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Mormile I, Gigliotti MC, Ferrara AL, Gatti R, Spadaro G, de Paulis A, Loffredo S, Bova M, Petraroli A. Clinical features and potential markers of disease in idiopathic non-histaminergic angioedema, a real-life study. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09501-9. [PMID: 38829492 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic non-histaminergic acquired angioedema (InH-AAE) is a rare disease, with unknown etiology and pathogenesis, characterized by recurrent clinical manifestations and resistance to antihistamines and corticosteroids. We aim to evaluate clinical features and potential markers of disease in an Italian cohort of patients with InH-AAE. We enrolled 26 patients diagnosed with InH-AAE. Information about clinical features, treatments, routine laboratory investigations, immunological and genetic tests were collected. We assessed plasma levels of complement components, angiogenic and lymphangiogenic mediators, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and activity of phospholipases A2. Finally, patients underwent nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC); both quantitative and qualitative capillaroscopic parameters were analyzed. Plasma levels of VEGFs were similar in healthy controls and in InH-AAE patients. ANGPT1 was decreased in InH-AAE patients compared to controls while ANGPT2 was similar to controls. Interestingly, the ANGPT2/ANGPT1 ratio (an index of vascular permeability) was increased in InH-AAE patients compared to controls. sPLA2 activity, elevated in patients with C1-INH-HAE, showed differences also when measured in InH-AAE patients. TNF-α concentration was higher in InH-AAE patients than in healthy controls, conversely, the levels of CXCL8, and IL-6 were similar in both groups. At the NVC, the capillary loops mainly appeared short and tortuous in InH-AAE patients. InH-AAE represents a diagnostic challenge. Due to the potential life-threatening character of this condition, a prompt identification of the potentially bradykinin-mediated forms is crucial. A better comprehension of the mechanism involved in InH-AAE would also lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to improve life quality of patients affected by this disabling disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Gigliotti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Gatti
- Post-Graduate Program in Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Bova
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine, A.O.R.N. Antonio Cardarelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Wei Y, Asbell PA. sPLA 2-IIa participates in ocular surface inflammation in humans with dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108209. [PMID: 33011237 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the roles of secretory phospholipase A2-IIa (sPLA2-IIa) in the inflammatory responses of the compromised ocular surface. METHODS Conjunctival impression cytology (IC) samples and tears were collected from patients with mild to severe non-Sjogren's dry eye disease (DED) and normal controls. The IC samples were analyzed for transcription of sPLA2-IIa and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine genes using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT2-PCR) and pathway-focus PCR-array. The tear samples were analyzed for 13 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with Millipore 13-Plex kit. Finally, sPLA2-IIa-treated human conjunctival epithelial cell (HCjE) cultures were analyzed with a pathway-focused PCR array. RESULTS Transcription of sPLA2-IIa was significantly increased in severe DED patients as compared to those of mild DED patients and normal controls. The transcription of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ), chemokines (IL-8, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL-14, CCR6, LTB) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) were simultaneously increased in the same IC samples of DED. Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in tears were significantly higher in DED patients than those of the controls and positively correlated to DED severity scores. On the other hand, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ were significantly lower in DED patients than those in the controls and inversely correlated to DEWS scores. Single treatment of sPLA2-IIa, IL-1β or TNF-α of HCjE cells induced minimal to no PGE2 production. When sPLA2-IIa was added to HCjE cells that were pre-treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α or IL-1β), significant stimulation of PGE2 production was observed, concurrent with the extensive transcriptional changes of many inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and their receptors. CONCLUSION sPLA2-IIa activity was elevated and not only associated with inflammatory changes in DED patient samples, but was also found to cooperate with TNF- α and IL-1β to induce inflammatory response in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Understanding the roles of sPLA2-IIa in ocular surface inflammation may lead to better strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammation associated with DED and other ocular inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wei
- Department Ophthalmology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Department Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - P A Asbell
