CoA by the SAGA complex from Saccharomyces cerevisae. The product is digested by restriction enzymes that cut at unique sites between the nucleosomes and then counted to quantify the extent of acetylation at each nucleosomal site. We find that we can sensitively, specifically, and reproducibly follow enzyme-mediated nucleosome acetylation. Applying this strategy, when acetylation proceeds extensively, its distribution across nucleosomes is relatively uniform. However, when substrates are used that contain nucleosomes mutated at the major sites of SAGA-mediated acetylation, or that are studied under initial rate conditions, changes in the acetylation distribution can be observed. Nucleosome acetylation sequencing should be applicable to analyzing a wide range of modifications. Additionally, because our trinucleosomes synthesis strategy is highly modular and efficient, it can be used to generate nucleosomal systems in which nucleosome composition differs across the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitvan Mittal
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Melissa J Blacketer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Michael A Shogren-Knaak
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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31
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Dahlin JL, Sinville R, Solberg J, Zhou H, Han J, Francis S, Strasser JM, John K, Hook DJ, Walters MA, Zhang Z. A cell-free fluorometric high-throughput screen for inhibitors of Rtt109-catalyzed histone acetylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78877. [PMID: 24260132 PMCID: PMC3832525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) Rtt109 forms a complex with Vps75 and catalyzes the acetylation of histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56ac) in the Asf1-H3-H4 complex. Rtt109 and H3K56ac are vital for replication-coupled nucleosome assembly and genotoxic resistance in yeast and pathogenic fungal species such as Candida albicans. Remarkably, sequence homologs of Rtt109 are absent in humans. Therefore, inhibitors of Rtt109 are hypothesized as potential and minimally toxic antifungal agents. Herein, we report the development and optimization of a cell-free fluorometric high-throughput screen (HTS) for small-molecule inhibitors of Rtt109-catalyzed histone acetylation. The KAT component of the assay consists of the yeast Rtt109-Vps75 complex, while the histone substrate complex consists of full-length Drosophila histone H3-H4 bound to yeast Asf1. Duplicated assay runs of the LOPAC demonstrated day-to-day and plate-to-plate reproducibility. Approximately 225,000 compounds were assayed in a 384-well plate format with an average Z' factor of 0.71. Based on a 3σ cut-off criterion, 1,587 actives (0.7%) were identified in the primary screen. The assay method is capable of identifying previously reported KAT inhibitors such as garcinol. We also observed several prominent active classes of pan-assay interference compounds such as Mannich bases, catechols and p-hydroxyarylsulfonamides. The majority of the primary active compounds showed assay signal interference, though most assay artifacts can be efficiently removed by a series of straightforward counter-screens and orthogonal assays. Post-HTS triage demonstrated a comparatively small number of confirmed actives with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. This assay, which utilizes five label-free proteins involved in H3K56 acetylation in vivo, can in principle identify compounds that inhibit Rtt109-catalyzed H3K56 acetylation via different mechanisms. Compounds discovered via this assay or adaptations thereof could serve as chemical probes or leads for a new class of antifungals targeting an epigenetic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L. Dahlin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rondedrick Sinville
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Solberg
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Junhong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Subhashree Francis
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Strasser
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristen John
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Hook
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang C, Mi J, Feng Y, Ngo L, Gao T, Yan L, Zheng YG. Labeling lysine acetyltransferase substrates with engineered enzymes and functionalized cofactor surrogates. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7791-4. [PMID: 23659802 DOI: 10.1021/ja311636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating biological and pathological functions of protein lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) greatly depends on the knowledge of the dynamic and spatial localization of their enzymatic targets in the cellular proteome. We report the design and application of chemical probes for facile labeling and detection of substrates of the three major human KAT enzymes. In this approach, we create engineered KATs in junction with synthetic Ac-CoA surrogates to effectively label KAT substrates even in the presence of competitive nascent cofactor acetyl-CoA. The functionalized and transferable acyl moiety of the Ac-CoA analogs further allowed the labeled substrates to be probed with alkynyl or azido-tagged fluorescent reporters by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The synthetic cofactors, in combination with either native or rationally engineered KAT enzymes, provide a versatile chemical biology strategy to label and profile cellular targets of KATs at the proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, USA
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33
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A small molecule inhibitor of fungal histone acetyltransferase Rtt109. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2853-9. [PMID: 23587423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 is the sole enzyme responsible for acetylation of histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56) in fungal organisms. Loss of Rtt109 renders fungal cells extremely sensitive to genotoxic agents, and prevents pathogenesis in several clinically important species. Here, via a high throughput chemical screen of >300,000 compounds, we discovered a chemical inhibitor of Rtt109 that does not inhibit other acetyltransferase enzymes. This compound inhibits Rtt109 regardless of which histone chaperone cofactor protein (Asf1 or Vps75) is present, and appears to inhibit Rtt109 via a tight-binding, uncompetitive mechanism.
