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Salana S, Verma V. Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39291816 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, several cell-based and acellular methods have been developed to evaluate ambient particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Although cell-based methods provide a more comprehensive assessment of PM toxicity, their results are difficult to comprehend due to the diversity in cellular endpoints, cell types, and assays and the interference of PM chemical components with some of the assays' techniques. In this review, we attempt to clarify some of these issues. We first discuss the morphological and immunological differences among various macrophage and epithelial cells, belonging to the respiratory systems of human and murine species, used in the in vitro studies evaluating PM toxicity. Then, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of different PM chemical components and the relevance of atmospheric processing and aging of aerosols in the respiratory toxicity of PM. Our review demonstrates the need to adopt more physiologically relevant cellular models such as epithelial (or endothelial) cells instead of macrophages for oxidative stress measurement. We suggest limiting macrophages for investigating other cellular responses (e.g., phagocytosis, inflammation, and DNA damage). Unlike monocultures (of macrophages and epithelial cells), which are generally used to study the direct effects of PM on a given cell type, the use of co-culture systems should be encouraged to investigate a more comprehensive effect of PM in the presence of other cells. Our review has identified two major groups of toxic PM chemical species from the existing literature, i.e., metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn) and organic compounds (PAHs, ketones, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and quinones). However, the relative toxicities of these species are still a matter of debate. Finally, the results of the existing studies investigating the effect of aging on PM toxicity are ambiguous, with varying results due to different cell types, different aging conditions, and the presence/absence of specific oxidants. More systematic studies are necessary to understand the role of different SOA precursors, interactions between different PM components, and aging conditions in the overall toxicity of PM. We anticipate that our review will guide future investigations by helping researchers choose appropriate cell models, resulting in a more meaningful interpretation of cell-based assays and thus ultimately leading to a better understanding of the health effects of PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
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Yu S, Mu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Lee C, Wang H. Molecular mechanisms underlying titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2NP) induced autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:997-1008. [PMID: 31718501 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1688482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow is one of the target tissues for titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) following environmental exposure. At present, the consequences of TiO2NP exposure in bone are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO2NP on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and potential underlying mechanisms. Mesenchymal bone marrow-derived cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of TiO2NP. Results showed that TiO2NP incubation produced cytotoxicity as evidenced by reduced cell viability. Using Western blotting TiO2NP was found to increase autophagy as determined by elevation in ratio of LC3-II from LC3-I without evidence of necrotic cell death as estimated by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level. TiO2NP produced a rise in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The observed alterations in autophagy and oxidant stress were associated with upregulation of protein expression of p38, JNK, and ERK. Data indicate that TiO2NP-mediated decrease in MSC survival involves a complex series of events associated stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and consequent autophagy and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbang Yu
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Yongping Mu
- Tumor Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Centre, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, US
| | - Charles Lee
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Singapore
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Dai X, Liu R, Li N, Yi J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce in vitro autophagy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 38:56-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327118777849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Concerns about the possible toxicity to environment and human health of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between toxicology and autophage in vitro. Methods: RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to five concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 μg/mL) and two particle size of TiO2 NPs (30 and 100 nm) for 24 h. Results: The results showed that TiO2 NPs decreased cell viability, phagocytic rate, and phagocytic index in a concentration-dependent manner, thereby inducing autophagy. TiO2 NPs-induced autophagy was indicated by monodansyl cadaverine staining and transmission electron microscopy. TiO2 NPs-induced messenger RNA expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin-1 was also significantly increased compared with those of the unexposed control cells. LC3 and Beclin-1 protein expression levels were markedly increased with the increase of TiO2 NPs concentrations. Conclusion: These results suggest the possibility that TiO2 NPs-induced toxicology probably plays a key role in autophagy in RAW 264.7 cells, and further exhaustive research on the harmful effects of these NPs in relevant organisms is needed for their safe application.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Dai
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - R Liu
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - N Li
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - J Yi
