1
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Addiction and the cerebellum with a focus on actions of opioid receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:229-247. [PMID: 34555385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum could play a role in the higher cognitive processes involved in addiction as the cerebellum contains anatomical and functional pathways to circuitry controlling motivation and saliency. In addition, the cerebellum exhibits a widespread presence of receptors, including opioid receptors which are known to play a prominent role in synaptic and circuit mechanisms of plasticity associated with drug use and development of addiction to opioids and other drugs of abuse. Further, the presence of perineural nets (PNNs) in the cerebellum which contain proteins known to alter synaptic plasticity could contribute to addiction. The role the cerebellum plays in processes of addiction is likely complex, and could depend on the particular drug of abuse, the pattern of use, and the stage of the user within the addiction cycle. In this review, we discuss functional and structural modifications shown to be produced in the cerebellum by opioids that exhibit dependency-inducing properties which provide support for the conclusion that the cerebellum plays a role in addiction.
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Costa FV, Rosa LV, Quadros VA, de Abreu MS, Santos ARS, Sneddon LU, Kalueff AV, Rosemberg DB. The use of zebrafish as a non-traditional model organism in translational pain research: the knowns and the unknowns. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:476-493. [PMID: 33719974 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210311104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the nervous system to detect a wide range of noxious stimuli is crucial to avoid life-threatening injury and to trigger protective behavioral and physiological responses. Pain represents a complex phenomenon, including nociception associated with cognitive and emotional processing. Animal experimental models have been developed to understand the mechanisms involved in pain response, as well as to discover novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological anti-pain therapies. Due to the genetic tractability, similar physiology, low cost, and rich behavioral repertoire, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a powerful aquatic model for modeling pain responses. Here, we summarize the molecular machinery of zebrafish to recognize painful stimuli, as well as emphasize how zebrafish-based pain models have been successfully used to understand specific molecular, physiological, and behavioral changes following different algogens and/or noxious stimuli (e.g., acetic acid, formalin, histamine, Complete Freund's Adjuvant, cinnamaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate, and fin clipping). We also discuss recent advances in zebrafish-based studies and outline the potential advantages and limitations of the existing models to examine the mechanisms underlying pain responses from an evolutionary and translational perspective. Finally, we outline how zebrafish models can represent emergent tools to explore pain behaviors and pain-related mood disorders, as well as to facilitate analgesic therapy screening in translational pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano V Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
| | - Luiz V Rosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS. Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC. Brazil
| | - Lynne U Sneddon
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg. Sweden
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg. Russian Federation
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
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3
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Müller TE, Fontana BD, Bertoncello KT, Franscescon F, Mezzomo NJ, Canzian J, Stefanello FV, Parker MO, Gerlai R, Rosemberg DB. Understanding the neurobiological effects of drug abuse: Lessons from zebrafish models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109873. [PMID: 31981718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse and brain disorders related to drug comsumption are public health problems with harmful individual and social consequences. The identification of therapeutic targets and precise pharmacological treatments to these neuropsychiatric conditions associated with drug abuse are urgently needed. Understanding the link between neurobiological mechanisms and behavior is a key aspect of elucidating drug abuse-related targets. Due to various molecular, biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological features, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a suitable vertebrate for modeling complex processes involved in drug abuse responses. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish has been successfully used for modeling neurobehavioral phenotypes related to drug abuse and review the effects of opioids, cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine, and psychedelic drugs on the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, we summarize recent advances in zebrafish-based studies and outline potential advantages and limitations of the existing zebrafish models to explore the neurochemical bases of drug abuse and addiction. Finally, we discuss how the use of zebrafish models may present fruitful approaches to provide valuable clinically translatable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Kanandra T Bertoncello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francini Franscescon
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nathana J Mezzomo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Flavia V Stefanello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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4
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Rodrigues P, Barbosa LB, Bianchini AE, Ferrari FT, Baldisserotto B, Heinzmann BM. Nociceptive-like behavior and analgesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112648. [PMID: 31408639 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fish are useful animal models in research and have been employed in developing new pharmacological approaches. This study aimed to establish the use of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) as an animal model to evaluate antinociceptive activity. Initially, different concentrations of acetic acid (2.5-20%), formalin 1% (1-10 μL), menthol 0.5% (1-10 μL) or vehicle were injected in the lips to establish which concentration of each sample promotes nociceptive-like behavior in various parameters. The effect of morphine (0.5-10 mg/kg) on locomotion parameters was also evaluated for antinociceptive concentration determination. Morphine was administered intramuscularly immediately prior to algogen administration. The inhibition was evaluated with the antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg), which was administered in the same way. Recording time varied according to the algogen used in each test and locomotor activity was evaluated by ANY-maze® software. Acid acetic at 15%, 10 μL of 1% formalin, and 1 μL of 0.5% menthol were chosen since they promoted nociceptive-like behavior in several parameters. Morphine (5 mg/kg) reversed the algogen-induced nociceptive-like behavior and naloxone inhibited this effect. Therefore, the proposed experimental model demonstrated specificity for nociception, since the reversion of the nociceptive-like behavior for a compound with well-described analgesic activity was observed. This new pharmacological model contributes to evaluating compounds with analgesic potential and developing new analgesic drugs, in addition to being a promising alternative to use with rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rodrigues
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Erbice Bianchini
