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Lin LY, Peng CC, Huang YP, Chen KC, Peng RY. p-Synephrine Indicates Internal Maturity of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Mato Peiyu-Reclaiming Functional Constituents from Nonedible Parts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104244. [PMID: 37241982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of Citrus grandis Osbeck cv. Mato Peiyu (CGMP) fruits generates a considerable amount of waste, mainly the flavedo, albedo, and segment membrane; the generated waste yields severe environmental and economic challenges. In this study, we tried to reclaim some functional chemicals from the waste. Our data indicated that the essential oil content in the flavedo was 0.76-1.34%, with the major component being monoterpenes (93.75% in August, declining to 85.56% in November, including mainly limonene (87.08% to 81.12%) and others such as β-myrcene). p-Synephrine (mg/100 g dry weight) declined accordingly (flavedo, 10.40 to 2.00; albedo, 1.80 to 0.25; segment membrane, 0.3 in August, 0.2 in September, and none since October). Polyphenols (in μg/g) included gallic acid (70.32-110.25, 99.27-252.89, and 105.78-187.36, respectively); protocatechuic acid (65.32-204.94, 26.35-72.35, and 214.98-302.65, respectively), p-coumaric acid (30.63-169.13, 4.32-17.00, and 6.68-34.32, respectively), ferulic acid (12.36-39.36, 1.21-10.25, and 17.07-39.63, respectively), and chlorogenic acid (59.19-199.36, 33.08-108.57, and 65.32-150.14, respectively). Flavonoids (in μg/g) included naringin (flavedo, 89.32-283.19), quercetin (181.05-248.51), nobiletin (259.75-563.7), hesperidin, and diosmin. The phytosterol content (mg/100 g) was 12.50-44.00 in the flavedo. The total dietary fiber in the segment membrane was 57 g/100 g. The antioxidant activity against the DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals was moderately high. In conclusion, the waste of CGMP fruits is worth reclaiming for essential oil, p-synephrine, polyphenolics, and dietary fiber. Notably, p-synephrine content (flavedo: <8 mg/100 g dry weight, albedo: <2.0, or segment membrane: <0.4 mg) can serve as a marker of the internal maturation of CGMP fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chiung Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291, Zhong Zheng Rd., Zhonghe, Taipei 23561, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
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Chiu CH, Chen MY, Lieu JJ, Chen CC, Chang CC, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Inhibitory Effect of Styrylpyrone Extract of Phellinus linteus on Hepatic Steatosis in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043672. [PMID: 36835095 PMCID: PMC9959220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be approximately about 25.24% of the population worldwide. NAFLD is a complex syndrome and is characterized by a simple benign hepatocyte steatosis to more severe steatohepatitis in the liver pathology. Phellinus linteus (PL) is traditionally used as a hepatoprotective supplement. Styrylpyrone-enriched extract (SPEE) obtained from the PL mycelia has been shown to have potential inhibition effects on high-fat- and high-fructose-diet-induced NAFLD. In the continuous study, we aimed to explore the inhibitory effects of SPEE on free fatty acid mixture O/P [oleic acid (OA): palmitic acid (PA); 2:1, molar ratio]-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Results showed that SPEE presented the highest free radical scavenging ability on DPPH and ABTS, and reducing power on ferric ions, better than that of partitions obtained from n-hexane, n-butanol and distilled water. In free-fatty-acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, SPEE showed an inhibition effect on O/P-induced lipid accumulation of 27% at a dosage of 500 μg/mL. As compared to the O/P induction group, the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were enhanced by 73%, 67% and 35%, respectively, in the SPEE group. In addition, the inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) were significantly down-regulated by the SPEE treatment. The expressions of anti-adipogenic genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism of 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) were enhanced in the SPEE supplemented HepG2 cells. In the protein expression study, p-AMPK, SIRT1 and PGC1-α were significantly increased to 121, 72 and 62%, respectively, after the treatment of SPEE. Conclusively, the styrylpyrone-enriched extract SPEE can ameliorate lipid accumulation and decrease inflammation and oxidative stress through the activation of SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1-α pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University—Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Lieu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Center, Longtan District, Taoyuan 325002, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (Charng-Cherng Chyau); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (Charng-Cherng Chyau)
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (Charng-Cherng Chyau); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (Charng-Cherng Chyau)
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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Ker YB, Wu HL, Chen KC, Peng RY. Nutrient composition of Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. bran: Fractionation and bioactivity of its soluble active polysaccharides. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13459. [PMID: 35637713 PMCID: PMC9147384 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. Amaranthaceae-also known as Djulis or red quinoa (RQ)-is a cereal plant indigenous to Taiwan, known for its high nutrient value. However, its bran is considered a waste product and the nutrient value has never been analyzed. Methods In this study, we examined the proximate composition of RQ bran, specifically its soluble polysaccharide fractions. Results RQ bran exhibited high contents of protein (16.56%), ash (7.10%), carbohydrate (60.45%), total polyphenolics (1.85%), betaxanthin (9.91 mg/100 g of RQ bran), and indicaxanthin (7.27 mg/100 g of RQ bran). Specifically, it was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 39.24%)-with an n-6/n-3 and PUFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio of 18.137 and 0.743, respectively. Four soluble polysaccharide fractions were also obtained: CF-1, CF-2, CF-3, and CF-4, with yields of 3.90%, 6.74%, 22.28%, and 0.06%, respectively, and molecular weights of 32.54, 24.93, 72.39, and 55.45 kDa, respectively. CF-1, CF-2, CF-3, and CF-4 had respectively 15.67%, 42.41%, 5.44%, and 14.52% peptide moiety content and 38.92%, 50.70%, 93.76%, and 19.80% carbohydrate moiety. In CF-2, the glucose content was 95.86 mol% and that of leucine was 16.23%, implicating the presence of a typical leucinoglucan. All four polysaccharide fractions lacked glutamic acid and hydroxyproline. The IC50 of CF-1, CF-2, and CF-3 was respectively 12.05, 3.98, and 14.5 mg/mL for DPPH free radical-scavenging ability; 5.77, 4.10, and 7.03 mg/mL for hydrogen peroxide-scavenging capability; 0.26, 0.05, and 0.19 mg/mL for O2 - free radical-scavenging capability; and 100.41, 28.12, and 29.73 mg/mL for Fe2+ chelation. Conclusion Our results indicated that RQ bran has a large amount of nutrient compounds, and a cost-efficient process for their extraction is needed. Their biomedical application as nutraceuticals also warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Wu
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,TMU-Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin LY, Chen KF, Changchien LL, Chen KC, Peng RY. Volatile Variation of Theobroma cacao Malvaceae L. Beans Cultivated in Taiwan Affected by Processing via Fermentation and Roasting. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103058. [PMID: 35630547 PMCID: PMC9145787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
After being harvested, cacao beans are usually subjected to very complex processes in order to improve their chemical and physical characteristics, like tastefulness with chocolate characteristic flavors. The traditional process consists of three major processing stages: fermentation, drying, and roasting, while most of the fermentation is carried out by an on-farm in-box process. In Taiwan, we have two major cocoa beans, the red and the yellow. We proposed that the major factor affecting the variation in tastes and colors in the finished cocoa might be the difference between cultivars. To uncover this, we examined the effect of the three major processes including fermentation, drying and roasting on these two cocoa beans. Results indicated that the two cultivars really behaved differently (despite before or after processing with fermentation, drying, and roasting) with respect to the patterns of fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and arachidonic); triacylglycerols:1,2,3-trioleoyl-glycerol (OOO); 1-stearoyl-2,3-oleoyl-glycerol (SOO); 1-stearoyl-sn-2-oleoyl-3-arachidoyl- glycerol (SOA); 1,3-distearyol-sn-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS); organic acids (citric, tartaric, acetic, and malic); soluble sugars (glucose and fructose); amino acids; total phenolics; total flavonoids; and volatiles. Our findings suggest that to choose specific processing conditions for each specific cocoa genotype is the crucial point of processing cocoa with consistent taste and color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (K.-F.C.)
| | - Kwei-Fan Chen
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (K.-F.C.)
