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Tyuryaeva I, Lyublinskaya O. Expected and Unexpected Effects of Pharmacological Antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119303. [PMID: 37298254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we have collected the existing data on the bioactivity of antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, polyphenols, vitamin C) which are traditionally used in experimental biology and, in some cases, in the clinic. Presented data show that, despite the capacity of these substances to scavenge peroxides and free radicals in cell-free systems, their ability to exhibit these properties in vivo, upon pharmacological supplementation, has not been confirmed so far. Their cytoprotective activity is explained mainly by the ability not to suppress, but to activate multiple redox pathways, which causes biphasic hormetic responses and highly pleiotropic effects in cells. N-acetylcysteine, polyphenols, and vitamin C affect redox homeostasis by generating low-molecular-weight redox-active compounds (H2O2 or H2S), known for their ability to stimulate cellular endogenous antioxidant defense and promote cytoprotection at low concentrations but exert deleterious effects at high concentrations. Moreover, the activity of antioxidants strongly depends on the biological context and mode of their application. We show here that considering the biphasic and context-dependent response of cells on the pleiotropic action of antioxidants can help explain many of the conflicting results obtained in basic and applied research and build a more logical strategy for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tyuryaeva
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Lyublinskaya
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Halliwell B. Reflections of an Aging Free Radical Part 2: Meeting Inspirational People. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 38:792-802. [PMID: 35651275 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: During my long career in the field of redox biology, I met many inspiring people, especially Lester Packer. Recent Advances: This special issue of Antioxidants & Redox Signaling is dedicated to Lester Packer. Critical Issues: In this short review, I explore how Lester and other pioneers helped to develop the redox biology field and how I interacted with them. Future Directions: In our research to advance the field of redox biology, we stand on the shoulders of giants, including Lester Packer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Wolf MS, Manole MD, New LA, Chen Y, Soysal E, Kochanek PM, Bayır H, Clark RSB. Ascorbate deficiency confers resistance to hippocampal neurodegeneration after asphyxial cardiac arrest in juvenile rats. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:820-827. [PMID: 33846553 PMCID: PMC8505544 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) is a significant cause of death and disability in children. Using juvenile Osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats that, like humans, do not synthesize ascorbate, we tested the effect of ascorbate deficiency on functional and histological outcome after CA. METHODS Postnatal day 16-18 milk-fed ODS and wild-type Wistar rats underwent 9-min asphyxial CA (n = 8/group) or sham surgery (n = 4/group). ODS mothers received ascorbate in drinking water to prevent scurvy. Levels of ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) were measured in plasma and hippocampus at baseline and after CA. Neurologic deficit score (NDS) was measured at 3, 24, and 48 h and hippocampal neuronal counts, neurodegeneration, and microglial activation were assessed at day 7. RESULTS ODS rats showed depletion of plasma and hippocampal ascorbate, attenuated hippocampal neurodegeneration and microglial activation, and increased CA1 hippocampal neuron survival vs. Wistar rats while NDS were similar. Hippocampal GSH levels were higher in ODS vs. Wistar rats at baseline and 10 min, whereas hypoxia-inducible factor-1α levels were higher in Wistar vs. ODS rats at 24 , after CA. CONCLUSION Ascorbate-deficient juvenile ODS rats appear resistant to neurodegeneration produced by asphyxia CA, possibly related to upregulation of the endogenous antioxidant GSH in brain. IMPACT Like humans and unlike other rodents, osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats do not synthesize ascorbate, and thus may serve as a useful model for studying the role of ascorbate in human disease. Conflicting evidence exists regarding ascorbate's protective versus detrimental effects in animal models and clinical studies. Ascorbate-deficient ODS rats are resistant to neurodegeneration after experimental cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Wolf
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mioara D. Manole
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lee Ann New
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yaming Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elif Soysal
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S. B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence: Robert S. B. Clark, MD, Faculty Pavilion, Suite 2000, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, , T: 412-692-7260, F: 412-692-6076
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Dutta S, Sengupta P, Roychoudhury S, Chakravarthi S, Wang CW, Slama P. Antioxidant Paradox in Male Infertility: 'A Blind Eye' on Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:167. [PMID: 35052671 PMCID: PMC8772926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of male infertility involves various interlinked endogenous pathways. About 50% of the cases of infertility in men are idiopathic, and oxidative stress (OS) reportedly serves as a central mechanism in impairing male fertility parameters. The endogenous antioxidant system operates to conserve the seminal redox homeostasis required for normal male reproduction. OS strikes when a generation of seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms endogenous antioxidant capacity. Thus, antioxidant treatment finds remarkable relevance in the case of idiopathic male infertility or subfertility. However, due to lack of proper detection of OS in male infertility, use of antioxidant(s) in some cases may be arbitrary or lead to overuse and induction of 'reductive stress'. Moreover, inflammation is closely linked to OS and may establish a vicious loop that is capable of disruption to male reproductive tissues. The result is exaggeration of cellular damage and disruption of male reproductive tissues. Therefore, limitations of antioxidant therapy in treating male infertility are the failure in the selection of specific treatments targeting inflammation and OS simultaneously, two of the core mechanisms of male infertility. The present review aims to elucidate the antioxidant paradox in male infertility treatment, from the viewpoints of both induction of reductive stress as well as overlooking the inflammatory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.D.); (S.C.); (C.W.W.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), 173 Agaram Main Rd, Selaiyur, Chennai 600073, India;
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- School of Medical Sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), 173 Agaram Main Rd, Selaiyur, Chennai 600073, India;
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.D.); (S.C.); (C.W.W.)
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Woon Wang
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.D.); (S.C.); (C.W.W.)
| | - Petr Slama
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Seebacher NA, Krchniakova M, Stacy AE, Skoda J, Jansson PJ. Tumour Microenvironment Stress Promotes the Development of Drug Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1801. [PMID: 34829672 PMCID: PMC8615091 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and it continues to be a major barrier to cancer treatment. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has proven to play an essential role in not only cancer progression and metastasis, but also the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Despite the significant advances in the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies, the development of drug resistance remains a major impediment to therapeutic success. This review highlights the interplay between various factors within the TME that collectively initiate or propagate MDR. The key TME-mediated mechanisms of MDR regulation that will be discussed herein include (1) altered metabolic processing and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) axis; (2) changes in stromal cells; (3) increased cancer cell survival via autophagy and failure of apoptosis; (4) altered drug delivery, uptake, or efflux and (5) the induction of a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. The review also discusses thought-provoking ideas that may assist in overcoming the TME-induced MDR. We conclude that stressors from the TME and exposure to chemotherapeutic agents are strongly linked to the development of MDR in cancer cells. Therefore, there remains a vast area for potential research to further elicit the interplay between factors existing both within and outside the TME. Elucidating the mechanisms within this network is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies that are less prone to failure due to the development of resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Krchniakova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra E. Stacy
- Cancer Drug Resistance & Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jan Skoda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Cancer Drug Resistance & Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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Association of vitamin C intake with breast cancer risk and mortality: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:18415-18435. [PMID: 32991322 PMCID: PMC7585084 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The association between vitamin C intake and breast cancer is unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to precisely assess the association of vitamin C intake with breast cancer risk and mortality. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to June 2020 and found 69 studies relevant to breast cancer risk (54 studies) and survival (15 studies). Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the random-effects models. Pooled results suggested that the highest versus lowest vitamin C intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of breast cancer incidence (Relative Risk = 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.92). Dietary vitamin C but not supplements was found to reduce breast cancer risk (Relative Risk = 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.96). For the highest versus lowest vitamin C intake, the pooled hazard risk for breast cancer-specific mortality was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.88), totality mortality was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.91), and recurrence was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.99). Our analysis suggests that higher vitamin C intake is significantly associated with reduced breast cancer incidence and mortality. However, the intake of vitamin C supplements has no significant effect on breast cancer prevention.