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34
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Kuo YM, Andrews AJ. Quantitating the specificity and selectivity of Gcn5-mediated acetylation of histone H3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54896. [PMID: 23437046 PMCID: PMC3578832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) play a unique role in regulating gene transcription as well as maintaining the epigenetic state of the cell. KATs such as Gcn5 and p300/CBP can modify multiple residues on a single histone; however, order and specificity of acetylation can be altered by factors such as histone chaperones, subunit proteins or external stimulus. While the importance of acetylation is well documented, it has been difficult to quantitatively measure the specificity and selectivity of acetylation at different residues within a histone. In this paper, we demonstrate a label-free quantitative high throughput mass spectrometry-based assay capable of quantitatively monitoring all known acetylation sites of H3 simultaneously. Using this assay, we are able to analyze the steady-state enzyme kinetics of Gcn5, an evolutionarily conserved KAT. In doing so, we measured Gcn5-mediated acetylation at six residues (K14>K9 ≈ K23> K18> K27 ≈ K36) and the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for K9, K14, K18, and K23 as well as the nonenzymatic acetylation rate. We observed selectivity differences of up to -4 kcal/mol between K14 and K18, the highest and lowest measurable k(cat)/K(m). These data provide a first look at quantitating the specificity and selectivity of multiple lysines on a single substrate (H3) by Gcn5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ming Kuo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Andrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Gao T, Yang C, Zheng YG. The fluorescence-based acetylation assay using thiol-sensitive probes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 981:229-38. [PMID: 23381866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-305-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) catalyze the acetylation of specific lysine residues in histone and nonhistone proteins. The enzymatic activities of KATs are involved in a broad spectrum of cellular processes. Thus far, the reaction of KAT catalysis has been studied by various bioanalytical methods such as radioisotopic labeling, spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements, and antibody-dependent immunosorbent assays. In particular, the fluorescent method has the advantage of simplicity for implementation, fast assay speed, fine signal to noise ratio, and superior sensitivity. We describe here the technical protocols of using thiol-sensitive fluorogenic probes for the fluorescent analysis of enzymatic activities of KATs, with males on the first (MOF) as an exemplary KAT enzyme. 7-Diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM) is selected as the KAT probe owing to its fast reaction kinetics with coenzyme A (CoA) and excellent fluorogenicity upon thiol conjugation. The fluorescence-based acetylation assay is well suited for both kinetic characterization of KAT catalysis and KAT inhibitor investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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36
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Gao T, Yang C, Zheng YG. Comparative studies of thiol-sensitive fluorogenic probes for HAT assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1361-71. [PMID: 23138472 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the acetylation of specific lysine residues in histone and nonhistone proteins. Recent studies showed that acetylation is widely distributed among cellular proteins, suggestive of diverse functions of HATs in cellular pathways. Nevertheless, currently available assays for HAT activity study are still quite limited. Here, we evaluated a series of thiol-sensitive fluorogenic compounds for the detection of the enzymatic activities of different HAT proteins. Upon conjugation to the thiol group of HSCoA, these molecules gain enhanced quantum yields and strong fluorescence, permitting facile quantitation of HAT activities. We investigated and compared the assay performances of these fluorogenic compounds for their capability as HAT activity reporters, including kinetics of reaction with HSCoA, influence on HAT activity, and fluorescence amplification factors. Our data suggest that CPM and coumarin maleic acid ester are excellent HAT probes owing to their fast reaction kinetics and dramatic fluorescence enhancement during the HAT reaction. Further, the microtiter plate measurements show that this fluorescent approach is robust and well suited for adaption to high-throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors of HATs, highlighting the value of this assay strategy in new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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37
