1
|
Gasthuys E, van Ovost J, Vande Casteele S, Cosyns S, Ceelen W, Van Bocxlaer J, Vermeulen A. Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide in human plasma and peritoneal tumor tissue from patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1233:123980. [PMID: 38215697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT-11), an antineoplastic drug, is used for the treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancer due to its topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. CPT-11 is a prodrug which is converted to its active metabolite SN-38 by carboxylesterases. SN-38 is further metabolized to its inactive metabolite SN-38 glucuronide. When evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of CPT-11 and its metabolites, it is important to accurately assess the concentrations in both plasma as well as tumor tissues. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop and validate a robust and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify the concentration of CPT-11 and its metabolites (SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide) in human plasma and peritoneal tumor tissue. The sample preparation of plasma and tumor tissue consisted of protein precipitation and enzymatic digestion/liquid-liquid extraction, respectively. Chromatographic separation was achieved with an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column combined with a VanGuard pre-column. The mobile phases consisted of water +0.1 % formic acid (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile +0.1 % formic acid (mobile phase B). Mass analysis was performed using a Xevo TQS tandem mass spectrometer in the positive electrospray ionization mode. Method validation was successfully performed by assessing linearity, precision and accuracy, lower limit of quantification, carry over, selectivity, matrix effect and stability according to the following guidelines: "Committee for Medicinal Products for Human use, Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation". A cross-validation of the developed method was performed in a pilot pharmacokinetic study, demonstrating the usefulness of the current method to quantify CPT-11 and its metabolites in the different matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gasthuys
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Judith van Ovost
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vande Casteele
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Cosyns
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of GI Surgery Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao H, Chen S, Wu Z, Su P, Ke C, Feng D. The degradation and environmental risk of camptothecin, a promising marine antifoulant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153384. [PMID: 35085640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the adverse environmental impacts of the antifoulants currently used in marine antifouling paints, such as copper and booster biocides, it is urgent to identify potential substitutes that are environmentally benign. Here, we examined the degradation of camptothecin (a natural product previously identified as an efficient antifoulant in the laboratory and in the field) under various conditions and evaluated the environmental risks associated with its use as a marine antifoulant. We found that camptothecin was rapidly photolyzed in seawater: the half-life of camptothecin was less than 1 d under a light intensity of 1000-20,000 lx and was approximately 0.17 d under sunlight irradiation. At pH 4 and pH 7, camptothecin had half-lives of 30.13 and 16.90 d, respectively; at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, the half-lives of camptothecin were 23.90, 21.66, and 26.65 d, respectively. Camptothecin biodegradation in seawater was negligible. The predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of camptothecin was 2.19 × 10-1 μg L-1, while the average predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in open seas, shipping lanes, commercial harbors, and marinas were 6.14 × 10-7, 9.39 × 10-7, 6.80 × 10-3, and 5.03 × 10-2 μg L-1, respectively. The PEC/PNEC ratio of camptothecin was much lower than 1 (i.e., 2.80 × 10-6, 4.29 × 10-6, 3.11 × 10-2, and 2.30 × 10-1 for open seas, shipping lanes, commercial harbors, and marinas, respectively), indicating that the use of camptothecin as a marine antifoulant posed little environmental risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Hao
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pei Su
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Danqing Feng
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Miao P, Guan X, Gao F, Khan AJ, Wang T, Zhang F. Interaction Between 7-Ethyl-10-Hydroxycamptothecin and β-Lactoglobulin Based on Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J MACROMOL SCI B 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2021.1945080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Pharmacy Laboratory, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Biomedical Nanocenter, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Pandeng Miao
- Pharmacy Laboratory, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Biomedical Nanocenter, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Biomedical Nanocenter, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Abdul Jamil Khan
- Biomedical Nanocenter, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Tegexibaiyin Wang