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Zha Y, Liu X, Hu P, Lu S, Ren H, Liu Z, Liang X, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhou Y. Alkaline Phosphatase–Triggered Immunoassay Based on Fluorogenic Reaction for Sensitive Detection of Acetochlor, Metolachlor, and Propisochlor. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Zhang X, Li W, Sun X, Li J, Wu W, Liu H. Vitamin C protects against defects induced by juglone during porcine oocyte maturation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19574-19581. [PMID: 30980384 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Juglone, a naphthoquinone isolated from many species of the Juglandaceae family, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries because of its antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. However, the toxicity of juglone has also been demonstrated. Here, we used porcine oocytes as a model to explore the effects of juglone on oocyte maturation and studied the impact of vitamin C (VC) administration on juglone exposure-induced meiosis defects. Exposure to juglone significantly restricted cumulus cell expansion and decreased the first polar body extrusion. In addition, juglone exposure disturbed spindle organization, actin assembly, and the distribution of mitochondria during oocyte meiosis, while the acetylation level of α-tubulin was also reduced. These defects were all ameliorated by VC administration. Our findings indicate that juglone exposure induced meiotic failure in porcine oocytes, while VC protected against these defects during porcine oocyte maturation by ameliorating the organization of the cytoskeleton and mitochondrial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijian Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofan Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Gillani SW, Sulaiman SAS, Abdul MIM, Baig MR. Combined effect of metformin with ascorbic acid versus acetyl salicylic acid on diabetes-related cardiovascular complication; a 12-month single blind multicenter randomized control trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:103. [PMID: 28807030 PMCID: PMC5556597 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the efficacy of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid among type II diabetes mellitus patients using metformin (only) for diabetes management therapy. Method A 12-month single blinded multicenter randomized control trial was designed to investigate the measured variables [Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Renal function, Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) etc.]. The trial was randomized into 2 experimental parallel arms (ascorbic acid vs acetylsalicylic acid) were blinded with study supplements in combination with metformin and findings were compared to control arm with metformin alone and blinded with placebo. Withdrawal criteria was defined to maintain the equity and balance in the participants in the whole trial. Finding Patients with metformin and ascorbic acid (parallel arm I) was twice more likely to reduce HbA1c than metformin alone (control arm) in a year (OR 2.31 (95% CI 1.87–4.42) p < 0.001). Also Parallel arm I was ten times more likely to reduced risk factors contributing to long-term diabetes complications than participants of arm II in a year (OR 10.38 (95% CI 6.91–15.77) p < 0.001). In contrast, parallel arm II patients were seven times more effective to reduce the risk of expected CVD development in 10 years than arm I (OR 7.54 (95% CI 3.76–10.32) p < 0.001). Conclusions The trial concluded that ascorbic acid with metformin is more effective against reducing risks for diabetes related long-term complications (including ACR). TRIAL details Registration No: NTR-6100, Registry Name: Netherlands Trial Registry, URL: http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=6100, Date of Registration: 20th October, 2016, Date of first Enrollment: 1 November, 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0584-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wasif Gillani
- College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Al-Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. .,Pharmacotherapy Research Group, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Pharmacotherapy Research Group, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Mohi Iqbal Mohammad Abdul
- College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Al-Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, University of Philippines, Quezon, Philippines
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Abstract
There are several extrinsic and intrinsic factors involving reactive oxygen species that play critical roles in tumor development and progression by inducing DNA mutations, genomic instability, and aberrant pro-tumorigenic signaling. There are various essential micronutrients including minerals and vitamins in the diet, which play pivotal roles in maintaining and reinforcing antioxidant performance, affecting the complex network of genes (nutrigenomic approach) and encoding proteins for carcinogenesis. A lot of these antioxidant agents are available as dietary supplements and are predominant worldwide. However, the best antioxidant micronutrient (or a combination of micronutrients) for reducing cancer risks is unknown. The purpose of this review is to survey the literature on modern biological theories of cancer and the roles of dietary antioxidants in cancer. The roles and functions of antioxidant micronutrients, such as vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), selenium, and vitamin A, provided through diet for the prevention of cancer are discussed in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Wu
- a School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Jiaoni Cheng
- b Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University , Kunming , China
| | - Xu Wang
- a School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
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New cofactors and inhibitors for a DNA-cleaving DNAzyme: superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide mediated an oxidative cleavage process. Sci Rep 2017; 7:378. [PMID: 28336968 PMCID: PMC5428237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the effects of new cofactors and inhibitors on an oxidative cleavage of DNA catalysis, known as a pistol-like DNAzyme (PLDz), to discuss its catalytic mechanism. PLDz performed its catalytic activity in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), in which Cu2+ promoted, whereas Fe2+ significantly inhibited the catalytic function. Since Fe2+/AA-generated hydroxyl radicals are efficient on DNA damage, implying that oxidative cleavage of PLDz had no relation with hydroxyl radical. Subsequently, we used Fe2+/H2O2 and Cu2+/H2O2 to identify the role of hydroxyl radicals in PLDz catalysis. Data showed that PLDz lost its activity with Fe2+/H2O2, but exhibited significant cleavage with Cu2+/H2O2. Because Fe2+/H2O2 and Cu2+/H2O2 are popular reagents to generate hydroxyl radicals and the latter also produces superoxide anions, we excluded the possibility that hydroxyl radical participated in oxidative cleavage and confirmed that superoxide anion was involved in PLDz catalysis. Moreover, pyrogallol, riboflavin and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase with superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide generation also induced self-cleavage of PLDz, where catalase inhibited but superoxide dismutase promoted the catalysis, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide played an essential role in PLDz catalysis. Therefore, we proposed a catalytic mechanism of PLDz in which superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide mediated an oxidative cleavage process.
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Intra-articular injection of an antioxidant formulation did not improve structural degeneration in a rat model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Translat 2016; 8:25-31. [PMID: 30035091 PMCID: PMC5987041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Oxidative stress plays an important role in osteoarthritis (OA), causing inflammation and matrix degradation in joints. Previous studies have shown that antioxidants such as quercetin and vitamin C are potential candidates for treating OA. We aimed to determine whether a formulation of quercetin and vitamin C, together with an iron chelator, could retard OA progression in a post-traumatic OA rat model. Methods Twelve rats received anterior cruciate ligament transection for OA induction. At 20 weeks postoperation, weekly intra-articular injection of 50 μL of either saline or a formulation of quercetin dehydrate, sodium-L-ascorbate, and deferoxamine mesylate was given consecutively for 4 weeks (n = 5). Gait analysis was performed at pretreatment, and at 1 week and 5 weeks post-treatment. Microcomputed tomography scanning and histological scoring were performed at 5 weeks post-treatment. Results Gait analysis showed that intra-articular injections of antioxidant formulation did not improve pain-associated Limb Idleness Index over time (p = 0.449, Friedman test). However, at 5 weeks post-treatment, the treatment group exhibited a significantly lower Limb Idleness Index than the control group (p = 0.047, Mann–Whitney U test). At 5 weeks post-treatment, microcomputed tomography analysis revealed that there was no difference in any parameter between the treatment and control groups (p > 0.05, Student t test). Severe OA histopathological changes were found in both groups. The Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores of the treatment and control groups were 20 (range, 20–26) and 20 (range, 9–26), respectively (p = 0.382, Mann–Whitney U test). Conclusion Intra-articular injection of an antioxidant formulation containing quercetin, vitamin C, and deferoxamine did not retard OA progression in advanced-stage OA. Future studies should aim to determine whether giving antioxidants in early OA, with prolonged drug retention, would be effective in retarding OA progression.