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini AC, Echevarria DJ, Kalueff AV. Legal aspects of zebrafish neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology research. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bao W, Volgin AD, Alpyshov ET, Friend AJ, Strekalova TV, de Abreu MS, Collins C, Amstislavskaya TG, Demin KA, Kalueff AV. Opioid Neurobiology, Neurogenetics and Neuropharmacology in Zebrafish. Neuroscience 2019; 404:218-232. [PMID: 30710667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of medicinal use and abuse of opioids, their neurobiology and mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Experimental (animal) models are critical for improving our understanding of opioid effects in vivo. As zebrafish (Danio rerio) are increasingly utilized as a powerful model organism in neuroscience research, mounting evidence suggests these fish as a useful tool to study opioid neurobiology. Here, we discuss the zebrafish opioid system with specific focus on opioid gene expression, existing genetic models, as well as its pharmacological and developmental regulation. As many human brain diseases involve pain and aberrant reward, we also summarize zebrafish models relevant to opioid regulation of pain and addiction, including evidence of functional interplay between the opioid system and central dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter mechanisms. Additionally, we critically evaluate the limitations of zebrafish models for translational opioid research and emphasize their developing utility for improving our understanding of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of pain-related, addictive, affective and other behaviors, as well as for fostering opioid-related drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandong Bao
- School of Pharmacy and School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andrey D Volgin
- Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Erik T Alpyshov
- School of Pharmacy and School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ashton J Friend
- Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tatyana V Strekalova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA; Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Christopher Collins
- ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy and School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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7
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Vardy E, Sassano MF, Rennekamp AJ, Kroeze WK, Mosier PD, Westkaemper RB, Stevens CW, Katritch V, Stevens RC, Peterson RT, Roth BL. Single Amino Acid Variation Underlies Species-Specific Sensitivity to Amphibian Skin-Derived Opioid-like Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:764-75. [PMID: 26091169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the evolution of vertebrate opioid receptors (ORs) follow a vector of increased functionality. Here, we test this idea by comparing human and frog ORs. Interestingly, some of the most potent opioid peptides known have been isolated from amphibian skin secretions. Here we show that such peptides (dermorphin and deltorphin) are highly potent in the human receptors and inactive in frog ORs. The molecular basis for the insensitivity of the frog ORs to these peptides was studied using chimeras and molecular modeling. The insensitivity of the delta OR (DOR) to deltorphin was due to variation of a single amino acid, Trp7.35, which is a leucine in mammalian DORs. Notably, Trp7.35 is completely conserved in all known DOR sequences from lamprey, fish, and amphibians. The deltorphin-insensitive phenotype was verified in fish. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the species selectivity of skin-derived opioid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Vardy
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill Medical School, 4072 Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Maria F Sassano
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill Medical School, 4072 Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Andrew J Rennekamp
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wesley K Kroeze
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill Medical School, 4072 Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Philip D Mosier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Richard B Westkaemper
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Craig W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17(th) Street, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill Medical School, 4072 Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Stevens CW. Bioinformatics and evolution of vertebrate nociceptin and opioid receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 97:57-94. [PMID: 25677768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ancestrally related membrane proteins on cells that mediate the pharmacological effect of most drugs and neurotransmitters. GPCRs are the largest group of membrane receptor proteins encoded in the human genome. One of the most famous types of GPCRs is the opioid receptors. Opioid family receptors consist of four closely related proteins expressed in all vertebrate brains and spinal cords examined to date. The three classical types of opioid receptors shown unequivocally to mediate analgesia in animal models and in humans are the mu- (MOR), delta- (DOR), and kappa-(KOR) opioid receptor proteins. The fourth and most recent member of the opioid receptor family discovered is the nociceptin or orphanin FQ receptor (ORL). The role of ORL and its ligands in producing analgesia is not as clear, with both analgesic and hyperalgesic effects reported. All four opioid family receptor genes were cloned from expressed mRNA in a number of vertebrate species, and there are enough sequences presently available to carry out bioinformatic analysis. This chapter presents the results of a comparative analysis of vertebrate opioid receptors using pharmacological studies, bioinformatics, and the latest data from human whole-genome studies. Results confirm our initial hypotheses that the four opioid receptor genes most likely arose by whole-genome duplication, that there is an evolutionary vector of opioid receptor type divergence in sequence and function, and that the hMOR gene shows evidence of positive selection or adaptive evolution in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
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10
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Malafoglia V, Bryant B, Raffaeli W, Giordano A, Bellipanni G. The zebrafish as a model for nociception studies. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1956-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Bryant
- Monell Chemical Senses Center; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Raffaeli
- Institute for Research on Pain; ISAL-Foundation; Torre Pedrera (RN); Italy
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Modulation by cocaine of dopamine receptors through miRNA-133b in zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52701. [PMID: 23285158 PMCID: PMC3528707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cocaine during pregnancy can affect the mother and indirectly might alter the development of the embryo/foetus. Accordingly, in the present work our aim was to study in vivo (in zebrafish embryos) the effects of cocaine on the expression of dopamine receptors and on miR-133b. These embryos were exposed to cocaine hydrochloride (HCl) at 5 hours post-fertilization (hpf) and were then collected at 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hpf to study the expression of dopamine receptors, drd1, drd2a, drd2b and drd3, by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH, only at 24 hpf). Our results indicate that cocaine alters the expression of the genes studied, depending on the stage of the developing embryo and the type of dopamine receptor. We found that cocaine reduced the expression of miR-133b at 24 and 48 hpf in the central nervous system (CNS) and at the periphery by qPCR and also that the spatial distribution of miR-133b was mainly seen in somites, a finding that suggests the involvement of miR-133b in the development of the skeletal muscle. In contrast, at the level of the CNS miR-133b had a weak and moderate expression at 24 and 48 hpf. We also analysed the interaction of miR-133b with the Pitx3 and Pitx3 target genes drd2a and drd2b, tyrosine hydroxylase (th) and dopamine transporter (dat) by microinjection of the Pitx3-3'UTR sequence. Microinjection of Pitx3-3'UTR affected the expression of pitx3, drd2a, drd2b, th and dat. In conclusion, in the present work we describe a possible mechanism to account for cocaine activity by controlling miR-133b transcription in zebrafish. Via miR-133b cocaine would modulate the expression of pitx3 and subsequently of dopamine receptors, dat and th. These results indicate that miRNAs can play an important role during embryogenesis and in drug addiction.
