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Wilhelm D, Kempf H, Bianchi A, Vincourt JB. ATDC5 cells as a model of cartilage extracellular matrix neosynthesis, maturation and assembly. J Proteomics 2020; 219:103718. [PMID: 32097723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillar collagens and proteoglycans (PGs) are quantitatively the major constituents of extracellular matrices (ECM). They carry numerous crucial post-translational modifications (PTMs) that tune the resulting biomechanical properties of the corresponding tissues. The mechanisms determining these PTMs remain largely unknown, notably because available established cell lines do not recapitulate much of the complexity of the machineries involved. ATDC5 cells are a model of chondrogenesis widely used for decades, but it remains described mostly at histological and transcriptional levels. Here, we asked to what extent this model recapitulates the events of ECM synthesis and processing occurring in cartilage. Insulin-stimulated ATDC5 cells exhibit up- or down-regulation of more than one-hundred proteins, including a number of known participants in chondrogenesis and major markers thereof. However, they also lack several ECM components considered of significant, yet more subtle, function in cartilage. Still, they assemble the large PG aggrecan and type II collagen, both carrying most of their in vivo PTMs, into an ECM. Remarkably, collagen crosslinking is fully lysyl oxidase (LOX)-dependent. The ATDC5 model recapitulates critical aspects of the cartilage ECM-processing machinery and should be useful to decipher the mechanisms involved. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014121. SIGNIFICANCE: The present work provides the first proteome characterization of the ATDC5 chondrogenesis model, which has been used for decades in the field of cartilage biology. The results demonstrate the up- and down-regulation of more than one hundred proteins. Overall, specific drawbacks of the model are pointed out, that will be important to take into consideration for future studies. However, major cartilage components are massively assembled into an extracellular matrix and carry most of their post-translational modifications occurring in cartilage tissue. Unlike other available established cell lines, the ATDC5 model recapitulates major aspects of cartilage biosynthesis and should be useful in investigating the mechanisms that regulate collagen maturation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafné Wilhelm
- UMR 7365 CNRS-UL IMoPA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hervé Kempf
- UMR 7365 CNRS-UL IMoPA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Vincourt
- UMR 7365 CNRS-UL IMoPA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Proteomics core facility of UMS 2008 UL-CNRS-INSERM IBSLor, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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2
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Kudva AK, Luyten FP, Patterson J. In Vitro Screening of Molecularly Engineered Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering using Periosteum-Derived and ATDC5 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3341. [PMID: 30373138 PMCID: PMC6274881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has brought about an increase in demand for biomaterials that mimic closely the form and function of biological tissues. Therefore, understanding the cellular response to the changes in material composition moves research one step closer to a successful tissue-engineered product. With this in mind, polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels comprised of different concentrations of polymer (2.5%, 4%, 6.5%, or 8% (w/v)); different protease sensitive, peptide cross-linkers (VPMSMRGG or GPQGIWGQ); and the incorporation or lack of a peptide cell adhesion ligand (RGD) were screened for their ability to support in vitro chondrogenesis. Human periosteum-derived cells (hPDCs), a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like primary cell source, and ATDC5 cells, a murine carcinoma-derived chondrogenic cell line, were encapsulated within the various hydrogels to assess the effects of the different formulations on cellular viability, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation while receiving exogenous growth factor stimulation via the medium. Through the results of this screening process, the 6.5% (w/v) PEG constructs, cross-linked with the GPQGIWGQ peptide and containing the RGD cell binding molecule, demonstrated an environment that consistently supported cellular viability and proliferation as well as chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith K Kudva
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery-Imaging & Pathology (OMFS-IMPATH), KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7 block a, Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Lee HJ, Wu Q, Li H, Bae GU, Kim AK, Ryu JH. A sesquiterpene lactone from Siegesbeckia glabrescens suppresses Hedgehog/Gli-mediated transcription in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2912-2917. [PMID: 27698879 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is aggressive and therefore difficult to treat; however, continued efforts have been made with the aim of developing an effective therapy against the disease. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is reportedly involved in the proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. The transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) is a key component of the Hh signaling pathway and the primary effector of pancreatic cancer development. Inhibiting Gli is a proven therapeutic strategy for this disease. The present study examined the regulation of Gli and the expression of its target genes to identify an inhibitor of the Sonic Hh (Shh) pathway. A germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone (GSL) was isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens as an inhibitor of Gli-mediated transcription. The results demonstrated that GSL inhibited Shh-induced osteoblast differentiation and Gli homolog 1 (Gli1)-mediated transcriptional activity in mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 stem cells. Furthermore, GSL suppressed Gli-mediated transcriptional activity in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells, which resulted in reduced cancer cell proliferation and downregulated expression of the Gli-target genes, Gli1 and cyclin D1. A sesquiterpene lactone from S. glabrescens may therefore serve as a candidate for the treatment of Hh/Gli-dependent pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Lee
- Department of Natural Medicine Resources, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian Wu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hua Li
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - An Keun Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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Branch S, Smoak IW. THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (D-AZA) ON SONIC HEDGEHOG EXPRESSION IN MOUSE EMBRYONIC LIMB BUDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 19:125-133. [PMID: 16642204 PMCID: PMC1447672 DOI: 10.1080/10769180052008904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (d-AZA) causes temporally-related defects in the mouse. At 1.0 mg/kg on gestational day (GD) 10, d-AZA causes hindlimb phocomelia. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a significant role in the normal development of limbs in rodent species. Sonic hedgehog peptides, found in the posterior mesenchyme of limb buds, are involved in patterning functions and in the regulation of both anterior-posterior polarity and proximal-distal outgrowth of the limb. The objective of the present study was to analyze alterations in Shh expression subsequent to d-AZA exposure. Pregnant mice were treated with d-AZA via intraperitonlal injection on GD 10. Controls were untreated. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whole mount in situ hybridization (ISH), and whole mount immunohistochemistry (WMI) were used to analyze expression patterns of Shh . For RT-PCR, embryonic hindlimb buds (buds) were taken 0, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr after exposure. Cyclophilin was used as the baseline monitor. RNA was transcribed to cDNA and used as template with Shh specific primers for amplification. Whole embryos were collected 12 and 24 hr posttreatment for ISH. An antisense primer specific for Shh was used in an oligo-based ISH protocol. Whole embryos were collected 36 and 48 hr posttreatment for WMI. The antibody corresponding to the amino terminal subunit of the Shh peptide was used. There was a treatment related up-regulation of Shh transcripts by 12 and 24 hr posttreatment. The protein response of up-regulation was detectable by 36 and 48 hr posttreatment. Our data suggest that 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced hindlimb defects may be associated with alterations in the level of Shh expression. This may be part of a cascade of signaling events involved in d-AZA-induced hindlimb defects. Work is ongoing to determine the relationship of other gene species that may cooperate with Shh in the induction of the hindlimb defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Branch
- Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Sato E, Ando T, Ichikawa J, Okita G, Sato N, Wako M, Ohba T, Ochiai S, Hagino T, Jacobson R, Haro H. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid increases the differentiation potential of the murine chondrocytic ATDC5 cell line. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1619-27. [PMID: 25196420 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a group of common, chronic, and painful inflammatory joint diseases. One important finding in OA patients is a remarkable decrease in the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the synovial fluid of affected joints. Therapeutic HA is available to patients in most parts of the world as a viscosupplementation product for the treatment of OA. Previous clinical reports show that high molecular weight HA (HMWHA) more effectively relieves pain than low molecular weight HA (LMWHA). However, the mechanism behind this finding remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether a LMWHA (Low-0.9 MDa) and two types of HMWHA (High-1.9 MDa and 6 MDa) differentially affected chondroregulatory action. We tested this using ATDC5 cell, a murine chondrocytic cell line widely used in culture systems to study chondrogenic differentiation. We found that HMWHA, especially hylan G-F 20 (High-6 MDa), significantly induced aggrecan and proteoglycan accumulation, nodule formation, and mRNA expression of chondrogenic differentiation markers in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, we showed that HMWHA prevented TNF-α induced inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation, with no effect on cell proliferation or viability. These results reveal that HMWHA significantly promotes chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells in vitro, and suggest that HMWHA plays a significant chondroregulatory role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kikyougahara Hospital, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