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Does the Interdependence between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Explain the Antioxidant Paradox? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5698931. [PMID: 26881031 PMCID: PMC4736408 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5698931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in many chronic diseases. However, antioxidant trials are so far largely unsuccessful as a preventive or curative measure. Chronic low-grade inflammatory process, on the other hand, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely related pathophysiological processes, one of which can be easily induced by another. Thus, both processes are simultaneously found in many pathological conditions. Therefore, the failure of antioxidant trials might result from failure to select appropriate agents that specifically target both inflammation and oxidative stress or failure to use both antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents simultaneously or use of nonselective agents that block some of the oxidative and/or inflammatory pathways but exaggerate the others. To examine whether the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation can explain the antioxidant paradox we discussed in the present review the basic aspects of oxidative stress and inflammation and their relationship and dependence.
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Khodaeian M, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Qorbani M, Farzadfar F, Amini P, Larijani B. Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1161-74. [PMID: 26313310 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding the effect of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) supplementation on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are controversial. We aimed to systematically review the current data on this topic. MATERIALS AND METHODS All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to assess the effect of VC and/or VE on insulin resistance in diabetes published in Google Scholar and PubMed web databases until January 2014 were included. Exclusion criteria were studies conducted in animal, type 1 DM, children or pregnant women. Main outcome measure was insulin resistance by homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. According to degree of heterogeneity, fixed- or random-effect model was employed by stata software (11.0). RESULTS We selected 14 RCTs involving 735 patients with T2DM. VE or mixture-mode supplementation did not have any significant effect on HOMA with a standardized mean difference (SMD): 0·017, 95% CI: -0·376 to 0·411 (P = 0·932); and SMD: -0·035, 95% CI: -0·634 to 0·025 (P = 0·070), respectively, by random-effect model. VC supplement alone did not improve insulin resistance with a SMD: -0·150, 95% CI: -0·494 to 0·194 (P = 0·391), by fixed-effect model. Meta-regression test demonstrated that HOMA index may have not been influenced by the year of publication, dosage or duration of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The sole intake of VC, VE or their combination with other antioxidants could not improve insulin resistance in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Khodaeian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Amini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abtahi M, Neyestani TR, Pouraram H, Siassi F, Dorosty AR, Elmadfa I, Doustmohammadian A. Iron-fortified flour: can it induce lipid peroxidation? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:649-54. [PMID: 24655144 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.898254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This community-based study was conducted to evaluate the effects of iron-fortified bread consumption on certain biomarkers of oxidative stress in an apparently healthy population. Evaluation of food intake, anthropometric and laboratory variables was performed in the beginning and after the 8-month intervention for all participants. There was no significant change in oxidative stress biomarkers in women following 8 months intervention. However, in men, final values of total antioxidant capacity, compared to the initial ones, showed a significant decrease in (p = 0.01) which was accompanied by a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (p = 0.002). It could be concluded that although the short-term period (8 months) of extra iron intake did not show severe effects of lipid per oxidation, significant changes of serum iron and some oxidative stress indices suggested that fortification of flour with iron among non-anemic adults in the long term was not without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Abtahi
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran
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Kim J, Paik HD, Yoon YC, Park E. Whey protein inhibits iron overload-induced oxidative stress in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:198-205. [PMID: 23883690 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of whey protein on oxidative stress in rats that were subjected to oxidative stress induced by iron overload. Thirty male rats were assigned to 3 groups: the control group (regular [50 mg/kg diet] dose of iron+20% casein), iron overload group (high [2,000 mg/kg] dose of iron+20% casein, IO), and whey protein group (high dose of iron+10% casein+10% whey protein, IO+whey). After 6 wk, the IO group showed a reduction in the plasma total radical trapping antioxidant parameter and the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and an increase in lipid peroxidation (determined from the proportion of conjugated dienes). However, whey protein ameliorated the oxidative changes induced by iron overload. The concentration of erythrocyte glutathione was significantly higher in the IO+whey group than in the IO group. In addition, whey protein supplementation fully inhibited iron overload-induced DNA damage in leukocytes and colonocytes. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between plasma iron levels and DNA damage in leukocytes and colonocytes. These results show the antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects of whey protein in an in vivo model of iron overload-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam University, Changwon 631-701, Korea
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Mahmoudabadi MMS, Rahbar AR. Effect of EPA and vitamin C on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetic patients. Oman Med J 2014; 29:39-45. [PMID: 24498481 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid combined with vitamin C in comparison with the pure form of eicosapentaenoic acid on the serum concentration of malondialdehyde, erythrocyte activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the serum level of total antioxidant capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Eighty one male diabetic patients, aged 33-63 years, were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups. The subjects consumed 500 mg/d pure eicosapentaenoic acid, 200 mg/d vitamin C, 500 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 200 mg/d vitamin C or placebo depending on their groups. In fasting blood samples, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were determined via the enzymatic method (Randox kit) and the serum total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde and vitamin C concentrations were estimated by colorimetric methods. RESULTS Administration of pure eicosapentaenoic acid in diabetic patients increased superoxide dismutase by 4%, glutathione peroxidase 53%, total antioxidant capacity 36% and decreased malondialdehyde significantly by 25%. Prescription of eicosapentaenoic acid combined with vitamin C demonstrated a significant increment for superoxide dismutase activity by 3% and for glutathione peroxidase activity by 52% during the study, but no significant change was seen for total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde, respectively. There was a significant decrease in FBS and HbA1c following prescription of eicosapentaenoic acid with/without vitamin C along the study, although these changes were not significant between the study groups. CONCLUSION It is concluded that prescription of eicosapentaenoic acid in the pure form reduces oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients; albeit, it does not alleviate hyperglycemia. Combination of vitamin C and eicosapentaenoic acid does not improve antioxidant property of eicosapentaenoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Reza Rahbar
- Department of Nutrition, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, I.R. Iran
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Phytoagents for cancer management: regulation of nucleic acid oxidation, ROS, and related mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:925804. [PMID: 24454991 PMCID: PMC3886269 DOI: 10.1155/2013/925804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidized nucleic acids causes genomic instability leading to senescence, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Phytoagents are known to reduce the risk of cancer development; whether such effects are through regulating the extent of nucleic acid oxidation remains unclear. Here, we outlined the role of reactive oxygen species in nucleic acid oxidation as a driving force in cancer progression. The consequential relationship between genome instability and cancer progression highlights the importance of modulation of cellular redox level in cancer management. Current epidemiological and experimental evidence demonstrate the effects and modes of action of phytoagents in nucleic acid oxidation and provide rationales for the use of phytoagents as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents. Vitamins and various phytoagents antagonize carcinogen-triggered oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and/or activating endogenous defence systems such as Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes or pathways. Moreover, metal ion chelation by phytoagents helps to attenuate oxidative DNA damage caused by transition metal ions. Besides, the prooxidant effects of some phytoagents pose selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells and shed light on a new strategy of cancer therapy. The “double-edged sword” role of phytoagents as redox regulators in nucleic acid oxidation and their possible roles in cancer prevention or therapy are discussed in this review.