- Department Ophthalmology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Department Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Ferrara AL, Bova M, Petraroli A, Veszeli N, Galdiero MR, Braile M, Marone G, Cristinziano L, Marcella S, Modestino L, Farkas H, Loffredo S. Hereditary angioedema attack: what happens to vasoactive mediators? Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 78:106079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Silva-Filho JL, Peruchetti DB, Moraes-Santos F, Landgraf SS, Silva LS, Sirtoli GM, Zamith-Miranda D, Takiya CM, Pinheiro AAS, Diaz BL, Caruso-Neves C. Group V Secretory Phospholipase A2 Is Involved in Tubular Integrity and Sodium Handling in the Kidney. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147785. [PMID: 26820468 PMCID: PMC4731149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Group V (GV) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a member of the family of secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes. This enzyme has been identified in several organs, including the kidney. However, the physiologic role of GV sPLA2 in the maintenance of renal function remains unclear. We used mice lacking the gene encoding GV sPLA2 (Pla2g5−/−) and wild-type breeding pairs in the experiments. Mice were individually housed in metabolic cages and 48-h urine was collected for biochemical assays. Kidney samples were evaluated for glomerular morphology, renal fibrosis, and expression/activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase α1 subunit. We observed that plasma creatinine levels were increased in Pla2g5−/− mice following by a decrease in creatinine clearance. The levels of urinary protein were higher in Pla2g5−/− mice than in the control group. Markers of tubular integrity and function such as γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and sodium excretion fraction (FENa+) were also increased in Pla2g5−/− mice. The increased FENa+ observed in Pla2g5−/− mice was correlated to alterations in cortical (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity/ expression. In addition, the kidney from Pla2g5−/− mice showed accumulation of matrix in corticomedullary glomeruli and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. These data suggest GV sPLA2 is involved in the maintenance of tubular cell function and integrity, promoting sodium retention through increased cortical (Na+ + K+)-ATPase expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luiz Silva-Filho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Barros Peruchetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Moraes-Santos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sharon Schilling Landgraf
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Souza Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Modenesi Sirtoli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia Sá Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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5
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y. Secreted phospholipase A2 and mast cells. Allergol Int 2015; 64:4-10. [PMID: 25572553 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 position of phospholipids to release (typically unsaturated) fatty acids and lysophospholipids, which serve as precursors for a variety of bioactive lipid mediators. Among the PLA2 superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest subfamily that includes 11 isoforms with a conserved His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2 enzymes exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and specific enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for individual sPLA2 isofoms have revealed their involvement in various pathophysiological events. Here, we overview the current state of knowledge about sPLA2s, specifically their roles in mast cells (MCs) in the context of allergology. In particular, we highlight group III sPLA2 (PLA2G3) as an "anaphylactic sPLA2" that promotes MC maturation and thereby anaphylaxis through a previously unrecognized lipid-orchestrated circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Tamaru S, Mishina H, Watanabe Y, Watanabe K, Fujioka D, Takahashi S, Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata K, Yokota Y, Murakami M, Hanasaki K, Kugiyama K. Deficiency of phospholipase A2 receptor exacerbates ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1021-8. [PMID: 23817419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays a critical role in the genesis of lung inflammation through proinflammatory eicosanoids. A previous in vitro experiment showed a possible role of cell surface receptor for sPLA2 (PLA2R) in the clearance of extracellular sPLA2. PLA2R and groups IB and X sPLA2 are expressed in the lung. This study examined a pathogenic role of PLA2R in airway inflammation using PLA2R-deficient (PLA2R(-/-)) mice. Airway inflammation was induced by immunosensitization with OVA. Compared with wild-type (PLA2R(+/+)) mice, PLA2R(-/-) mice had a significantly greater infiltration of inflammatory cells around the airways, higher levels of groups IB and X sPLA2, eicosanoids, and Th2 cytokines, and higher numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after OVA treatment. In PLA2R(-/-) mice, intratracheally instilled [(125)I]-labeled sPLA2-IB was cleared much more slowly from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with PLA2R(+/+) mice. The degradation of the instilled [(125)I]-labeled sPLA2-IB, as assessed by trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after instillation, was lower in PLA2R(-/-) mice than in PLA2R(+/+) mice. In conclusion, PLA2R deficiency increased sPLA2-IB and -X levels in the lung through their impaired clearance from the lung, leading to exaggeration of lung inflammation induced by OVA treatment in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tamaru
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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7
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Catalytic and non-catalytic functions of human IIA phospholipase A2. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 35:28-35. [PMID: 19818633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a low-molecular-mass secreted PLA2 enzyme that has been identified as an acute phase protein with a role in the inflammatory response to infection and trauma. The protein is possibly unique in being highly cationic and having a global distribution of surface arginine and lysine residues. This structure supports two functions of the protein. (1) An anti-bacterial role where the enzyme is targeted to the anionic cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria and phospholipid hydrolysis assists in bacterial killing. (2) A proposed non-catalytic role in which the protein forms supramolecular aggregates with anionic phospholipid vesicles or debris. These aggregates are then internalized via interactions with cell surface heparin sulphate proteoglycans and macropinocytosis for disposal by macrophages.