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López-Bellido R, Barreto-Valer K, Sánchez-Simón FM, Rodríguez RE. Cocaine modulates the expression of opioid receptors and miR-let-7d in zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50885. [PMID: 23226419 PMCID: PMC3511421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to cocaine, in mammals, has been shown to interfere with the expression of opioid receptors, which can have repercussions in its activity. Likewise, microRNAs, such as let-7, have been shown to regulate the expression of opioid receptors and hence their functions in mammals and in vitro experiments. In light of this, using the zebrafish embryos as a model our aim here was to evaluate the actions of cocaine in the expression of opioid receptors and let-7d miRNA during embryogenesis. In order to determine the effects produced by cocaine on the opioid receptors (zfmor, zfdor1 and zfdor2) and let-7d miRNA (dre-let-7d) and its precursors (dre-let-7d-1 and dre-let-7d-2), embryos were exposed to 1.5 µM cocaine hydrochloride (HCl). Our results revealed that cocaine upregulated dre-let-7d and its precursors, and also increased the expression of zfmor, zfdor1 and zfdor2 during early developmental stages and decreased them in late embryonic stages. The changes observed in the expression of opioid receptors might occur through dre-let-7d, since DNA sequences and the morpholinos of opioid receptors microinjections altered the expression of dre-let-7d and its precursors. Likewise, opioid receptors and dre-let-7d showed similar distributions in the central nervous system (CNS) and at the periphery, pointing to a possible interrelationship between them.In conclusion, the silencing and overexpression of opioid receptors altered the expression of dre-let-7d, which points to the notion that cocaine via dre-let-7 can modulate the expression of opioid receptors. Our study provides new insights into the actions of cocaine during zebrafish embryogenesis, indicating a role of miRNAs, let-7d, in development and its relationship with gene expression of opioid receptors, related to pain and addiction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger López-Bellido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Katherine Barreto-Valer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fátima Macho Sánchez-Simón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel E. Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sundvik M, Panula P. Organization of the histaminergic system in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain: Neuron number, location, and cotransmitters. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:3827-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Kumar S, Rai U. Dynorphin regulates the phagocytic activity of splenic phagocytes in wall lizards: involvement of a κ-opioid receptor-coupled adenylate-cyclase-cAMP-PKA pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:4217-22. [PMID: 22116765 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.062935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This in vitro study of the wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis demonstrates the role of the opioid peptide dynorphin A((1-17)) [dyn A((1-17))] in the regulation of the phagocytic activity of splenic phagocytes. Dyn A((1-17)) in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited the phagocytic activity, and the maximum inhibition was recorded at a concentration of 10(-9) mol l(-1). To explore the receptor-mediated effect of dyn A((1-17)), cells were treated simultaneously with the non-selective opioid receptor blocker naltrexone and dyn A((1-17)). Naltrexone completely blocked the inhibitory effect of dyn A((1-17)) on phagocytosis. Moreover, the involvement of selective opioid receptors was investigated using selective opioid receptor antagonists. CTAP and naltrindole, selective μ- and δ-opioid receptor blockers, respectively, failed to block the inhibitory effect of dyn A((1-17)) on phagocytosis. However, the selective κ-opioid receptor blocker NorBNI completely antagonized the inhibitory effect of dyn A((1-17)). Regarding the κ-opioid receptor-coupled downstream signaling cascade, the adenylate cyclase (AC) inhibitor SQ 22536 and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 decreased the inhibitory effect of dyn A((1-17)) on phagocytosis. Furthermore, treatment with dyn A((1-17)) caused an increase in intracellular cAMP content in splenic phagocytes. Thus, it can be concluded that, in H. flaviviridis, dyn A((1-17)) negatively regulates the phagocytic activity of splenic phagocytes by acting through κ-opioid receptors that are coupled with the AC-cAMP-PKA signal transduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Ribeiro CMS, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction in fish: differential regulation of phagocyte activity by neuroendocrine factors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:31-8. [PMID: 21262228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coping with physical, chemical and biological disturbances depends on an extensive repertoire of physiological, endocrinological and immunological responses. Fish provide intriguing models to study bi-directional interaction between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. Macrophages and granulocytes are the main actors in the first and rapid innate immune response. They are resident in different organs and are moreover rapidly recruited and activated upon infection. They act in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via a repertoire of surface and intracellular receptors by inducing a plethora of defense reactions aiming to eradicate the pathogen. Subsequent production of inflammatory mediators stimulates other leukocytes required to develop an adaptive and specific antibody response. The type of phagocyte reaction will therefore depend on their differentiation state, specific receptor repertoire and their specific location. Apart from these pathogen induced responses, immune reactivity may be modulated by neuroendocrine factors. Over the last years we extensively studied changes in carp stress axis activity and the effect of its end-products on the immune system in an acute stress paradigm. We focus on specific neuroendocrine receptors on leukocytes and their effect on crucial phagocyte activities. We performed identification and functional analyses of different glucocorticoid, opioid and adrenergic receptors on carp phagocytes. Results show that their ligands of neuroendocrine origin may have substantial impact on specific phagocyte functions in a differential way. Inflammatory and microbicidal responses fight pathogens but may be detrimental to the host tissue. Neuroendocrine modulation may regulate inflammation to reach an optimum defense while preventing excessive host cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Kumar S, Ghorai SM, Rai U. β-Endorphin inhibits phagocytic activity of lizard splenic phagocytes through μ receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A signaling pathway. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:301-8. [PMID: 21352825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-coupled intracellular signaling mechanism of endogenous opioid peptide β-endorphin (β-end) is explored for the first time in ectothermic vertebrates using wall lizard as a model. β-End inhibited the percentage phagocytosis and phagocytic index of lizard splenic phagocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of β-end on phagocytosis was completely antagonized by non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone and also by selective μ-receptor antagonist CTAP. However, selective antagonists for other opioid receptors like NTI for δ-receptor and NorBNI for κ-receptor did not alter the effect of β-end on phagocytosis. This suggests that β-end mediated its inhibitory effect on phagocytic activity of splenic phagocytes exclusively through μ opioid receptors. The μ opioid receptor-coupled downstream signaling cascade was subsequently explored using inhibitors of adenylate cyclase (SQ 22536) and protein kinase A (H-89). Both SQ 22536 and H-89 abolished the inhibitory effect of β-end on phagocytosis in a concentration-related manner. Implication of cAMP as second messenger was corroborated by cAMP assay where an increase in intracellular cAMP level was observed in response to β-end treatment. It can be concluded that β-end downregulated the phagocytic activity of lizard splenic phagocytes through μ opioid receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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17
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Sanchez-Simon FM, Arenzana FJ, Rodriguez RE. In vivo effects of morphine on neuronal fate and opioid receptor expression in zebrafish embryos. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:550-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Marron Fdez de Velasco E, Law PY, Rodríguez RE. Mu opioid receptor from the zebrafish exhibits functional characteristics as those of mammalian mu opioid receptor. Zebrafish 2009; 6:259-68. [PMID: 19761379 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2009.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional characterization of the mu opioid receptor from the zebrafish (zfMOR) is reported here. After transfection in HEK-293 cell line, using both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic opioid ligands in the competition and saturation-binding experiments, in addition to the functional assays of (35)S-GTPgammaS-binding assays and intracellular 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level determinations, we demonstrate that zfMOR exhibits a pharmacological profile similar to that of the mammalian MOR. Besides, the internalization process of zfMOR after opiate agonist treatment (morphine, DAMGO, etorphine) resembles the pattern observed for its mammalian counterpart. These similarities suggest that the zebrafish is a good model for the study of the opioid effects in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Marron Fdez de Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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19
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Singh R, Rai U. Delta opioid receptor-mediated immunoregulatory role of methionine-enkephalin in freshwater teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch.). Peptides 2009; 30:1158-64. [PMID: 19463750 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunoregulatory role of methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk) is well studied in mammals, but has not been explored in ectotherms despite the fact that this peptide is highly conserved in vertebrates. The present study demonstrates the diverse effects of Met-enk depending on its concentration and specific function of splenic phagocytes in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Although Met-enk increased both phagocytic as well as respiratory burst activity, the concentration-related response was opposite to each other. It had the maximum stimulatory effect on phagocytosis at 10(-9)M, while the same concentration was least effective in increasing superoxide production. Similarly, Met-enk at concentrations lower or higher than 10(-9)M was either ineffective or less effective in case of phagocytosis, while highly effective in stimulating superoxide production. On the other hand, concentration-independent inhibitory effect of Met-enk was observed in case of nitrite production. Nonetheless, Met-enk regulated all the functions of phagocyte through opioid receptors since non-specific opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone completely blocked the effect of Met-enk on phagocytosis, superoxide and nitrite production by splenic phagocytes of C. punctatus. Among selective opioid receptor antagonists, delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole completely antagonized the effect of Met-enk on phagocytosis, superoxide and nitrite production, while mu- and kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, CTAP and norbinaltorphimine, respectively, were ineffective in influencing any of the functions. This suggests that Met-enk modulates splenic phagocyte functions in the fish C. punctatus via delta-opioid receptor. This is further substantiated by using highly selective delta-opioid receptor agonist, SNC80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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20
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Cloning of opioid receptors in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and their involvement in regulation of stress and immune response. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:257-66. [PMID: 18977430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals opiate alkaloids and endogenous opioid peptides exert their physiological and pharmacological actions through opioid receptors (MOR, DOR and KOR) expressed not only on neuroendocrine cells but also on leukocytes. Therefore, opioids can modulate the immune response. We cloned and sequenced all three classical opioid receptors (MOR, DOR and KOR) in common carp, and studied changes in their expression during stress and immune responses. Messenger RNA of opioid receptors was constitutively expressed in brain areas, specially in the preoptic nucleus NPO (homologous to mammalian hypothalamus). After exposure to prolonged restraint stress, mRNA levels of MOR and DOR decreased in the NPO and in the head kidney. Increased expression of all studied opioid receptors was observed in the pituitary pars distalis (containing ACTH-producing cells). In immune organs, constitutive but lower expression of opioid receptor genes was observed. During in vivo zymosan-induced peritonitis or after in vitro LPS-induced stimulation, when pro-inflammatory functions are activated, expression of the OR genes in leukocytes was concomitantly up-regulated. Additionally, specific agonists of opioid receptors especially reduced leukocyte migratory properties, manifested by reduced chemotaxis and down-regulated expression of chemokine receptors. Our data indicate an evolutionary conserved role for the opioid system in maintaining a dynamic equilibrium while coping with stress and/or infection.