| | - Lin-Ling Changchien
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Xin St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, 250, Wu-Xin St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Xin St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Health Care, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
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Chyau CC, Chiu CY, Hsieh HL, Hsieh DWC, Hsieh CR, Chang CH, Peng RY. High-Purity Preparation of Enzyme Transformed Trans-Crocetin Reclaimed from Gardenia Fruit Waste. Plants 2022; 11:plants11030281. [PMID: 35161261 PMCID: PMC8839004 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of physiologically bioactive ingredients from agricultural wastes as an abundant and low-cost source for the production of high value-added mutraceuticlas has been recognized and supported for the commercial interests and sustainable managements. In the extraction of geniposide for the development of natural food colorants from the dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Rubiaceae, the gardenia fruit waste (GFW) still remaining 0.86% (w/w) of crocins has always been discarded without any further treatments Until now, there was no simple and effective protocol for high-purity trans-crocein (TC) preparation without the coexistence of non-biologically active cis-crocein from GFW. We proposed an effective process to obtain the compound as follows. Crocins were extracted firstly by 50% of ethanol in the highest yield of 8.61 mg/g (w/w) from GFW. After the HPD-100 column fractionation in the collecting of crocins, the conversion ratio of 75% of crocins to crocetins can be obtained from the commercial available enzyme- Celluclast® 1.5 L. The crocins hydrolyzed products, were then separated through the HPD-100 resin adsorption and finally purified with the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in single-step to obtain TC in a purity of 96.76 ± 0.17%. Conclusively, the effective enzyme transformation and purification co-operated with CPC technologies on crocins resulted in a high purity product of TC may be highly application in the commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chu-Ying Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Hung-Lin Hsieh
- Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (D.W.-C.H.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - David Wang-Chi Hsieh
- Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (D.W.-C.H.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - Chong-Ru Hsieh
- Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (D.W.-C.H.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
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Chyau CC, Wu HL, Peng CC, Huang SH, Chen CC, Chen CH, Peng RY. Potential Protection Effect of ER Homeostasis of N 6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine Isolated from Cordyceps cicadae in Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Stimulated Human Proximal Tubular Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041577. [PMID: 33557248 PMCID: PMC7913954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belong to a class of universally and commonly used anti-inflammatory analgesics worldwide. A diversity of drawbacks of NSAIDs have been reported including cellular oxidative stress, which in turn triggers the accumulation of unfolded proteins, enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and finally resulting in renal cell damage. Cordyceps cicadae (CC) has been used as a traditional medicine for improving renal function via its anti-inflammatory effects. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)adenosine (HEA), a physiologically active compound, has been reported from CC mycelia (CCM) with anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesize that HEA could protect human proximal tubular cells (HK–2) from NSAID-mediated effects on differential gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. To verify this, we first isolated HEA from CCM using Sephadex® LH–20 column chromatography. The MTT assay revealed HEA to be nontoxic up to 100 µM toward HK–2 cells. The HK–2 cells were pretreated with HEA (10–20 µM) and then insulted with the NSAIDs diclofenac (DCF, 200 µM) and meloxicam (MXC, 400 µM) for 24 h. HEA (20 µM) effectively prevented ER stress by attenuating ROS production (p < 0.001) and gene expression of ATF–6, PERK, IRE1α, CDCFHOP, IL1β, and NFκB within 24 h. Moreover, HEA reversed the increase of GRP78 and CHOP protein expression levels induced by DCF and MXC, and restored the ER homeostasis. These results demonstrated that HEA treatments effectively protect against DCF- and MXC-induced ER stress damage in human proximal tubular cells through regulation of the GRP78/ATF6/PERK/IRE1α/CHOP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (S.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.)
| | - Huei-Lin Wu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Shiau-Huei Huang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Center, Chung-Li City 320054, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan;
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan; (H.-L.W.); (S.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.)
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Lin L, Peng CC, Chen K, Wang H, Wang C, Shen KH, Peng RY. Manufacturing technology of banana-assorted breads: The fermentative characteristics affected by different banana cultivars. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2627-2641. [PMID: 32566180 PMCID: PMC7300050 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwan produces large quantities of bananas in the southern area. Recently, due to the export quantity has been greatly reduced, in order to efficiently maintain the banana agriculture and economy, the development of alternate uses of bananas has become urgently in need. Bananas contain a fair amount of nutrients with low glycemic index. Currently, as the bread consumption is increasing, we tried to manufacture banana-assorted breads. The desiccated powders of Musa sapientum var TC2-425 Linn [(genomically, called as Musa (AAA) (MA)] and Musa basjoo "Nam Wa" (MB) were separately incorporated at 15%, 20%, and 25% (denoted as MA15-MA25 and MB15-MB25). Results indicated that MA exhibited higher contents of moisture, ash, crude protein, and lutein, while with lower crude fat, crude fibers, carbohydrate, sodium, total soluble sugars, and pectin. The contents of taste compounds (name, samples in decreasing order) were as follows: 5'-CMP (MB25, MB20); 5'-GMP (MA25, MA20); 5'-AMP (MB25, MA15); 5'-XMP (MA25, MA20); 5'-IMP (MA25, MB20, MB25); and 5'-UMP (MA20, MA25, MB20). Hedonic scoring (HS) indicated MA15, MA20, MB15, and MB20 were more acceptable. Textural profile analysis (TPA; for 0-6 days, only 0-4 days are shown) revealed that "flavor," "mouthfeel," "hardness," "gumminess," and "chewiness" were the determinant key roles. Conclusively, due to different chemical constituent of banana, different recipes must be considered. The bread acceptability is affected by the fermentative profile which in turn is governed by the contents of soluble sugars, pectin, taste compounds, and the overall activity of yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Yun Lin
- Department of Food and Applied TechnologyHungkuang UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
| | - Chiung Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuan‐Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of UrologyTaipei Medical University Shuang‐Ho HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Er Wang
- Department of Food and Applied TechnologyHungkuang UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Shen Wang
- Department of Food and Applied TechnologyHungkuang UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
| | - Kun Hung Shen
- Division of UrologyDepartment of SurgeryChi‐Mei Medical CenterYung Kang CityTaiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Department of Food and Applied TechnologyHungkuang UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
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Lin LY, Huang BC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Integrated anti-hyperlipidemic bioactivity of whole Citrus grandis [L.] osbeck fruits-multi-action mechanism evidenced using animal and cell models. Food Funct 2020; 11:2978-2996. [PMID: 32236178 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02290b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in human life style have increased the incidence of obesity which has become a risk factor to human health. In Taiwan, the annual production of Citrus grandis [L.] reaches 75 000 tons, while the amount of waste fruits could reach 5%. We propose that abundant phytochemicals present in the wastes can be beneficial to attenuate obesity with hyperlipidemia. An animal Wistar rat model showed that pomelo flesh, peels, carpel (the segmental membrane), as well as the essential oil attenuated obesity as well as hyperlipidemia, and the AMPK-SREBP-PPARS pathway was involved. To further verify the mechanism, a HepG2 cell model was used to test some representative pomelo phytonutrients including limonene (Ln), γ-terpinene (γT), p-synephrine (SP), β-sitosterol (βS), and hesperidin (Hn). Data interestingly revealed it to be a multiple mechanism of anti-lipogenic bioactivity via downregulating the enzymes involved in both the cholesterol and triacylglyceride de novo biosynthesis (in the order of decreasing bioactivity): acetyl CoA carboxylase (Hn, SP, βS, Ln = γT), fatty acid synthase (Ln, γT, SP, βS, Hn), HMG-CoA synthase (Ln, Hn, SP, βS, γT), and HMG-CoA reductase (Hn, Ln, βS, γT, SP), and via upregulation of cholesterol-7α-monooxygenase (CYP7A1) (Hn, βS). In addition, all pomelo fruit parts enhanced the fecal crude lipid and sterol excretion capability. Thus, fruits of C. grandis can serve as a rather promising integrative antihyperlipidemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Boa-Chan Huang
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Xin St., Taipei 116, Taiwan. and Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuan-Ho Hospital, 250, Wu-Xin St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan. and Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Xin St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Peng CC, Chen CR, Chen CY, Lin YC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Nifedipine Upregulates ATF6-α, Caspases -12, -3, and -7 Implicating Lipotoxicity-Associated Renal ER Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093147. [PMID: 32365658 PMCID: PMC7246953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nifedipine (NF) is reported to have many beneficial effects in antihypertensive therapy. Recently, we found that NF induced lipid accumulation in renal tubular cells. Palmitic acid-induced renal lipotoxicity was found to be partially mediated by endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, while it can also be elicited by NF in kidney cells; we examined the induction of suspected pathways in both in vitro and in vivo models. NRK52E cells cultured in high-glucose medium were treated with NF (30 µM) for 24–48 h. ER stress-induced lipotoxicity was explored by staining with thioflavin T and Nile red, transmission electron microscopy, terminal uridine nick-end labeling, and Western blotting. ER stress was also investigated in rats with induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) fed NF for four weeks. NF induced the production of unfolded protein aggregates, resulting in ER stress, as evidenced by the upregulation of glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78), activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and caspases-12, -3, and -7. In vitro early apoptosis was more predominant than late apoptosis. Most importantly, ATF6α was confirmed to play a unique role in NF-induced ER stress in both models. CKD patients with hypertension should not undergo NF therapy. In cases where it is required, alleviation of ER stress should be considered to avoid further damaging the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Rong Chen
- International Medical Doctor Program, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chang-Yu Chen
- Program of Biomedical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA;
| | - Yen-Chung Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, Zhong-He District, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;
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Chyau CC, Wang HF, Zhang WJ, Chen CC, Huang SH, Chang CC, Peng RY. Antrodan Alleviates High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Disease in C57BL/6 Mice Model via AMPK/Sirt1/SREBP-1c/PPARγ Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010360. [PMID: 31935815 PMCID: PMC6981486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and -steatohepatitis (NASH) imply a state of excessive fat built-up in livers with/or without inflammation and have led to serious medical concerns in recent years. Antrodan (Ant), a purified β-glucan from A. cinnamomea has been shown to exhibit tremendous bioactivity, including hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, antiliver cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Considering the already well-known alleviating bioactivity of A. cinnamomea for the alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), we propose that Ant can be beneficial to NAFLD, and that the AMPK/Sirt1/PPARγ/SREBP-1c pathways may be involved in such alleviations. To uncover this, we carried out this study with 60 male C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat high-fructose diet (HFD) for 60 days, in order to induce NAFLD/NASH. Mice were then grouped and treated (by oral administration) as: G1: control; G2: HFD (HFD control); G3: Ant, 40 mgkg (Ant control); G4: HFD+Orlistat (10 mg/kg) (as Orlistat control); G5: HFD+Ant L (20 mg/kg); and G6: HFD+Ant H (40 mg/kg) for 45 days. The results indicated Ant at 40 mg/kg effectively suppressed the plasma levels of malondialdehyde, total cholesterol, triglycerides, GOT, GPT, uric acid, glucose, and insulin; upregulated leptin, adiponectin, pAMPK, Sirt1, and down-regulated PPARγ and SREBP-1c. Conclusively, Ant effectively alleviates NAFLD via AMPK/Sirt1/CREBP-1c/PPARγ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
| | - Hsueh-Fang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan; (H.-F.W.); (W.-J.Z.)
| | - Wen-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan; (H.-F.W.); (W.-J.Z.)