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8
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Birts CN, Barton CH, Wilton DC. A Catalytically Independent Physiological Function for Human Acute Phase Protein Group IIA Phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:5034-45. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708844200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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9
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Mannello F, Qin W, Zhu W, Fabbri L, Tonti GA, Sauter ER. Nipple aspirate fluids from women with breast cancer contain increased levels of group IIa secretory phospholipase A2. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Paesen GC, Siebold C, Harlos K, Peacey MF, Nuttall PA, Stuart DI. A tick protein with a modified Kunitz fold inhibits human tryptase. J Mol Biol 2007; 368:1172-86. [PMID: 17391695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
TdPI, a tick salivary gland product related to Kunitz/BPTI proteins is a potent inhibitor of human beta-tryptase. Kinetic assays suggest that three of the four catalytic sites of tryptase are blocked by TdPI, and that the inhibition of one of these involves a peptide flanking the Kunitz head. In the course of the inhibition, tryptase cleaves TdPI at several positions. Crystal structures of the TdPI head, on its own and in complex with trypsin, reveal features that are not found in classical Kunitz/BPTI proteins and suggest the mode of interaction with tryptase. The loop of TdPI connecting the beta-sheet with the C-terminal alpha-helix is shortened, the disulphide-bridge pattern altered and N and C termini separated to produce a highly pointed molecule capable of penetrating the cramped active sites of tryptase. TdPI accumulates in the cytosolic granules of mast cells, presumably suppressing inflammation in the host animal's skin by tryptase inhibition.
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11
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Abstract
Mast cells possess an array of potent inflammatory mediators capable of inducing acute symptoms after cell activation, including urticaria, angioedema, bronchoconstriction, diarrhea, vomiting, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, and death in few minutes. In contrast, mast cells can provide an array of beneficial mediators in the setting of acute infections, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The balance between the detrimental and beneficial roles of mast cells is not completely understood. Although the symptoms of acute mast cell mediator release can be reversed with epinephrine, adrenergic agonists, and mediator blockers, the continued release of histamine, proteases, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and chemokines leads to chronic and debilitating disease, such as mastocytosis. Identification of the molecular factors and mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of mast cell mediators should benefit all patients with mast cell activation syndromes and mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Castells
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Femling JK, Nauseef WM, Weiss JP. Synergy between extracellular group IIA phospholipase A2 and phagocyte NADPH oxidase in digestion of phospholipids of Staphylococcus aureus ingested by human neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4653-61. [PMID: 16177112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammatory responses to invading bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus include mobilization of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and extracellular group IIA phospholipase A2 (gIIA-PLA2). Although accumulating coincidentally, the in vitro anti-staphylococcal activities of PMN and gIIA-PLA2 have thus far been studied separately. We now show that degradation of S. aureus phospholipids during and after phagocytosis by human PMN requires the presence of extracellular gIIA-PLA2. The concentration of extracellular gIIA-PLA2 required to produce bacterial digestion was reduced 10-fold by PMN. The effects of added gIIA-PLA2 were greater when present before phagocytosis but even apparent when added after S. aureus were ingested by PMN. Related group V and X PLA2, which are present within PMN granules, do not contribute to bacterial phospholipid degradation during and after phagocytosis even when added at concentrations 30-fold higher than that needed for action of the gIIA-PLA2. The action of added gIIA-PLA2 required catalytically active gIIA-PLA2 and, in PMN, a functional NADPH oxidase but not myeloperoxidase. These findings reveal a novel collaboration between cellular oxygen-dependent and extracellular oxygen-independent host defense systems that may be important in the ultimate resolution of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon K Femling
- The Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242, USA
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13