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Figueiredo Borgognoni C, Kim JH, Zucolotto V, Fuchs H, Riehemann K. Human macrophage responses to metal-oxide nanoparticles: a review. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:694-703. [PMID: 29726285 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1468767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been widely used in our daily lives in medicine, cosmetics, paints, textiles and food products. Many studies aim to determine their biological effects in different types of cells. The interaction of these materials with the immune system leads to reactions by modifying the susceptibility or resistance of the host body which could induce adverse health effects. Macrophages, as specific cells of the innate immune response, play a crucial role in the human defence system to foreign agents. They can be used as a reliable test object for the investigation of immune responses under nanomaterials exposure displayed by expression of a variety of receptors and active secretion of key signalling substances for these processes. This report covers studies of human macrophage behaviours upon exposure of nanomaterials. We focused on their interaction with metal-oxide nanoparticles as these are largely used in medical and cosmetics applications. The discussion and summary of these studies can guide the development of new nanomaterials, which are, at the same time, safe and useful for new purposes, especially for health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Figueiredo Borgognoni
- a Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) , Münster , Germany.,b Physics Institute , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Carlos , Brazil
| | - Joo Hyoung Kim
- a Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) , Münster , Germany.,c Institute of Physics , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | | | - Harald Fuchs
- a Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) , Münster , Germany.,c Institute of Physics , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Kristina Riehemann
- a Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) , Münster , Germany.,c Institute of Physics , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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Türkez H, Geyikoğlu F. An in vitro blood culture for evaluating the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide: the responses of antioxidant enzymes. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 23:19-23. [PMID: 17722736 DOI: 10.1177/0748233707076764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is extensively used in many industrial areas, including cosmetics, pharmaceutical, paint and paper production. Although the uses of TiO2have become so widespread, there is limited information concerning its toxicity on humans. However, the genotoxicity of TiO2remains to be controversial. The possible genotoxic effects of TiO2have been evaluated in human whole blood cultures (WBCs) related to oxidative status. The blood was processed to examine the following oxidative stress markers: glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei (MN) were scored as genetic endpoints. Different concentrations of TiO2(1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 μM) were tested. From the results, it appeared that TiO2was able to induce genotoxic effects, as observed by the increases found in SCE and MN frequencies in TiO2-treated cultures. Present results also show that treatments with TiO2promoted oxidative stress in human WBC with an increase in concentrations. In conclusion, our data indicate that TiO2can enhance oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2007; 23: 19—23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Dosunmu R, Wu J, Basha MR, Zawia NH. Environmental and dietary risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:887-900. [PMID: 17610395 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.7.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects millions in the aging population worldwide and will affect millions more in the next 20 years. Over 90% of all cases are sporadic, with genetics playing a minor role in the etiology of AD. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the environment and diet as primary risk factors in AD pathology. This review considers epidemiologic case control studies, and in vitro and in vivo research to investigate the potential of environmental exposure to metals, air pollution and pesticides as well as diet as risk factors for AD. In some cases, the role of genetic mutations and environmental risk is discussed. The evidence examined in this review provides a brief overview of the current literature on selected, significant risk factors in promoting amyloid-beta accumulation and aggregation, thus contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Dosunmu
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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de Queiroz JDF, Leal AMDS, Terada M, Agnez-Lima LF, Costa I, Pinto NCDS, de Medeiros SRB. Surface modification by argon plasma treatment improves antioxidant defense ability of CHO-k1 cells on titanium surfaces. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:381-7. [PMID: 24296152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Titanium is one of the most used materials in implants and changes in its surface can modify the cellular functional response to better implant fixation. An argon plasma treatment generates a surface with improved mechanical proprieties without modifying its chemical composition. Oxidative stress induced by biomaterials is considered one of the major causes of implant failure and studies in this field are fundamental to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new material. Therefore, in this work, induction of oxidative stress by titanium surfaces subjected to plasma treatment (PTTS) was evaluated. The viability of CHO-k1 cells was higher on PTTS discs. Cells grown on titanium surfaces are subjected to intracellular oxidative stress. Titanium discs subjected to the plasma treatment induced less oxidative stress than the untreated ones, which resulted in improved cellular survival. These were associated with improved cellular antioxidant response in Plasma Treated Titanium Surface (PTTS). Furthermore, a decrease in protein and DNA oxidative damage was observed on cells grown on the roughed surface when compared to the smooth one. In conclusion, our data suggest that the treatment of titanium with argon plasma may improve its biocompatible, thus improving its performance as implants or as a scaffold in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maysa Terada
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Isolda Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Brazil