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6
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Roberg-Larsen H, Strand MF, Krauss S, Wilson SR. Metabolites in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:669-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Weiss HE, Roberts SJ, Schrooten J, Luyten FP. A semi-autonomous model of endochondral ossification for developmental tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1334-43. [PMID: 22394057 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is currently undergoing a paradigm shift regarding the concepts used to develop cell-based therapies for skeletal repair. In place of the "trial and error" approach, researchers aim at developing cellular concepts that mirror developmental and postnatal processes. Herein, we describe a model for in vivo endochondral remodeling of an in vitro derived cartilaginous intermediate and its applicability to bone engineering. In vitro differentiation of the continuous cell line, ATDC5, in pellet culture was enhanced in a medium containing ascorbic acid, insulin-transferrin-selenium, dexamethasone, and transforming growth factor β1, when compared with other tested preparations. This differentiation was characterized by the elevated expression of Collagen type II and X along with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation and the onset of hypertrophy. On combination with NuOss™, a clinically used bone void filler, and implantation in nude mice, the differentiated pellets further matured into GAG rich cartilaginous intermediates after 4 weeks. This was subsequently partially remodeled into osteocalcin-positive bone tissue after 8 weeks without further external manipulation, indicating the semi-autonomous nature of this implant. Mineralized tissue along with active osteoclast resorption and neo-angiogenesis was apparent throughout the implant. The bone volume was approximately eightfold higher (10.70%±0.99%) when using a cartilaginous intermediate (based on differentiated cell pellets) than when observed with cell-seeded scaffolds (1.19%±0.24% and 1.48%±0.35%), in both a differentiated and an undifferentiated state. This study highlights the potential of endochondral strategies for bone tissue engineering and allows the identification of the key cellular parameters for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Weiss
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Suwanwela J, Farber CR, Haung BL, Song B, Pan C, Lyons KM, Lusis AJ. Systems genetics analysis of mouse chondrocyte differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:747-60. [PMID: 20954177 PMCID: PMC3179327 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of systems genetics is the reconstruction of gene networks that underlie key processes in development and disease. To identify cartilage gene networks that play an important role in bone development, we used a systems genetics approach that integrated microarray gene expression profiles from cartilage and bone phenotypic data from two sets of recombinant inbred strains. Microarray profiles generated from isolated chondrocytes were used to generate weighted gene coexpression networks. This analysis resulted in the identification of subnetworks (modules) of coexpressed genes that then were examined for relationships with bone geometry and density. One module exhibited significant correlation with femur length (r = 0.416), anteroposterior diameter (r = 0.418), mediolateral diameter (r = 0.576), and bone mineral density (r = 0.475). Highly connected genes (n = 28) from this and other modules were tested in vitro using prechondrocyte ATDC5 cells and RNA interference. Five of the 28 genes were found to play a role in chondrocyte differentiation. Two of these, Hspd1 and Cdkn1a, were known previously to function in chondrocyte development, whereas the other three, Bhlhb9, Cugbp1, and Spcs3, are novel genes. Our integrative analysis provided a systems-level view of cartilage development and identified genes that may be involved in bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaijam Suwanwela
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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9
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Murakami T, Fukunaga T, Takeshita N, Hiratsuka K, Abiko Y, Yamashiro T, Takano-Yamamoto T. Expression of Ten-m/Odz3 in the fibrous layer of mandibular condylar cartilage during postnatal growth in mice. J Anat 2010; 217:236-44. [PMID: 20636325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been speculated that the mandibular condyle develops via the differentiation of the fibroblast-like cells covering the condyle into chondrocytes; however, the developmental mechanisms behind this process have not been revealed. We used laser-capture microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis to elucidate the genes that are highly expressed in these fibroblast-like cells. Among these genes, the transcription of Ten-m/Odz3 was significantly increased in the fibroblast-like cells compared with other cartilage tissues. For the first time, we describe the temporal and spatial expression of Ten-m/Odz3 mRNA in relation to the expression of type I, II, and X collagen mRNA, as determined by in-situ hybridization in mouse mandibular condylar cartilage and mouse femoral cartilage during the early stages of development. Ten-m/Odz3 was expressed in the fibrous layer and the proliferating and mature chondrocyte layers, which expressed type I and II collagen, respectively, but was not detected in the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer. Furthermore, we evaluated the in-vitro expression of Ten-m/Odz3 using ATDC5 cells, a mouse chondrogenic cell line. Ten-m/Odz3 was expressed during the early stage of the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. These findings suggest that Ten-m/Odz3 is involved in the differentiation of chondrocytes and that it acts as a regulatory factor in the early stages of the development of mandibular condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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10
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Zhao L, Saitsu H, Sun X, Shiota K, Ishibashi M. Sonic hedgehog is involved in formation of the ventral optic cup by limiting Bmp4 expression to the dorsal domain. Mech Dev 2009; 127:62-72. [PMID: 19854269 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a crucial role in eye vesicle patterning in vertebrates. Shh promotes expression of Pax2 in the optic stalk and represses expression of Pax6 in the optic cup. Shh signaling contributes to establishment of both proximal-distal and dorsal-ventral axes by activating Vax1, Vax2, and Pax2. In the dorsal part of the developing retina, Bmp4 is expressed and antagonizes the ventralizing effects of Shh signaling through the activation of Tbx5 expression in chick and Xenopus. To examine the roles of Shh signaling in optic cup formation and optic stalk development, we utilized the Smoothened (Smo) conditional knockout (CKO) mouse line. Smo is a membrane protein which mediates Shh signaling into inside of cells. Cre expression was driven by Fgf15 enhancer. The ventral evagination of the optic cup deteriorated from E10 in the Smo-CKO, whereas the dorsal optic cup and optic stalk develop normally until E11. We analyzed expression of various genes such as Pax family (Pax2/Pax6), Vax family (Vax1/Vax2) and Bmp4. Bmp4 expression was greatly upregulated in the optic vesicle by the 21-somite stage. Then Vax1/2 expression was decreased at the 20- to 24-somite stages. Pax2/6 expression was affected at the 27- to 32-somite stages. Our data suggest that the effects of the absence of Shh signaling on Vax1/Vax2 are mediated through increased Bmp4 expression throughout the optic cup. Also unchanged patterns of Raldh2 and Raldh3 suggest that retinoic acid is not the downstream to Shh signaling to control the ventral optic cup morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Small-molecule inhibitors reveal multiple strategies for Hedgehog pathway blockade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14132-7. [PMID: 19666565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907134106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in a diverse spectrum of cancers, and its pharmacological blockade has emerged as an anti-tumor strategy. While nearly all known Hh pathway antagonists target the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), small molecules that suppress downstream effectors could more comprehensively remediate Hh pathway-dependent tumors. We report here four Hh pathway antagonists that are epistatic to the nucleocytoplasmic regulator Suppressor of Fused [Su(fu)], including two that can inhibit Hh target gene expression induced by overexpression of the Gli transcription factors. Each inhibitor has a unique mechanism of action, and their phenotypes reveal that Gli processing, Gli activation, and primary cilia formation are pharmacologically targetable. We further establish the ability of certain compounds to block the proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors expressing an oncogenic form of Smo, and we demonstrate that Hh pathway inhibitors can have tissue-specific activities. These antagonists therefore constitute a valuable set of chemical tools for interrogating downstream Hh signaling mechanisms and for developing chemotherapies against Hh pathway-related cancers.