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Samoylenko A, Hossain JA, Mennerich D, Kellokumpu S, Hiltunen JK, Kietzmann T. Nutritional countermeasures targeting reactive oxygen species in cancer: from mechanisms to biomarkers and clinical evidence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2157-96. [PMID: 23458328 PMCID: PMC3869543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert various biological effects and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Enhanced levels of ROS are highly associated with different tumors, a Western lifestyle, and a nutritional regime. The supplementation of food with traditional antioxidants was shown to be protective against cancer in a number of studies both in vitro and in vivo. However, recent large-scale human trials in well-nourished populations did not confirm the beneficial role of antioxidants in cancer, whereas there is a well-established connection between longevity of several human populations and increased amount of antioxidants in their diets. Although our knowledge about ROS generators, ROS scavengers, and ROS signaling has improved, the knowledge about the direct link between nutrition, ROS levels, and cancer is limited. These limitations are partly due to lack of standardized reliable ROS measurement methods, easily usable biomarkers, knowledge of ROS action in cellular compartments, and individual genetic predispositions. The current review summarizes ROS formation due to nutrition with respect to macronutrients and antioxidant micronutrients in the context of cancer and discusses signaling mechanisms, used biomarkers, and its limitations along with large-scale human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Samoylenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jubayer Al Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Misra S, Choudhury RC. Vitamin C Modulation of Cisplatin-Induced Cytogenotoxicity in Bone Marrow, Spermatogonia and its Transmission in the Male Germline of Swiss Mice. J Chemother 2013; 18:182-7. [PMID: 16736887 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2006.18.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Relative modulatory effects of three different doses of vitamin C (VC), 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, on cytogenotoxicity induced by cisplatin (CP) 5 mg/kg were assessed from the comparison of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and mitotic index in bone marrow cells, micronucleus test (MNT) in polychromatic erythrocytes from the somatic cell line and spermatogonial chromosome aberrations (SCAs), primary spermatocytic chromosome analysis and sperm morphology assay from the male germline of VC-pretreated and CP-alone treated mice. Each pretreatment dose of VC protected bone marrow cells from the CP-induced cytogenotoxicity by decreasing the aberrant metaphases, CAs and MN significantly, particularly the lower doses. The protection was inversely proportional to the pretreated dose of VC i.e., the higher the dose of VC the less protection was provided. The lower doses of VC also protected the spermatogonial cells by significantly decreasing the CP-induced aberrant metaphases and SCAs, whereas the highest dose potentiated such effects by increasing them significantly. Besides, transmission of CP-induced cytogenotoxicity in the male germline was enhanced significantly in all VC pretreated mice, resulting in an increase in the frequency of aberrant prima ry spermatocytes and abnormal sperm. Since the spermatogonial cells with gross effects were eliminated/died, the tolerable effects stabilized in some of them were transmitted through the male germline with the consequent increase in the manifestation of aberrant primary spermatocytes and abnormal sperm. However, VC failed to decrease in the transmission of such effects. Thus, the protective action of VC was dose dependent and tissue specific. Moreover, the time of VC treatment i.e., its pre- or post-treatment to the exposure of cells to cytogenotoxic substances is important in providing protection from or potentiation of the cytogenotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Misra
- Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur-760 007, Orissa, India
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Astete CE, Songe Meador D, Spivak D, Sabliov C. Synthesis of Vitamin E-Carnosine (VECAR): New Antioxidant Molecule with Potential Application in Atherosclerosis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.632829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Azqueta A, Costa S, Lorenzo Y, Bastani NE, Collins AR. Vitamin C in cultured human (HeLa) cells: lack of effect on DNA protection and repair. Nutrients 2013; 5:1200-17. [PMID: 23571651 PMCID: PMC3705343 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dietary antioxidants, including vitamin C, may be in part responsible for the cancer-preventive effects of fruits and vegetables. Human intervention trials with clinical endpoints have failed to confirm their protective effects, and mechanistic studies have given inconsistent results. Our aim was to investigate antioxidant/ pro-oxidant effects of vitamin C at the cellular level. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have used the comet assay to investigate effects of vitamin C on DNA damage, antioxidant status, and DNA repair, in HeLa (human tumor) cells, and HPLC to measure uptake of vitamin C into cells. RESULTS Even at concentrations in the medium as high as 200 μM, vitamin C did not increase the background level of strand breaks or of oxidized purines in nuclear DNA. Vitamin C is taken up by HeLa cells and accumulates to mM levels. Preincubation of cells with vitamin C did not render them resistant to strand breakage induced by H2O2 or to purine oxidation by photosensitizer plus light. Vitamin C had no effect on the rate of repair of strand breaks or oxidized bases by HeLa cells. However, vitamin C at a concentration of less than 1 μM, or extract from cells preincubated for 6 h with vitamin C, was able to induce damage (strand breaks) in lysed, histone-depleted nuclei (nucleoids). CONCLUSION In these cultured human cells, vitamin C displays neither antioxidant nor pro-oxidant properties; nor does it affect DNA strand break or base excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (S.C.); (Y.L.); (N.E.B.); (A.R.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-948-425-653 (ext. 806574); Fax: +34-948-425-652
| | - Solange Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (S.C.); (Y.L.); (N.E.B.); (A.R.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Lorenzo
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (S.C.); (Y.L.); (N.E.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Nasser E. Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (S.C.); (Y.L.); (N.E.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Andrew R. Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (S.C.); (Y.L.); (N.E.B.); (A.R.C.)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple-micronutrient deficiencies often coexist in low- to middle-income countries. They are exacerbated in pregnancy due to the increased demands, leading to potentially adverse effects on the mother. Substantive evidence regarding the effectiveness of multiple-micronutrient supplements (MMS) during pregnancy is not available. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits to both mother and infant of multiple-micronutrient supplements in pregnancy and to assess the risk of adverse events as a result of supplementation. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (17 February 2012) and reference lists of retrieved articles and key reviews. We also contacted experts in the field for additional and ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All prospective randomised controlled trials evaluating multiple-micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and its effects on the pregnancy outcome, irrespective of language or publication status of the trials. We included cluster-randomised trials but quasi-randomised trials were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and trial quality. Two review authors independently extracted the data. Data were checked for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-three trials (involving 76,532 women) were identified as eligible for inclusion in this review but only 21 trials (involving 75,785 women) contributed data to the review.When compared with iron and folate supplementation, MMS resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the number of low birthweight babies (risk ratio (RR) 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83 to 0.94) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.95). No statistically significant differences were shown for other maternal and pregnancy outcomes: preterm births RR 0.99 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.02), miscarriage RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.02), maternal mortality RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.48), perinatal mortality RR 0.99 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.16), stillbirths RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.07) and neonatal mortality RR 1.01 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.15).A number of prespecified clinically important outcomes could not be assessed due to insufficient or non-available data. These include placental abruption, congenital anomalies including neural tube defects, premature rupture of membranes, neurodevelopmental delay, very preterm births, cost of supplementation, side-effects of supplements, maternal well being or satisfaction, and nutritional status of children. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Though multiple micronutrients have been found to have a significant beneficial impact on SGA and low birthweight babies, we still need more evidence to guide a universal policy change and to suggest replacement of routine iron and folate supplementation with a MMS. Future trials should be adequately powered to evaluate the effects on mortality and other morbidity outcomes. Trials should also assess the effect of variability between different combinations and dosages of micronutrients, keeping within the safe recommended levels. In regions with deficiency of a single micronutrient, evaluation of each micronutrient against a placebo in women already receiving iron with folic acid would be especially useful in justifying the inclusion of that micronutrient in routine antenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool A Haider
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Afolabi AO, Olotu OO, Alagbonsi IA. Vitamins e and C alleviate the germ cell loss and oxidative stress in cryptorchidism when administered separately but not when combined in rats. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:843569. [PMID: 23213563 PMCID: PMC3503317 DOI: 10.5402/2012/843569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant effects of vitamins C and E on cryptorchidism-induced oxidative stress were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided in a blinded fashion into five groups (n = 8). Group 1 was sham operated and treated with vehicle (corn-oil, 10 mL/kg). Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were rendered unilaterally cryptorchid and treated with vehicle (10 mL/kg), vitamin E solution (75 mg/kg), vitamin C solution (1.25 g/kg), and combination of vitamin E (75 mg/kg) and vitamin C (1.25 g/kg) solutions, respectively. Germ cell count, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total protein (TP), and testicular weight (TW) were lower, but malondialdhyde (MDA) was higher in the cryptorchid rats than the sham-operated rats. When administered separately, vitamins C and E increased germ cell count, SOD, TP, and TW but did not reduce MDA in the cryptorchid rats when compared to the vehicle-treated cryptorchid rats. However, there was no significant difference in these parameters between vehicle-treated and combined vitamins C- and E-treated rats. This suggests that vitamins E and C alleviate the germ cell loss and oxidative stress in cryptorchidism when administered separately but not when combined in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayobami Oladele Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
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Kazmierska P, Grebowski J, Konopacki J. Does an anti-oxidant ascorbic acid improve the condition of hippocampal formation slice preparations? A micro-EEG approach. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:406-13. [PMID: 23083000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess whether ascorbic acid (AA), an intracellular anti-oxidant critical for neuronal protection, when added to artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), is able to protect hippocampal (HPC) formation slice preparations from ageing. In this research, the micro-electroencephalographic (EEG) technique was applied. Experiments were performed on 72 HPC formation slices obtained from 12 male Wistar rats. Two series of experiments were conducted: the control experiment, in which ACSF was used as an incubation medium, and the research one, in which ACSF was supplemented with 200 μM AA. The experimental model of carbachol-induced EEG theta rhythm was applied. The following parameters of theta rhythm after 15, 30 and 45 min of recording were analysed: frequency, power, time duration of theta epochs and time duration of intervals between theta epochs. The results show that AA causes a statistically significant decrease in the power of theta rhythm after 15, 30 and 45 min of recording. The time duration of intervals between theta epochs was almost twice as long in slices incubated in ACSF + AA than in ACSF after 45 min of recording. The data obtained indicate that AA does not improve the condition of HPC slices. On the contrary, it worsens the ability of slice preparations to generate theta oscillations. We hypothesize that our data may result from the Fenton reaction or changes in the conformation of connexins.