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Sribar J, Copic A, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Kuret J, Logonder U, Gubensek F, Krizaj I. R25 is an intracellular membrane receptor for a snake venom secretory phospholipase A(2). FEBS Lett 2003; 553:309-14. [PMID: 14572642 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammodytoxin is a presynaptically neurotoxic (beta-neurotoxic) snake venom secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). We detected a 25 kDa protein which binds the toxin with very high affinity (R25) in porcine cerebral cortex. Here we show that R25 is an integral membrane protein with intracellular localisation. It is the first sPLA(2) receptor known to date that localises to intracellular membranes. Centrifugation on sucrose gradients was used to fractionate porcine cerebral cortex. The subcellular composition of the fractions was determined by following the distribution of organelle-specific markers. The distribution of R25 in the fractions matched the distribution of the mitochondrial marker succinate dehydrogenase, but not the markers for plasma membrane, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic and secretory vesicles. R25 most likely resides in mitochondria, which are known to be targets for sPLA(2) neurotoxins in the nerve ending and are potentially implicated in the process of beta-neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Sribar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in characterizing the individual participant enzymes and their relative contributions in the generation of eicosanoids, lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. However, the role of individual phospholipase (PL) A(2) enzymes in providing arachidonic acid to the downstream enzymes for eicosanoid generation in biologic processes has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we will provide an overview of the classification of the families of PLA(2) enzymes, their putative mechanisms of action, and their role(s) in eicosanoid generation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Diaz
- Division of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute-INCA, R André Cavalcanti 37, Centro, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil.
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15
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Murakami M, Masuda S, Shimbara S, Bezzine S, Lazdunski M, Lambeau G, Gelb MH, Matsukura S, Kokubu F, Adachi M, Kudo I. Cellular arachidonate-releasing function of novel classes of secretory phospholipase A2s (groups III and XII). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10657-67. [PMID: 12522102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211325200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report cellular arachidonate (AA) release and prostaglandin (PG) production by novel classes of secretory phospholipase A(2)s (sPLA(2)s), groups III and XII. Human group III sPLA(2) promoted spontaneous AA release, which was augmented by interleukin-1, in HEK293 transfectants. The central sPLA(2) domain alone was sufficient for its in vitro enzymatic activity and for cellular AA release at the plasma membrane, whereas either the unique N- or C-terminal domain was required for heparanoid-dependent action on cells to augment AA release, cyclooxygenase-2 induction, and PG production. Group III sPLA(2) was constitutively expressed in two human cell lines, in which other sPLA(2)s exhibited different stimulus inducibility. Human group XII sPLA(2) had a weak enzymatic activity in vitro and minimally affects cellular AA release and PG production. Cells transfected with group XII sPLA(2) exhibited abnormal morphology, suggesting a unique functional aspect of this enzyme. Based on the present results as well as our current analyses on the group I/II/V/X sPLA(2)s, general properties of cellular actions of a full set of mammalian sPLA(2)s in regulating AA metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) constitutes a growing superfamily of lipolytic enzymes, and to date, at least 19 distinct enzymes have been found in mammals. This class of enzymes has attracted considerable interest as a pharmacological target in view of its role in lipid signaling and its involvement in a variety of inflammatory conditions. PLA(2)s hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of cellular phospholipids, producing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid, both of which are lipid signaling molecules. The free fatty acid produced is frequently arachidonic acid (AA, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid), the precursor of the eicosanoid family of potent inflammatory mediators that includes prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins. Multiple PLA(2) enzymes are active within and surrounding the cell and these enzymes have distinct, but interconnected roles in AA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Balsinde
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, University of Valladolid School of Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The same reaction also produces lysophosholipids, which represent another class of lipid mediators. So far, at least 19 enzymes that possess PLA2 activity have been identified and cloned in mammals. The secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) family, in which 10 isozymes have been identified, consists of low-molecular weight, Ca2+-requiring secretory enzymes that have been implicated in a number of biological processes, such as modification of eicosanoid generation, inflammation, and host defense. The cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) family consists of three enzymes, among which cPLA2alpha has been paid much attention by researchers as an essential component of the initiation of AA metabolism. The activation of cPLA2alpha is tightly regulated by Ca2+ and phosphorylation. The Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) family contains two enzymes and may play a major role in phospholipid remodeling. The platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) family contains four enzymes that exhibit unique substrate specificity toward PAF and/or oxidized phospholipids. Degradation of these bioactive phospholipids by PAF-AHs may lead to the termination of inflammatory reaction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kudo