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12
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Gómez R, Lago F, Gómez-Reino JJ, Dieguez C, Gualillo O. Expression and modulation of ghrelinO-acyltransferase in cultured chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1704-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Han MS, Kim JE, Shin HI, Kim IS. Expression patterns of betaig-h3 in chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral ossification. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:453-60. [PMID: 18779658 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
betaig-h3 is a TGF-beta-induced extracellular matrix protein which is expressed in many tissues including bones and cartilages. In previous reports, we showed that betaig-h3 mediates cell adhesion and migration and, especially in bones, negatively regulates the mineralization in the end stage of endochondral ossification. Here, to elucidate the expression pattern and role of betaig-h3 in chondrocyte differentiation, ATDC5 chondrocytes and embryonic and postnatal mice were used for in vitro differentiation studies and in vivo studies, respectively. betaig-h3 was strongly induced by the treatment of TGF-beta1 and the expression level of betaig-h3 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in the early stages of differentiation but decreased in the late stages in ATDC5. Furthermore, the patterns of TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 mRNA expression were concurrent with betaig-h3 in ATDC5. betaig-h3 was deeply stained in perichondrium (PC), periosteum (PO), and prehypertrophic chondrocytes (PH) through the entire period of endochondral ossification in mice. betaig-h3 was mainly expressed in PC and PH at embryonic days and obviously in PH in postnatal days. These results suggest that betaig-h3 may play a critical role as a regulator of chondrogenic differentiation in endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Su Han
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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14
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Fogel JL, Chiang C, Huang X, Agarwala S. Ventral specification and perturbed boundary formation in the mouse midbrain in the absence of Hedgehog signaling. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1359-72. [PMID: 18429041 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Hedgehog (HH) signaling plays a critical role in patterning the ventral midbrain, its role in early midbrain specification is not known. We examined the midbrains of sonic hedgehog (Shh) and smoothened (Smo) mutant mice where HH signaling is respectively attenuated and eliminated. We show that some ventral (Evx1+) cell fates are specified in the Shh-/- mouse in a Ptc1- and Gli1-independent manner. HH-independent ventral midbrain induction was further confirmed by the presence of a Pax7-negative ventral midbrain territory in both Shh-/- and Smo-/- mice at and before embryonic day (E) 8.5. Midbrain signaling centers are severely disrupted in the Shh-/- mutant. Interestingly, dorsal markers are up-regulated (Wnt1, Gdf7, Pax7), down-regulated (Lfng), or otherwise altered (Zic1) in the Shh-/- midbrain. Together with the increased cell death seen specifically in Shh-/- dorsal midbrains (E8.5-E9), our results suggest specific regulation of dorsal patterning by SHH, rather than a simple deregulation due to its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fogel
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0248, USA
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15
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Komada M, Saitsu H, Kinboshi M, Miura T, Shiota K, Ishibashi M. Hedgehog signaling is involved in development of the neocortex. Development 2008; 135:2717-27. [PMID: 18614579 DOI: 10.1242/dev.015891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) function is essential for patterning and cell fate specification, particularly in ventral regions of the central nervous system. It is also a crucial mitogen for cerebellar granule neuron precursors and is important in maintenance of the stem cell niche in the postnatal telencephalon. Although it has been reported that Shh is expressed in the developing dorsal telencephalon, functions of Shh in this region are unclear, and detailed characterization of Shh mRNA transcripts in situ has not been demonstrated. To clarify the roles of Shh signaling in dorsal pallium (neocortex primordium) development, we have knocked out the Shh and Smo genes specifically in the early developing dorsal telencephalon by using Emx1cre mice. The mutants showed a smaller dorsal telencephalon at E18.5, which was caused by cell cycle kinetics defects of the neural progenitor/stem cells. The cell cycle length of the progenitor/stem cells was prolonged, and the number of cycle-exiting cells and neurogenesis were decreased. Birth-date analysis revealed abnormal positioning of neurons in the mutants. The characteristics of the subventricular zone, ventricular zone and subplate cells were also affected. Weak immunoreactivity of Shh was detected in the dorsal telencephalon of wild types. Reduced Shh immunoreactivity in mutant dorsal telencephalons supports the above phenotypes. Our data indicate that Shh signaling plays an important role in development of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Komada
- Departmant of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Development of an improved protocol to analyse gene expression in temporomandibular joint condylar cartilage of rats using DNA microarrays. Adv Med Sci 2008; 53:191-7. [PMID: 18467268 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-008-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE During recent years, gene expression analyses based on DNA chip technologies have allowed for the genome-wide identification of genes potentially associated with growth processes in a variety of organs. The present study aims to identify genes differentially expressed in the growing temporomandibular joint cartilage by means of transcriptome analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, the condylar cartilage of 32 rats comprising 4 age groups (newborn, 10 days, 21 days, 8 weeks) were used for analysis. Transcriptome analyses were carried out using Affymetrix Expression Arrays (Rat Genome 230 2.0 Arrays). The availability of high-quality RNA preparations from homogeneous tissue samples is a fundamental precondition of successful transcriptome analyses using DNA arrays. An optimised preparation protocol allowed RNA isolation of sufficient quality which was validated using capillary electrophoresis. RNA collected from 8 test animals of the 4 age groups respectively was mixed in equimolar RNA pools which served for the transcriptome analyses using Affymetrix arrays. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the gene expression data indicated the existence of genes differentially regulated in the growing temporomandibular cartilage. This evidence, however, requires validation by RT-PCR using individual animals' RNA. Preliminary candidate genes belong, among others, to the groups of matrix-degrading proteases, protease inhibitors and genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis and bone remodelling. CONCLUSION These differentially expressed genes in TMJ growth identified using DNA array technology may possibly contribute to a better understanding of growth biology and provide an approach to necessary therapy.
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Aglyamova GV, Agarwala S. Gene expression analysis of the hedgehog signaling cascade in the chick midbrain and spinal cord. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1363-73. [PMID: 17436280 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling molecule Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) plays a critical role in patterning the ventral midbrain of vertebrates. Our recent studies have established that the requirement for Hedgehog (HH) signaling in the chick midbrain is modulated spatially and temporally in a complex manner across the midbrain anlage. Unfortunately, the patterns of expression of downstream regulators that might modulate the HH signal in the midbrain are not currently known. To fill this gap, we have examined across time, the expression pattern of 14 genes that function in the HH signaling cascade in the midbrain and spinal cord. Our results suggest that SHH expression in the axial mesendoderm begins before the expression of known HH receptors/HH-binding proteins (e.g., PTC1, PTC2, HHIP, BOC, MEGALIN). In the midbrain, PTC and GLI genes are expressed and then eliminated very early from the ventral midline. However, they exhibit high and persistent expression in the midbrain region circumscribing the SHH source. Intriguingly, multiple HH-binding proteins (BOC, MEGALIN) and HH effectors (GLI1-3, SMO, SUFU, DZIP) are expressed in the dorsal midbrain and the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Finally, we report for the first time that IHH is expressed in intermediate regions of the spinal cord, where its expression does not overlap with that of SHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Aglyamova
- Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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18
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Bayly RD, Ngo M, Aglyamova GV, Agarwala S. Regulation of ventral midbrain patterning by Hedgehog signaling. Development 2007; 134:2115-24. [PMID: 17507412 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the developing ventral midbrain, the signaling molecule sonic hedgehog(SHH) is sufficient to specify a striped pattern of cell fates (midbrain arcs). Here, we asked whether and precisely how hedgehog (HH) signaling might be necessary for ventral midbrain patterning. By blocking HH signaling by in ovo misexpression of Ptc1Δloop2,we show that HH signaling is necessary and can act directly at a distance to specify midbrain cell fates. Ventral midbrain progenitors extinguish their dependence upon HH in a spatiotemporally complex manner, completing cell-fate specification at the periphery by Hamburger and Hamilton stage 13. Thus,patterning at the lateral periphery of the ventral midbrain is accomplished early, when the midbrain is small and the HH signal needs to travel relatively short distances (approximately 30 cell diameters). Interestingly, single-cell injections demonstrate that patterning in the midbrain occurs within the context of cortex-like radial columns of cells that can share HH blockade and are cytoplasmically connected by gap junctions. HH blockade results in increased cell scatter, disrupting the spatial coherence of the midbrain arc pattern. Finally, HH signaling is required for the integrity and the signaling properties of the boundaries of the midbrain (e.g. the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, the dorsoventral boundary), its perturbations resulting in abnormal cell mixing across `leaky' borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Bayly