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Ascorbate status modulates reticuloendothelial iron stores and response to deferasirox iron chelation in ascorbate-deficient rats. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:820-7. [PMID: 22713799 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron chelation is essential to patients on chronic blood transfusions to prevent toxicity from iron overload and remove excess iron. Deferasirox (DFX) is the most commonly used iron chelator in the United States; however, some patients are relatively refractory to DFX therapy. We postulated that vitamin C supplementation would improve the availability of transfusional iron to DFX treatment by promoting iron's redox cycling, increasing its soluble ferrous form and promoting its release from reticuloendothelial cells. Osteogenic dystrophy rats (n = 54) were given iron dextran injections for 10 weeks. Cardiac and liver iron levels were measured after iron loading (n = 18), 12 weeks of sham chelation (n = 18), and 12 weeks of DFX chelation (n = 18) at 75 mg/kg/day. Ascorbate supplementation of 150 ppm, 900 ppm, and 2250 ppm was used in the chow to mimic a broad range of ascorbate status; plasma ascorbate levels were 5.4 ± 1.9, 8.2 ± 1.4, 23.6 ± 9.8 μM, respectively (p < 0.0001). The most severe ascorbate deficiency produced reticuloenthelial retention, lowering total hepatic iron by 29% at the end of iron loading (p < 0.05) and limiting iron redistribution from cardiac and hepatic macrophages during 12 weeks of sham chelation. Most importantly, ascorbate supplementation at 2250 ppm improved DFX efficiency, allowing DFX to remove 21% more hepatic iron than ascorbate supplementation with 900 ppm or 150 ppm (p < 0.05). We conclude that vitamin C status modulates the release of iron from the reticuloendothelial system and correlates positively with DFX chelation efficiency. Our findings suggest that ascorbate status should be probed in patients with unsatisfactory response to DFX.
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Sram RJ, Binkova B, Rossner P. Vitamin C for DNA damage prevention. Mutat Res 2012; 733:39-49. [PMID: 22178550 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of vitamin C to affect genetic damage was reviewed in human studies that used molecular epidemiology methods, including analysis of DNA adducts, DNA strand breakage (using the Comet assay), oxidative damage measured as levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei, and the induction of DNA repair proteins. The protective effect of vitamin C was observed at plasma levels>50μmol/l. Vitamin C supplementation decreased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in groups with insufficient dietary intake who were occupationally exposed to mutagens, and also decreased the sensitivity to mutagens as assessed using the bleomycin assay. High vitamin C levels in plasma decreased the frequency of genomic translocations in groups exposed to ionizing radiation or c-PAHs in polluted air. The frequency of micronuclei was decreased by vitamin C supplementation in smokers challenged with γ-irradiation, and higher vitamin C levels in plasma counteracted the damage induced by air pollution. The prevalence of DNA adducts inversely correlated with vitamin C levels in groups environmentally exposed to high concentrations of c-PAHs. Increased vitamin C levels decreased DNA strand breakage induced by air pollution. Oxidative damage (8-oxodG levels) was decreased by vitamin C supplementation in groups with plasma levels>50μmol/l exposed to PM2.5 and c-PAHs. Modulation of DNA repair by vitamin C supplementation was observed both in poorly nourished subjects and in groups with vitamin C plasma levels>50μmol/l exposed to higher concentrations of c-PAHs. It is possible that the impact of vitamin C on DNA damage depends both on background values of vitamin C in the individual as well as on the level of exposure to xenobiotics or oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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The effects of nitrobenzene on the genetic toxicity in tobacco seedling leaf cells by comet assay. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bartsch C, Bekhite MM, Wolheim A, Richter M, Ruhe C, Wissuwa B, Marciniak A, Müller J, Heller R, Figulla HR, Sauer H, Wartenberg M. NADPH oxidase and eNOS control cardiomyogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells on ascorbic acid treatment. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:432-43. [PMID: 21570463 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) increases cardiomyogenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Herein we show that treatment of mouse ES cells with AA enhanced cardiac differentiation accompanied by an upregulation of the NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX2 and NOX4, phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and cyclic GMP (cGMP) formation, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as nitric oxide (NO) may be involved in cardiomyogenesis. In whole mount embryoid bodies as well as isolated Flk-1-positive (Flk-1(+)) cardiovascular progenitor cells ROS elevation by AA was observed in early stages of differentiation (Days 4-7), and absent at Day 10. In contrast NO generation following incubation with AA was absent at Day 4 and increased at Days 7 and 10. AA-mediated cardiomyogenesis was blunted by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylen iodonium (DPI) and apocynin, the free radical scavengers N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (NMPG) and ebselen, and the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. Downregulation of NOX4 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in significant inhibition of cardiomyogenesis and abolished the stimulation of MHC-ß and MLC2v gene expression observed on AA treatment. Our data demonstrate that AA stimulates cardiomyocyte differentiation from ES cells by signaling pathways that involve ROS generated at early stages and NO at late stages of cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bartsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology Division, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractVitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential water-soluble nutrient that primarily exerts its effect on a host defense mechanisms and immune homeostasis and is the most important physiological antioxidant. Stable intake of vitamin C is essential for life in humans because the body does not synthesize it. Even the numerous studies have demonstrated that vitamin C supplementation stimulates the immune system, prevents DNA damage and significantly decreases the risk of a wide range of pathologies; the potential protective mechanisms are still largely unknown. This review summarizes the recently known facts about the role of vitamin C on the selected cells of the immune system and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Further, in this review, many new data about the positive effects of vitamin C on the immune system, potential toxicological effects, vitamin C supplementation in disease development, as well as some proposed mechanisms of vitamin C activity, are discussed.