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Center, 60, Sec 3, Longgang Rd., Chung-Li City, Taoyuan County 320, Taiwan;
| | - Shiau-Huei Huang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11301, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11301, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Health, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (R.Y.P.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
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11
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Peng CC, Chen CY, Chen CR, Chen CJ, Shen KH, Chen KC, Peng RY. Renal Damaging Effect Elicited by Bicalutamide Therapy Uncovered Multiple Action Mechanisms As Evidenced by the Cell Model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3392. [PMID: 30833616 PMCID: PMC6399217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicalutamide (Bic) is frequently used in androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for treating prostate cancer. ADT-induced hypogonadism was reported to have the potential to lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). ADT was also shown to induce bladder fibrosis via induction of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β level. We hypothesized that Bic can likely induce renal fibrosis. To understand this, a cell model was used to explore expressions of relevant profibrotic proteins. Results indicated that Bic initiated multiple apoptotic and fibrotic pathways, including androgen deprivation, downregulation of the androgen receptor → phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase → Akt pathway, upregulation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway- tumor necrosis factor α → nuclear factor κB → caspase-3, increased expressions of fibrosis-related proteins including platelet-derived growth factor β, fibronectin and collagen IV, and enhanced cell migration. The endoplasmic reticular stress pathway and smooth muscle actin were unaffected by Bic. Co-treatment with testosterone was shown to have an anti-apoptotic effect against Bic, suggesting a better outcome of Bic therapy if administered with an appropriate testosterone intervention. However, since Bic was found to inhibit the membrane transport and consumption rates of testosterone, a slightly larger dose of testosterone is recommended. In conclusion, these pathways can be considered to be pharmaceutically relevant targets for drug development in treating the adverse effects of Bic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Chen
- Wayland Academy, 101 North University Avenue, Beaver Dam, WI, 53916, USA
| | - Chang-Rong Chen
- International Medical Doctor Program, The Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Chang-Jui Chen
- Wayland Academy, 101 North University Avenue, Beaver Dam, WI, 53916, USA
| | - Kun-Hung Shen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 717, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, 291, Zhong-Zheng Rd., Zhong-He, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, No.1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan
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12
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Lin LY, Peng CC, Chen Y, Huang BC, Chang CC, Peng RY. Aminoazo dye-protein-adduct enhances inhibitory effect on digestibility and damages to Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170555. [PMID: 28430776 PMCID: PMC5400237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB, methyl yellow, or butter yellow), a human carcinogen, has been banned for use in foods since 1988. In 2014, DAB adulteration in Tofu occurred in Taiwan. We hypothesize that DAB can form [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct with soybean protein (SBP) which could damage Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis. Sprague-Dawley rats gavage fed [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct revealed severely reduced body weight and damaged duodenum, liver, hepatic mitochondria, and spleen. Hepatic levels of glutathione and ATP were severely reduced. Serum GOT and GPT were substantially elevated. Analysis by the adsorption isotherm clearly revealed DAB formed very stable [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct at 1:1 molar ration (Phase A). The equilibrium constant of this colloidal adduct [DAB•SBP]adduct was KeqA = ∝, behaving as the most stable and toxic species. At higher protein concentration (Phase C) it formed conjugate [DAB×SBPgross]conjugate, with KeqC = 3.23×10-2 mg/mL, implicating a moderately strong adsorption. The in vitro pepsin digestibility test showed apparently reduced digestibility by 27% (by Ninhydrin assay) or 8% (by Bradford assay). Conclusively, this is the first report indicating that [DAB•SBP]adduct potentially is capable to damage the Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City,Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeh Chen
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Boa-Chan Huang
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City,Taiwan
| | - Chun Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (RYP); (CCC)
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Xin-Yi District, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (RYP); (CCC)
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13
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Ker YB, Hsieh CL, Peng CC, Chen JC, Yen XY, Chyau CC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Modifying the Sensory Properties of Cassava Starch via Simplified Pseudo-Single Step Oxidation-Esterification Process. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-bee Ker
- Department of Food and Applied Technology; Hunkuang University; Shalu County, Taichung City 40332 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology; Changhua University of Education; Changhua Taiwan 50007
| | - Chiung-chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; 250 Wu-Shing St. Xin-Yi District Taipei 110 Taiwan
| | - John C. Chen
- Department of Food and Applied Technology; Hunkuang University; Shalu County, Taichung City 40332 Taiwan
- Chia-Fha Enterprise Co., Ltd.; Ching-Shuei District Taichung City Taiwan
| | - Xin-yi Yen
- Department of Food and Applied Technology; Hunkuang University; Shalu County, Taichung City 40332 Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Hunkuang University; Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung City 40332 Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology; Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital; Zhong-He, Taipei Taiwan 23561
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; 250, Wu-Shing St. Taipei Taiwan 11031
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Hunkuang University; Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung City 40332 Taiwan
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14
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Hsieh CL, Huang SM, Chen LI, Yu CM, Wong CH, Peng RY. Novel Approach of Using Nutraceutic-Directed Caloric Antioxidant Density and Ion-Ratio for Evaluating Fruit's Health Quality. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H2059-68. [PMID: 27467811 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven kinds of indigenous fruits and five imported fruits were compared for their "health quality." Methods including the calorific, antioxidant, and ion ratios were carried out. Results indicated the order of content (in mg/100g) was: Ca(2+) , Murcott orange (218.2) > Kiwifruit (200.0) > pineapple (138.5) > Golden kiwi (117.6); Mg(2+) , Pitaya (192.2), banana (88.0), Kiwifruit (63.4), and Golden kiwi (58.4); Zn(2+) , Pitaya (19.53) > pear (10.8) > Kiwifruit (6.09) > Irwin mango (4.58). Cu(2+) , Kiwifruit (0.70) > Red globe grape (0.67) > Golden kiwi (0.65) > Irwin mango (0.42) ≈ Pitaya (0.40). In terms of ion ratio, Pitaya showed Zn(2+) /Cu(2+) (48.8), Mg(2+) /Ca(2+) (6.7) and uniquely possessed selenium 0.002 mg/100 g; for pear, Zn(2+) /Cu(2+) = 37.2, while Kyoho grape, Red globe grape, and Golden kiwi revealed extremely high Fe(2+) /(Co(2+) +Ni(2+) ) ratios. On the other hands, Irwin mango and Pitaya astonishingly contained huge amount of inositol, reaching 3523.2 mg/100 g and 1998.7 mg/100 g, respectively. To evaluate the "health quality" of fruits, an overall ranking method by combining (a) the Function-directed Caloric Antioxidant Density (CAD) and (b) the ion ratio was developed. The finalized ranking of these selected fruits was: Pitaya > cherry > Irwin mango > Murcott orange = pineapple > banana > Golden kiwi > pear > Kiwifruit > Red globe grape > apple > Kyoho grape. Conclusively, this evaluation method is novel, contemporary and scientific, which could more clearly assess the "health quality" of fruits in view of nutritional, calorific, and antioxidant balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Inst. of Biotechnology, Changhua Univ. of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan, 50007
| | - Shang-Ming Huang
- Graduate Inst. of Biotechnology, Changhua Univ. of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan, 50007
| | - Li-I Chen
- Fruit industry section, the Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 8 Guanghua Rd., Nantou City, Taiwan, 54044
| | - Chien-Mei Yu
- Graduate Inst. of Biotechnology, Changhua Univ. of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan, 50007
| | - Cheng-Hsin Wong
- Crop production division, Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 8 Guanghua Rd., Nantou City, Taiwan, 54044
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Inst. of Biotechnology, Hungkuang Univ, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu District, Taichung City, Taiwan, 43302.,Research Inst. of Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical Univ, 250 Wu-Xing St, Taipei, Taiwan, 11031
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15
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Chiu CH, Chang CC, Lin ST, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Improved Hepatoprotective Effect of Liposome-Encapsulated Astaxanthin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071128. [PMID: 27428953 PMCID: PMC4964502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute hepatotoxicity is significantly associated with oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (AST), a xanthophyll carotenoid, is well known for its potent antioxidant capacity. However, its drawbacks of poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability have limited its utility. Liposome encapsulation is considered as an effective alternative use for the improvement of bioavailability of the hydrophobic compound. We hypothesized that AST encapsulated within liposomes (LA) apparently shows improved stability and transportability compared to that of free AST. To investigate whether LA administration can efficiently prevent the LPS-induced acute hepatotoxicity, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = six per group) were orally administered liposome-encapsulated AST at 2, 5 or 10 mg/kg-day (LA-2, LA-5, and LA-10) for seven days and then were LPS-challenged (i.p., 5 mg/kg). The LA-10 administered group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant amelioration of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), IL-6, and hepatic nuclear NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suggesting that LA at a 10 mg/kg-day dosage renders hepatoprotective effects. Moreover, the protective effects were even superior to that of positive control N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 200 mg/kg-day). Histopathologically, NAC, free AST, LA-2 and LA-5 partially, but LA-10 completely, alleviated the acute inflammatory status. These results indicate that hydrophobic AST after being properly encapsulated by liposomes improves bioavailability and can also function as potential drug delivery system in treating hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shiang-Ting Lin
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan.