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Demir E, Turna F, Vales G, Kaya B, Creus A, Marcos R. In vivo genotoxicity assessment of titanium, zirconium and aluminium nanoparticles, and their microparticulated forms, in Drosophila. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2304-2310. [PMID: 24095613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As in vivo system, we propose Drosophila melanogaster as a useful model for study the genotoxic risks associated with nanoparticle exposure. In this study we have carried out a genotoxic evaluation of titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles and their microparticulated forms in D. melanogaster by using the wing somatic mutation and recombination assay. This assay is based on the principle that loss of heterozygosis and the corresponding expression of the suitable recessive markers, multiple wing hairs and flare-3, can lead to the formation of mutant clones in treated larvae, which are expressed as mutant spots on the wings of adult flies. Third instar larvae were feed with TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles, and their microparticulated forms, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10mM. Although a certain level of aggregation/agglomeration was observed in solution, it must be noted than the constant digging activity of larvae ensures that treated medium pass constantly through the digestive tract ensuring exposure. The results showed that no significant increases in the frequency of all spots (e.g. small single, large single, twin, total mwh and total spots) were observed, indicating that these nanoparticles were not able to induce genotoxic activity in the wing spot assay of D. melanogaster. Negative data were also obtained with the microparticulated forms. This indicates that the nanoparticulated form of the selected nanomaterials does not modify the potential genotoxicity of their microparticulated versions. These in vivo results contribute to increase the genotoxicity database on the TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşref Demir
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
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Planchon M, Ferrari R, Guyot F, Gélabert A, Menguy N, Chanéac C, Thill A, Benedetti MF, Spalla O. Interaction between Escherichia coli and TiO2 nanoparticles in natural and artificial waters. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:158-64. [PMID: 23006561 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seine River water was used as a natural environmental medium to quantify the ecotoxicological impact of three types of manufactured titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles toward the model bacterium Escherichia coli. Under ambient light, a significant toxicity starting at 10 ppm of TiO(2) in water was observed. Presence of the anatase polymorph slightly increased the toxicity in comparison to pure rutile samples. Furthermore, the toxicity was found to be lower at pH 5 compared to Seine water (pH 8). To assess the nanoparticles state of dispersion and their interactions with bacteria, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential measurements were performed. A higher sorption of nanoparticle aggregates on cells is observed at pH 5 compared to Seine water. This allows concluding that the observed toxicity is not directly linked to the particles sorption onto the cell surfaces. In spite of stronger interaction between cells and nanoparticles at pH 5, a bacterial subpopulation apparently non-interacting with nanoparticles is evidenced by both TEM and zeta potential measurements. Such heterogeneities in cell populations can increase global bacterial resistance to TiO(2) nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Planchon
- CEA Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SIS2M/LIONS, UMR CEA-CNRS 3299, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Eydner M, Schaudien D, Creutzenberg O, Ernst H, Hansen T, Baumgärtner W, Rittinghausen S. Impacts after inhalation of nano- and fine-sized titanium dioxide particles: morphological changes, translocation within the rat lung, and evaluation of particle deposition using the relative deposition index. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:557-69. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.697494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Servin AD, Castillo-Michel H, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Diaz BC, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Synchrotron micro-XRF and micro-XANES confirmation of the uptake and translocation of TiO₂ nanoparticles in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7637-43. [PMID: 22715806 DOI: 10.1021/es300955b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have raised concerns about possible effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in the environment, especially in terrestrial plants. In this research, the impacts of TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) were evaluated in hydroponically grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. Seven day old seedlings were treated with TiO(2) NPs at concentrations varying from 0 to 4000 mg L(-1). At harvest, the size of roots and shoots were measured. In addition, micro X- ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (micro-XAS), respectively, were used to track the presence and chemical speciation of Ti within plant tissues. Results showed that at all concentrations, TiO(2) significantly increased root length (average >300%). By using micro-XRF it was found that Ti was transported from the roots to the leaf trichomes, suggesting that trichomes are possible sink or excretory system for the Ti. The micro-XANES spectra showed that the absorbed Ti was present as TiO(2) within the cucumber tissues, demonstrating that the TiO(2) NPs were not biotransformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia D Servin
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Turkez H. The role of ascorbic acid on titanium dioxide-induced genetic damage assessed by the comet assay and cytogenetic tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:453-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Ce(IV) Doped TiO2Nanoparticles in Human Hepatocyte Cell Line L02. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/910434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ce(IV) doped anatase TiO2nanoparticles (CDTs) were prepared and the underlying mechanism by which CDT nanoparticle enters into cell and its cytotoxicity were investigated in a human hepatocellular line L02 cell. The results showed that CDTs can enter into cytoplasm of L02 cell via endocytosis and nonendocytic ways. Large aggregation of CDTs went into cell by endocytosis and finally formed an endocytic vesicle with membrane boundary. Tiny aggregation of CDTs entered into cell cytoplasm via channels similar to that for lung-blood substance exchange in the alveolar-airway barrier. In addition, tiny aggregation of CDTs was observed in nucleus, and maybe CDTs could pass through the nucleus envelope via the channels provided by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Results from MTT assay, fluorescence microscope, and TEM observations showed that the cell viability, cell morphology, cell growth, and cell division periods could not be obviously impaired when cells were exposed to CDTs of different concentration from 30 to 150 μg mL−1without UV irradiation. However, large vacuoles containing CDTs were found in cytoplasm, some structure changes were observed in mitochondria, and smooth envelope around the nucleus was shrank and deformed.