- Pharmacy Laboratory, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Pharmacy Laboratory, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Biomedical Nanocenter, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínez-Chávez A, Rosing H, Gan C, Wang Y, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH. Bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates using HPLC-fluorescence. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1149:122177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
5
|
Yang W, Yang Z, Liu J, Liu D, Wang Y. Development of a method to quantify total and free irinotecan and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) for pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution studies after administration of irinotecan liposomal formulation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:687-697. [PMID: 32104495 PMCID: PMC7032223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, liposomal formulation of irinotecan (ONIVYDE) has been approved by FDA and widely applied in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. ONIVYDE is a novel liposome formulation, entrapping CPT-11 in the aqueous core of vesicles using a modified gradient loading method. Due to toxicity concerns, it is essential to explore a rapid and reliable method to effectively isolate and quantify the non-liposomal, namely, free CPT-11and total CPT-11 in plasma. This study focuses on separation of non-liposomal CPT-11, evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of free CPT-11 and total CPT-11 and bio-distribution after intravenous administration of CPT-11 liposome. Free CPT-11 in plasma was separated by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The amount of total CPT-11 and main metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in plasma was quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS. The calibration curves fitted well and lower limit of quantitation for SN-38, free CPT-11, total CPT-11 and CPT-11 in tissue and were 5 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 4.44 ng/ml and 25 ng/ml respectively. The recoveries, precision and accuracy of the method appear satisfactory. Using this method, the pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of CPT-11 liposome formulation after an intravenous dose of 2.5 mg/kg were then investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zimeng Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jieru Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hahn RZ, Antunes MV, Verza SG, Perassolo MS, Suyenaga ES, Schwartsmann G, Linden R. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacogenetic Markers of Irinotecan Toxicity. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2085-2107. [PMID: 29932028 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180622141101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irinotecan (IRI) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, mostly used for first-line treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. IRI doses are usually established based on patient's body surface area, an approach associated with large inter-individual variability in drug exposure and high incidence of severe toxicity. Toxic and therapeutic effects of IRI are also due to its active metabolite SN-38, reported to be up to 100 times more cytotoxic than IRI. SN-38 is detoxified by the formation of SN-38 glucuronide, through UGT1A1. Genetic polymorphisms in the UGT1A1 gene are associated to higher exposures to SN-38 and severe toxicity. Pharmacokinetic models to describe IRI and SN-38 kinetic profiles are available, with few studies exploring pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic-based dose individualization. The aim of this manuscript is to review the available evidence supporting pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic dose individualization of IRI in order to reduce the occurrence of severe toxicity during cancer treatment. METHODS The PubMed database was searched, considering papers published in the period from 1995-2017, using the keywords irinotecan, pharmacogenetics, metabolic genotyping, dose individualization, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, either alone or in combination, with original papers being selected based on the presence of relevant data. CONCLUSION The findings of this review confirm the importance of considering individual patient characteristics to select IRI doses. Currently, the most straightforward approach for IRI dose individualization is UGT1A1 genotyping. However, this strategy is sub-optimal due to several other genetic and environmental contributions to the variable pharmacokinetics of IRI and its active metabolite. The use of dried blood spot sampling could allow the clinical application of limited sampling and population pharmacokinetic models for IRI doses individualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zilles Hahn
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Gasparin Verza
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil
| | - Magda Susana Perassolo
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil
| | - Edna Sayuri Suyenaga