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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16
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Lin LY, Shen KH, Yeh XY, Huang BY, Wang HE, Chen KC, Peng RY. Integrated Process for Production of Galangal Acetate, the “Wasabi-Like” Spicy Compound, and Analysis of Essential Oils of Rhizoma Alpinia officinarum
(Hance) Farw. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H1565-75. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Dept. of Food and Applied Technology; Hungkuang Univ; 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District Taichung City 43302 Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hung Shen
- Div. of Urology, Dept. of Surgery; Chi-Mei Medical Center; 901 Chung Hwa Rd. Yung Kang City Tainan Taiwan
- Center for General Education; Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Yü Yeh
- Dept. of Nutrition and Inst. of Biomedical Nutrition; Hungkuang Univ; 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District Taichung City 43302 Taiwan
| | - Bou-Yü Huang
- Dept. of Food and Applied Technology; Hungkuang Univ; 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District Taichung City 43302 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Er Wang
- Dept. of Food and Applied Technology; Hungkuang Univ; 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District Taichung City 43302 Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Dept. of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Medical Univ; 291, ZhongZheng Rd. Zhonghe
- Dept. of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical Univ; 250, Wu-Shing St. Taipei Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Inst. of Biotechnology; Hungkuang Univ; 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County Taichung City Taiwan
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17
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Chang CH, Chen Y, Yew XX, Chen HX, Kim JX, Chang CC, Peng CC, Peng RY. Improvement of erinacine A productivity in Hericium erinaceus mycelia and its neuroprotective bioactivity against the glutamate-insulted apoptosis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chen KC, Sung SY, Lin YT, Hsieh CL, Shen KH, Peng CC, Peng RY. Benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with T1DM can be alleviated by treadmill exercise-evidences revealed by the rat model. BMC Urol 2015; 15:113. [PMID: 26576637 PMCID: PMC4650314 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-015-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) share similar epidemiologic features and are all associated with the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-mediated hormonal imbalance. The purpose of this study is to understand whether exercise (EX) could alleviate DM and DM + BPH. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: normal control, EX, BPH, BPH + EX, DM, DM + EX, BPH + DM, and BPH + DM + EX. T1DM was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in Week 2, and BPH was induced by successive ip injections of Sustanon® (testosterone, 3.5 mg/head) plus estradiol (0.1 mg/head) from Week 3 to Week 9. Treadmill exercise training (20 m/min, 60 min per time) was performed three times per week for 6 weeks. Results In BPH + EX, EX maintained at a constant body weight (BW); and suppressed stromal layer thickening, collagen deposition, blood glucose (BG), levels of testosterone (Ts), 5α-reductase(5αRd), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androgen receptor (AR), serum hydrogen peroxide, TBARs, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). EX recovered testes size and substantially increased nitric oxide (NO) levels. In DM + EX group, EX decreased BW, PW, nuclear proliferation, inflammatory cell aggregation, collagen deposition, and BG. As contrast, EX upregulated insulin, IGF, Ts, NO, 5αRd, AR, and DHT, and substantially reduced PSA. In BPH + DM + EX, EX maintained BW at a subnormal level, slightly suppressed prostate stromal inflammation, collagen deposition, and BG, moderately restored sIn and IGF. Although failed to suppress Ts, EX highly upregulated 5αRd and suppressed DHT and AR, together with highly upregulated NO resulting in substantially reduced PSA. Conclusion EX, by remodeling androgen and NO expressions, can effectively alleviate BPH, DM, and BPH + DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Zhongzheng Rd.,, Zhonghe, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Ying Sung
- The Ph. D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Urology, St. Joseph's Hospital, 74, Sinsheng Road, Huwei County, Yunlin Hsien, 632, Taiwan.,Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, 50007, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hung Shen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang City, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, 43302, Taiwan.
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Hsieh CL, Lin CH, Chen KC, Peng CC, Peng RY. The teratogenicity and the action mechanism of gallic acid relating with brain and cervical muscles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119516. [PMID: 26030624 PMCID: PMC4452303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) (GA) and other flavanoids are extensively used in nutraceuticals because of their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. While examining whether GA is effective in alleviating valproic-acid-induced teratogenesis in a chicken embryo model (CEM), we observed embryo hemorrhage and liposis in the musculi longissimus cervicis. We conducted this study to determine whether GA is inherently teratogenic and the extent to which the risk can be transferred to fetuses. A CEM was used to administer GA at 2, 6, 10, and 14 μM. GA at 2 μM did not exhibit cytotoxicity. At 6, 10, and 14 μM, GA caused severe decreases in body and liver weights, causing -5.6%, -21.3%, and -27.5% body weights and 4.0, 3.8, and 3.2-g, liver weights, respectively, in day-1 chicks. The optimal alive birth rate (or damaging rate) reached 33.3%, 39.4%, and 29.2% at 6, 10, and 14 μM GA, respectively. The damaged tissue was primarily cervical muscle (musculi longissimus cervicis), as evidenced by liposis, Zenker’s necrosis, and hemolysis. The erythrocyte, hemoglobin, eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were severely reduced and PPAR-α was downregulated, whereas the Ras/Raf/JAK/STAT pathway was upregulated. The GA dose required to induce teratogenesis was ≥ 6 μM (1.02 mg/kg), which can be easily consumed by pregnant women in typical teas such as Chinese Pu-’Er and Chinese black teas, indicating a potential risk to human fetuses. GA at doses ≥ 1.02 mg/kg of body weight potentially causes characteristic cerebral hemolysis and liposis in the musculi longissimus cervicis. The mechanism of action of GA is multidisciplinary: The liposis can be ascribed to downregulation of PPAR-α; the erythrocyte hemolysis can be attributed to its unique autooxidative and prooxidant behavior and the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase; and the proliferation and differentiation deficits can be attributed to the upregulation of the Ras/Raf/JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Chou Chen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (KCC); (CCP)
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (KCC); (CCP)
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Lin LY, Peng CC, Yeh XY, Huang BY, Wang HE, Chen KC, Peng RY. Antihyperlipidemic bioactivity of Alpinia officinarum (Hance) Farw Zingiberaceae can be attributed to the coexistance of curcumin, polyphenolics, dietary fibers and phytosterols. Food Funct 2015; 6:1600-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00901k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma A. officinarum (Hance) Farw, synonymously is called rhizoma galangae or smaller galangal (hereafter abbreviated as AO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food And Applied Technology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- 43302 Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Xian-Yü Yeh
- Department of Nutrition
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- 43302 Taiwan
| | - Bor-Yü Huang
- Department of Food And Applied Technology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- 43302 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Er Wang
- Department of Food And Applied Technology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- 43302 Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology
- Shuang Ho Hospital
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan 23561
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- 43302 Taiwan
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences
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Peng CC, Lin YT, Chen KC, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Antrodan, A β-glucan obtained from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia, is beneficial to benign prostate hyperplasia. Food Funct 2015; 6:635-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00472h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common disease usually occurring in men in their 50s, has now become an atypical direct cause of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine
- College of Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei 110
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lin
- Research Institute of Biotechnology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- Taiwan
- Department of Urology
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology
- School of Medicine
- College of Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
| | | | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung City
- Taiwan
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Hsieh CL, Chen KC, Guan WW, Peng CC, Peng RY. Cylophosphamide elicited intracranial hemorrhage via mitochondrial ROS-hif-1α-ATP depleting pathway—preventive trials with folic acid, resveratrol and vitamin E. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic CYP2B metabolizes cyclophosphamide (CP) into acrolein and phosphoramide mustard, which are the ultimate toxic teratogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology
- Changhua University of Education
- Changhua
- Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology
- Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - William W. Guan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology
- Changhua University of Education
- Changhua
- Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine
- College of Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology
- Hungkuang University
- Taichung Hsien
- Taiwan
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Chen Y, Lin PX, Hsieh CL, Peng CC, Peng RY. The proteomic and genomic teratogenicity elicited by valproic acid is preventable with resveratrol and α-tocopherol. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116534. [PMID: 25551574 PMCID: PMC4281235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that valproic acid (VPA), a common antiepileptic drug and a potent teratogenic, dowregulates RBP4 in chicken embryo model (CEM) when induced by VPA. Whether such teratogenicity is associated with more advanced proteomic and genomic alterations, we further performed this present study. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS VPA (60 µM) was applied to 36 chicken embryos at HH stage 10 (day-1.5). Resveratrol (RV) and vitamin E (vit E) (each at 0.2 and 2.0 µM) were applied simultaneously to explore the alleviation effect. The proteins in the cervical muscles of the day-1 chicks were analyzed using 2D-electrophoresis and LC/MS/MS. While the genomics associated with each specific protein alteration was examined with RT-PCR and qPCR. At earlier embryonic stage, VPA downregulated PEBP1 and BHMT genes and at the same time upregulated MYL1, ALB and FLNC genes significantly (p<0.05) without affecting PKM2 gene. Alternatively, VPA directly inhibited the folate-independent (or the betaine-dependent) remethylation pathway. These features were effectively alleviated by RV and vit E. CONCLUSIONS VPA alters the expression of PEBP1, BHMT, MYL1, ALB and FLNC that are closely related with metabolic myopathies, myogenesis, albumin gene expression, and haemolytic anemia. On the other hand, VPA directly inhibits the betaine-dependent remethylation pathway. Taken together, VPA elicits hemorrhagic myoliposis via these action mechanisms, and RV and vit E are effective for alleviation of such adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh Chen
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 43302
| | - Ping-Xiao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan 50007
| | - Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan 50007
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Taipei, Taiwan 11031
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 43302
- Research Institute of Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Taipei, Taiwan 11031
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Abstract