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Banerjee D, Kaul D. Combined inhalational and oral supplementation of ascorbic acid may prevent influenza pandemic emergency: a hypothesis. Nutrition 2010; 26:128-32. [PMID: 20005468 PMCID: PMC7127226 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of influenza pandemics is a worldwide phenomenon and a significant cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the globe. It is due to mutations in the influenza virus genetic material creating antigenic drift of pathogenic viral proteins resulting in emergence of new influenza virus strains. Therefore, the vaccines available for prevention of influenza offer no protection against influenza pandemics caused by new virus strains. Moreover, the existing drugs used to combat influenza may be ineffective to treat influenza pandemics due to the emergence of drug resistance in the pandemic virus strain. Therefore, a working strategy must be developed to combat influenza pandemics. In this review we have addressed this problem and reviewed the published studies on ascorbic acid in the common cold and influenza and laboratory studies on the effect of ascorbic acid on influenza virus. We have also correlated the clinical and laboratory studies and developed a hypothesis to prevent influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Yang MH, Chuang CM, Hsieh CL, Wang HE, Chen KC, Chiu WT, Shih CM, Peng RY. Modeling of the in vivo kinetics of antioxidants delineates suitable parameters for selecting potential antioxidant adjuvants for cancer therapy. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:306-317. [PMID: 20645818 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903127375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To find in vivo behaviors of an antioxidant when used as an adjuvant cancer therapy, a more detailed integrated pharmacokinetic scheme is needed. Major reaction parameters associated with the sequential routes from ingestion to decay of an antioxidant were used in mathematical analysis, which included absorption rate coefficient k(a), quenching rate coefficient of the antioxidant k(q1) and tissue quenching rate coefficient k(r). The model was then treated with computer simulation using cited decay rate coefficients and some assumed parameters. When intestinal absorption rate coefficient k(a) becomes larger, retention time of antioxidant in plasma would be prolonged. moreover, k(a) had no effect on either quenching ability of antioxidants or tissue recovering capability. in quenching plasma ROS, the larger the quenching coefficient k(q1), the shorter peak- and the life-times would be for the secondary free radicals that are formed in primary quenching. Conclusively, it is suggestive to prescribe an antioxidant therapy with an appropriate values of k(a) and larger values of k(q1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan
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Cooke MS, Evans MD, Mistry N, Lunec J. Role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of in vivo oxidative DNA damage. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 15:19-42. [PMID: 19087397 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence consistently shows that diets high in fresh fruit and vegetables significantly lower cancer risk. Given the postulated role of oxidative DNA damage in carcinogenesis, the assumption has been made that it is the antioxidant properties of food constituents, such as vitamin C, E and carotenoids, which confer protection. However, epidemiological studies with specific antioxidants, either singly or in combination, have not, on the whole, supported this hypothesis. In contrast, studies examining the in vitro effect of antioxidants upon oxidative DNA damage have generally been supportive, in terms of preventing damage induction. The same, however, cannot be said for the in vivo intervention studies where overall the results have been equivocal. Nevertheless, recent work has suggested that some dietary antioxidants may confer protective properties through a novel mechanism, unrelated to their conventional free-radical scavenging abilities. Upregulation of antioxidant defence, xenobiotic metabolism, or DNA-repair genes may all limit cellular damage and hence promote maintenance of cell integrity. However, until further work has clarified whether dietary supplementation with antioxidants confers a reduced risk of cancer and the mechanism by which this effect is exerted, the recommendation for a diet rich in fruit and vegetables remains valid empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Kumar N, Chandhiok N, Dhillon BS, Kumar P. Role of oxidative stress while controlling iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy - Indian scenario. Indian J Clin Biochem 2009; 24:5-14. [PMID: 23105800 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-009-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron Deficiency anemia ranks 9(th) among 26 diseases with highest burden. Asia bears 71% of this global burden. Adverse maternal and birth outcome associated with hemoglobin status renders the issue worth attention. Indian scenario has worsened over the period despite continuous international and national efforts. This indicates some lacunae in the approach and strategies applied. Various reports state that even with maximum effort to increase outreach and monitoring for adherence to Iron schedule, consumer's compliance remains abysmally low. Recent studies has pointed out biological basis of side effects (gastrointestinal complains and systemic events) as raised oxidative stress for which iron is the key catalyst. Up till now the only target of research has been to raise hemoglobin of pregnant women above 11gm/dl. With the reports of pregnancy specific morbidities i.e. hemorrhage and septicemia with low hemoglobin, eclampsia, small for gestation age, gestational diabetes with higher ranges of hemoglobin, alarm is raised to define optimum range. Use of oxidative stress as biochemical marker with different doses and schedules has been defined because India lack information for its own population upon oxidative stress status when iron is supplemented as per current guidelines. Studies done in India and abroad have defined that too much and too less, both may raise oxidative stress and studies of this sort may provide biochemical scale for optimization. This review therefore has evaluated currently available Indian research and reports to understand the need of future research area. Important findings from other countries have been incorporated for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India ; Div. of RHN, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C, Zaharris E, Gaziano JM, Van Denburgh M, Buring JE, Manson JE. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 101:14-23. [PMID: 19116389 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables, both of which are rich with antioxidants, may prevent cancer development. However, findings from randomized trials of the association between antioxidant use and cancer risk have been mostly negative. METHODS From 8171 women who were randomly assigned in the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled 2 x 2 x 2 factorial trial of vitamin C (500 mg of ascorbic acid daily), natural-source vitamin E (600 IU of alpha-tocopherol every other day), and beta carotene (50 mg every other day), 7627 women who were free of cancer before random assignment were selected for this study. Diagnoses and deaths from cancer at a specific site were confirmed by use of hospital reports and the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (represented as relative risks [RRs]) of common cancers associated with use of antioxidants, either individually or in combination. Subgroup analyses were conducted to determine if duration of use modified the association of supplement use with cancer risk. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS During an average 9.4 years of treatment, 624 women developed incident invasive cancer and 176 women died from cancer. There were no statistically significant effects of use of any antioxidant on total cancer incidence. Compared with the placebo group, the RRs were 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95 to 1.30) in the vitamin C group, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.79 to 1.09) in the vitamin E group, and 1.00 (95% CI = 0.85 to 1.17) in the beta carotene group. Similarly, no effects of these antioxidants were observed on cancer mortality. Compared with the placebo group, the RRs were 1.28 (95% CI = 0.95 to 1.73) in the vitamin C group, 0.87 (95% CI = 0.65 to 1.17) in the vitamin E group, and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.62 to 1.13) in the beta carotene group. Duration and combined use of the three antioxidants also had no effect on cancer incidence and cancer death. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene offers no overall benefits in the primary prevention of total cancer incidence or cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave East, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased antioxidant defense systems. Oxidative stress develops particularly in inflammatory reactions because the inflammatory cells, neutrophils, and macrophages produce large amounts of ROS. It has been known for a long time that oxidative stress in inflamed tissue can pave the way for malignant tumors, and that it is a major pathogenetic factor for the well-established correlation between inflammatory diseases and cancer. Oxidative stress has long been associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related colorectal cancer. This article provides an overview of the pathology of ROS and presents recent advances concerning the role of ROS in IBD-related colorectal carcinogenesis (Fig. 1).