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Verburg‐Van Kemenade BL, Stolte EH, Metz JR, Chadzinska M. Chapter 7 Neuroendocrine–Immune Interactions in Teleost Fish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Abstract
The proteins that mediate the analgesic and other effects of opioid drugs and endogenous opioid peptides are known as opioid receptors. Opioid receptors consist of a family of four closely-related proteins belonging to the large superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. The three types of opioid receptors shown unequivocally to mediate analgesia in animal models are the mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) opioid receptor proteins. The role of the fourth member of the opioid receptor family, the nociceptin or orphanin FQ receptor (ORL), is not as clear as hyperalgesia, analgesia, and no effect was reported after administration of ORL agonists. There are now cDNA sequences for all four types of opioid receptors that are expressed in the brain of six species from three different classes of vertebrates. This review presents a comparative analysis of vertebrate opioid receptors using bioinformatics and data from recent human genome studies. Results indicate that opioid receptors arose by gene duplication, that there is a vector of opioid receptor divergence, and that MOR shows evidence of rapid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
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23
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Brasel CM, Sawyer GW, Stevens CW. A pharmacological comparison of the cloned frog and human mu opioid receptors reveals differences in opioid affinity and function. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 599:36-43. [PMID: 18930720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a direct comparison of the ligand binding and signaling profiles of a mammalian and non-mammalian mu opioid receptor. Opioid ligand binding and agonist potencies were determined for an amphibian (Rana pipiens) mu opioid receptor (rpMOR) and the human mu opioid receptor (hMOR) in transfected, intact Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Identical conditions were employed such that statistically meaningful differences between the two receptors could be determined. Identifying these differences is an important first step in understanding how evolutionary changes affect ligand binding and signaling in vertebrate opioid receptors. As expected, the rank of opioid ligand affinity for rpMOR and hMOR was consistent with the ligands' previously characterized type-selectivity. However, most of the opioid ligands tested had significant differences in affinity for rpMOR and hMOR. For example, the mu-selective agonist, DAMGO ([d-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin), had a 10.9-fold greater affinity (K(i)) for hMOR (K(i)=268 nM) than rpMOR (K(i)=2914 nM). In addition, differences in signaling between these receptors were found by measuring inhibition of cAMP accumulation by morphine or DAMGO. DAMGO was significantly more potent (13.6-fold) in CHO cells expressing hMOR versus those expressing rpMOR. In addition, a significantly greater maximal inhibition was elicited by both opioid agonists in cells expressing hMOR. In summary, this study supports an ongoing effort to better understand how vertebrate evolution has shaped opioid receptor properties and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Brasel
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Physiology, OSU-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA
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24
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Abstract
The opioid peptides and receptors have prominent roles in pain transmission and reward mechanisms in mammals. The evolution of the opioid receptors has so far been little studied, with only a few reports on species other than tetrapods. We have investigated species representing a broader range of vertebrates and found that the four opioid receptor types (delta, kappa, mu, and NOP) are present in most of the species. The gene relationships were deduced by using both phylogenetic analyses and chromosomal location relative to 20 neighboring gene families in databases of assembled genomes. The combined results show that the vertebrate opioid receptor gene family arose by quadruplication of a large chromosomal block containing at least 14 other gene families. The quadruplication seems to coincide with, and, therefore, probably resulted from, the two proposed genome duplications in early vertebrate evolution. We conclude that the quartet of opioid receptors was already present at the origin of jawed vertebrates approximately 450 million years ago. A few additional opioid receptor gene duplications have occurred in bony fishes. Interestingly, the ancestral receptor gene duplications coincide with the origin of the four opioid peptide precursor genes. Thus, the complete vertebrate opioid system was already established in the first jawed vertebrates.
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25
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Singh R, Rai U. beta-Endorphin regulates diverse functions of splenic phagocytes through different opioid receptors in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch): an in vitro study. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:330-8. [PMID: 17651799 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this in vitro study, the role of beta-endorphin in the control of phagocytic and cytotoxic activities of fish splenic phagocytes was investigated. Further, the involvement of specific opioid receptor was explored. beta-Endorphin stimulated phagocytosis, whereas inhibited nitric oxide production as assessed by nitrite release. However, it had concentration-related biphasic effects on superoxide production, stimulatory at low and inhibitory at high concentration. Naltrexone, non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, antagonized the effect of beta-endorphin on phagocyte functions. Moreover, CTAP, selective mu-receptor antagonist, completely blocked the effect of beta-endorphin on phagocytosis and nitrite release. With regard to superoxide production, CTAP blocked the stimulatory effect of beta-endorphin at low concentration, while the inhibitory effect at high concentration was completely antagonized by selective delta-receptor antagonist, NTI. In conclusion, beta-endorphin acting via mu-receptor stimulated phagocytosis and inhibited nitric oxide production, while its biphasic effect on superoxide production seems to be mediated by mu- and delta-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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26
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Gonzalez-Nuñez V, Toth G, Rodríguez RE. Endogenous heptapeptide Met-enkephalin-Gly-Tyr binds differentially to duplicate delta opioid receptors from zebrafish. Peptides 2007; 28:2340-7. [PMID: 18022288 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Met-enkephalin-Gly-Tyr (MEGY) is an endogenous peptide that binds to opioid sites in zebrafish and in rat brain homogenates. The aim of this work is to characterize the binding profile of this opioid ligand on two duplicate delta receptors from zebrafish, ZFOR1 and ZFOR4. Our results show that, while ZFOR1 presents one single binding site for [(3)H]-MEGY (K(D)=4.0+/-0.4 nM), the experimental data from ZFOR4 fit better to the two-site binding model (K(D1)=0.8+/-0.2 nM and K(D2)=30.2+/-10.2 nM). Two other MEGY synthetic analogues, (D-Ala(2))-MEGY and (D-Ala(2), Val(5))-MEGY were also prepared and tested, together with the original peptide MEGY and other opioid ligands, in competition binding assays. While these peptides presented K(i) values on the nanomolar range when using [(3)H]-MEGY as radioligand, these parameters were two orders higher in competition binding assays with the antagonist [(3)H]-diprenorphine. Functional [(35)S]GTPgammaS stimulation analysis has revealed that these two receptors can be activated by several opioid agonists. Our results prove that although the MEGY peptide acts as an agonist on ZFOR1 and ZFOR4, there are subtle pharmacological differences between these two delta opioid receptors from zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gonzalez-Nuñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
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27
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Developmental expression and distribution of opioid receptors in zebrafish. Neuroscience 2007; 151:129-37. [PMID: 18082336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a novel experimental model that has been used in developmental studies as well as in the study of pathological processes involved in human diseases. It has been demonstrated that the endogenous opioid system is involved in developmental mechanisms. We have studied the relationship between the different embryonic stages and opioid receptor expression for the four known opioid receptors in zebrafish (mu, delta 1, delta 2 and kappa). The mu opioid receptor is detected at higher levels than the other opioid receptors before the midblastula transition and during the segmentation period. The delta duplicate 2 exhibits only one peak of expression at 21 h postfertilization (hpf), when the motor nervous system is forming. The kappa receptor is expressed at very low levels. In situ hybridization studies at 24 hpf show that the opioid receptors are widely distributed in zebrafish CNS and at 48 hpf their localization is detected in more defined structures. Our results support specific implications of the opioid receptors in developmental processes such as morphogenesis of the CNS, neurogenesis, neuroprotection and development of neuromuscular and digestive system. Pain-related alterations can be a consequence of changes in the endogenous opioid system during development, hence we provide important information that might help to solve pain-related pathological situations.