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter present in the central nervous system. The glutamate/cystine antiporter system x c- connects the antioxidant defense with neurotransmission and behaviour. Overactivation of ionotropic glutamate receptors induces neuronal death, a pathway called excitotoxicity. Glutamate-induced oxidative stress is a major contributor to neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Curcuma has a wide spectrum of biological activities regarding neuroprotection and neurocognition. By reducing the oxidative damage, curcumin attenuates a spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, seizures and hippocampal neuronal loss. The rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line exhibits many characteristics useful for the study of the neuroprotection and neurocognition. This investigation was carried out to determine whether the neuroprotective effects of curcumin can be observed via the glutamate-PC12 cell model. Results indicate that glutamate (20 mM) upregulated glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione disulphide, Ca2+ influx, nitric oxide production, cytochrome c release, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species, H 2 O 2 , and malondialdehyde; and downregulated glutathione, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, resulting in enhanced cell apoptosis. Curcumin alleviates all these adverse effects. Conclusively, curcumin can effectively protect PC12 cells against the glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity. Its mode of action involves two pathways: the glutathione-dependent nitric oxide-reactive oxygen species pathway and the mitochondria-dependent nitric oxide-reactive oxygen species pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County,
Taichung City 43022, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Kuang-Tieng General Hospital, Shalu County, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - George Yü
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County,
Taichung City 43022, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Taipei 10031, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County,
Taichung City 43022, Taiwan; Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Taipei 10031, Taiwan
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Hsieh CL, Lin CH, Wang HE, Peng CC, Peng RY. Gallic acid exhibits risks of inducing muscular hemorrhagic liposis and cerebral hemorrhage--its action mechanism and preventive strategy. Phytother Res 2014; 29:267-80. [PMID: 25403162 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) (GA) occurs in many plants. The adverse effects of GA are seldom cited. GA (6-14 μM) provoked the hemorrhagic liposis of the cervical muscles and intracranial hemorrhage. The cause of these pathological events and the method for prevention are still lacking. Using the chicken embryo model and some selected nutraceutics such as folate, glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin E (Vit E), we carried out this study. Results revealed that the action mechanism of GA involved (i) inducing hypoxia with upregulated gene hif-1α and downregulated ratio vegf-r2/vegf-a, leading to dys-vascularization and myopathy; (ii) impairing cytochrome c oxidase; (iii) stimulating creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release; (iv) eliciting carnitine accumulation and liposis via downregulating gene CPT1; (v) suppressing superoxide dismutase and stimulating NO, H2O2, and malondialdehyde; and (vi) depleting erythrocytic and tissue GSH, resulting in hemorrhage. When both Vit E and GSH were applied to the day 1 chicks, a better alleviation effect was revealed. Conclusively, GA potentially exhibits adverse effect by eliciting hemorrhagic liposis of cervical muscles and cerebral hemorrhage. Supplementation with GSH, Vit E, and N-acetylcysteine is able to ameliorate these adverse effects, warranting the importance of restricting the clinical phytotherapeutic doses of GA and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua, 50007, Taiwan
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Ker YB, Peng CC, Chang WL, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Hepatoprotective bioactivity of the glycoprotein, antrodan, isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93191. [PMID: 24690763 PMCID: PMC3972158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodan, a protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia, was demonstrated to exhibit significant anti-inflammatory bioactivity in vitro. However, its role in hepatic injury in vivo still remains unclear. We hypothesized that antrodan may have beneficial hepatoprotective effects. To verify this, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Sprague-Dawley rat model was used. Antrodan protected against liver damage by suppressing LPS-stimulated serum glutamine-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), interleukin (IL)-6, hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and by effectively alleviating the downregulated hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that antrodan at a dosage of 40 mg/kg was able to alleviate LPS-induced liver damage to a normal status. In addition, we identified the partial main architectural backbone of antrodan to have a 1 → 3 linear β-glycosidic backbone of mannan linked by β-1 → 3 glucosidic branches. Conclusively, antrodan can potentially ameliorate liver damage in vivo by suppressing oxidative stress induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Applied Food Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Lin Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Hsieh CL, Chen KC, Lin PX, Peng CC, Peng RY. Resveratrol and vitamin E rescue valproic acid-induced teratogenicity: The mechanism of action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:210-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology; Changhua University of Education; Changhua Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taichung Hsien Taiwan
- Department of Urology; Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Medical University; Taichung Hsien Taiwan
| | - Ping-Xiao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology; Changhua University of Education; Changhua Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taichung Hsien Taiwan
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Hungkuang University; Taichung Hsien Taiwan
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Lin YT, Huang CC, Chyau CC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Sixteen years post radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma elicited multi-dysfunction along PTX and chronic kidney disease with microcytic anemia. BMC Urol 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24520983 PMCID: PMC3931662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothalamic–pituitary (h-p) unit is a particularly radiosensitive region in the central nervous system. As a consequence, radiation-induced irreversible, progressively chronic onset hypopituitarism (RIH) commonly develops after radiation treatments and can result in variably impaired pituitary function, which is frequently associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Case presentation A 38-year-old male subject, previously having received radiotherapy for treatment of nasopharygeal carcinoma (NPCA) 16 years ago, appeared at OPD complaining about his failure in penile erection, loss of pubic hair, atrophy of external genitalia: testicles reduced to 2×1.5 cm; penile size shrunk to only 4 cm long. Characteristically, he showed extremely lowered human growth hormone, (HGH, 0.115 ng/mL), testosterone (<0.1 ng/mL), total thyroxine (tT4: 4.740 g/mL), free T4 (fT4, 0.410 ng/mL), cortisol (2.34 g/dL); lowered LH (1.37 mIU/mL) and estradiol (22 pg/mL); highly elevated TSH (7.12 IU/mL). As contrast, he had low end normal ACTH, FSH, total T3, free T3, and estriol; high end normal prolactin (11.71 ng/mL), distinctly implicating hypopituitarism-induced hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. serologically, he showed severely lowered Hb (10.6 g/dL), HCT (32.7%), MCV (77.6 fL), MCH (25.3 pg), MCHC (32.6 g/dL), and platelet count (139×103/L) with extraordinarily elevated RDW (18.2%), together with severely lowered ferritin (23.6 ng/mL) and serum iron levels; highly elevated total iron binding capacity (TIBC, 509 g/dL) and transferrin (363.4 mg/dL), suggesting microcytic anemia. Severely reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) (89 mL/mim/1.73 m2) pointed to CKD2. Hypocortisolemia with hyponatremia indicated secondary adrenal insufficiency. Replacement therapy using androgen, cortisol, and Ringer’s solution has shown beneficial in improving life quality. Conclusions To our believe, we are the first group who report such complicate PTX dysfunction with adrenal cortisol insufficiency concomitantly occurring in a single patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan.
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Chyau CC, Ker YB, Chang CH, Huang SH, Wang HE, Peng CC, Peng RY. Schisandra chinensis peptidoglycan-assisted transmembrane transport of lignans uniquely altered the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms in human HepG2 cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85165. [PMID: 24475039 PMCID: PMC3903492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (Turz Baill) (S. chinensis) (SC) fruit is a hepatoprotective herb containing many lignans and a large amount of polysaccharides. A novel polysaccharide (called SC-2) was isolated from SC of MW 841 kDa, which exhibited a protein-to-polysaccharide ratio of 0.4089, and showed a characteristic FTIR spectrum of a peptidoglycan. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed microcrystalline structures within SC-2. SC-2 contained 10 monosaccharides and 15 amino acids (essential amino acids of 78.12%w/w). In a HepG2 cell model, SC-2 was shown by MTT and TUNEL assay to be completely non-cytotoxic. A kinetic analysis and fluorescence-labeling technique revealed no intracellular disposition of SC-2. Combined treatment of lignans with SC-2 enhanced the intracellular transport of schisandrin B and deoxyschisandrin but decreased that of gomisin C, resulting in alteration of cell-killing bioactivity. The Second Law of Thermodynamics allows this type of unidirectional transport. Conclusively, SC-2 alters the transport and cell killing capability by a "Catcher-Pitcher Unidirectional Transport Mechanism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Huei Huang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Er Wang
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chiu CH, Peng CC, Ker YB, Chen CC, Lee A, Chang WL, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Physicochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory activities of antrodan, a novel glycoprotein isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia. Molecules 2013; 19:22-40. [PMID: 24451244 PMCID: PMC6271056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a unique fungus found inhabiting the rotten wood of Cinnamomum kanehirai. A submerged liquid culture of AC has been developed and its bioproducts have been used to meet the market demand for natural fruiting bodies. AC exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Previously, we isolated polysaccharide AC-2 from AC mycelia by means of alkali extraction with subsequent acid precipitation and found it had a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, a novel polysaccharide named “antrodan” was obtained by further purification of AC-2 using Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. Antrodan exhibited a molecular weight of 442 kD and contained a particularly high content of uronic acid (152.6 ± 0.8 mg/g). The protein content was 71.0%, apparently, higher than the carbohydrate content (14.1%), and thus antrodan was characterized as a glycoprotein. Its total glucan content was 15.65%, in which β-glucan (14.20%) was prominently higher than α-glucan (1.45%). Its FTIR confirmed the presence of β-linkages between sugars, and intramolecular amide bonds between sugars and amino acids. Its 1H-NMR spectrum showed that antrodan was a complex union of α- and β-glucans, which had (1→4)-linked α-Glcp and (1→3)-linked β-Glcp linkages to the carbohydrate chains via asparagine linked to protein site. Biologically, antrodan was confirmed to be totally non-detrimental to RAW 264.7 cell line even at dose as high as 400 μg/mL. It showed potent suppressing effect on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cell line. Moreover, antrodan significantly reduced the nitrogen oxide production at doses as low as 18.75 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Applied Food Technology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Inc., Zhongli City, Taoyuan County 320, Taiwan
| | - Arwen Lee