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Effect of titanium surface modified by plasma energy source on genotoxic response in vitro. Toxicology 2009; 262:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Size-dependent hydroxyl radicals generation induced by SiO2 ultra-fine particles: The role of surface iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis through the JNK/p38-caspase-8-Bid pathway in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:682-7. [PMID: 19555659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the signaling pathways underlying nano-TiO(2)-induced apoptosis in cultured human lymphocytes. Nano-TiO(2) increased the proportion of sub-G1 cells, activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and induced caspase-3-mediated PARP cleavage. Nano-TiO(2) also induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which suggests that nano-TiO(2) induces apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway. A time-sequence analysis of the induction of apoptosis by nano-TiO(2) revealed that nano-TiO(2) triggered apoptosis through caspase-8/Bid activation. We also observed that inhibition of caspase-8 by z-IETD-fmk suppressed the caspase-8/Bid activation, caspase-3-mediated PARP cleavage, and apoptosis. Nano-TiO(2) activated two MAPKs, p38 and JNK. In addition, the selective p38 inhibitor SB203580 and selective JNK inhibitor SP600125 suppressed nano-TiO(2)-induced apoptosis and caspase-8 activation to moderate and significant extents, respectively. Knockdown of protein levels of JNK1 and p38 using an RNA interference technique also suppressed caspase-8 activation. Our results suggest that nano-TiO(2)-induced apoptosis is mediated by the p38/JNK pathway and the caspase-8-dependent Bid pathway in human lymphocytes.
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Turkez H. Effects of boric acid and borax on titanium dioxide genotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:658-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ, Chung HW. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:399-405. [PMID: 18418868 DOI: 10.1002/em.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) are widely used as a photocatalyst in air and water remediation. These nanoparticles are known to induce toxicity; however, their cytotoxic mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of nano-TiO2-induced cytotoxicity in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We examined the genotoxic effects of nano-TiO2 in lymphocytes using alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assays. Lymphocytes treated with nano-TiO2 showed significantly increased micronucleus formation and DNA breakage. Western-blot analysis to identify proteins involved in the p53-mediated response to DNA damage revealed the accumulation of p53 and activation of DNA damage checkpoint kinases in nano-TiO2-treated lymphocytes. However, p21 and bax, downstream targets of p53, were not affected, indicating that nano-TiO2 does not stimulate transactivational activity of p53. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nano-TiO2-treated cells was also observed, andN-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation inhibited the level of nano-TiO2-induced DNA damage. Given that ROS-induced DNA damage leads to p53 activation in the DNA damage response, our results suggest that nano-TiO2 induces ROS generation in lymphocytes, thereby activating p53-mediated DNA damage checkpoint signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kang
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Calhoun WJ, Ameredes BT, Clark MP, Deye GJ, Baron P, Jones W, Blake T, Castranova V. In vitro cytotoxicity of Manville Code 100 glass fibers: effect of fiber length on human alveolar macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:5. [PMID: 16569233 PMCID: PMC1459188 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) are inorganic noncrystalline materials widely used in residential and industrial settings for insulation, filtration, and reinforcement purposes. SVFs conventionally include three major categories: fibrous glass, rock/slag/stone (mineral) wool, and ceramic fibers. Previous in vitro studies from our laboratory demonstrated length-dependent cytotoxic effects of glass fibers on rat alveolar macrophages which were possibly associated with incomplete phagocytosis of fibers >or= 17 microm in length. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of fiber length on primary human alveolar macrophages, which are larger in diameter than rat macrophages, using length-classified Manville Code 100 glass fibers (8, 10, 16, and 20 microm). It was hypothesized that complete engulfment of fibers by human alveolar macrophages could decrease fiber cytotoxicity; i.e. shorter fibers that can be completely engulfed might not be as cytotoxic as longer fibers. Human alveolar macrophages, obtained by segmental bronchoalveolar lavage of healthy, non-smoking volunteers, were treated with three different concentrations (determined by fiber number) of the sized fibers in vitro. Cytotoxicity was assessed by monitoring cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase release and loss of function as indicated by a decrease in zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence. RESULTS Microscopic analysis indicated that human alveolar macrophages completely engulfed glass fibers of the 20 microm length. All fiber length fractions tested exhibited equal cytotoxicity on a per fiber basis, i.e. increasing lactate dehydrogenase and decreasing chemiluminescence in the same concentration-dependent fashion. CONCLUSION The data suggest that due to the larger diameter of human alveolar macrophages, compared to rat alveolar macrophages, complete phagocytosis of longer fibers can occur with the human cells. Neither incomplete phagocytosis nor length-dependent toxicity was observed in fiber-exposed human macrophage cultures. In contrast, rat macrophages exhibited both incomplete phagocytosis of long fibers and length-dependent toxicity. The results of the human and rat cell studies suggest that incomplete engulfment may enhance cytotoxicity of fiber glass. However, the possibility should not be ruled out that differences between human versus rat macrophages other than cell diameter could account for differences in fiber effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - William J Calhoun