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0248, USA
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19
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Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are related connective tissues that join muscle to bone and bone to bone, respectively. Tendon and ligament injuries are widely distributed clinical problems in society and while healing of such disorders can occur, the original biological properties of the tissue do not return to normal. In this review, recent work on tendon and ligament development and the use of growth factors for successful cellular therapy of tendon and ligament disorders are discussed. In addition, anti-inflammatory concepts for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries and recent developments in stem cell engineering for tendon and ligament tissues are examined. Lastly, gene transfer strategies for therapeutic applications to heal tendon and ligament disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hoffmann
- Signalling and Gene Regulation, German Research Centre for Biotechnology (GBF), Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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20
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Kimura H, Akiyama H, Nakamura T, de Crombrugghe B. Tenascin-W inhibits proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts during endochondral bone formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:935-41. [PMID: 17395156 PMCID: PMC3836430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We identified a cDNA encoding mouse Tenascin-W (TN-W) upregulated by bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)2 in ATDC5 osteo-chondroprogenitors. In adult mice, TN-W was markedly expressed in bone. In mouse embryos, during endochondral bone formation TN-W was localized in perichondrium/periosteum, but not in trabecular and cortical bones. During bone fracture repair, cells in the newly formed perichondrium/periosteum surrounding the cartilaginous callus expressed TN-W. Furthermore, TN-W was detectable in perichondrium/periosteum of Runx2-null and Osterix-null embryos, indicating that TN-W is expressed in preosteoblasts. In CFU-F and -O cells, TN-W had no effect on initiation of osteogenesis of bone marrow cells, and in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells TN-W inhibited cell proliferation and Col1a1 expression. In addition, TN-W suppressed canonical Wnt signaling which stimulates osteoblastic differentiation. Our results indicate that TN-W is a novel marker of preosteoblasts in early stage of osteogenesis, and that TN-W inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts mediated by canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- * Corresponding author. Tel: 81-75-751-3652; Fax:81-75-751-8409, E-mail address:
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Benoit de Crombrugghe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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MIRSKY RHONA, PARMANTIER ERIC, MCMAHON ANDREWP, JESSEN KRISTJANR. Schwann Cell-Derived Desert Hedgehog Signals Nerve Sheath Formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 883:196-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Razzaque MS, Soegiarto DW, Chang D, Long F, Lanske B. Conditional deletion of Indian hedgehog from collagen type 2alpha1-expressing cells results in abnormal endochondral bone formation. J Pathol 2006; 207:453-61. [PMID: 16278811 DOI: 10.1002/path.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is actively involved in endochondral bone formation. Although expression of Ihh is mostly restricted to pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes, the role of chondrocyte-derived Ihh in endochondral bone formation is not completely understood. To address such unresolved issues, we used the Cre/loxP approach to generate mice (Col2alpha1Cre; Ihhd/Ihhd) in which the Ihh gene was selectively ablated from collagen type II expressing cells. Mutant mice were born with the expected ratio of Mendelian inheritance, but died shortly after birth and were smaller in size, exhibiting malformed and retarded growth of limbs with severe skeletal deformities. Alizarin red S staining showed abnormal mineralization of axial and appendicular bones. Histological analysis of mutant long bones revealed abnormal endochondral bone formation with loss of a normal growth plate. In addition, in vivo bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling showed a marked decrease in chondrocyte proliferation. A delay in chondrocyte hypertrophy in Col2alpha1Cre; Ihhd/Ihhd mice was detected by the expression of collagen type X and osteopontin, using in situ hybridization. Furthermore, there was no expression of bone markers such as collagen type I, bone Gla protein, Runx2/Cbfa1 or PTH-R in the perichondrium of mutant mice, indicating the absence of osteoblasts from endochondral bones. Thus, selective loss of chondrocyte-derived Ihh recapitulated the defects in Ihh(-/-) animals, providing direct in vivo evidence that Ihh not only regulates chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation but also exerts effects on osteoblast differentiation. Understanding the exact functions of the molecules involved in endochondral bone formation will form the basis for further study to determine the molecular mechanisms of skeletal diseases involving various cellular components of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Noguchi A, Watanabe N, Fujimaki R, Kitamura T, Hayashizaki Y, Miyaki S, Tezuka K, Hozumi N. Use of the SST-REX method for the identification of genes expressed at the condensation stage of chondrogenic cell line ATDC5. J Bone Miner Metab 2006; 24:153-7. [PMID: 16502123 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-005-0662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In endochondral ossification, chondrogenesis precedes bone development. Cartilage differentiation is initiated by the formation of chondrogenic cell condensates. Thus, it is essential to investigate genes expressed at the condensation stage for a better understanding of chondrogenesis and ossification. To this end, we constructed a cDNA library from the mRNA fraction derived from a chondrogenic cell line (ATDC5) at the cell condensation stage by using the signal sequence trap by retrovirus-mediated expression (SST-REX) method. We obtained 486 factor (IL-3)-independent clones by screening 5.7 x 10(3) clones. DNA sequencing analysis of the clones identified genes encoding 157 known proteins and 4 novel proteins. These 4 genes encoding novel proteins were expressed not only in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells but also in osteogenic MC3T3-E1 and myogenic C2C12 cells. The mRNA expression level of 1 of the 4 clones increased at the calcification stage of the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The results demonstrate that the SST-REX method is a useful experimental system to identify genes involved in the complicated mechanisms of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noguchi
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (Rikadai), 2669 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-0022, Japan
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24
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Mukai S, Ito H, Nakagawa Y, Akiyama H, Miyamoto M, Nakamura T. Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in chondrocytes. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2005; 31:1713-21. [PMID: 16344134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to accelerate fracture healing, but the precise mechanism is still unknown. We used aggregate chondrocyte culture system to analyze LIPUS-induced effects on chondrocytes. First, Northern analyses revealed that LIPUS maintained higher expression levels of type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA and delayed the appearance of type X collagen mRNA expression. We also showed that DNA content was increased and that alkaline phosphatase activity was maintained low by daily treatment. Moreover, LIPUS significantly promoted transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 mRNA expression and the protein production at 2 h and 12 h after the treatment, respectively. Furthermore, recombinant TGF-beta1 protein mimicked the LIPUS effect and anti-TGF-beta1 neutralizing antibody reversed all these changes induced by the LIPUS treatment. These results indicate that LIPUS promotes the proliferation and retains the differentiation state of chondrocytes in the aggregate culture and that TGF-beta1 plays an important role in mediating the LIPUS effects in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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25
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Agarwala S, Aglyamova GV, Marma AK, Fallon JF, Ragsdale CW. Differential susceptibility of midbrain and spinal cord patterning to floor plate defects in the talpid2 mutant. Dev Biol 2005; 288:206-20. [PMID: 16246323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The chick talpid2 mutant displays polydactylous digits attributed to defects of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. We examined the talpid2 neural tube and show that patterning defects in the spinal cord and the midbrain are distinct from each other and from the limb. Unlike the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) source in the limb, the SHH-rich floor plate (FP) is reduced in the talpid2 midbrain. This is accompanied by a severe depletion of medial cell populations that encounter high concentrations of SHH, an expansion of lateral cell populations that experience low concentrations of SHH and a broad deregulation of HH's principal effectors (PTC1, GLI1, GLI2, GLI3). Together with the failure of SHH misexpression to rescue the talpid2 phenotype, these results suggest that talpid2 is likely to have a tissue-autonomous, bidirectional (positive and negative) role in HH signaling that cannot be attributed to the altered expression of several newly cloned HH pathway genes (SUFU, DZIP1, DISP1, BTRC). Strikingly, FP defects in the spinal cord are accompanied by relatively normal patterning in the talpid2 mutant. We propose that this differential FP dependence may be due to the prolonged apposition of the notochord to the spinal cord, but not the midbrain during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Agarwala
- Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0248, USA.