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Inhibition of PCAF histone acetyltransferase, cytotoxicity and cell permeability of 2-acylamino-1-(3- or 4-carboxy-phenyl)benzamides. Molecules 2012; 17:13116-31. [PMID: 23128090 PMCID: PMC6268785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule HAT inhibitors are useful tools to unravel the role of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in the cell and they also have relevance in oncology. We synthesized a series of 2-acylamino-1-(3- or 4-carboxyphenyl)benzamides 8–19 bearing C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, and C16 acyl chains at the 2-amino position of 2-aminobenzoic acid. Enzyme inhibition of these compounds was investigated using in vitro PCAF HAT assays. The inhibitory activities of compounds 8–10, 16, and 19 were similar to that of anacardic acid, and 17 was found to be more active than anacardic acid at 100 μM. Compounds 11–15 showed the low inhibitory activity on PCAF HAT. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay against seven human cancer cell lines: HT-29 (colon), HCT-116 (colon), MDA-231 (breast), A549 (lung), Hep3B (hepatoma), HeLa (cervical) and Caki (kidney) and one normal cell line (HSF). Compound 17 was more active than anacardic acid against human colon cancer (HCT 116, IC50: 29.17 μM), human lung cancer (A549, IC50: 32.09 μM) cell lines. 18 was more active than anacardic acid against human colon cancer (HT-29, IC50: 35.49 μM and HCT 116, IC50: 27.56 μM), human lung cancer (A549, IC50: 30.69 μM), and human cervical cancer (HeLa, IC50: 34.41 μM) cell lines. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp, cm/s) values of two compounds (16 and 17) were evaluated as 68.21 and 71.48 × 10−6 cm/s by Caco-2 cell permeability assay.
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38
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Park WJ, Ma E. Inhibition of PCAF histone acetyltransferase and cytotoxic effect of N-acylanthranilic acids. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1379-86. [PMID: 22941480 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule HAT inhibitors are useful tools to unravel the role of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in the cell and have relevance for oncology. We synthesized a series of N-acylanthranilic acids (11-16) and of N-acyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acids (17-22) bearing C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, along with C16 acyl chain at the 2-amino position of anthranilic acid or 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Enzyme inhibition of these compounds was investigated, using in vitro PCAF HAT assays. All synthesized compounds (65-76%) showed similar inhibitory activity to anacardic acid (68%) at 100 μM. The cytotoxicity, against one normal cell line (HSF) and eight cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, MDA-231, A-549, Hep3B, Caski, HeLa and Caki), were evaluated by the SRB method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Jae Park
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Hayang, 712-702, Korea
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39
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Brenna A, Grimaldi B, Filetici P, Ballario P. Physical association of the WC-1 photoreceptor and the histone acetyltransferase NGF-1 is required for blue light signal transduction in Neurospora crassa. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3863-72. [PMID: 22875992 PMCID: PMC3459862 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Neurospora crassa and other filamentous fungi, light-dependent-specific phenomena are regulated by transcription factors WC-1 and WC-2. In addition to its transcriptional activity, WC-1 is able to directly sense light stimuli through a LOV sensor domain. Its location in the nucleus and heterodimerization with WC-2, together with the presence of a zinc-finger DNA-binding domain and an environmental sensor domain, all resemble the functional evolutionary architecture adopted by vertebrate nuclear receptors (NRs). Here we describe a scenario in which WC-1 represents a functional orthologue of NRs and acts through association with the chromatin-modifying coactivator NGF-1, which encodes a homologue of the yeast Gcn5p acetyltransferase. To support this view, we show a direct association between WC-1 and NGF-1 that depends on a WC-1 region containing a conserved functional LXXLL motif, a signature previously described as being an exclusive feature of NR/coactivator interaction. Our data suggest that a WC-1/NGF-1 complex is preassembled in the dark on light-inducible promoters and that, after exposure to light stimulation, NGF-1-associated HAT activity leads to histone H3 acetylation and transcriptional activation. Finally, we provide evidence for a NGF-1-independent acetylated form of WC-1. Overall our data indicate that Neurospora and higher eukaryotes share a common mechanism for the signal transduction of environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenna
- Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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40
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Zhen Z, Tang LJ, Long H, Jiang JH. Enzymatic Immuno-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles for Visualized Activity Screening of Histone-Modifying Enzymes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3614-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203385v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Haoxu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Charlop-Powers Z, Jakoncic J, Gurnon JR, Van Etten JL, Zhou MM. Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 encodes a polyamine acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9547-51. [PMID: 22277659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c111.337816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1), a large DNA virus that infects green algae, encodes a histone H3 lysine 27-specific methyltransferase that functions in global transcriptional silencing of the host. PBCV-1 has another gene a654l that encodes a protein with sequence similarity to the GCN5 family histone acetyltransferases. In this study, we report a 1.5 Å crystal structure of PBCV-1 A654L in a complex with coenzyme A. The structure reveals a unique feature of A654L that precludes its acetylation of histone peptide substrates. We demonstrate that A654L, hence named viral polyamine acetyltransferase (vPAT), acetylates polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, cadaverine, and homospermidine present in both PBCV-1 and its host through a reaction dependent upon a conserved glutamate 27. Our study suggests that as the first virally encoded polyamine acetyltransferase, vPAT plays a possible key role in the regulation of polyamine catabolism in the host during viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Charlop-Powers
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Biochemical and thermodynamic analyses of Salmonella enterica Pat, a multidomain, multimeric N(ε)-lysine acetyltransferase involved in carbon and energy metabolism. mBio 2011; 2:mBio.00216-11. [PMID: 22010215 PMCID: PMC3195501 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00216-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bacterium Salmonella enterica, the CobB sirtuin protein deacetylase and the Gcn5-related N(ε)-acetyltransferase (GNAT) Pat control carbon utilization and metabolic flux via N(ε)-lysine acetylation/deacetylation of metabolic enzymes. To date, the S. enterica Pat (SePat) acetyltransferase has not been biochemically characterized. Here we report the kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the SePat enzyme using two of its substrates, acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) synthetase (Acs; AMP forming, EC 6.2.1.1) and Ac-CoA. The data showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior when Ac-CoA was held at a saturating concentration while Acs was varied, and a sigmoidal kinetic behavior was observed when Acs was saturating and the Ac-CoA concentration was varied. The observation of sigmoidal kinetics and positive cooperativity for Ac-CoA is an unusual feature of GNATs. Results of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments showed that binding of Ac-CoA to wild-type SePat produced a biphasic curve having thermodynamic properties consistent with two distinct sites. Biphasicity was not observed in ITC experiments that analyzed the binding of Ac-CoA to a C-terminal construct of SePat encompassing the predicted core acetyltransferase domain. Subsequent analytical gel filtration chromatography studies showed that in the presence of Ac-CoA, SePat oligomerized to a tetrameric form, whereas in the absence of Ac-CoA, SePat behaved as a monomer. The positive modulation of SePat activity by Ac-CoA, a product of the Acs enzyme that also serves as a substrate for SePat-dependent acetylation, is likely a layer of metabolic control. IMPORTANCE For decades, N(ε)-lysine acetylation has been a well-studied mode of regulation of diverse proteins involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic physiology. Until recently, N(ε)-lysine acetylation was not considered a widespread phenomenon in bacteria. Recent studies have indicated that N(ε)-lysine acetylation and its impact on cellular metabolism may be just as diverse in bacteria as they are in eukaryotes. The S. enterica Pat enzyme, specifically, has recently been implicated in the modulation of many metabolic enzymes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how this enzyme controls the activity of diverse enzymes by N(ε)-lysine acetylation will advance our understanding of how the prokaryotic cell responds to its changing environment in order to meet its metabolic needs.