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Brzozowska A, Kaluza J, Knoops KTB, de Groot LCPGM. Supplement use and mortality: the SENECA study. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:131-7. [PMID: 18414768 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesis that in relatively healthy older people supplement usage can be consider as healthy life style habit and as such can positively influence longevity. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine whether supplement use was associated with all-cause mortality in the participants of the SENECA study. METHODS Baseline measurements were carried out in 1988/1989 among 75 to 80-year-old people living in 15 European small towns. All-cause mortality was followed up to April 30, 1999. Data from 920 men and 980 women who were ischemic heart diseases-, stroke- and cancer-free at baseline were included. The multivariate adjusted (for sex, age, years of education, physical activity, BMI, chronic diseases, Mediterranean Diet Score, alcohol use and the place of living) hazard ratio (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of mortality by use of any type of nutrient supplement and by particular nutrient supplement use were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS At baseline, 13% of participants used nutritional supplements, 19% of subjects were smokers. During 10 years of follow-up 445 men and 252 women died. Among non-smokers no significant associations between total supplement use and particular nutrient supplement use were observed. Among smokers use of any type of supplements (Multivariate HR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.02-2.28), use of vitamin B(1) (Multivariate HR: 1.57; 95%CI: 1.00-2.48) and vitamin B(2) supplements (Multivariate HR: 1.60; 95%CI: 1.00-2.56) were associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality. The similar tendencies were observed among vitamin B(6) and vitamin C supplement users who were smokers. CONCLUSIONS Among smokers, participants of the SENECA study, supplement use increased all-cause mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzozowska
- Dept. Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Jacquet A, Coolen V, Vandermander J. Effect of dietary supplementation with INVERSION Femme on slimming, hair loss, and skin and nail parameters in women. Adv Ther 2007; 24:1154-71. [PMID: 18029342 DOI: 10.1007/bf02877721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In modern society, the ideal of slim women with beautiful hair, skin, and nails is well established. The process of aging, together with an unhealthy diet and little physical exercise, often leads to deterioration of this ideal. Two open clinical trials were conducted to investigate the effect of the proprietary oral supplement INVERSION Femme (Inversion Laboratoires, Hasselt, Belgium) on slimming in overweight women and on hair loss, as well as on skin and nail parameters. A total of 22 overweight women aged 38 to 63 y participated in the study that explored slimming activity. In the hair loss study, 30 women aged 38 to 67 y who had experienced hair loss were examined. All 52 women in both groups were further evaluated for skin (ie, wrinkles and hydration) and nail improvement. The active ingredients in INVERSION Femme, subdivided into 2 different capsules, exhibit antioxidative activity and nutritional function; in addition, they contribute to enhanced microcirculation, tonus, and thermogenesis. Weight reduction and slimming were measured after INVERSION Femme was taken for 28 and 58 d. All women showed significant reductions in weight, body fat, and thigh circumference. During the second month of treatment, subjects showed an average 50% reduction in hair loss. INVERSION Femme is a potent "all-in-one" antiaging dietary supplement that causes significant slimming and reduction in hair loss, as well as visible improvement in skin and nail structure.
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Hwang ES, Bowen PE. DNA damage, a biomarker of carcinogenesis: its measurement and modulation by diet and environment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47:27-50. [PMID: 17364694 DOI: 10.1080/10408390600550299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are constantly generated in vivo and can cause oxidative damage to DNA. This damage has been implicated to be important in many diseases, including cancer. The assessment of damage in various biological matrices, such as tissues, cells, and urine, is vital to understanding this role and subsequently devising intervention strategies. During the last 20 years, many analytical techniques have been developed to monitor oxidative DNA base damage. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are the two pioneering contributions to the field. Currently, the arsenal of methods available include the promising high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique, capillary electrophoresis, 32P-postlabeling, antibody-base immunoassays, and assays involving the use of DNA repair glycosylases such as the comet assay. The objective of this review is to discuss the biological significance of oxidative DNA damage, evaluate the effectiveness of several techniques for measurement of oxidative DNA damage in various biological samples and review current research on factors (dietary and non-dietary) that influence DNA oxidative damage using these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sun Hwang
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago. Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Bates CJ, Jones KS, Bluck LJC. Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C as a probe for vitamin C absorption by human subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 91:699-705. [PMID: 15137921 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Factors affecting absorption of physiological doses of vitamin C in man have not been widely studied, partly because few suitable tools exist to distinguish recently absorbed vitamin C from endogenous vitamin. Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C provides such a tool. Fifteen healthy non-smoking subjects aged 26–59 years were studied. Each received 30 mg L-[1-13C]ascorbic acid orally on two occasions, 3–4 weeks apart. The ascorbate was given alone or with Fe (100 mg as ferrous fumarate) or with red grape juice, which is rich in polyphenols. Blood was collected at frequent intervals for 1 h, and then each hour for a further 3 h. Total concentration of vitamin C was measured fluorometrically and its13C-isotope enrichment was measured by GC–MS after conversion to volatile trimethylsilyl esters. Peak plasma enrichment occurred within 25–50 min. No kinetic variables were significantly altered by the iron fumarate supplement. Grape juice attenuated vitamin C absorption, reaching significance at the 20 min time point. There were weak correlations between isotope enrichment and body weight or endogenous ascorbate concentration. The increment in total plasma ascorbate was smaller if calculated from isotope enrichment than from vitamin C concentration increase. The dilution pool was much larger than the plasma ascorbate pool. Further studies are needed to resolve these paradoxes. Stable isotope-labelled ascorbate is potentially useful for measurement of vitamin C absorption by human subjects.
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Pool-Zobel B, van Loo J, Rowland I, Roberfroid MB. Experimental evidences on the potential of prebiotic fructans to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/bjn/2002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inulin is extracted from the chicory root. It is a set of fructans with its monomers (n=2–65) linked by means of β(2–1) bonds. This linkage cannot be hydrolysed by either pancreatic or by brush border digestive enzymes in the upper intestinal tract of humans. As such the carbohydrates arrive in the colon, where they are fermented by bifidobacteria and other lactic acid producing bacteria, thus enhancing their relative populations in the gut. Recent research in experimental animal models revealed that inulin has significant anticarcinogenic properties. It acts chemopreventively by reducing the incidence of azoxymethane (AOM) — induced aberrant crypt foci and tumours in the colon. These effects may be due to the stimulation of bifidobacteria, which themselves have been shown to act as antigenotoxic in the colon and to reduce AOM-induced tumours. Also fermentation products, including the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, could contribute to the protective effects. In this case a mechanism may be the induction of apoptosis of already transformed cells. The experimental evidence from animal studies and from studies elucidating potential mechanisms strongly supports the possibility that inulin will contribute to reducing risks for colon cancer in humans. In order to obtain more insight into this possibility, human dietary intervention studies relating biomarkers of reduced risk to inulin consumption are needed.