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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Hsieh CL, Peng CC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Rutin (quercetin rutinoside) induced protein-energy malnutrition in chronic kidney disease, but quercetin acted beneficially. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:7258-7267. [PMID: 23876017 DOI: 10.1021/jf304595p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceutically, much of the literature has indicated that an aglycon and its related glycoside would act similarly. However, controversial reports are accumulating. We hypothesize that rutin (RT) and quercetin (QT) pharmacodynamically could act differently. To confirm this, doxorubicin (DR) (8.5 mg/kg) was used to induce rat chronic kidney disease (CKD) and then treated with QT and RT (each 70 mg/kg body weight per day) for 13 weeks. QT exhibited better body weight gaining effect (420 ± 45) vs RT, 350 ± 57 g/rat (p < 0.001). DR raised the ratio kidney-to-body weight (%) to 0.82 (p < 0.001) vs RT, 0.62 (p < 0.01), and QT, 0.35 (p < 0.01). DR reduced the glomerular filtration rate to 25.2 vs RT, 48 ± 11.3; QT, 124.7 ± 12.8 (p < 0.001) and the control, 191.5 ± 15.7 mL/h (p < 0.001). DRCKD reduced hematocrit to 29 ± 5; RT, to 28 ± 5 (p < 0.05); QT, to 36 ± 6 vs the control 37.5 ± 4%, (p < 0.01). DRCKD reduced the serum albumin (s-Ab) to 2.1 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001); QT, to 2.7 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05) vs the normal 4.3 ± 0.5 g/dL, yet RT was totally ineffective. DRCKD raised serum cholesterol level to 340 ± 30; vs RT, 260 ± 12; QT, 220 ± 25; and the normal value, 70 ± 25 mg/dL. DRCKD increased serum triglyceride to 260 ± 15 (p < 0.001), RT and QT restored it to 170 ± 25 and 200 ± 15 (p < 0.05) vs the normal 26-145 mg/dL. DRCKD elevated blood urea nitrogen to 38 ± 3 vs RT, to 98 ± 6 mg/dL (p < 0.001), implicating "protein-energy malnutrition". RT stimulated serum creatinine (sCr) production to reach 6.0 ± 0.9 mg/dL (p < 0.001). QT did not alter the sCr level. RT but not QT induced uremia and hypercreatininemia. DR significantly downregulated Bcl-2, but highly upregulated Bax, Bad, and cleaved caspase-3, implicating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. DR damaged DNA, but QT completely rescued such an effect and recovered renal amyloidosis and collagen deposition. Conclusively, RT and QT act differently, and RT is inferior to QT with respect to treating CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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Chang CH, Hsieh CL, Wang HE, Peng CC, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Unique bioactive polyphenolic profile of guava (Psidium guajava) budding leaf tea is related to plant biochemistry of budding leaves in early dawn. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:944-954. [PMID: 22926797 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guava leaf tea (GLT), exhibiting a diversity of medicinal bioactivities, has become a popularly consumed daily beverage. To improve the product quality, a new process was recommended to the Ser-Tou Farmers' Association (SFA), who began field production in 2005. The new process comprised simplified steps: one bud-two leaves were plucked at 3:00-6:00 am, in the early dawn period, followed by withering at ambient temperature (25-28 °C), rolling at 50 °C for 50-70 min, with or without fermentation, then drying at 45-50 °C for 70-90 min, and finally sorted. RESULTS The product manufactured by this new process (named herein GLTSF) exhibited higher contents (in mg g(-1), based on dry ethyl acetate fraction/methanolic extract) of polyphenolics (417.9 ± 12.3) and flavonoids (452.5 ± 32.3) containing a compositional profile much simpler than previously found: total quercetins (190.3 ± 9.1), total myricetin (3.3 ± 0.9), total catechins (36.4 ± 5.3), gallic acid (8.8 ± 0.6), ellagic acid (39.1 ± 6.4) and tannins (2.5 ± 9.1). CONCLUSION We have successfully developed a new process for manufacturing GLTSF with a unique polyphenolic profile. Such characteristic compositional distribution can be ascribed to the right harvesting hour in the early dawn and appropriate treatment process at low temperature, avoiding direct sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung, 43302 Taiwan
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Ker YB, Peng CC, Lin CH, Chen KC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. In Vitro Polyphenolics Erythrocyte Model and in Vivo Chicken Embryo Model Revealed Gallic Acid to Be a Potential Hemorrhage Inducer: Physicochemical Action Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:325-35. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300456t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Applied Food Technology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County,
Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 433
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical
Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-shing Street, Taipei, Taiwan 11031
| | - Chien-Hong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua,
Taiwan 50007
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department
of Urology, School
of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-shing Street, Taipei, Taiwan 11031
- Department of Urology, Shuang
Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University,
291, Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe, Taipei, Taiwan 23561
| | - Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua,
Taiwan 50007
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County,
Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 433
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Chen KC, Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. Exercise ameliorates renal cell apoptosis in chronic kidney disease by intervening in the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways in a rat model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013:368450. [PMID: 24106522 PMCID: PMC3782870 DOI: 10.1155/2013/368450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that doxorubicin (DR) induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) could trigger the intrinsic and the extrinsic renal cell apoptotic pathways, while treadmill exercise could help prevent adverse effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to treadmill running exercise at a speed of 30 m/min, 30 or 60 min/day, 3 times per week, for a total period of 11 weeks. The physiological and biochemical parameters were seen substantially improved (DR-CKD control, 30 min, 60 min exercise): the ratio of kidney weight/body weight (0.89, 0.74, and 0.72); the WBC (1.35, 1.08, and 1.42 × 10(4) cells/ μ L); RBC (5.30, 6.38, and 6.26 × 10(6) cells/ μ L); the platelet count (15.1, 12.8, and 11.3 × 10(5)/ μ L); serum cholesterol (659, 360, and 75 mg/dL); serum triglyceride (542, 263, and 211 mg/dL); BUN (37, 25, and 22 mg/dL). Bcl-2 and intramitochondrial cytochrome c were upregulated, while the levels of Bax, SOD, MDA, cleaved caspases 9, 3, 8, 12, and calpain were all downregulated in DRCKD groups with exercise. CHOP (GADD153) and GRP78 were totally unaffected. FAS (CD95) was only slightly suppressed in the 60 min exercise DRCKD group. Conclusively, exercise can ameliorate CKD through the regulation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. The 60 min exercise yields more beneficial effect than the 30 min counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chou Chen
- 1Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- 2Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe, Taipei 23561, Taiwan
- *Kuan-Chou Chen:
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- 4Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua 50007, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- 5Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, New Taichung City, Taiwan
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Chuang CM, Wang HE, Chang CH, Peng CC, Ker YB, Lai JE, Chen KC, Peng RY. Sacchachitin, a novel chitin-polysaccharide conjugate macromolecule present in Ganoderma lucidum: purification, composition, and properties. Pharm Biol 2013; 51:84-95. [PMID: 23043530 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.711840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The extraction method and the crude wound healing effects of sacchachitin from Ganoderma tsugae Murr. (Ganodermataceae) has been cited. However, its purity is still largely limited. OBJECTIVE An improvement of the fractionation protocol to purify the sacchachitin from Ganoderma lucidum L. (Ganodermataceae) (SGL) is needed. METHODS Fruiting bodies were extracted with double distilled water and subsequently the residue treated with 95% ethanol and then 40% ethanol. After being filtered, the pH of the supernatant was adjusted to 4.0 with 1 N HCl and lyophilized. The supernatant was added (3:1 v/v) ethanol, the precipitate was collected, 2% NaOH was added and refluxed. The supernatant was collected with pH adjusted to 4.0, then treated with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) with repeating acid precipitation and (3:1) ethanol precipitation twice more to obtain the sacchachitin. RESULTS SGL had a hexosamine content 16.3% (w/w), firmly linked to a talomannan. Its Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum revealed specific absorption (in cm(-1)) ν(O-H) 3455.5 b,s, amide ν(C=O) 1678.5, and amide I° δ(N-H) 1550.4. The percentage deacetylation degree was 37.6 and 39.4% for SGL and MSC, respectively. As contrast, MSC contained only 6.6% of hexosamine with a low protein/carbohydrate ratio 0.35 comparing to 0.82 for SGL. SGL was only moderately strong antioxidant regarding the anti-DPPH, antihydroxyl free radical, and antisuperoxide anion capabilities, exhibiting an IC(33) values of 10 mg/mL (the highest scavenging capability never exceeding 33%), 0.9 mg/mL, and 4.8 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION We have successfully isolated the pure sacchachitin from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum that exhibits potent antioxidative activity and may be useful in fabrication of the artificial skin composite substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan
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Chang CH, Wang HE, Liaw PY, Peng CC, Peng RY. Antrodia cinnamomea exhibits a potent neuroprotective effect in the PC12 Cell-Aβ25-35 model - pharmacologically through adenosine receptors and mitochondrial pathway. Planta Med 2012; 78:1813-1823. [PMID: 23059628 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea has a diversity of therapeutic effects including anticancer properties. Its neuroprotective effect is rarely cited. We hypothesized that due to its high phenol, triterpenoid, and adenosine contents, it might exhibit a potent neuroprotective effect. The PC12 cell model was used to investigate its pharmaceutical effects. Congo red staining was used to identify the activation of Aβ25-35. Chemical analysis indicated that the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea contained a huge amount (mg/g ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea) of polyphenolics (133 ± 7), flavonoids (114 ± 6), triterpenoids (175 ± 26), and adenosine (370 ± 17). When tested with Aβ25-35 (15 µM), the cell viability was suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion with an IC50 value of 10 µM. The biochemical parameters upregulated by Aβ25-35 (15 µM) involved TNF-α, ROS, MDA, NO, and the intracellular calcium ions. These adverse effects were effectively ameliorated by the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea (1 µg/mL). The Western blot analysis revealed that Aβ25-35 downregulated BcL-2/Bax and upregulated cleaved caspases-9 and - 3 without affecting cleaved caspase-8. The G2/M arrest elicited by Aβ25-35 was ameliorated by the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea. TUNEL assay confirmed the apoptosis, and the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea downregulated adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors. Taken together, Aβ25-35 tends to induce neurotoxicity on PC12 cells. The ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea is capable of suppressing its neurotoxicity by rescuing the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and simultaneously by downregulating adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors to retard neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, New Taichung City, Taiwan
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Chen KC, Hsieh CL, Peng CC, Peng RY. Exercise rescued chronic kidney disease by attenuating cardiac hypertrophy through the cardiotrophin-1 -> LIFR/gp 130 -> JAK/STAT3 pathway. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 21:507-20. [PMID: 23064267 DOI: 10.1177/2047487312462827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is usually associated with cardiac apoptosis and/or cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that exercise can reduce the CKD-induced cardiac damage. METHODS AND RESULTS The doxorubicin-induced CKD (DRCKD) model was used in rats to compare two exercise models: 60-min running and 60-min swimming. Results indicated that in healthy normal groups, the signals cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), and gp130 were upregulated and janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) were downregulated by both exercises. In contrast, all signals were highly upregulated in CKD. After exercise training, all signals (CT-1, IL-6, LIFR, gp130, and STAT) were downregulated, with JAK being only slightly upregulated in the running group but not in the swimming group. The myocyte death pathway (CT-1/IL-6 → LIFR/gp130 → PI3K → Akt → Bad) was excluded due to no change found for Bad. Nitric oxide (NO; normal, 15.63 ± 0.86 µmol/l) was significantly suppressed in CKD rats (2.95 ± 0.32 µmol/l), and both running and swimming training highly upregulated the NO level to 30.33 ± 1.03 µmol/l and 27.82 ± 2.47 µmol/l in normal subjects and 24.0 ± 3.2 µmol/l and 22.69 ± 3.79 µmol/l in the DRCKD rats, respectively. The endothelial progenic cells CD34 were significantly suppressed in DRCKD rats, which were not rescued significantly by exercise. In contrast, the CD 34 cells were only slightly suppressed in the healthy subjects by exercise. CONCLUSION Both exercise regimens were beneficial by rescuing cardiac function in CKD victims. Its action mechanism was by way of inhibiting myocyte death and rescuing cardiac hypertrophy.