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Murakami M, Yoshihara K, Shimbara S, Sawada M, Inagaki N, Nagai H, Naito M, Tsuruo T, Moon TC, Chang HW, Kudo I. Group IID heparin-binding secretory phospholipase A(2) is expressed in human colon carcinoma cells and human mast cells and up-regulated in mouse inflammatory tissues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:2698-707. [PMID: 12047378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Group IID secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-IID), a heparin-binding sPLA(2) that is closely related to sPLA(2)-IIA, augments stimulus-induced cellular arachidonate release in a manner similar to sPLA(2)-IIA. Here we identified the residues of sPLA(2)-IID that are responsible for heparanoid binding, are and therefore essential for cellular function. Mutating four cationic residues in the C-terminal portion of sPLA(2)-IID resulted in abolition of its ability to associate with cell surface heparan sulfate and to enhance stimulus-induced delayed arachidonate release, cyclooxygenase-2 induction, and prostaglandin generation in 293 cell transfectants. As compared with several other group II subfamily sPLA(2)s, which were equally active on A23187- and IL-1-primed cellular membranes, sPLA(2)-IID showed apparent preference for A23187-primed membranes. Several human colon carcinoma cell lines expressed sPLA(2)-IID and sPLA(2)-X constitutively, the former of which was negatively regulated by IL-1. sPLA(2)-IID, but not other sPLA(2) isozymes, was expressed in human cord blood-derived mast cells. The expression of sPLA(2)-IID was significantly altered in several tissues of mice with experimental inflammation. These results indicate that sPLA(2)-IID may be involved in inflammation in cell- and tissue-specific manners under particular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Murakami M, Yoshihara K, Shimbara S, Lambeau G, Gelb MH, Singer AG, Sawada M, Inagaki N, Nagai H, Ishihara M, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Kudo I. Cellular arachidonate-releasing function and inflammation-associated expression of group IIF secretory phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19145-55. [PMID: 11877435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112385200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the cellular arachidonate (AA)-releasing function of group IIF secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-IIF), a sPLA(2) enzyme uniquely containing a longer C-terminal extension. sPLA(2)-IIF increased spontaneous and stimulus-dependent release of AA, which was supplied to downstream cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase for eicosanoid production. sPLA(2)-IIF also enhanced interleukin 1-stimulated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase. AA release by sPLA(2)-IIF was facilitated by oxidative modification of cellular membranes. Cellular actions of sPLA(2)-IIF occurred independently of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican, which acts as a functional adaptor for other group II subfamily sPLA(2)s. Confocal microscopy revealed the location of sPLA(2)-IIF on the plasma membrane. The unique C-terminal extension was crucial for its plasma membrane localization and optimal cellular functions. sPLA(2)-IIF expression was increased in various tissues from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice and in ears of mice with experimental atopic dermatitis. In human rheumatoid arthritic joints, sPLA(2)-IIF was detected in synovial lining cells, capillary endothelial cells, and plasma cells. These results suggest that sPLA(2)-IIF is a potent regulator of AA metabolism and participates in the inflammatory process under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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20
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Kim YJ, Kim KP, Rhee HJ, Das S, Rafter JD, Oh YS, Cho W. Internalized group V secretory phospholipase A2 acts on the perinuclear membranes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9358-65. [PMID: 11777916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110987200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)) have been implicated in cellular eicosanoid biosynthesis but the mechanism of their cellular action remains unknown. To elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of sPLA(2) mobilization and determine the site of its lipolytic action, we performed time-lapse confocal microscopic imaging of fluorescently labeled sPLA(2) acting on human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells the membranes of which are labeled with a fluorogenic phospholipid, N-((6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino)hexanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-2-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. The Western blotting analysis of HEK293 cells treated with exogenous sPLA(2)s showed that not only the affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycan but also other factors, such as sPLA(2) hydrolysis products or cytokines, are necessary for the internalization of sPLA(2) into HEK293 cells. Live cell imaging showed that the hydrolysis of fluorogenic phospholipids incorporated into HEK293 cell membranes was synchronized with the spatiotemporal dynamics of sPLA(2) internalization, detectable initially at the plasma membrane and then at the perinuclear region. Also, immunocytostaining showed that human group V sPLA(2) induced the translocation of 5-lipoxygenase to the nuclear envelope at which they were co-localized. Together, these studies provide the first experimental evidence that the internalized sPLA(2) acts on the nuclear envelope to provide arachidonate for other enzymes involved in the eicosanoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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22