- AAARC, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bill T Ameredes
- AAARC, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa P Clark
- AAARC, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory J Deye
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul Baron
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William Jones
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Terri Blake
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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20
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Gurr JR, Wang ASS, Chen CH, Jan KY. Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 2005; 213:66-73. [PMID: 15970370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles have been shown to exhibit strong cytotoxicity when exposed to UVA radiation, but are regarded as a biocompatible material in the absence of photoactivation. In contrast to this concept, the present results indicate that anatase-sized (10 and 20 nm) TiO(2) particles in the absence of photoactivation induced oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and micronuclei formation, and increased hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production in BEAS-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line. However, the treatment with anatase-sized (200 and >200 nm) particles did not induce oxidative stress in the absence of light irradiation; it seems that the smaller the particle, the easier it is for the particle to induce oxidative damage. The photocatalytic activity of the anatase form of TiO(2) was reported to be higher than that of the rutile form. In contrast to this notion, the present results indicate that rutile-sized 200 nm particles induced hydrogen peroxide and oxidative DNA damage in the absence of light but the anatase-sized 200nm particles did not. In total darkness, a slightly higher level of oxidative DNA damage was also detected with treatment using an anatase-rutile mixture than with treatment using either the anatase or rutile forms alone. These results suggest that intratracheal instillation of ultrafine TiO(2) particles may cause an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ran Gurr
- Department of Tourism, Hsing Wu College, No. 11-2 Fen-Liao Road, Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan 24452, ROC.
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21
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Desqueyroux H, Pujet JC, Prosper M, Squinazi F, Momas I. Short-term effects of low-level air pollution on respiratory health of adults suffering from moderate to severe asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 89:29-37. [PMID: 12051782 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Only a few studies have been carried out on the health effects of air pollution on patients suffering from severe asthma. We wanted to test the sensitivity of these patients to Paris air pollution. During 13 months, 60 severe asthmatics (62- female; mean age 55 years) were monitored by their physician, who filled in a follow-up form at each consultation and reported any asthma attacks. Daily levels of SO(2), PM10, NO(2), and O(3) were provided by the air quality network. Statistical analysis (generalized estimating equation models that accounted for autocorrelation of responses, temporal, meteorological, and aerobiological variables, and some individual characteristics) revealed significant associations between PM10, O(3), and incident asthma attacks. Odds Ratio (OR) for an increase of 10 microg/m(3) of PM10 was 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.16; 1.71]. An increase of 10 microg/m(3) of O(3) was significantly associated with asthma attacks; OR=1.20; 95% CI [1.03; 1.41]. These relations were observed after a delay between exposure and asthma attacks of 3 to 5 days for PM10 and 2 days for O(3), and they tended to differ according to atopic status. The results of our study suggest that ambient Paris levels of PM10 and O(3) affected health of severe asthmatics, despite their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Desqueyroux
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène et de Santé Publique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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22
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Abstract