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Hsieh CL, Chang CH, Wang HE, Chen KC, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Therapeutic discrepancy of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide in part may be attributed to the resonance-stabilization of allylic cations and trisulfide anions. J Sulphur Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2012.714378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- a Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education , 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua , 50007 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Chang
- b Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University , 34, Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien , Taiwan 4330
| | - Hui-Er Wang
- c Department of Food and Applied Technology , Hungkuang University , 34, Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien , Taiwan 4330
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- d Department of Urology , Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University , 250, Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- b Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University , 34, Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien , Taiwan 4330
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- b Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University , 34, Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien , Taiwan 4330
- e Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University , 250 Wu-Shing St., Sin-Yi District, Taipei 106 , Taiwan
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Chuang CM, Chang CH, Wang HE, Chen KC, Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. Valproic acid downregulates RBP4 and elicits hypervitaminosis A-teratogenesis--a kinetic analysis on retinol/retinoic acid homeostatic system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43692. [PMID: 23028466 PMCID: PMC3446952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic and anti-migraine prophylactic drug. VPA exhibits two severe side effects, namely acute liver toxicity and teratogenicity. These side effects are usually seen at the genetic and somatic levels. The cited action mechanisms involve inhibition of histone deacetylase, hypofolatenemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and reactive oxidative stress. The proteomic information associated with VPA teratogenicity is still unavailable. We hypothesized that proteomic analysis might help us identify functional proteins that could be relevantly affected by VPA, and this phenomenon could be very sensitive in early embryonic stage, resulting in VPA teratogenicity. Methodology/Principal Findings Proteomic analysis on the chicken embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 28 showed that there were significant downregulations of ovotransferrins, carbonic anhydrase-2, retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4), NADH cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2), apolipoprotein A1, and protein SET, together with upregulation of 60S ribosomal protein L22. Among these, RBP4 was the most significantly downregulated (−32%). Kinetic analysis suggested that this situation could trigger hypervitaminosis A (+39.3%), a condition that has been well known to induce teratogenesis.. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report showing that VPA dowregulates RBP4. Our finding not only has led to a possible mechanism of VPA teratogenesis, but also has initiated new preventive strategies for avoiding VPA teratogeneis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Ker YB, Chyau CC, Wang HE, Chen KC, Peng RY. Feasibility of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Plus Thermal Swing Adsorption (TSA) Technology For Odorant Separation - A Process Design Approach. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/1542-6580.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PSA (pressure swing adsorption) has been a well known commercialized process in the petroleum refining engineering. With the consideration that the volatiles, odorants or essential oils in a variety of plants and herbs may be separated taking the advantage of PSA, we present in this article a newly designed process: PSA plus TSA (thermal swing adsorption). As the odorants or essential oils are unlike the volatile components in the petroleum, being characteristic with higher boiling points and able to become liquefied during the PSA treatment, thereby a TSA technique is necessarily incorporated, so that the whole process can be operated in an entirely gaseous phase to facilitate the separation.
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Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Ker YB, Wang HY, Chen KC, Peng RY. Selected nutraceutic screening by therapeutic effects on doxorubicin-induced chronic kidney disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1541-58. [PMID: 22945467 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasing. Interventions such as controlling hypertension and specific pharmacologic options are recommended. Some nutraceutics may have benefits in this regard. METHODS AND RESULTS Naringenin (a flavanon), catechin (a flavanol), and quercetin (a flavonol) and rutin (a flavonol rutinoside) were tried on CKD in a Sprague Dawley rat model. Results indicated quercetin to be the most effective therapeutic candidate with respect to renal edema, hypertension, serum creatinine, hematocrit, cardiopathy, aorta calcification, glomerular amyloidosis, erythrocyte depletion in bone marrow, collagen deposition, expressions of TNF-α, cleaved caspase-3, IκBα, PPARα, and serum insulin. But quercetin was only partially effective in restoring glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase; urinary BUN and urinary creatinine. As for signaling, quercetin was completely effective in alleviating the cleaved caspase-3, being only partially effective in suppressing Bax and Bad, restoring Bcl-2, and rescuing DNA damage. CONCLUSION The CKD status cannot to be ameliorated by naringenin, rutin, and catechin. Comparatively, quercetin may be a better therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Peng CC, Chen KC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. Swimming exercise prevents fibrogenesis in chronic kidney disease by inhibiting the myofibroblast transdifferentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37388. [PMID: 22761655 PMCID: PMC3384651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The renal function of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients may be improved by a number of rehabilitative mechanisms. Swimming exercise training was supposed to be beneficial to its recovery. Methodology/Principal Findings Doxorubicin-induced CKD (DRCKD) rat model was performed. Swimming training was programmed three days per week, 30 or 60 min per day for a total period of 11 weeks. Serum biochemical and pathological parameters were examined. In DRCKD, hyperlipidemia was observed. Active mesangial cell activation was evidenced by overexpression of PDGFR, P-PDGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9, α-SMA, and CD34 with a huge amount collagen deposition. Apparent myofibroblast transdifferentiation implicating fibrogenesis in the glomerular mesangium, glomerulonephritis and glomeruloscelorosis was observed with highly elevated proteinuria and urinary BUN excretion. The 60-min swimming exercise but not the 30 min equivalent rescued most of the symptoms. To quantify the effectiveness of exercise training, a physical parameter, i.e. “the strenuosity coefficient” or “the myokine releasing coefficient”, was estimated to be 7.154×10−3 pg/mL-J. Conclusions The 60-min swimming exercise may ameliorate DRCKD by inhibiting the transdifferentiation of myofibroblasts in the glomerular mesangium. Moreover, rehabilitative exercise training to rescue CKD is a personalized remedy. Benefits depend on the duration and strength of exercise, and more importantly, on the individual physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Peng CC, Chen KC, Lu HY, Peng RY. Treadmill exercise improved adriamycin-induced nephropathy. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2012; 26:15-28. [PMID: 22475094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adriamycin nephropathy (AN) or doxorubicin-induced chronic kidney disease (DRCKD) has several strengths as an experimental model of renal diseases involving glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Exercise has shown to be beneficial to many chronic diseases. We hypothesize that treadmill exercise may improve AN, and an investigation was carried out with the AN SD rat model. Treadmill exercise was conducted three times per week, each time for 30 and 60 min. DR induced swelling of glomeruli, collagen deposition in the interstitium and renal cortex, and increased the serum levels of MDA, IL-6, PDGF-BB, MMP-2, MMP-9, TGF-beta, p-PDGFR, uric acid, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, blood platelet count, ratio of kidney to body weight, glomerular volume, and urinary BUN and protein. Conversely, levels of serum SOD, TNF-alpha, p-PI3K, p-Akt, albumin, WBC, RBC, and urinary creatinine were decreased. Treadmill exercise ameliorated most of these damaging effects, better outcome was found for the 60-min exercise training. Conclusively, the endurance exercise is more associated with the normalization of signaling expressions involving TGF-beta, PDGF-BB, p-PDGFR, p-PI3K, and p-Akt, which may help CKD patients to restore cell survival, proliferation, and growth. As rehabilitation is a personalized medicine, an appropriate design to fit individual feasibility has to be well figured out.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Wang HE, Chung JY, Chen KC, Peng RY. Ferulic acid is nephrodamaging while gallic acid is renal protective in long term treatment of chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr 2011; 31:405-14. [PMID: 22154988 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS The long term therapeutic effect of ferulic acid (FA) and gallic acid (GA) in treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been lacking. METHODS Doxorubicin (DR, Adriamycin)-induced CKD rat model was established for this study. RESULTS DR significantly reduced levels of serum albumin, GOT, GPT, RBC, TNF-α, and urinary creatinine and elevated serum cholesterol, TG, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, WBC, platelet count, and IL-6. In DRCKD rats, FA and GA significantly increased kidney weight and glomerular volume. FA reduced glomerular filtration rate but GA did not. FA enhanced more collagen deposition than GA in renal cortex and glomeruli. Both FA and GA showed crucial hyperlipidemic activity. The inhibitory effects of FA and GA on MMP-2 were very comparable. GA suppressed MMP-2 more effectively than FA in DRCKD rats. Both FA and GA induced SOD elevation and MDA elimination. In DRCKD rats, Western blot analysis indicated that FA further up-regulated CD34, α-SMA, tissue pDGFR, p-PDGFR, and TGF-β; and down-regulated p-PI3K, and p-Akt. Since both PDGF-BB and TGF-β are considered to induce kidney prefibrosis stage, GA was proved to be more beneficial in this regard. CONCLUSIONS GA tends to protect the CKD while FA is not recommended for the long term CKD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Care, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40202, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