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28
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Stevens CW, Brasel CM, Mohan S. Cloning and bioinformatics of amphibian mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin opioid receptors expressed in brain tissue: evidence for opioid receptor divergence in mammals. Neurosci Lett 2007; 419:189-94. [PMID: 17452077 PMCID: PMC3075437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Opioid agonists produce analgesia in humans and other mammals by binding to three distinct types of G protein-coupled receptors; mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) opioid receptors. A fourth member of the opioid receptor family is the nociceptin or orphanin FQ receptor (ORL), however the role of the ORL receptor in analgesia is less clear. In the Northern grass frog, Rana pipiens, systemic and central administration of morphine and selective MOR, DOR, and KOR agonists produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects blocked by the general opioid antagonist, naltrexone. The present study reports on the sequence, expression, and bioinformatics of four opioid receptor cDNAs cloned from Rana pipiens; rpMOR, rpDOR, rpKOR, and rpORL. These were the first opioid receptors cloned from a species of Class Amphibia, are selectively expressed in brain tissue, and show 70-84% identity to their homologous mammalian opioid receptors. Comparisons within species showed that MOR, DOR, and KOR proteins are significantly less divergent in earlier-evolved vertebrates compared to humans and other mammals. Among the four types of opioid receptors, MOR proteins show the least sequence variation among the six vertebrate species. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that the family of opioid receptor proteins are coded by four genes that arose from two gene duplications of a single ancestral opioid receptor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA.
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29
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Wayne NL, Kuwahara K. Beta-endorphin alters electrical activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons located in the terminal nerve of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 150:41-7. [PMID: 16919275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) are an important class of modulators of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis; treatment with opiates leads to inhibition of GnRH and LH secretion and suppression of reproductive functions. However, little work has been done to investigate the effect of opiates on the electrical activity of GnRH neurons, which ultimately controls GnRH secretion. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the EOP beta-endorphin on electrical activity of GnRH neurons located in the terminal nerve (TN) associated with the olfactory bulb. We used an excised intact brain preparation from transgenic medaka in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is genetically expressed in TN-GnRH neurons. These GFP-expressing neurons were then targeted for whole-cell current clamp recordings. Treatment with beta-endorphin led to changes in several characteristics of electrical activity, including depolarization of membrane potential and a decrease in spike amplitude--similar to that observed in response to depolarizing high K(+) treatment. This finding suggests a model in which beta-endorphin depolarizes membrane potential leading to Na(+)-channel inactivation, and subsequent suppression of action-potential amplitude. On the other hand, beta-endorphin had no effect on membrane potential in synaptically isolated GnRH neurons. These results suggest that beta-endorphin is acting indirectly on TN-GnRH neurons to inhibit action potential firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Wayne
- Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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30
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Rodriguez-Martin I, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Rodriguez RE. Characterization of cannabinoid-binding sites in zebrafish brain. Neurosci Lett 2006; 413:249-54. [PMID: 17178193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present here the pharmacological characterization of cannabinoid-binding sites in zebrafish brain homogenates using radiolabeled binding techniques. The nonselective agonist [3H]-CP55940 binds with high affinity (KD = 0.50+/-0.06 nM and a Bmax = 1047+/-36.01 fmol/mg protein), displaying one binding site. The slightly CB2 selective agonist [3H]-WIN55212-2 also binds with high affinity to zebrafish brain membranes displaying two different binding sites with affinities KD1 = 0.35+/-0.09 nM and KD2 = 105.81+/-66.36 nM. Competition binding assays using [3H]-WIN55212-2 and several unlabeled ligands were performed. WIN55212-2 significantly displaced the tritiated ligand binding showing the two binding sites observed with its tritiated homologous, while the slightly selective CB1 cannabinoid ligand HU-210, the nonselective cannabinoid ligand CP55940 and the endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide presented one binding site. Also, the functionality of these cannabinoid sites was analyzed using the known [35S]GTPgammaS assay. All the agonist used presented an agonist profile and the rank order for potency was HU-210 > WIN55212-2 > CP55940 >anandamide. Our results provide evidence that, although some of the typical cannabinoid ligands for mammalian receptors do not fully recognize the cannabinoid-binding sites in zebrafish brain, the activity of the endogenous zebrafish cannabinoid system might not significantly differ from that displayed by the cannabinoid system described in other species. Hence the study of zebrafish cannabinoid activity may contribute to an understanding of the endogenous cannabinoid system in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rodriguez-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Spain
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31
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Gonzalez-Nuñez V, Marrón Fernández de Velasco E, Arsequell G, Valencia G, Rodríguez RE. Identification of dynorphin a from zebrafish: a comparative study with mammalian dynorphin A. Neuroscience 2006; 144:675-84. [PMID: 17069980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and molecular characterization of the zfPDYN. The complete open reading frame for this propeptide is comprised in two exons that are localized on chromosome 23. zfPDYN cDNA codes for a polypeptide of 252 amino acids that contains the consensus sequences for four opioid peptides: an Ile-enkephalin, the neo-endorphins, dynorphin A and dynorphin B. Upon comparison between zebrafish (zfDYN A) and mammalian dynorphin A (mDYN A) it has been stated that these two peptides only differ in two amino acids: the Leu(5) is replaced by Met(5) and the Lys(13) by Arg(13). Taking into consideration that mDYN A is able to bind to the three mammalian opioid receptors, we have compared the pharmacological profile of zfDYN A and mDYN A on the zebrafish opioid receptors. By means of radioligand binding techniques, we have established that these two dynorphins bind and activate all of the cloned opioid receptors from zebrafish (delta-, mu- and kappa-like), although with different affinities. zfDYN A and mDYN A displace [(3)H]-diprenorphine binding with K(i) values on the nanomolar range, showing greater affinity for zebrafish opioid receptor (ZFOR) 3 (kappa) receptor. ZFOR1 (delta) and ZFOR4 (delta) present higher affinity for zfDYN A than for mDYN A, while the opposing behavior is observed in ZFOR2 (mu). Functional [(35)S]guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTPgammaS) stimulation experiments indicate that these two peptides fully activate the zebrafish opioid receptors, although the mean effective dose (EC(50)) values obtained for ZFOR2 and ZFOR3 receptors are lower than those seen for ZFOR1 and ZFOR4. A comparative study indicates that mammalian and zebrafish opioid receptors might bind their corresponding dynorphin A in a similar fashion, hence suggesting an important role of the opioid system through the vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gonzalez-Nuñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda Alfonso X El Sabio, s/n 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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32