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Cao J, Zhou Y, Peng H, Huang X, Stahler S, Suri V, Qadri A, Gareski T, Jones J, Hahm S, Perreault M, McKew J, Shi M, Xu X, Tobin JF, Gimeno RE. Targeting Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) with small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41838-41851. [PMID: 21990351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is one of two known DGAT enzymes that catalyze the final step in triglyceride synthesis. Findings from genetically modified mice as well as pharmacological studies suggest that inhibition of DGAT1 is a promising strategy for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we characterize a tool DGAT1 inhibitor compound, T863. We found that T863 is a potent inhibitor for both human and mouse DGAT1 in vitro, which acts on the acyl-CoA binding site of DGAT1 and inhibits DGAT1-mediated triacylglycerol formation in cells. In an acute lipid challenge model, oral administration of T863 significantly delayed fat absorption and resulted in lipid accumulation in the distal small intestine of mice, mimicking the effects of genetic ablation of DGAT1. In diet-induced obese mice, oral administration of T863 for 2 weeks caused weight loss, reduction in serum and liver triglycerides, and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition to the expected triglyceride-lowering activity, T863 also lowered serum cholesterol. Hepatic IRS2 protein was dramatically up-regulated in mice treated with T863, possibly contributing to improved insulin sensitivity. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, T863 enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, suggesting a possible role for adipocytes to improve insulin sensitivity upon DGAT1 inhibition. These results reveal novel mechanistic insights into the insulin-sensitizing effects of DGAT1 inhibition in mouse models. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive evaluation of a small molecule inhibitor for DGAT1 and suggests that pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 holds promise in treating diverse metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140.
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Haibing Peng
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Screening Sciences, Pfizer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Shannon Stahler
- Screening Sciences, Pfizer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Vipin Suri
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Ariful Qadri
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Tiffany Gareski
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Juli Jones
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Seung Hahm
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Mylene Perreault
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - John McKew
- Exploratory Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Mengxiao Shi
- Discovery Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Xin Xu
- Discovery Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - James F Tobin
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Biocorrection Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140.
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Wang R, Ibáñez G, Islam K, Zheng W, Blum G, Sengelaub C, Luo M. Formulating a fluorogenic assay to evaluate S-adenosyl-L-methionine analogues as protein methyltransferase cofactors. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2970-81. [PMID: 21866297 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05230f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) catalyze arginine and lysine methylation of diverse histone and nonhistone targets. These posttranslational modifications play essential roles in regulating multiple cellular events in an epigenetic manner. In the recent process of defining PMT targets, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) analogues have emerged as powerful small molecule probes to label and profile PMT targets. To examine efficiently the reactivity of PMTs and their variants on SAM analogues, we transformed a fluorogenic PMT assay into a ready high throughput screening (HTS) format. The reformulated fluorogenic assay is featured by its uncoupled but more robust character with the first step of accumulation of the commonly-shared reaction byproduct S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), followed by SAH-hydrolase-mediated fluorogenic quantification. The HTS readiness and robustness of the assay were demonstrated by its excellent Z' values of 0.83-0.95 for the so-far-examined 8 human PMTs with SAM as a cofactor (PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, SUV39H2, SET7/9, SET8, G9a and GLP1). The fluorogenic assay was further implemented to screen the PMTs against five SAM analogues (allyl-SAM, propargyl-SAM, (E)-pent-2-en-4-ynyl-SAM (EnYn-SAM), (E)-hex-2-en-5-ynyl-SAM (Hey-SAM) and 4-propargyloxy-but-2-enyl-SAM (Pob-SAM)). Among the examined 8 × 5 pairs of PMTs and SAM analogues, native SUV39H2, G9a and GLP1 showed promiscuous activity on allyl-SAM. In contrast, the bulky SAM analogues, such as EnYn-SAM, Hey-SAM and Pob-SAM, are inert toward the panel of human PMTs. These findings therefore provide the useful structure-activity guidance to further evolve PMTs and SAM analogues for substrate labeling. The current assay format is ready to screen methyltransferase variants on structurally-diverse SAM analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Shiosaki S, Kuramoto M, Toita R, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. A hydrophilic polymer grafted with a histone tail peptide as an artificial gene regulator. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4101-5. [PMID: 21636282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In chromatin, gene transcription is regulated through posttranslational modifications on the histone N-terminal tail sequences, typically an acetyl group modification on lysine residues. To realize a simple model of the gene regulation of chromatin, we designed a hydrophilic polymer grafted with histone H3 tail peptides. The polyplex formed from the polymer and DNA suppressed the gene expression effectively although the polyplex was weaker than the polyplex of poly-L-lysine and DNA. This weaker polyplex afforded the acetylation of the lysine residue of the grafted peptides by histone acetyltransferase. Subsequently, the gene expression was activated due to the relaxation of the polyplex which was brought by a cationic charge decrease in the grafted peptides. This molecular system is the first functional model of the gene regulation of the chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiro Shiosaki
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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46
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Wang K, Wang L, Jiang W, Hu J. A sensitive enzymatic method for paraoxon detection based on enzyme inhibition and fluorescence quenching. Talanta 2011; 84:400-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bulfer SL, McQuade TJ, Larsen MJ, Trievel RC. Application of a high-throughput fluorescent acetyltransferase assay to identify inhibitors of homocitrate synthase. Anal Biochem 2011; 410:133-40. [PMID: 21073853 PMCID: PMC3115995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Homocitrate synthase (HCS) catalyzes the first step of l-lysine biosynthesis in fungi by condensing acetyl-coenzyme A and 2-oxoglutarate to form 3R-homocitrate and coenzyme A. Due to its conservation in pathogenic fungi, HCS has been proposed as a candidate for antifungal drug design. Here we report the development and validation of a robust fluorescent assay for HCS that is amenable to high-throughput screening for inhibitors in vitro. Using this assay, Schizosaccharomyces pombe HCS was screened against a diverse library of approximately 41,000 small molecules. Following confirmation, counter screens, and dose-response analysis, we prioritized more than 100 compounds for further in vitro and in vivo analysis. This assay can be readily adapted to screen for small molecule modulators of other acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferases or enzymes that generate a product with a free sulfhydryl group, including histone acetyltransferases, aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferases, thioesterases, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L Bulfer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Mehta KR, Yang CY, Montclare JK. Modulating substrate specificity of histone acetyltransferase with unnatural amino acids. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3050-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05148b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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SIRT1-independent mechanisms of the putative sirtuin enzyme activators SRT1720 and SRT2183. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:1751-9. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: SRT1720 and SRT2183 were described recently as activators of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase, SIRT1. These molecules enhanced metabolic function when administered to rodents at doses of 100-500 mg/kg/day, purportedly by activating SIRT1 enzymatic activity in various tissues; however, considerable controversy surrounds these claims. Results: We find that these molecules do not activate SIRT1 deacetylase activity when tested in a variety of enzymatic assay formats and conditions. The compounds effectively decrease acetylated p53 in cells treated with DNA damaging agents but do so in cells that lack SIRT1, calling into question their designation as direct activators of SIRT1. In contrast, we find that the compounds inhibit p300 histone acetyltransferase activity in vitro, suggesting a possible mechanism for their effects in vivo. Conclusion: Structural features of these molecules may account for false-positive activation using fluorescence-based assays.
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50
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Mehta KR, Chan YM, Lee MX, Yang CY, Voloshchuk N, Montclare JK. Mutagenesis of tGCN5 core region reveals two critical surface residues F90 and R140. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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