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo- RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chamseddine AN, Ducreux M, Armand JP, Paoletti X, Satar T, Paci A, Mir O. Intestinal bacterial β-glucuronidase as a possible predictive biomarker of irinotecan-induced diarrhea severity. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Mahmoudi A, Jaafari MR, Ramezanian N, Gholami L, Malaekeh-Nikouei B. BR2 and CyLoP1 enhance in-vivo SN38 delivery using pegylated PAMAM dendrimers. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mosallaei N, Mahmoudi A, Ghandehari H, Yellepeddi VK, Jaafari MR, Malaekeh-Nikouei B. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38): Preparation, characterization, in vitro, and in vivo evaluations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 104:42-50. [PMID: 27108266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) is a biologically active metabolite of irinotecan. Due to the variability of irinotecan metabolism rate to SN38, and poor solubility of this compound in pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, SN38 has not been successfully used in the clinic. In the present study, we prepared solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) formulations containing SN38 and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of these nanoparticles. SLNs and PEGylated SLNs containing SN38 (SLN-SN38 and PEG-SLN-SN38) were prepared using ultrasonication technique. Nanoparticles were characterized for size, zeta potential, and drug encapsulation efficiency. In vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated in two colorectal carcinoma cell lines, namely C-26 and HT-116. In vivo antitumor efficacy of the formulations was evaluated in C-26 xenograft tumor mice models. Mice survival was also explored through 60days post IV injection. Mean size of SLN-SN38 and PEG-SLN-SN38 was around 103 and 131nm, respectively. Polydispersity index (PDI) for all the formulations was around 0.2 and zeta potential was negative (-5 to -15mV). Nearly 90% of the drug was encapsulated in SLNs. SLN-SN38 and PEG-SLN-SN38 compared to irinotecan were significantly more toxic to C-26 and HT-116 cell lines after 48h of exposure. Calculation of IC50 suggests higher sensitivity of HT-116 cells than C-26 cells to SLN-SN38 and PEG-SLN-SN38. Tumor inhibitory efficacy presented the highest efficacy in SLN-SN38. However, both SLN-SN38 and PEG-SLN-SN38 carriers showed higher efficiency to inhibit tumors compared to irinotecan (25mg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mosallaei
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asma Mahmoudi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Venkata Kashyap Yellepeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bizhan Malaekeh-Nikouei
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Basu S, Zeng M, Yin T, Gao S, Hu M. Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide in plasma, urine, feces, liver and kidney: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:34-41. [PMID: 26894853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop and validate a sensitive and reproducible UPLC-MS/MS method to quantify irinotecan, its active metabolite SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide (phase II metabolite of SN-38) simultaneously in different bio-matrices (plasma, urine, feces), tissues (liver and kidney) and to use the method to investigate its pharmacokinetic behavior in rats. Irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide has been resolved and separated by C18 column using acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water used as the mobile phases. Triple quadruple mass spectrometer using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with positive scan mode were employed to perform mass analysis. The results showed that the linear response range of irinotecan and SN-38 in plasma, feces, liver and kidney is 4.88-10000 nM, 39-5000 nM, 48.8-6250 nM and 48.8-6250 nM, respectively (R(2)>0.99). In case of SN-38 glucuronide, the standard curves were linear in the concentration range of 6.25-2000 nM, 4.88-1250 nM, 9.8-1250 nM and 9.8-1250 nM in plasma, feces, liver and kidney homogenates, respectively. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide was determined to be less than 25 nM in all bio-matrices as well as tissue homogenates. Recoveries of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide at three different concentrations (low, medium and high) were not less than 85% at three different concentrations in plasma and feces. The percentage matrix factors in different bio-matrices and tissues were within 20%. The UPLC-MS/MS method was validated with intra-day and inter-day precision of less than 15% in plasma, feces, liver and kidney. Owing to the high sensitivity of this method, only 20 μl of plasma, urine and homogenates of liver, kidney and feces is needed. The validated method has been successfully employed for pharmacokinetic evaluation of irinotecan in male wistar rats to quantify irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide in plasma, feces, and urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Basu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular surgery, Shiyan Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghazaly E, Perry J, Kitromilidou C, Powles T, Joel S. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance LC–MS/MS assay for intracellular SN-38 in human solid tumour cell lines: Comparison with a validated HPLC-fluorescence method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
13
|