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26
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Semevolos SA, Strassheim ML, Haupt JL, Nixon AJ. Expression patterns of hedgehog signaling peptides in naturally acquired equine osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:1152-9. [PMID: 16140195 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification of growth cartilage are regulated by a complex array of signaling peptides, including parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). This study investigated the expression of Ihh, Patched1 and 2 (Ptc1, Ptc2), Smoothened (Smo), Gli1, and Gli3, in naturally acquired articular osteochondrosis, using an equine model. Cartilage was harvested from osteochondrosis (OC) affected femoropatellar or scapulohumeral joints from immature horses and normal control horses of similar age. Ihh, Ptc1, Smo, Gli1, and Gli3 mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Spatial tissue expression was determined by in situ hybridization for Ihh and Smo and immunohistochemistry for Ptc1 and Ptc2. The expression of Ihh was significantly increased in OC cartilage compared to normal control cartilage and was localized mainly to the deep layer of articular cartilage, just above the calcified zone, with some mild expression also present in the middle cartilage layer. The expression of Gli1 was significantly decreased in OC samples, but there was no significant difference in expression of Gli3, Ptc1 and Smo in OC cartilage compared to normal cartilage. The expression of Ptc1 protein was present at the junction of deep and calcified layers, while Ptc2 protein was expressed throughout the middle, deep, and calcified cartilage layers. Spatial expression of Smo was variable between animals and confined mainly to the middle and deep layers when present. Half of the OC samples displayed areas of moderate to strong Smo expression compared to mild or minimal expression in normal controls. The increased Ihh expression in OC suggests a role of Ihh in diseased cartilage, although it is not known if a PTH-rP/Ihh feedback cycle exists in articular cartilage. The disparity between increased Ihh expression and decreased Gli1 expression in OC cartilage suggests a different primary transcription factor for Ihh or the presence of an elevated Ihh inhibitor in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Semevolos
- Comparative Orthopaedics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Nudi M, Ouimette JF, Drouin J. Bone morphogenic protein (Smad)-mediated repression of proopiomelanocortin transcription by interference with Pitx/Tpit activity. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1329-42. [PMID: 15695370 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling molecules bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 4 and 2 have been implicated in early organogenesis and cell differentiation of the pituitary. However, the use of different experimental paradigms has led to conflicting interpretations with regard to the action of these factors on differentiation of corticotroph cells and on expression of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene. We have now directly assessed the action of BMP signaling on POMC expression and found that BMP4 represses POMC mRNA levels and promoter activity. This repression appears to be dependent on the classical BMP signaling pathway that involves the activin-like kinase 3/6 receptors and the Smad1/4 transcription factors. The repression is reversed by overexpression of the inhibitory Smads, Smad6 or Smad7. Collectively, the evidence suggests that autocrine BMP signaling may be acting upon AtT-20 cells to set the level of POMC expression. Upon BMP4 stimulation, activated phospho-Smad1 is recruited to the POMC promoter, where it apparently acts through interactions with the Pitx and Tpit transcription factors. It is postulated that these interactions interfere with the transcriptional activity of Pitx and/or Tpit, thus resulting in transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nudi
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7
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Yamaai T, Nakanishi T, Asano M, Nawachi K, Yoshimichi G, Ohyama K, Komori T, Sugimoto T, Takigawa M. Gene expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in calcifying tissues of normal and cbfa1-null mutant mice in late stage of embryonic development. J Bone Miner Metab 2005; 23:280-8. [PMID: 15981023 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-004-0600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), one of the most recently described growth factors, is produced by chondrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-stimulated fibroblasts. CTGF was isolated from a chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8, and found to be normally expressed in cartilage tissues, especially in hypertrophic chondrocytes, and also to stimulate both the proliferation and the differentiation of chondrocytes in vitro. Therefore, CTGF is thought to be one of the most important regulators of endochondral ossification in vivo. Herein we describe the expression pattern of the ctgf gene in the calcifying tissues of normal developing mouse embryos in comparison with that in core binding factor a1 (Cbfa1)-targeted mutant (cbfa1-null) mouse embryos, in which impaired development and growth were characteristically observed in the skeletal system. After 15 days of development (E15), the expression of ctgf was detected in the zone of hypertrophy and provisional calcification, in which ossification proceeds toward the epiphysis during the skeletal development of the mouse embryo. Furthermore, ctgf was expressed in developing molar and incisal tooth germs around the perinatal stage. However, no expression of the gene was found in the cbfa1-null mouse embryos. These results indicate that CTGF may have certain important roles in the development of the calcifying tissues in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Yamaai
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Orthodontics, GKT Dental Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom
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30
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Miyamoto M, Ito H, Mukai S, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto H, Kobayashi M, Maruyama T, Akiyama H, Nakamura T. Simultaneous stimulation of EP2 and EP4 is essential to the effect of prostaglandin E2 in chondrocyte differentiation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:644-52. [PMID: 12954235 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostaglandin E(2)(PGE(2)) has been reported to stimulate chondrocyte differentiation. However, the precise actions and signal transduction pathways of PGE(2)in cartilage are largely unknown. Our purpose is to identify which of the four PGE(2)receptor subtype(s), EP1-4, mediates the action of PGE(2)on chondrocyte differentiation. DESIGN We used primary chondrocytes derived from the resting zone of rat rib cartilage. The effects on chondrocyte differentiation were assessed by measuring the Alcian blue-stainable proteoglycan content and the expression levels of type II collagen mRNA by Northern blot analysis. The expression of the four PGE(2)receptor subtypes in rat primary chondrocytes was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS PGE(2)stimulated the accumulation of proteoglycan and up-regulated the expression of type II collagen mRNA in primary chondrocytes. Dibutyryl cAMP, a cell-permeable analog of cAMP, an important intracellular mediator of PGE(2)signaling, also enhanced the expression of type II collagen mRNA and proteoglycan accumulation in chondrocytes. No EP agonist alone induced the expression of type II collagen mRNA. However, simultaneous administration of EP2 and EP4 agonists at high concentrations cooperatively induced the expression of type II collagen mRNA, mimicking the PGE(2)effect. The simultaneous stimulation of EP2 and EP4 also cooperatively enhanced proteoglycan accumulation and intracellular cAMP production. Moreover, an EP4 antagonist partially blocked the stimulatory actions of PGE(2)on the expression of type II collagen mRNA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that simultaneous stimulation of EP2 and EP4 is necessary and sufficient to elicit the effect of PGE(2)on rat primary chondrocyte differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Collagen Type II/biosynthesis
- Collagen Type II/genetics
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Male
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Grachtchouk V, Grachtchouk M, Lowe L, Johnson T, Wei L, Wang A, de Sauvage F, Dlugosz AA. The magnitude of hedgehog signaling activity defines skin tumor phenotype. EMBO J 2003; 22:2741-51. [PMID: 12773389 PMCID: PMC156767 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in SMO have been implicated in constitutive activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway in human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). We used a truncated keratin 5 (DeltaK5) promoter to assess the potential role of the human M2SMO mutant in BCC development in adult transgenic mice. DeltaK5-M2SMO mouse epidermis is hyperproliferative, ex presses BCC protein markers and gives rise to numerous epithelial downgrowths invading the underlying dermis. Lesions strikingly similar to human basaloid follicular hamartomas develop, but BCCs do not arise even in elderly mice. Hedgehog target gene transcripts were only modestly upregulated in mouse and human follicular hamartomas, in contrast to the high levels detected in BCCs. Cyclins D1 and D2 were selectively upregulated in mouse BCCs. Our data suggest that the levels of hedgehog pathway activation and G(1) cyclins are major determinants of tumor phenotype in skin, and strongly implicate deregulated hedgehog signaling in the genesis of human basaloid follicular hamartomas. Expression of an activated SMO mutant in keratinocytes appears to be insufficient for the development and/or maintenance of full-blown BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grachtchouk
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Tchetina E, Mwale F, Poole AR. Distinct phases of coordinated early and late gene expression in growth plate chondrocytes in relationship to cell proliferation, matrix assembly, remodeling, and cell differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:844-51. [PMID: 12733723 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.5.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although much has been learned about growth plate development and chondrocyte gene expression during cellular maturation and matrix remodeling in the mouse, there has been a limited study of the interrelationships of gene expression between proteinases, growth factors, and other regulatory molecules in the mouse and in other species. Here we use RT-PCR of sequential transverse sections to examine the expression profiles of genes involved in chondrocyte growth, differentiation, matrix assembly, remodeling, and mineralization in the bovine proximal tibial growth plate. Specifically, we studied the expression of genes encoding COL2A1 and COL10A1, the latter a marker of cellular hypertrophy, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-13 and MMP-9, as well as the transcriptional factors, Sox9 and Cbfa1, the growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), transforming growth factor (TGF)beta1, and beta2, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and the matrix protein osteocalcin. These were analyzed in relationship to cell division defined by cyclin B2 expression. Two peaks of gene expression activity were observed. One was transient, limited, and located immediately before and at the onset of cyclin B2 expression in the early proliferative zone. The other was generally much more pronounced and was located in the early hypertrophic zone. The upregulation of expression of COL2A1, its transcriptional activator Sox9, osteocalcin, MMP-13, and TGFbeta2 was observed immediately before and at the onset of cyclin B2 expression and also in the hypertrophic zones. The upregulation of COL10A1, Cbfa1, MMP-9, TGFbeta-1, and Ihh gene expression was associated exclusively with the terminal differentiation of chondrocytes at the time of mineral formation in the extracellular matrix. In contrast, bFGF and PTHrP expression was observed in association with the onset of cyclin B2 expression and hypertrophy. This initial cluster of gene expression associated predominantly with matrix assembly and onset of cell proliferation is therefore characterized by expression of regulatory molecules distinct from those involved at hypertrophy. Together these results identify separate phases of coordinated gene expression associated with the development of the physis in endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tchetina
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Hedgehog proteins are secreted molecules that bind to their cell surface receptors to elicit concentration dependent responses essential for numerous tissue patterning and cell differentiation events during embryogenesis. However, during early stages of pancreas organogenesis, hedgehog signaling has been shown to inhibit tissue morphogenesis and cell differentiation. By contrast, recent cell culture studies indicate that an active hedgehog pathway might be required for maintenance of adult endocrine cell functions. This review describes our current understanding of the requirement of hedgehog signaling during pancreas morphogenesis and cell differentiation and discusses how individual hedgehog genes might act at various stages to ensure proper pancreas development and organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA.