CONTEXT In utilization of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt and Smith (Zingiberaceae) (AZ), usually the angiocarps are discarded without further use. OBJECTIVE We speculate whether the angiocarps could show hypolipidemic effect. METHODS AND METHODS Several diets were prepared: Alpinia seed powder (ASP); Alpinia seed powder/husk (ASH): 40/60; and Alpinia seed essential oil (ASO): 0.01-0.10%. Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 11 groups were fed these diets for 8 weeks and tested for the hypolipidemic bioactivity. RESULTS The fecal neutral cholesterol excretion was increased, and the serum total triglyceride (TG) was significantly reduced from 153.7 mg/dL in the high-fat group (H) to 114.3-119.8 mg/dL by ASO; to 116.3-147.9 mg/dL by ASP; and to 116.2-145.3 mg/dL by ASH. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were almost unaffected. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were mostly raised by ASO to 180.3-200.8 mg/dL. The lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) levels were mostly reduced to 66.8-82.6 mg/dL by ASH. The level of arachidonic acid was mostly raised to 0.50-0.60% by ASO, compared with 0.37% of group H. More importantly, the significant reduction in hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) implicated a crucial liver protective effect. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ASP and ASH consisted of high crude-fiber content, while ASO consisted of seed essential oil. Both the seed essential oil and the whole powder of AZ previously had been reported to possess potent hypolipidemic bioactivity. Conclusively, the hypolipidemic effect can be attributed to the combined effect of the essential oil and the crude fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan
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Wang HE, Chang CH, Ker YB, Peng CC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Fermented soybean liquid alleviated peptic ulcer through the destruction of acidic proton pump rather than suppression of urease of Helicobacter pylori: a kinetic analysis. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:6730-9. [PMID: 21591741 DOI: 10.1021/jf200770n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fermented soybean liquid (FSL) has been well cited for its broad spectrum of biological effects, yet its documented gastropeptic ulcer (GPU) ameliorating effect is still lacking. It was hypothesized that to avoid the injury exerted by gastric fluid, HP has to be sheltered in chyme emulsions immediately on infection. The HP urease (HPU) and the acidic proton pump (PP) may act as the "two-point pH modulator" to maintain an optimum pH between 6 and 7, and FSL is able to destroy such a modulating mechanism. FSL exhibited higher contents of isoflavonoids (2.5-17.3-fold) and essential amino acids (1.5-4.0-fold) than the nonfermented. FSL administered at 1 g/20 mL tid for 3 months eradicated Helicobacter pylori (HP) by 82% in 37 volunteers having GPU (p < 0.20); simultaneously, the plasma conjugated diene and TBARs levels were significantly resumed (p < 0.05). Kinetic analysis based on the conventional "urease theory" revealed that a cluster of 2.0 × 10(9) of HP cells is required for a single attack in the gastric lumen at pH 1.0-2.5. To verify the hypothesis, chyme-shelter testing was conducted in artificial gastric fluid (pH 2.4 ± 0.20). Results showed the HP cell viability was time- and size-dependent. At 20 min of contact time, the viability was 100, 4.2, 31.4, 43.3, 57.2, and 82.6%, respectively, in intact, dispersed, and particulate chymes (mesh sizes 80, 60, 40, and 20). The corresponding data became 96.2, 0.0, 14.5, 18.5, 21.3, and 28.6%, respectively, at a contact time of 40 min. Conclusively, the kinetic analysis and the chyme-shelter testing revealed that direct infection by bare HP cells is unlikely in real status. FSL is beneficial to GPU most probably due to its ability to raise blood alkalinity levels, destroying the PP and its ROS suppressing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Er Wang
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung Hsien 43302, Taiwan
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Ker YB, Chen KC, Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. Structural Characteristics and Antioxidative Capability of the Soluble Polysaccharides Present in Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011:396013. [PMID: 21799678 PMCID: PMC3136395 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae (Chinese name Zhu-Sūn, the bamboo fungi) has been used as a medicinal mushroom to treat many inflammatory, gastric and neural diseases since 618 AD in China. We hypothesize that the soluble polysaccharides (SP) present in D. indusiata and their monosaccharide profiles can act as an important role affecting the antioxidative capability, which in turn would influence the biological activity involving anti-inflammatory, immune enhancing and anticancer. We obtained six SP fractions and designated them as D1, a galactoglucan; D2, a galactan; D3, the isoelectrically precipitated riboglucan from 2% NaOH; D4, a myoinositol; D5 and D6, the mannogalactans. The total SP accounted for 37.44% w/w, their molecular weight (MW) ranged within 801–4656 kDa. D3, having the smallest MW 801 kDa, exhibited the most potent scavenging effect against the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, •OH−, and •O2−
radicals, yielding IC50 values 0.11, 1.02 and 0.64 mg mL−1, respectively. Thus we have confirmed our hypothesis that the bioactivity of D. indusiata is related in majority, if not entirely, to its soluble polysaccharide type regarding the MW and monosaccharide profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan
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Peng CC, Peng CH, Chen KC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. The Aqueous Soluble Polyphenolic Fraction of Psidium guajava Leaves Exhibits Potent Anti-Angiogenesis and Anti-Migration Actions on DU145 Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011:219069. [PMID: 21799674 PMCID: PMC3135903 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous extract of Psidium guajava budding leaves (PE) bears an extremely high content of polyphenolic and isoflavonoids. Whether it could be used as an anti-tumor chemopreventive in view of anti-angiogenesis and anti-migration, we performed the assay methods including the MTT assay to examine the cell viability; the ELISA assay to test the expressions of VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8; the western blot analysis to detect TIMP-2; the gelatinolytic zymography to follow the expression of MMPs; the wound scratch assay to examine the migration capability; and the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay to detect the suppressive angiogenesis. Results indicated that the IC50 of PE for DU145 cells was ∼0.57 mg ml(-1). In addition, PE effectively inhibited the expressions of VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines, and MMP-2 and MMP-9, and simultaneously activated TIMP-2 and suppressed the cell migration and the angiogenesis. Conclusively, PE potentially possesses a strong anti-DU145 effect. Thus, clinically it owns the potential to be used as an effective adjuvant anti-cancer chemopreventive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- School of Physical Therapy, College of Health Care, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, Taiwan 40202, Taiwan
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Lin LY, Ker YB, Chang CH, Chen KC, Peng RY. Arabinogalactan present in the mountain celery seed extract potentiated hypolipidemic bioactivity of coexisting polyphenols in hamsters. Pharm Biol 2011; 49:319-326. [PMID: 21323484 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.516753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previously, we showed the essential oils (EO) of the mountain celery [Cryptotaenia japonica Hass (Umbelliferae)] seeds (MCS) to be a prominent hypolipidemic agent. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized the aqueous extract (AE) of its seeds could also exhibit a comparable nutritional effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out for compositional analysis, antioxidant assay, and hypolipidaemic assay with AE in hamsters. RESULTS AE contained soluble arabinogalactan (AGal) with molecular weight (MW) 878 kDa. AE also was enriched in polyphenolics and flavonoids, reaching 30.4 and 2.20 mg/100 g, respectively. AGal consisted of eight monosaccharides (in mols %), galactose (28.75), arabinose (24.84), glucose (17.91), mannose (6.93), ribose (6.03), fucose (5.83), xylose (5.30), and rhamnose (4.41), with average MW 878 kDa. In vitro, AE showed potent ferrous chelating and DPPH scavenging effects but only moderate H₂O₂ scavenging capability. In hamsters, AE exhibited promising hypolipidemic bioactivity, in particular, the HDL-C and hepatic unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) biosynthesis regarding oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The presence of AGal enhanced the hypolipidemic and antioxidative bioactivity of MCS. MCS is feasibly beneficial to the hepatic de novo UFA synthesis and the hypolipidemics as evidenced by hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 43302
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Chang CH, Chen CY, Chiou JY, Peng RY, Peng CH. Astaxanthine secured apoptotic death of PC12 cells induced by beta-amyloid peptide 25-35: its molecular action targets. J Med Food 2010; 13:548-56. [PMID: 20521980 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthine (ASTx) is a novel carotenoid nutraceutical occurring in many crustaceans and red yeasts. It has potent antioxidant, photoprotective, hepatodetoxicant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Documented effect of ASTx on treatment of neurodegenerative disease is still lacking. We used the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) 25-35-treated PC12 model to investigate the neuron-protective effect of ASTx. The parameters examined included cell viability, caspase activation, and various apoptotic biomarkers that play their critical roles in the transduction pathways independently or synergistically. Results indicated that Abeta25-35 at 30 microM suppressed cell viability by 55%, whereas ASTx was totally nontoxic below a dose of 5.00 microM. ASTx at 0.1 microM protected PC12 cells from damaging effects of Abeta25-35 in several ways: (1) by securing the cell viability; (2) by partially down-regulating the activation of caspase 3; (3) by inhibiting the expression of Bax; (4) by completely eliminating the elevation of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha; (5) by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB; (6) by completely suppressing the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; (7) by completely abolishing the calcium ion influx to effectively maintain calcium homeostasis; and (8) by suppressing the majority (about 75%) of reactive oxygen species production. Conclusively, ASTx may have merit to be used as a very potential neuron protectant and an anti-early-stage Alzheimer's disease adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan
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