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Bradford CS, Walthers EA, Stanley DJ, Baugh MM, Moore FL. Delta and mu opioid receptors from the brain of a urodele amphibian, the rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa: cloning, heterologous expression, and pharmacological characterization. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 146:275-90. [PMID: 16375901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two full-length cDNAs, encoding delta (delta) and mu (mu) opioid receptors, were cloned from the brain of the rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa, complementing previous work from our laboratory describing the cloning of newt brain kappa (kappa) and ORL1 opioid receptors. The newt delta receptor shares 82% amino acid sequence identity with a frog delta receptor and lower (68-70%) identity with orthologous receptors cloned from mammals and zebrafish. The newt mu receptor shares 79% sequence identity with a frog mu receptor, 72% identity with mammalian mu receptors, and 66-69% identity with mu receptors cloned from teleost fishes. Membranes isolated from COS-7 cells transiently expressing the newt delta receptor possessed a single, high-affinity (Kd = 2.4 nM) binding site for the nonselective opioid antagonist [3H]naloxone. In competition binding assays, the newt delta receptor displayed highest affinity for Met-enkephalin, relatively low affinity for Leu-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, and [D-penicillamine, D-penicillamine] enkephalin (DPDPE) (a delta-selective agonist in mammals), and very low affinity for mu-, kappa-, or ORL1-selective agonists. COS-7 cells expressing the newt mu receptor also possessed a high-affinity (Kd = 0.44 nM) naloxone-binding site that showed highest affinity for beta-endorphin, moderate-to-low affinity for Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin and DAMGO (a mu-selective agonist in mammals), and very low affinity for DPDPE and kappa- or ORL1-selective agonists. COS-7 cells expressing either receptor type (delta or mu) showed very high affinity (Kd = 0.1-0.3 nM) for the nonselective opioid antagonist diprenorphine. Taricha granulosa expresses the same four subtypes (delta, mu, kappa, and ORL1) of opioid receptors found in other vertebrate classes, but ligand selectivity appears less stringent in the newt than has been documented in mammals.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain Chemistry
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/metabolism
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Leucine/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Methionine/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Naloxone/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Salamandridae/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- beta-Endorphin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C Samuel Bradford
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Mrkusich EM, Kivell BM, Miller JH, Day DJ. Abundant expression of mu and delta opioid receptor mRNA and protein in the cerebellum of the fetal, neonatal, and adult rat. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 148:213-22. [PMID: 14766199 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptor proteins and mRNAs have been localized to a variety of regions within the rat brain. It is generally accepted that within the lobes of the rat cerebellum, only delta opioid receptor (DOR) is expressed. This is in contrast to that observed in humans and rabbits which express both mu opioid receptor (MOR) and DOR. In this study, we report detection of MOR as well as DOR protein by immunohistochemical localization, and mRNA by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) within Purkinje cells (PK) and the granular layer of neonatal (P6) and adult rat cerebellum. Expression of MOR mRNA was also detected within cells of the molecular layer, but at lower levels than those seen within the PK cells. Abundant expression of MOR and DOR mRNA was detected in the external germinal layer of the immature cerebellum of the fetal (E16) rat, supporting a role for MOR and DOR in regulating neurogenesis of the cerebellum. In addition, using exon-specific cRNA probes, exons 1 and 4, which are both found in the MOR-1 splice variant mRNA, were detected in PK cells in the cerebellum and also within deep cerebellar nuclei in the adult.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cerebellum/cytology
- Cerebellum/embryology
- Cerebellum/growth & development
- Cerebellum/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M Mrkusich
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn parade, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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McFadyen I, Metzger T, Subramanian G, Poda G, Jorvig E, Ferguson DM. Molecular modeling of opioid receptor-ligand complexes. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 40:107-35. [PMID: 12516524 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McFadyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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McFadyen IJ, Metzger TG, Paterlini MG, Ferguson DM. Exploring the unique pharmacology of a novel opioid receptor, ZFOR1, using molecular modeling and the 'message-address' concept. Protein Eng Des Sel 2001; 14:953-60. [PMID: 11809925 DOI: 10.1093/protein/14.12.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have probed the structural basis of ligand selectivity in the mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors through the application of molecular modeling techniques in concert with the 'message-address' concept. Here, this approach was used in an attempt to rationalize the unique pharmacological profile of a recently cloned novel opioid receptor, ZFOR1 (ZebraFish Opioid Receptor 1). Specifically, a model of the transmembrane domains of ZFOR1 was constructed and used to explore the binding modes of various prototypical opioid ligands. The results show that the 'message' portion of the binding pocket of ZFOR1 is highly conserved; hence, the binding modes of non-selective opioid ligands are well preserved. In contrast, a small number of variant residues at the extracellular end of the binding pocket, particularly Lys288 (VI:26) and Trp304 (VII:03), are shown to create adverse steric interactions with all delta and kappa selective ligands examined, thereby disrupting their binding modes. These results are consistent with, and serve as an explanation for, the observed pharmacology of this receptor, lending support to both the validity of the 'message-address' concept itself and to the use of molecular modeling approaches in its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J McFadyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Kampa M, Loukas S, Tsapis A, Castanas E. Receptorphin: a conserved peptide derived from the sequence of the opioid receptor, with opioid displacement activity and potent antiproliferative actions in tumor cells. BMC Pharmacol 2001; 1:9. [PMID: 11737867 PMCID: PMC60649 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2001] [Accepted: 11/27/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to endogenous opioids, a number of peptide sequences, derived from endogenous (hemorphins, alphaS1-casomorphin), and exogenous proteins (casomorphins, exorphins) have been reported, possessing opioid activity. In the present work, we report the identification of a new peptide, receptorphin (Tyr-Ile-Phe-Asn-Leu), derived from the sequence of the second transmembrane loop of the opioid receptor. This sequence is unique for the opioid receptor, and conserved in all species and receptor-types. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Receptorphin competes for opioid binding, presenting a kappa-receptor interaction, while it binds equally to delta- and mu- opioid and somatostatin-binding sites, and inhibits the cell proliferation of a number of human cancer cell lines, in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, at the picomolar or the nanomolar range. Receptorphin shows a preferential action on prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our work identifies, for the first time a peptide, in a receptor sequence, possessing ligand-agonistic activities. A hypothesis, based on receptorphin liberation after cell death, is presented, which could tentatively explain the time-lag observed during opioid antiproliferative action.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Humans
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1393, Heraklion, GR-71110, Greece
| | - Spyros Loukas
- Laboratory of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides, NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Biology, Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | | | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1393, Heraklion, GR-71110, Greece
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Barrallo A, González-Sarmiento R, Alvar F, Rodríguez RE. ZFOR2, a new opioid receptor-like gene from the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio). BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 84:1-6. [PMID: 11113526 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new opioid receptor-like (ZFOR2) has been cloned and characterized in an anamniote vertebrate, the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio). ZFOR2 encodes a 384-amino-acid protein with seven potential transmembrane domains, and its predicted amino acid sequence presents an overall 74% degree of identity to mammalian mu opioid receptors. Its inclusion in a dendrogram generated from the alignment of the opioid receptor's protein sequences, confirms its classification as a mu opioid receptor. Divergences in sequence are greater in the regions corresponding to extracellular loops, suggesting possible differences in ligand selectivity with respect to the classical mu opioid receptors. The genomic structure of ZFOR2 is also highly conserved throughout the phylogenetic scale, supporting the origin of opioid receptors early in evolution. Nevertheless, ZFOR2 lacks the fourth exon found in human and rodent mu opioid receptors, that is known to be involved in desensibilization and internalization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barrallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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Chervova LS, Lapshin DN. Opioid modulation of pain threshold in fish. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2000; 375:590-1. [PMID: 11211504 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026681519613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L S Chervova
- Moscow State University, Vorb'evy gory, Moscow, 119899 Russia
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Rodriguez RE, Barrallo A, Garcia-Malvar F, McFadyen IJ, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R, Traynor JR. Characterization of ZFOR1, a putative delta-opioid receptor from the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurosci Lett 2000; 288:207-10. [PMID: 10889344 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ZFOR1 is a putative opioid receptor from zebrafish brain which has 66% homology with the mammalian delta-opioid receptor. When expressed in HEK293 cells ZFOR1 bound the non-selective opioid antagonist [(3)H]diprenorphine with high affinity. However, the binding of this ligand was not readily displaced by opioids selective for mu, delta or kappa opioid receptors (affinities>1000 nM). Rather non-selective ligands showed good affinity, as did the non-peptide delta-ligand BW373U86 (Ki 69 nM), the delta-antagonist naltrindole (Ki 28 nM) and the peptide beta-endorphin (Ki 37 nM). Agonist binding to the receptor encoded by ZFOR1 receptor stimulated the binding of [(35)S]GTPgammaS confirming coupling to G proteins. Study of the receptor should contribute to understanding of the evolution of the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Leon, University of Salamanca, Avenue Alfonso X EL Sabio, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Porteros A, García-Isidoro M, Barrallo A, González-Sarmiento R, Rodríguez RE. Expression of ZFOR1, a delta-opioid receptor, in the central nervous system of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Comp Neurol 1999; 412:429-38. [PMID: 10441231 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990927)412:3<429::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors, besides mediating the effects of analgesic compounds, are involved in drug addiction. Although a large amount of work has been done studying these receptors in mammals, little information has been obtained from nonmammalian vertebrates. We have studied the regional distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) of the zebrafish of the recently cloned delta-opioid receptor homologue ZFOR1 using nonradioactive in situ hybridization. Our findings show that different nuclei within the main subdivisions of the brain displayed specific mRNA signal. The expression is widespread throughout the brain, but only specific cells within each nucleus displayed ZFOR1. Stained cells were abundant in the telencephalon, both in the olfactory bulb and telencephalic hemispheres, and in the diencephalon, where expression was observed in all the different subdivisions. In the mesencephalon, expression of ZFOR1 was abundant in the periventricular layer of the optic tectum. In the cerebellum, expression of ZFOR1 was detected in valvula cerebelli, corpus cerebelli, and lobus vestibulolateralis in both granule and Purkinje cells. In the myelencephalon, cells expressing ZFOR1 were also distributed in the octavolateralis area, the reticular formation, and the raphe nuclei, among others. Also, ZFOR1 was detected in cells of the dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord. This work presents the first detailed distribution of a delta-opioid receptor in the CNS of zebrafish. Distribution of ZFOR1 expression is compared with that of the delta-opioid receptor described in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Porteros
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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41
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Barrallo A, González-Sarmiento R, García-Isidoro M, Cidad P, Porteros A, Rodríguez RE. Differential brain expression of a new beta-actin gene from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:369-72. [PMID: 9987040 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that actin genes exhibit distinct tissue and stage-specific patterns of expression. We have cloned a new beta-actin gene from the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-established model for developmental studies, and analysed its expression by Northern blot and in situ hybridization studies. Our results suggest that in adult brain zebrafish, this new gene is expressed during neuronal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barrallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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