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Ganss B, Kobayashi H. The zinc finger transcription factor Zfp60 is a negative regulator of cartilage differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:2151-60. [PMID: 12469909 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.12.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of many mesenchyme-derived cells, including cells that form bone and cartilage, is regulated at the level of gene transcription, but many of the factors involved in this regulation remain to be identified. In this study, a modified RNA fingerprinting technique was used to identify the KRAB domain zinc finger transcription factor Zfp60 as a candidate regulator of cell differentiation in mouse calvaria primary cultures. The highest expression of Zfp60 mRNA in vivo was found between embryonic day 11 (E11) and E15 during mouse embryonic development, coinciding with stages of active organ formation. The expression of Zfp60 mRNA and protein was analyzed further in mouse embryos during skeletal development. The most prominent expression was found in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, where it coincides with the expression of key regulators of chondrocyte maturation, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor. Zfp60 mRNA was also found transiently expressed during chondrogenesis of C1 cells in vitro, preceding collagen type X expression and cellular hypertrophy. Overexpression of Zfp60 inhibited cartilage differentiation in the chondrogenic ATDC5 cell line. These results suggest a role for Zfp60 as a negative regulator of gene transcription, specifically during the development and/or differentiation of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Ganss
- CIHR Group in Matrix Dynamics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The clinical implications of understanding epidermal stem cell biology abound. Thousands of burns victims across the world have benefited from early research into the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. Advances now indicate there are a number of stem cell repositories within the epidermis, two of which, the interfollicular epidermis and the bulge region of the hair follicle, may supply each other when damaged. This review details the progress made in the identification and characterisation of stem cells within the epidermis and discusses the molecules involved in the epidermal stem cell's choice of fate. Finally, the skin, like bone marrow, could be a readily accessible source of stem cells for therapeutic intervention and evidence of skin stem cell plasticity is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Janes
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
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Nishigaki F, Sakuma S, Ogawa T, Miyata S, Ohkubo T, Goto T. FK506 induces chondrogenic differentiation of clonal mouse embryonic carcinoma cells, ATDC5. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 437:123-8. [PMID: 11890899 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
FK506 (Tacrolimus) and cyclosporin A exert their immunosuppressive effects via a common mechanism, calcineurin inhibition, after binding to intracellular proteins termed immunophilins: FK506-binding protein (FKBP) and cyclophilin. In this study, FK506 was found to induce chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells (clonal mouse embryonal carcinoma cells) in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-1000 ng/ml). Immunohistochemical staining showed that ATDC5 cells induced to differentiate by FK506 produced proteoglycan and type II collagen, main components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage. Rapamycin, an immunosuppressant that binds to FKBP, antagonized the effect of FK506. Cyclosporin A did not induce chondrogenesis at concentrations up to 1000 ng/ml. Taken together, these results suggest that FK506 induces chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells via a calcineurin-independent mechanism, after binding to FKBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusako Nishigaki
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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Ito H, Akiyama H, Iguchi H, Iyama K, Miyamoto M, Ohsawa K, Nakamura T. Molecular cloning and biological activity of a novel lysyl oxidase-related gene expressed in cartilage. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:24023-9. [PMID: 11292829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100861200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel lysyl oxidase-related protein, named LOXC, by suppression subtractive hybridization between differentiated and calcified ATDC5 cells, a clonal mouse chondrogenic EC cell line. The deduced amino acid sequence of mouse LOXC consists of 757 amino acids and shows 50% identity with that of mouse lysyl oxidase. Northern blot analysis showed a distinct hybridization band of 5.4 kilobases, and Western blot analysis showed an immunoreactive band at 82 kilodaltons. Expression of LOXC mRNA was detected in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and embryonic fibroblast C3H10T1/2 cells, whereas none of NIH3T3 fibroblasts and myoblastic C2C12 cells expressed LOXC mRNA in vitro. Moreover, the LOXC mRNA and protein levels dramatically increased throughout a process of chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells. In vivo, LOXC gene expression was localized in hypertrophic and calcified chondrocytes of growth plates in adult mice. The conditioned media of COS-7 cells transfected with the full-length LOXC cDNA showed the lysyl oxidase activity in both type I and type II collagens derived from chick embryos, and these activities of LOXC were inhibited by beta-aminopropionitrile, a specific inhibitor of lysyl oxidase. Our data indicate that LOXC is expressed in cartilage in vivo and modulates the formation of a collagenous extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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38
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Zhang XM, Ramalho-Santos M, McMahon AP. Smoothened Mutants Reveal Redundant Roles for Shh and Ihh Signaling Including Regulation of L/R Asymmetry by the Mouse Node. Cell 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nishio K, Neo M, Akiyama H, Okada Y, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Effects of apatite and wollastonite containing glass-ceramic powder and two types of alumina powder in composites on osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 55:164-76. [PMID: 11255168 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(200105)55:2<164::aid-jbm1003>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previously we developed a composite consisting of apatite and wollastonite containing glass-ceramic (AW-GC) powder and bisphenol-a-glycidyldimethacrylate (Bis-GMA)-based resin (designated AWC), and demonstrated that AWC showed direct contact with living bone. Another new composite consisting of mainly the delta-crystal phase of alumina bead powder and Bis-GMA-based resin (designated ABC) was developed. Although alumina ceramics are bioinert and a composite filled with the pure alpha-crystal phase of alumina powder (designated alphaALC) did not allow direct bone formation in vivo, ABC was shown to have excellent osteoconductivity. One purpose of this study was to investigate whether AW-GC powder in a composite promotes osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells as AW-GC bulk did. Another purpose was to evaluate the effects of the delta-crystal phase of alumina powder in a composite on osteoblastic differentiation. In a cell culture with dexamethasone, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity at both days 7 and 14, and the levels of osteocalcin mRNA and alpha1(I) collagen mRNA at day 14 and osteopontin mRNA at day 7, were highest on AWC, followed by ABC, and finally alphaALC. Scanning electron microscopy showed more abundant mineralized globules and a fibrous collagen matrix on AWC at day 14, followed by ABC. In a cell culture without dexamethasone, AP activity at both days 7 and 14, and the level of osteopontin mRNA at day 7, were higher on ABC than on any other composite, whereas osteocalcin mRNA could not be detected. These results indicate that AW-GC powder in a composite promotes osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells intensively when supplemented with dexamethasone. The delta-crystal phase of alumina powder in a composite promotes greater osteoblastic differentiation than the alpha-crystal phase of alumina powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho 54, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway is important in embryological development and is highly conserved through evolution. Recently Patched, a member of the pathway, was found to be important in Gorlin's syndrome. Inherited Patched gene mutations underlie the syndrome, in which a key feature is multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). The gene is also mutated in sporadic BCCs as well as in sporadic occurrences of other tumours seen in Gorlin's syndrome. The precise mechanism whereby Patched gene mutation leads to tumour development is not known, but BCC is characterized by relentless local invasion and only rarely metastasizes. This suggests that abnormalities of the Hedgehog pathway account for these features. This proposal is discussed in the context of what is already known about the normal function of the Hedgehog pathway and its deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Saldanha
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Building, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