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Kim KP, Rafter JD, Bittova L, Han SK, Snitko Y, Munoz NM, Leff AR, Cho W. Mechanism of human group V phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-induced leukotriene biosynthesis in human neutrophils. A potential role of heparan sulfate binding in PLA2 internalization and degradation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11126-34. [PMID: 11118430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group V phospholipase A(2) (hVPLA(2)) has been shown to have high activity to elicit leukotriene production in human neutrophils (Han, S. K., Kim, K. P., Koduri, R., Bittova, L., Munoz, N. M., Leff, A. R., Wilton, D. C., Gelb, M. H., and Cho, W. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 11881-11888). To determine the mechanism by which hVPLA(2) interacts with cell membranes to induce leukotriene formation, we mutated surface cationic residues and a catalytic residue of hVPLA(2) and measured the interactions of mutants with model membranes, immobilized heparin, and human neutrophils. These studies showed that cationic residues, Lys(7), Lys(11), and Arg(34), constitute a part of the interfacial binding surface of hVPLA(2), which accounts for its moderate preference for anionic membranes. Additionally, hVPLA(2) binds heparin with high affinity and has a well defined heparin-binding site. The site is composed of Arg(100), Lys(101), Lys(107), Arg(108), and Arg(111), and is spatially distinct from its interfacial binding surface. Importantly, the activities of the mutants to hydrolyze cell membrane phospholipids and induce leukotriene biosynthesis, when enzymes were added exogenously to neutrophils, correlated with their activities on phosphatidylcholine membranes but not with their affinities for anionic membranes and heparin. These results indicate that hVPLA(2) acts directly on the outer plasma membranes of neutrophils to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Further studies suggest that products of hVPLA(2) hydrolysis trigger the cellular leukotriene production by activating cellular enzymes involved in leukotriene formation. Finally, the temporal and spatial resolution of exogenously added hVPLA(2) and mutants suggests that binding to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans is important for the internalization and clearance of cell surface-bound hVPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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23
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Murakami M, Koduri RS, Enomoto A, Shimbara S, Seki M, Yoshihara K, Singer A, Valentin E, Ghomashchi F, Lambeau G, Gelb MH, Kudo I. Distinct arachidonate-releasing functions of mammalian secreted phospholipase A2s in human embryonic kidney 293 and rat mastocytoma RBL-2H3 cells through heparan sulfate shuttling and external plasma membrane mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:10083-96. [PMID: 11106649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007877200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the ability of a diverse set of mammalian secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) to release arachidonate for lipid mediator generation in two transfected cell lines. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells, the heparin-binding enzymes sPLA(2)-IIA, -IID, and -V promote stimulus-dependent arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E(2) production in a manner dependent on the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican. In contrast, sPLA(2)-IB, -IIC, and -IIE, which bind weakly or not at all to heparanoids, fail to elicit arachidonate release, and addition of a heparin binding site to sPLA(2)-IIC allows it to release arachidonate. Heparin nonbinding sPLA(2)-X liberates arachidonic acid most likely from the phosphatidylcholine-rich outer plasma membrane in a glypican-independent manner. In rat mastocytoma RBL-2H3 cells that lack glypican, sPLA(2)-V and -X, which are unique among sPLA(2)s in being able to hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine-rich membranes, act most likely on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane to markedly augment IgE-dependent immediate production of leukotriene C(4) and platelet-activating factor. sPLA(2)-IB, -IIA, -IIC, -IID, and -IIE exert minimal effects in RBL-2H3 cells. These results are also supported by studies with sPLA(2) mutants and immunocytostaining and reveal that sPLA(2)-dependent lipid mediator generation occur by distinct (heparanoid-dependent and -independent) mechanisms in HEK293 and RBL-2H3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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