Exposure to a class of airborne pollutants known as particulate matter (PM) is an environmental health risk of global proportions. PM is thought to initiate and/or exacerbate respiratory disorders, such as asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness and is epidemiologically associated with causing death in the elderly and those with pre-existing respiratory, or cardiopulmonary disease. Plausible mechanisms of action to explain PM inflammation and its susceptible sub-population component are lacking. This review describes a series of published studies which indicate that PM initiates airway inflammation through sensory neural pathways, specifically by activation of capsaicin-sensitive vanilloid (e.g. VRI) irritant receptors. These acid-sensitive receptors are located on the sensory C nerve fibers that innervate the airways as well as on various immune and non-immune airway target cells. The activation of these receptors results in the release of neuropeptides from the sensory terminals that innervate the airways. Their interactions with airway target cells, result in signs of inflammation (e.g. bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, histamine release, mucous secretion etc.). Our data have linked the activation of the VR1 receptors to the surface charge carried on the colloidal particulates which constitute PM pollution. Related studies have examined how genetic and non-genetic factors modify the sensitivity of these irritant receptors and enhance the inflammatory responsiveness to PM. In summary, this review proposes a mechanism by which neurogenic elements initiate and sustain PM-mediated airway inflammation. Although neurogenic influences have been appreciated in normal airway homeostasis, they have not, until now, been associated with PM toxicity. The sensitivity of the sensory nervous system to irritants and its interactions with pulmonary target tissues, should encourage neuroscientists to explore the relevance of neurogenic influences to toxic disorders involving other peripheral target systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Verones
- Neurotoxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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23
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Dörger M, Krombach F. Interaction of alveolar macrophages with inhaled mineral particulates. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL MEDICINE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AEROSOLS IN MEDICINE 2001; 13:369-80. [PMID: 11262443 DOI: 10.1089/jam.2000.13.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary disorders triggered by inhalation of occupational and environmental mineral particulates can be endpoints of a chronic inflammatory process in which alveolar macrophages (AMs), as a first line of defense, play a crucial role. The biological processes involved in particulate-induced activation of AMs include indirect or direct interactions of particulates with the cell membrane, subsequent stimulation of signal transduction pathways, and activation of gene transcription. Depending on the nature of particulate involved, particulate-induced activation of AMs has been shown to result in the release of potent mediators, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, eicosanoids, and growth factors. The prolonged and enhanced production of such effector molecules may result in a complex cascade of events that can contribute to the development of pulmonary disorders. This paper will give a short review of the present knowledge of AM interaction with inhaled mineral particulates and of the possible implications these interactions may have in the development of pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dörger
- Institute for Surgical Research, Ludwig-Maximillians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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24
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Renwick LC, Donaldson K, Clouter A. Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 172:119-27. [PMID: 11298498 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether slowed clearance after exposure to ultrafine particles was due to a failure in alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. This was achieved by measuring the ability of a macrophage cell line (J774.2 MPhi) to phagocytose 2-microg indicator latex beads following 8-h exposures to a number of test particles. Particles utilized were fine titanium dioxide (TiO2), ultrafine titanium dioxide (UTiO2), carbon black (CB), or ultrafine carbon black (UCB). Cytotoxicity of particles was measured by means of MTT activity. In a preliminary study, we assessed the effects of conditioned medium from particle-treated macrophages on the phagocytic ability of naive macrophages. Ultrafine and fine particles had no significant cytotoxic effects on J774.2 MPhi. A significant reduction in the ability of macrophages to phagocytose the indicator beads occurred after exposure to 0.39 microg/mm(2) (p < 0.001) of UCB and 0.78 microg/mm(2) (p < 0.001) of all particle types compared to the control. Furthermore, ultrafine particles were shown to significantly (p < 0.001) impair macrophage phagocytosis at a lower dose than their fine counterparts (0.39 and 0.78 microg/mm(2), respectively). At all doses, UCB resulted in a greater number (p < 0.001) of nonphagocytic macrophages compared to the other test particles. We tested whether a diffusable mediator being released from particle-exposed cells inhibited the phagocytic activity of adjacent macrophages. The conditioned medium from particle-exposed macrophages had no significant effect on the phagocytic ability of macrophages, suggesting that cell-cell contact is responsible for the pattern of failed phagocytosis (data not shown). We have demonstrated that ultrafine particles impair macrophage phagocytosis to a greater extent than fine particles compared on a mass basis. Therefore, we conclude that slowed clearance of particles, specifically the ultrafines, can in part be attributed to a particle-mediated impairment of macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Renwick
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, Scotland