Nittayacharn P, Manaspon C, Hongeng S, Nasongkla N. HPLC analysis and extraction method of SN-38 in brain tumor model after injected by polymeric drug delivery system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1619-29. [PMID: 24990485 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SN-38 is a highly potent anticancer drug but its poor solubility in aqueous solvent and adverse side effects limit clinical applications. To overcome these limitations, SN-38-loaded-injectable drug delivery depots have been intratumorally administered in xenograft tumor model in nude mice. The extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed in order to determine the amount of SN-38 inside tumors. SN-38 was extracted from tumors using DMSO. HPLC analysis was validated and resulted in linearity over the concentration range from 0.03 to 150 µg/mL (r(2) ≥ 0.998). Lower limit of detection (LLOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were 0.308 µg/mL and 1.02 µg/mL, respectively. The extraction efficiency (% recovery) of SN-38 in porcine tissues was similar to that of tumors which provided more than 90% recovery in all concentrations. Moreover, the variability of precision and accuracy within and between-day were less than 15%. Therefore, this extraction and HPLC protocol was applied to determine the amount of SN-38 in tumors. Results show higher remaining amount of SN-38 in tumor from SN-38-loaded polymeric depots than that of SN-38 solution. These results reveal that SN-38-loaded polymeric depots can prevent the leakage of free-drug out of tumors and can sustain higher level of SN-38 inside tumor. Thus, the therapeutic efficacy can be elevated by SN-38-loaded polymeric depots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinunta Nittayacharn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chawan Manaspon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Norased Nasongkla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Park DJ, Won JH, Cho A, Yun HJ, Heo JH, Hwhang TH, Lee DH, Kim WM. Determination of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 in rabbit plasma and tumors using a validated method of tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Prijovich ZM, Burnouf PA, Roffler SR. Versatile online SPE-HPLC method for the analysis of Irinotecan and its clinically relevant metabolites in biomaterials. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:360-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko M. Prijovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Patras; Rio Greece
| | | | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marques FFC, Cunha ALMC, Sá A, Aucélio RQ. Determination of the Camptothecin Derivatives CPT-11 and SN-38 in Urine and Saliva by Micellar Electrokinectic Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.677985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
17
|
Roy B, Vo Duy S, Puy JY, Martin C, Guitton J, Dumontet C, Périgaud C, Lefebvre-Tournier I. Synthesis and evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer for selective solid-phase extraction of irinotecan from human serum samples. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:131-42. [PMID: 24956520 PMCID: PMC4031021 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by non-covalent imprinting polymerization using irinotecan as template. Methacrylic acid and 4-vinylpyridine were selected as functional monomers. An optimized procedure coupled to LC-PDA analysis was developed for the selective solid-phase extraction of irinotecan from various organic media. A specific capacity of 0.65 µmol·g−1 for the MIP was determined. The high specificity of this MIP was demonstrated by studying the retention behaviour of two related compounds, camptothecin and SN-38. This support was applied for the extraction of irinotecan from human serum samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095, France.
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Puy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095, France.
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095, France.
| | - Jérome Guitton
- Laboratoire de Ciblage Thérapeutique en Cancérologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite F-69495, France.
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Inserm U590, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France.
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095, France.
| | - Isabelle Lefebvre-Tournier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Laser induced fluorescence and photochemical derivatization for trace determination of camptothecin. Talanta 2010; 83:256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Ramesh M, Ahlawat P, Srinivas NR. Irinotecan and its active metabolite, SN-38: review of bioanalytical methods and recent update from clinical pharmacology perspectives. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:104-23. [PMID: 19852077 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of irinotecan has revolutionized the applicability of camptothecins as predominant topoisomerase I inhibitor for anti-cancer therapy. The potent anti-tumor activity of irinotecan is due to rapid formation of an in vivo active metabolite, SN-38. Therefore, irinotecan is considered as a pro-drug to generate SN-38. Over the past decade, side-by-side with the clinical advancement of the use of irinotecan in the oncology field, a plethora of bioanalytical methods have been published to quantify irinotecan, SN-38 and other metabolites. Because of the availability of HPLC, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods, the pharmacokinetic profiling of irinotecan and its metabolites has been accomplished in multiple species, including cancer patients. The developed assays continue to find use in the optimization of newly designed delivery systems with regard to pharmacokinetics to promote safe and effective use of either irinotecan or SN-38. This review intends to: firstly, provide an exhaustive compilation of the published assays for irinotecan, SN-38 and other metabolite(s) of irinotecan, as applicable; secondly, to enumerate the validation parameters and applicable conclusions; and thirdly, provide some recent perspectives in the clinical pharmacology arena pertaining to efflux transporters, pediatric profiling, role of kidney function in defining toxicity, drug-drug interaction potential of irinotecan, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mullangi Ramesh