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Azqueta A, Arbillaga L, Pachón G, Cascante M, Creppy EE, López de Cerain A. A quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivative induces DNA oxidative damage not attenuated by vitamin C and E treatment. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 168:95-105. [PMID: 17420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some anticancer compounds are pro-drugs which give rise to toxic species through enzymatic reduction. The quinoxaline-di-N-oxide derivative Q-85 HCl (7-chloro-3-[[(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]amino]-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-di-N-oxide hydrochloride) is a bioreductive compound selectively toxic in hypoxia. Due to the possibility of secondary tumors the study of the genotoxic capability of antitumoral drugs is very important. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Q-85 HCl to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage in Caco-2 cells, both in hypoxia and in well-oxygenated conditions. Secondly, we attempted to evaluate the effect of vitamins C and E under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, in order to determine if these antioxidant substances modify Q-85 HCl effect in hypoxic cells or possibly exert a protective action in normal cells. Caco-2 cells were treated with Q-85 HCl for 2h, at high concentrations in normoxia (0.1-5 microM) and at low concentrations in hypoxia (0.002-0.1 microM). In normoxia, a dose-related significant increase in intracellular ROS level was evident; in hypoxia all the concentrations produced very high level of ROS. Just after the treatment and 24h later, oxidative DNA damage was evaluated by the modified comet assay after post-digestion of the cells with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (Endo III). Q-85 HCl treatment evoked a significant dose-dependent increase in the total comet score of the cells both in hypoxia and normoxia, indicating that this compound or some metabolite is able to oxidize purine and pyrimidine bases. After 24h DNA damage caused by the compound was completely repaired with only one exception: cells treated with the highest concentration of Q-85 HCl in hypoxia and post-digested with FPG. Vitamin C (5-100 microM) and vitamin E (500-400 microM) did not have a pro-oxidant effect in Caco-2 cells. Treatment of cells with vitamin C (10 microM) or vitamin E (100 microM) did not significantly reduce oxidative DNA damage in hypoxia and normoxia. In conclusion, the use of these vitamins would not hinder toxicity against hypoxic cells, but a protective effect in normoxic cells was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Azqueta
- Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, Spain
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Selman C, McLaren JS, Meyer C, Duncan JS, Redman P, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Speakman JR. Life-long vitamin C supplementation in combination with cold exposure does not affect oxidative damage or lifespan in mice, but decreases expression of antioxidant protection genes. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:897-904. [PMID: 17092545 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is suggested to be central to the ageing process, with endogenous antioxidant defence and repair mechanisms in place to minimize damage. Theoretically, supplementation with exogenous antioxidants might support the endogenous antioxidant system, thereby reducing oxidative damage, ageing-related functional decline and prolonging life- and health-span. Yet supplementation trials with antioxidants in animal models have had minimal success. Human epidemiological data are similarly unimpressive, leading some to question whether vitamin C, for example, might have pro-oxidant properties in vivo. We supplemented cold exposed (7+/-2 degrees C) female C57BL/6 mice over their lifespan with vitamin C (ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate), widely advocated and self administered to reduce oxidative stress, retard ageing and increase healthy lifespan. No effect on mean or maximum lifespan following vitamin C treatment or any significant impact on body mass, or on parameters of energy metabolism was observed. Moreover, no differences in hepatocyte and lymphocyte DNA oxidative damage or hepatic lipid peroxidation was seen between supplemented and control mice. Using a DNA macroarray specific for oxidative stress-related genes, we found that after 18 months of supplementation, mice exhibited a significantly reduced expression of several genes in the liver linked to free-radical scavenging, including Mn-superoxide dismutase. We confirmed these effects by Northern blotting and found additional down-regulation of glutathione peroxidase (not present on macroarray) in the vitamin C treated group. We suggest that high dietary doses of vitamin C are ineffective at prolonging lifespan in mice because any positive benefits derived as an antioxidant are offset by compensatory reductions in endogenous protection mechanisms, leading to no net reduction in accumulated oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impact of vitamin C on oxidative stress-related diseases is moderate because of its limited oral bioavailability and rapid clearance. Parenteral administration can increase the benefit of vitamin C supplementation as is evident in critically ill patients. The aim here is to assess recent evidence of the clinical benefit and underlying effects of parenteral vitamin C in conditions of oxidative stress. RECENT FINDINGS In critically ill patients and after severe burns, the rapid restoration of depleted ascorbate levels with high-dose parenteral vitamin C may reduce circulatory shock, fluid requirements and oedema. SUMMARY Oxidative stress is associated with reduced ascorbate levels. Ascorbate is particularly effective in protecting the vascular endothelium, which is especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. The restoration of ascorbate levels may have therapeutic effects in diseases involving oxidative stress. The rapid replenishment of ascorbate is of special clinical significance in critically ill patients who experience drastic reductions in ascorbate levels, which may be a causal factor in the development of circulatory shock. Supraphysiological levels of ascorbate, which can only be achieved by the parenteral and not by the oral administration of vitamin C, may facilitate the restoration of vascular function in the critically ill patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard P McGregor
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple-micronutrient deficiencies often coexist in low- to middle-income countries. They are exacerbated in pregnancy due to the increased demands, leading to potentially adverse effects on the mother. Substantive evidence regarding the effectiveness of multiple-micronutrient supplements (MMS) during pregnancy is not available. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits to mother and infant of multiple-micronutrient supplements in pregnancy and assess the risk of excess supplementation and potential adverse interactions between micronutrients. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 December 2005). SELECTION CRITERIA All prospective randomised controlled trials evaluating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and its effects on the pregnancy outcome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS Nine trials (15,378 women) are included. When compared with supplementation of two or less micronutrients or no supplementation or a placebo, multiple-micronutrient supplementation resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the number of low birthweight babies (relative risk (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 0.91), small-for-gestational-age babies (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99) and in maternal anaemia (RR 0.61; CI 0.52 to 0.71). However, these differences lost statistical significance when multiple-micronutrient supplementation was compared with iron folic acid supplementation alone. No statistically significant differences were shown for the outcomes of preterm births and perinatal mortality in any of the comparisons. A number of prespecified clinically important outcomes could not be assessed due to insufficient or non-available data from the included trials. These include placental abruption, congenital anomalies including neural tube defects, premature rupture of membranes, pre-eclampsia, miscarriage, maternal mortality, neurodevelopmental delay, very preterm births, cost of supplementation, side-effects of supplements, maternal wellbeing or satisfaction and nutritional status of children. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence provided in this review is insufficient to suggest replacement of iron and folate supplementation with a multiple-micronutrient supplement. A reduction in the number of low birthweight and small-for-gestational-age babies and maternal anaemia has been found with a multiple-micronutrient supplement against supplementation with two or less micronutrients or none or a placebo, but analyses revealed no added benefit of multiple-micronutrient supplements compared with iron folic acid supplementation. These results are limited by the small number of studies available. There is also insufficient evidence to identify adverse effects and to say that excess multiple-micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy is harmful to the mother or the fetus. Further research is needed to find out the beneficial maternal or fetal effects and to assess the risk of excess supplementation and potential adverse interactions between the micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Haider
- The Aga Khan University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, PO Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
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Bailey DM, Raman S, McEneny J, Young IS, Parham KL, Hullin DA, Davies B, McKeeman G, McCord JM, Lewis MH. Vitamin C prophylaxis promotes oxidative lipid damage during surgical ischemia-reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:591-600. [PMID: 16458189 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the cellular membrane damage and postoperative morbidity associated with obligatory ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) during vascular surgery. Thus, a clinical study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ascorbate prophylaxis on ROS exchange kinetics in 22 patients scheduled for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) or infra-inguinal bypass (IIB) repair. Patients were assigned double-blind to receive intravenous sodium ascorbate (2 g vitamin C, n=10) or placebo (0.9% saline, n=12) administered 2 h prior to surgery. Blood samples were obtained from the arterial and venous circulation proximal to the respective sites of surgical repair (local) and from an antecubital vein (peripheral) during cross-clamping (ischemia) and within 60 s of clamp release (reperfusion). Ascorbate supplementation increased the venoarterial concentration difference (v-adiff) of lipid hydroperoxides (LH), interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein during ischemia. This increased the peripheral concentration of LH, total creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and VEGF protein during reperfusion (P<0.05 vs placebo). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed that free iron was available for oxidative catalysis in the local ischemic venous blood of supplemented patients. An increased concentration of the ascorbate radical (A.-) and alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) adducts assigned as lipid-derived alkoxyl (LO.) and alkyl (LC.) species were also detected in the peripheral blood of supplemented patients during reperfusion (P<0.05 vs ischemia). In conclusion, these findings suggest that ascorbate prophylaxis may have promoted iron-induced oxidative lipid damage via a Fenton-type reaction initiated during the ischemic phase of surgery. The subsequent release of LH into the systemic circulation may have catalyzed formation of second-generation radicals implicated in the regulation of vascular permeability and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Bailey
- Department of Physiology, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK.
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