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Hsiao WL, Mo ZY, Fang M, Shi XM, Wang F. Cytotoxicity of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5--10) ambient air pollutants assessed by the MTT and the Comet assays. Mutat Res 2000; 471:45-55. [PMID: 11080660 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matters are classified into two distinct modes in size distribution, namely the coarse and fine particles. Correlation between high particulate concentration and adverse effects on human populations has long been recognized, however, the toxicology of these adverse effects has not been clarified. In the current report, the cytotoxic effects of the solvent-extractable organic compounds (SEOC) from fine particles smaller than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) and from coarse particles between 2.5-10 microm (PM(2.5-10)) were studied. Nine 24h consecutive monthly samples were tested to determine the correlation between cytotoxicity and total SEOC in two size fractions of particulate air pollution. Cytotoxicity of SEOC was measured by two micro-scale mammalian cells-based bioassays: the MTT cell proliferation assay, and the Comet assay for the detection of DNA damage. A well-defined mammalian cell line - Rat 6 rodent fibroblast was employed in the study. The SEOC extracts of air particulate matters were sub divided into two equal parts. One part was dissolved in DMSO, the other in KOH/hexane and then conjugated with bovine serum albumin to produce a lipid-soluble fraction for testing. The DMSO fraction would contain mainly the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), alkanes and alkanols, while the lipid-soluble fraction would be enriched with fatty acids. The results from MTT assay showed that cytotoxicity of the PM(2.5) was much more severe than the PM(2.5-10), suggesting that toxic SEOC were confined to the fine particles. By and large, the DMSO solubles were much more toxic than the lipid solubles. The degree of cytotoxicity of the DMSO soluble samples is positively correlated to the amount of particulates present in the ambient air. For the PM(2.5), the winter samples were significantly more toxic than the summer samples in terms of cell killing, which seemed to be a direct reflection of the total loading of organic matter in the samples. Results from Comet assays showed that SEOC samples of PM(2.5) derived from winter months induced DNA damage at dosages resulting in no obvious cell killing in the MTT assay. Thus, long-term exposure to non-killing dosage of air pollutants may lead to the accumulation of DNA lesions, which may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the chronic adverse health effects of particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hsiao
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technolgy, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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26
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Veronesi B, Oortgiesen M, Carter JD, Devlin RB. Particulate matter initiates inflammatory cytokine release by activation of capsaicin and acid receptors in a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 154:106-15. [PMID: 9882597 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS-2B) release pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6 and TNFalpha) in a receptor-mediated fashion in response to the neuropeptides, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), and the prototype botanical irritant capsaicin. In the present experiments, we examined the relevance of these receptors to particulate matter (PM)-associated cellular inflammation. BEAS-2B cells, exposed to residual oil fly ash particles (ROFA), responded with an immediate (<30 s) increase in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i), increases of key inflammatory cytokine transcripts (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha) within 2 h exposure, and subsequent release of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine protein after 4 h exposure. Pretreatment of BEAS-2B cells with pharmacological antagonists selective for the SP or CGRP receptors reduced the ROFA-stimulated IL-6 cytokine production by approximately 25 and 50%, respectively. However, pretreatment of these cells with capsazepine (CPZ), an antagonist for capsaicin (i.e., vanilloid) receptors, inhibited the immediate increases in [Ca2+]i, diminished transcript (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha) levels and reduced IL-6 cytokine release to control levels. BEAS-2B cells exposed to ROFA in calcium-free media failed to demonstrate increases of [Ca2+]i and showed reduced levels of cytokine transcript (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha) and IL-6 release, suggesting that ROFA-stimulated cytokine formation was partially dependent on extracellular calcium sources. A final set of experiments compared the inflammatory properties of the soluble and acidic insoluble components of ROFA. BEAS-2B cells, exposed to ROFA or ROFA that had been filtered through a 0.2-micrometer pore filter, produced equivocal IL-6. BEAS-2B cells exposed to pH 5.0 media for 15 min released moderate amounts of IL-6, 4 h later. This cytokine release could be blocked by amiloride, a pH receptor antagonist, but not by CPZ. BEAS-2B cells, pretreated with amiloride before ROFA exposure, showed a partial (approximately 25%) reduction of IL-6. Together, these data indicate that the acidic, soluble components of ROFA initiate cytokine release in BEAS-2B cells through activation of both capsaicin- and pH-sensitive irritant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Veronesi
- Neurotoxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA
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