- Jubilant Innovation, 96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marques FFDC, da Cunha ALMC, Aucélio RQ. Selective Spectrofluorimetric Method and Uncertainty Calculation for the Determination of Camptothecin in the Presence of Irinotecan and Topotecan. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903402408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang Z, Yao J, Wu X, Zou J, Zhu J. An Accurate Assay for Simultaneous Determination of Irinotecan and Its Active Metabolite SN-38 in Rat Plasma by LC with Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
22
|
Hu ZP, Yang XX, Chen X, Chan E, Duan W, Zhou SF. Simultaneous determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and SN-38 in tissue culture media and cancer cells by high performance liquid chromatography: Application to cellular metabolism and accumulation studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:575-80. [PMID: 17270505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed to simultaneously determine CPT-11 and its major metabolite SN-38 in culture media and cell lysates. Camptothecin (CPT) was used as internal standard (I.S.). Compounds were eluted with acetonitrile-50 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer containing 10 mM sodium 1-heptane-sulfonate, with the pH adjusted to 3.0 using 85% (w/v) orthophosphoric acid (27/73, v/v) by a Hyperclon ODS (C18) column (200 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.), with detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 380 and 540 nm, respectively. The average extraction efficiencies were 96.9-108.3% for CPT-11 in culture media and 94.3-107.2% for CPT-11 in cell lysates; and 87.7-106.8% for SN-38 in culture media and 90.1-105.6% for SN-38 in cell lysates. Within- and between-day precision and accuracy varied from 0.1 to 10.3%. The limit of quantitation (precision and accuracy <20%) was 5.0 and 2.0 ng/ml for CPT-11 and 1.0 and 0.5 ng/ml for SN-38 in culture media and cell lysates, respectively. This method was successfully applied to quantitate the cellular accumulation and metabolism of CPT-11 and SN-38 in H4-II-E, a rat hepatoma cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zastre J, Anantha M, Ramsay E, Bally M. Irinotecan-cisplatin interactions assessed in cell-based screening assays: cytotoxicity, drug accumulation and DNA adduct formation in an NSCLC cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:91-102. [PMID: 17009029 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of in vitro drug cytotoxicity assays for the assessment of drug-drug interactions that lead to synergy may not take into account the many cellular determinants responsible for combination effects. Administration of the anticancer drug CPT-11, for example, is associated with rapid conversion of drug from its active lactone form to the inactive carboxylate form. Thus it is difficult to model, in vitro, the behavior of this drug when used as a single agent and when used in a combination setting, this factor may contribute to the interactions measured. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of CPT-11 lactone ratio on the cellular accumulation of CPT-11 when used as a single agent and under conditions where it is used in combination with cisplatin. METHODS A fixed ratio experimental design was used and drug ratios of CPT-11 and cisplatin were judged to be antagonistic, additive, or synergistic to the non-small cell lung cancer cell line, H460, on the basis of the median effect analysis methodology of Chou and Talalay. The influence of extracellular pH on CPT-11 accumulation was evaluated at pH 7.4 and pH 6.6 when the drug was added immediately to the cells or first pre-equilibrated at the indicated pH. These studies were completed in the presence and absence of cisplatin. RESULTS When CPT-11 was added as a single agent to cells in pH = 7.4 media, the drug underwent hydrolysis to the carboxylate form; however, there was a rapid accumulation of the CPT-11 lactone form which peaked at 3,800 pmol/mg protein by 30 min and drops to 570 pmol/mg protein by 24 h. In pH = 6.6 media, accumulation of CPT-11 lactone was substantially lower over a 60 min timecourse; however, the cellular uptake measured at 24 h was comparable to that observed when the drug was added into pH 7.4 media. When evaluating CPT-11 lactone accumulation in a combination setting with cisplatin no significant difference in either CPT-11 lactone accumulation or cisplatin accumulation was observed, suggesting that drug interactions that led to synergy were mechanistically based. Results are presented which suggest that when cisplatin and CPT-11 are used in combination, there was a significant prolongation of platinum association with DNA compared to results obtained when cisplatin was used alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the CPT-11 lactone to carboxylate ratio does not influence the accumulation of the active CPT-11 lactone form in H460 cells and that CPT-11 does not influence cisplatin uptake when used in combination. It is argued, therefore, that the improved cytotoxicity between CPT-11 and cisplatin, as determined using cell-based assay, has the potential to be preserved in vivo assuming the optimal drug-drug ratio and concentration can be effectively delivered to the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Zastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun D, Wang H, Wu K. Electrochemical Determination of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin Using a Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube-Modified Electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-005-0444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Zhao R, Planalp RP, Ma R, Greene BT, Jones BT, Brechbiel MW, Torti FM, Torti SV. Role of zinc and iron chelation in apoptosis mediated by tachpyridine, an anti-cancer iron chelator. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1677-88. [PMID: 15081867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tachpyridine (N,N',N"-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane; tachpyr) is a potent hexadentate iron chelator under preclinical investigation as a potential anti-cancer agent. Tachpyridine induces apoptosis in cultured cancer cells by triggering a mitochondrial pathway of cell death that is p53-independent. To explore the relationship between the chelation chemistry of tachpyridine and its biological activity, a sensitive and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was devised and used to measure tachpyr and its metal complexes in cells and tissue culture media. Major species identified in cells treated with tachpyr were tachpyr itself, [Zn(tachpyr)](2+), and iron coordinated to two partially oxidized species of tachpyridine, [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+), and [Fe(tachpyr-ox-4)](2+). The kinetics of intracellular accumulation of [Zn(tachpyr)](2+) and [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+) were markedly different: [Zn(tachpyr)](2+) rapidly reached plateau levels, whereas intracellular levels of [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+) and free tachpyr rose steadily. At the last timepoint measured, 9% of total cellular iron and 13% of total cellular zinc were bound by tachpyridine. Taken together, [Zn(tachpyr)](2+), [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+), and free tachpyr accounted for virtually all of the tachpyr added, indicating that iron and zinc are the principal metals targeted by tachpyridine in cells. Consistent with these findings, activation of the apoptotic caspases 9 and 3 was blocked in cells pre-treated with either iron or zinc. Pretreatment with either of these metals also completely protected cells from the cytotoxic effects of tachpyridine. These results demonstrate a link between metal depletion and chelator cytotoxicity, and suggest that intracellular chelation of zinc as well as iron may play a role in the cytotoxicity of tachpyridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sano K, Yoshikawa M, Hayasaka S, Satake K, Ikegami Y, Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Sawada S, Tanabe S. Simple non-ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantitation of carboxylate and lactone forms of 14 new camptothecin derivatives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 795:25-34. [PMID: 12957166 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is an active metabolite derived from the semi-synthetic compound camptothecin (CPT) named Irinotecan (CPT-11). The antitumor activity of SN-38 is 1000-fold more potent than the parent CPT-11. Fourteen new derivatives of camptothecin have recently been developed by Yakult Honsha (Tokyo, Japan). Here we describe a simple and cost-effective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method without an ion-pairing agent, which allows the simultaneous determination of both lactone and carboxylate forms of SN-38 and other camptothecin derivatives. A weak linear relationship between the HPLC retention factors (ln k') and the cellular concentrations of these compounds was observed. These results suggest that low-polarity compounds easily accumulate in cancer cells and may circumvent drug resistance. The HPLC analysis herein described is expected to greatly assist in derivative synthesis and chemical modification of camptothecin-based antitumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Sano
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 204-8588 Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeong B, Gutowska A. Lessons from nature: stimuli-responsive polymers and their biomedical applications. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:305-11. [PMID: 12062976 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Response to stimulus is a basic process of living systems. Based on the lessons from nature, scientists have been designing useful materials that respond to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, electric field, chemicals and ionic strength. These responses are manifested as dramatic changes in one of the following: shape, surface characteristics, solubility, formation of an intricate molecular self-assembly or a sol-to-gel transition. Applications of stimuli-responsive, or 'smart', polymers in delivery of therapeutics, tissue engineering, bioseparations, sensors or actuators have been studied extensively and numerous papers and patents are evidence of rapid progress in this area. Understanding the structure-property relationship is essential for the further development and rational design of new functional smart materials. For example, kinetic and thermodynamic control of the coil-to-globule transition could be achieved through changes in polymer composition and topology.
Collapse
|
28
|
Cummings J, Ethell BT, Boyd G, Burchell B, Smyth JF, Jodrell DI. Determination of the glucuronide metabolites of the topoisomerase I inhibitors 7-Ethyl 10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) and NU/ICRF 505 by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02493373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|