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41
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Nishio K, Neo M, Akiyama H, Nishiguchi S, Kim HM, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. The effect of alkali- and heat-treated titanium and apatite-formed titanium on osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2000; 52:652-61. [PMID: 11033547 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<652::aid-jbm9>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was based on the hypothesis that osteogenesis is enhanced by growth of osteogenic cells on an apatitic surface. To test this hypothesis, the behavior of rat bone marrow cells on these surfaces was examined: commercially pure titanium (Cp Ti), alkali- and heat-treated titanium (AH Ti), and AH Ti incubated in a simulated body fluid to deposit crystalline hydroxyapatite on the surface (Ap Ti). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the cells cultured on Ap Ti was significantly higher at day 7 and day 14 than the ALP activity observed for the other titanium surfaces. At day 14, the ALP activity on AH Ti was significantly increased compared with the ALP activity on Cp Ti. The amount of DNA per well increased nearly in parallel for each titanium. However, northern blot analysis at day 14 revealed that expression of osteocalcin and alpha1(I) collagen mRNA was higher in the cells cultured on Ap Ti than the cells cultured on AH Ti. The cells cultured on Cp Ti showed the lowest mRNA levels. After 7 days of cell-free culture in medium supplemented with 15% serum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thin-film X-ray diffraction (TF-XRD) analysis showed that calcium phosphate had been deposited on the AH Ti (resulting in an increase in thickness with time). No phosphate was detected on the Cp Ti, even after day 14. This study indicates that Ap Ti provides the most favorable conditions for differentiation of bone marrow cells, and, at a later stage, AH Ti also provides favorable conditions, perhaps because of the formation of a surface layer of calcium phosphate. This potential for apatite formation may play an important role in osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho 54, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Ito H, Akiyama H, Shigeno C, Nakamura T. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide inhibits the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4 mRNA through a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway in mouse clonal chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1497:237-43. [PMID: 10903428 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play crucial roles in chondrogenic differentiation. Little is known, however, regarding the regulation of BMP gene expression. Here we examined the effect of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) (1-141), a full-length form of PTHrP molecules, on the expression of BMP-4 mRNA in clonal mouse chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. In differentiated ATDC5 cells, the expression of BMP-4 mRNA was inhibited by PTHrP (1-141), which stimulated cAMP accumulation and protein kinase A (PKA) activity in these cells. Dibutyryl cAMP, a permeable analog of cAMP, mimicked and H-89, a selective PKA inhibitor, blocked this effect of PTHrP (1-141). Moreover, actinomycin D attenuated the inhibition of BMP-4 mRNA expression by PTHrP (1-141). These results indicate that PTHrP (1-141) transcriptionally inhibits the expression of BMP-4 mRNA through a cAMP/PKA pathway in ATDC5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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43
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Horiguchi M, Akiyama H, Ito H, Shigeno C, Nakamura T. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha up-regulates the expression of BMP-4 mRNA but inhibits chondrogenesis in mouse clonal chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. Cytokine 2000; 12:526-30. [PMID: 10857772 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha causes the degradation of articular cartilage in arthritis via direct actions on chondrocytes. However, it remains unknown whether TNF-alpha affects chondrogenesis in chondroprogenitors. In the present study, we assessed the effects of TNF-alpha in vitro on chondrogenesis using mouse clonal chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) stimulated [3H] thymidine incorporation in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells, and suppressed cartilaginous nodule formation and the accumulation of cartilage-specific proteoglycan. We recently showed that undifferentiated ATDC5 cells express BMP-4 and that exogenously administered BMP-4 promotes chondrogenesis in these cells. Interestingly, TNF-alpha up-regulated the expression of BMP-4 mRNA in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. However, exogenously administered BMP-4 was not capable of reversing the inhibitory action of TNF-alpha on chondrogenesis in ATDC5 cells. These results indicate that TNF-alpha stimulates both cell proliferation and BMP-4 expression but inhibits chondrogenesis in chondroprogenitor-like ATDC5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horiguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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Wang LC, Liu ZY, Gambardella L, Delacour A, Shapiro R, Yang J, Sizing I, Rayhorn P, Garber EA, Benjamin CD, Williams KP, Taylor FR, Barrandon Y, Ling L, Burkly LC. Regular articles: conditional disruption of hedgehog signaling pathway defines its critical role in hair development and regeneration. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:901-8. [PMID: 10771469 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the vertebrate hedgehog family (Sonic, Indian, and Desert) have been shown to be essential for the development of various organ systems, including neural, somite, limb, skeletal, and for male gonad morphogenesis. Sonic hedgehog and its cognate receptor Patched are expressed in the epithelial and/or mesenchymal cell components of the hair follicle. Recent studies have demonstrated an essential role for this pathway in hair development in the skin of Sonic hedgehog null embryos. We have further explored the role of the hedgehog pathway using anti-hedgehog blocking monoclonal antibodies to treat pregnant mice at different stages of gestation and have generated viable offspring that lack body coat hair. Histologic analysis revealed the presence of ectodermal placode and primodium of dermal papilla in these mice, yet the subsequent hair shaft formation was inhibited. In contrast, the vibrissae (whisker) development appears to be unaffected upon anti-hedgehog blocking monoclonal antibody treatment. Strikingly, inhibition of body coat hair morphogenesis also was observed in mice treated postnatally with anti-hedgehog monoclonal antibody during the growing (anagen) phase of the hair cycle. The hairless phenotype was reversible upon suspension of monoclonal antibody treatment. Taken together, our results underscore a direct role of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in embryonic hair follicle development as well as in subsequent hair cycles in young and adult mice. Our system of generating an inducible and reversible hairless phenotype by anti-hedgehog monoclonal antibody treatment will be valuable for studying the regulation and mechanism of hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Wang
- Biogen Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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45
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Iwamoto M, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Kurisu K. Actions of hedgehog proteins on skeletal cells. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2000; 10:477-86. [PMID: 10634584 DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in developmental and molecular biology during embryogenesis and organogenesis have provided new insights into the mechanism of bone formation. Members of the hedgehog gene family were initially characterized as patterning factors in embryonic development, but recently they have been shown to regulate skeletal formation in vertebrates. The amino terminal fragment of Sonic hedgehog (Shh-N), which is an active domain of Shh, has the ability to induce ectopic cartilage and bone formation in vivo. Shh-N stimulates chondrogenic differentiation in cultures of chondrogenic cell line cells in vitro and inhibits chondrogenesis in primary limb bud cells. These findings suggest that the regulation of chondrogenesis by hedgehog proteins depends on the cell populations being studied. Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is prominently expressed in developing cartilage. Ectopic expression of Ihh decreases type X collagen expression and induces the up-regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp) gene expression in perichondrium cells. A negative feedback loop consisting of Ihh and PTHrp, induced by Ihh, appears to regulate the rate of chondrocyte maturation. The direct actions of Shh and Ihh on stimulation of osteoblast differentiation are evidenced by the findings that these factors stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity in cultures of pluripotent mesenchymal cell line cells and osteoblastic cells and that these cells express putative receptors of hedgehog proteins. In conclusion, hedgehog proteins seem to be significantly involved in skeletal formation through multiple actions on chondrogenic mesenchymal cells, chondrocytes, and osteogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwamoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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46
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Akiyama H, Hiraki Y, Noda M, Shigeno C, Ito H, Nakamura T. Molecular cloning and biological activity of a novel Ha-Ras suppressor gene predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and bone marrow by differential display using clonal mouse EC cells, ATDC5. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32192-7. [PMID: 10542256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel mouse protein, named A-C1, by differential display between two mouse cell lines: embryonic fibroblast C3H10T1/2 and chondrogenic ATDC5. The deduced amino acid sequence of A-C1 consists of 167 amino acids and shows 46% identity with that of a ras-responsive gene, rat Ha-rev107. Northern blot analysis showed a distinct hybridization band of 3.2 kilobases. Expression of A-C1 mRNA was detected in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells and myoblastic C2C12 cells, while none of C3H10T1/2 cells, NIH3T3 fibroblasts, Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, and ST2 bone marrow stromal cells expressed A-C1 mRNA in vitro. Moreover, A-C1 mRNA was expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and bone marrow in adult mice. By in situ hybridization, A-C1 gene expression was localized in hippocampus as well as bone marrow cells. By immunocytochemistry, A-C1 protein was detected in the cytoplasm as well as perinuclear region of the cells. Transfection of A-C1 cDNA into Ha-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cell line caused increase in the number of flat colonies and inhibition of cell growth. Our data indicate that A-C1 is expressed in some specific tissues in vivo and modulates Ha-ras-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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47
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Akiyama H, Kanno T, Ito H, Terry A, Neil J, Ito Y, Nakamura T. Positive and negative regulation of chondrogenesis by splice variants of PEBP2alphaA/CBFalpha1 in clonal mouse EC cells, ATDC5. J Cell Physiol 1999; 181:169-78. [PMID: 10457365 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199910)181:1<169::aid-jcp18>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The alphaA type of the alpha subunit of the polyomavirus enhancer binding protein 2 (PEBP2alphaA), also called the core binding factor alpha1 (CBFalpha1) or til-1, plays crucial roles in osteogenesis. Little is known, however, about the function of PEBP2alphaA in chondrogenesis. Here, we examined the role of PEBP2alphaA in chondrogenesis of clonal mouse embryonal carcinoma cells, ATDC5, which are committed as chondroprogenitors. We found that as ATDC5 cells condensed and formed cartilaginous nodules, PEBP2alphaA increased, and the level was maintained throughout the process of chondrocytic maturation. When an established dominant negative form of PEBP2alphaA was introduced in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells, the cellular condensation and the subsequent processes were inhibited. This inhibition was overcome with BMP-4 treatment, which increased the endogenous expression of PEBP2alphaA. Thus, the process of chondrogenesis is regulated by the level of PEBP2alphaA activity. Along with the wild-type PEBP2alphaA, a splice variant form, til-1 G2, is naturally expressed in ATDC5 cells. In luciferase reporter assays, til-1 G2 not only exhibited a limited ability to transactivate the osteocalcin promoter but also inhibited the activity achieved by the wild-type PEBP2alphaA. When til-1 G2 was overexpressed by stable transfection in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells, it inhibited the progression of chondrogenesis. Therefore, we conclude that PEBP2alphaA acts as a positive regulator of chondrogenesis, and that this positive effect may be finely tuned by the opposing effect of the til-1 G2 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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48
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Kawai J, Akiyama H, Shigeno C, Ito H, Konishi J, Nakamura T. Effects of transforming growth factor-beta signaling on chondrogenesis in mouse chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. Eur J Cell Biol 1999; 78:707-14. [PMID: 10569243 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(99)80039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular condensation of chondroprogenitors is a distinct cellular event in chondrogenesis. During this process, N-cadherin mediates cell-cell interactions responsible for the initial stage of cellular condensation and subsequently fibronectin contributes to cell-matrix interactions mediating a progression of chondrogenesis. We previously showed that chondrogenesis in mouse chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5, was induced, at a high incidence in the presence of insulin, through formation of cellular condensation. In this study, we took advantage of the sequential progression of chondrogenesis in ATDC5 cells and evaluated, in vitro in these cells, the role of endogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in chondrogenesis. ATDC5 cells expressed TGF-beta2 mRNA at a cellular condensation stage. The treatment of undifferentiated ATDC5 cells with anti-TGF-beta32 neutralizing antibody inhibited the accumulation of Alcian blue stainable proteoglycan in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of a dominant-negative mutant of mouse TGF-beta type II receptor to undifferentiated ATDC5 cells completely inhibited cellular condensation. Moreover, exogenously administered TGF-beta2 upregulated the expression of fibronectin and type II collagen (a phenotypic marker gene of chondrogenesis) mRNAs and downregulated that of N-cadherin mRNA in time- and dose-dependent manners. These results indicate that TGF-beta stimulates chondrogenesis via initiation of cellular condensation by transition from an initial N-cadherin-contributing stage to a fibronectin-contributing stage during processes of chondrogenesis in ATDC5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kawai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ito H, Akiyama H, Shigeno C, Nakamura T. Bone morphogenetic protein-6 and parathyroid hormone-related protein coordinately regulate the hypertrophic conversion in mouse clonal chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1451:263-70. [PMID: 10556581 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the roles of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6, BMP-4 and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in the hypertrophic conversion using mouse chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. In ATDC5 cells, the expression of BMP-6 and PTHrP receptor mRNAs increased in parallel with the progression of chondrogenic differentiation of these cells, exhibiting a time course similar to that of type II collagen, a phenotypic marker of proliferating chondrocytes, while BMP-4 mRNA was continuously expressed throughout the differentiation processes. The expression of type X collagen mRNA, a phenotypic marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes, was upregulated by BMP-6 and BMP-4, and downregulated by PTHrP(1-141). The expression of BMP-6 mRNA was upregulated while that of BMP-4 mRNA was downregulated by both BMP-6 and BMP-4. Moreover, the expression of BMP-6 mRNA was downregulated by PTHrP(1-141). Furthermore, even in the presence of PTHrP(1-141), BMP-6 increased the transcript level of type X collagen in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that transiently expressed BMP-6 promotes the hypertrophic conversion in association with the augmentation of BMP-6 gene expression by BMP signals and that both BMP-6 and PTHrP coordinately regulate the rate of the hypertrophic conversion of ATDC5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Ito H, Akiyama H, Shigeno C, Iyama K, Matsuoka H, Nakamura T. Hedgehog signaling molecules in bone marrow cells at the initial stage of fracture repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262:443-51. [PMID: 10462495 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ihh is a secreted protein expressed in chondrocytes in cartilaginous soft callus and thought to be involved in regulation of chondrogenic differentiation in fracture repair processes. However, gene expression and function of Ihh and its signaling molecules, Ptc and Smo, at the initial stage of fracture repair remain unknown. In the present study, we showed by RT-PCR of mouse rib fractures that the upregulation of Ihh mRNA occurred within hours after fracture, immediately followed by that of Ptc mRNA, and that both Ihh and Ptc mRNAs exhibited the time course similar to those of OP and OC mRNAs at the initial stage of fracture repair. The transcript level of Smo mRNA gradually increased within hours after fracture and was continuously maintained throughout the subsequent fracture repair processes. By in situ hybridization analysis, the transcripts of Ptc and Smo genes localized in bone marrow of unfractured ribs, and those of Ihh, Ptc, and Smo were expressed in the vicinity of the fracture site at 8 h after fracture. Furthermore, in adherent bone marrow cells in culture, mrIhh-N upregulated the gene expression of TGF-beta(1) as well as OPGL, a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. These observations suggest that Ihh may play roles in the initial stage of fracture repair via TGF-beta(1) and OPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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