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Panagopoulos I, Andersen K, Eilert-Olsen M, Rognlien AG, Munthe-Kaas MC, Micci F, Heim S. Rare KMT2A-ELL and Novel ZNF56-KMT2A Fusion Genes in Pediatric T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:121-131. [PMID: 33608309 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Previous reports have associated the KMT2A-ELL fusion gene, generated by t(11;19)(q23;p13.1), with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We herein report a KMT2A-ELL and a novel ZNF56-KMT2A fusion genes in a pediatric T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic investigations were performed on bone marrow of a 13-year-old boy diagnosed with T-ALL. RESULTS A KMT2A-ELL and a novel ZNF56-KMT2A fusion genes were generated on der(11)t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) and der(19)t(11;19)(q23;p13.1), respectively. Exon 20 of KMT2A fused to exon 2 of ELL in KMT2A-ELL chimeric transcript whereas exon 1 of ZNF56 fused to exon 21 of KMT2A in ZNF56-KMT2A transcript. A literature search revealed four more T-ALL patients carrying a KMT2A-ELL fusion. All of them were males aged 11, 11, 17, and 20 years. CONCLUSION KMT2A-ELL fusion is a rare recurrent genetic event in T-ALL with uncertain prognostic implications. The frequency and impact of ZNF56-KMT2A in T-ALL are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Kristin Andersen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martine Eilert-Olsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Gro Rognlien
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Sweta K, Sharma N. Functional interaction between ELL transcription elongation factor and Epe1 reveals the role of Epe1 in the regulation of transcription outside heterochromatin. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:80-96. [PMID: 33533152 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) is a eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcription elongation factor. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, it is important for survival under genotoxic stress conditions. However, the molecular basis underlying this function of ELL in S. pombe is yet to be deciphered. Here, we carried out a genetic screen to identify multicopy suppressor(s) that could restore normal growth of ell1 deletion mutant in the presence of DNA damaging agent. Sequence analysis of the identified suppressors revealed the anti-silencing protein, Epe1, as one of the suppressors of ell1 deletion associated genotoxic stress sensitivity. Our results further demonstrate that the overexpression of Epe1 could suppress all other phenotypes associated with the absence of Ell1. Moreover, transcriptional defect of ell1Δ strain could also be alleviated by the overexpression of Epe1. Epe1 also showed a physical interaction with Ell1. Interestingly, we also observed that the region of Epe1 encompassing 403-948 amino acids was indispensable for all the above functions. Furthermore, our results show that the overexpression of Epe1 causes increased H3K9 acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment. Taken together, our results show a functional interaction between Epe1 and Ell1, and this function is independent of the well-known JmjC and N-terminal transcriptional activation domains of Epe1 in S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Sweta
- University School of Biotechnology, G.G.S. Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha Sharma
- University School of Biotechnology, G.G.S. Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Li J, Bansal V, Tiwari M, Chen Y, Sen GL. ELL Facilitates RNA Polymerase II-Mediated Transcription of Human Epidermal Proliferation Genes. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1352-1356.e3. [PMID: 33157094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Varun Bansal
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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4
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The hunt for RNA polymerase II elongation factors: a historical perspective. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:771-776. [PMID: 31439940 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases paved the way for serious biochemical investigations of eukaryotic transcription and the identification of eukaryotic transcription factors. Here we describe this adventure from our vantage point, with a focus on the hunt for factors that regulate elongation by RNA polymerase II.
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Pascal LE, Masoodi KZ, Liu J, Qiu X, Song Q, Wang Y, Zang Y, Yang T, Wang Y, Rigatti LH, Chandran U, Colli LM, Vencio RZN, Lu Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. Conditional deletion of ELL2 induces murine prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:123-136. [PMID: 28870994 PMCID: PMC5679084 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 (ELL2) is an RNA Pol II elongation factor with functional properties similar to ELL that can interact with the prostate tumor suppressor EAF2. In the prostate, ELL2 is an androgen response gene that is upregulated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We recently showed that ELL2 loss could enhance prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration, and that ELL2 gene expression was downregulated in high Gleason score prostate cancer specimens. Here, prostate-specific deletion of ELL2 in a mouse model revealed a potential role for ELL2 as a prostate tumor suppressor in vivoEll2-knockout mice exhibited prostatic defects including increased epithelial proliferation, vascularity and PIN lesions similar to the previously determined prostate phenotype in Eaf2-knockout mice. Microarray analysis of prostates from Ell2-knockout and wild-type mice on a C57BL/6J background at age 3 months and qPCR validation at 17 months of age revealed a number of differentially expressed genes associated with proliferation, cellular motility and epithelial and neural differentiation. OncoPrint analysis identified combined downregulation or deletion in prostate adenocarcinoma cases from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data portal. These results suggest that ELL2 and its pathway genes likely play an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Transcriptomics LabDivision of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - June Liu
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of MedicineTsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Translational MedicineGuangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yachen Zang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of UrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Yang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of UrologyHenan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of UrologyChina-Japan Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal ResourcesUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Uma Chandran
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Ribeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Z N Vencio
- Department of Computing and Mathematics FFCLRP-USPUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, China and Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, China and Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen Y, Zhou C, Ji W, Mei Z, Hu B, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wang J, Liu X, Ouyang G, Zhou J, Xiao W. ELL targets c-Myc for proteasomal degradation and suppresses tumour growth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11057. [PMID: 27009366 PMCID: PMC4820845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukaemia) is a key regulator of transcriptional elongation, but the physiological function of Ell in mammals remains elusive. Here we show that ELL functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and targets c-Myc for proteasomal degradation. In addition, we identify that UbcH8 serves as a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in this pathway. Cysteine 595 of ELL is an active site of the enzyme; its mutation to alanine (C595A) renders the protein unable to promote the ubiquitination and degradation of c-Myc. ELL-mediated c-Myc degradation inhibits c-Myc-dependent transcriptional activity and cell proliferation, and also suppresses c-Myc-dependent xenograft tumour growth. In contrast, the ELL(C595A) mutant not only loses the ability to inhibit cell proliferation and xenograft tumour growth, but also promotes tumour metastasis. Thus, our work reveals a previously unrecognized function for ELL as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for c-Myc and a potential tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhichao Mei
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072 Wuhan, China
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Park KS, Bayles I, Szlachta-McGinn A, Paul J, Boiko J, Santos P, Liu J, Wang Z, Borghesi L, Milcarek C. Transcription elongation factor ELL2 drives Ig secretory-specific mRNA production and the unfolded protein response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4663-74. [PMID: 25238757 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of B cells into Ab-secreting cells induces changes in gene transcription, IgH RNA processing, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and cell architecture. The transcription elongation factor eleven nineteen lysine-rich leukemia gene (ELL2) stimulates the processing of the secreted form of the IgH mRNA from the H chain gene. Mice (mus musculus) with the ELL2 gene floxed in either exon 1 or exon 3 were constructed and crossed to CD19-driven cre/CD19(+). The B cell-specific ELL2 conditional knockouts (cKOs; ell2(loxp/loxp) CD19(cre/+)) exhibit curtailed humoral responses both in 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl-Ficoll and in 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunized animals; recall responses were also diminished. The number of immature and recirculating B cells in the bone marrow is increased in the cKOs, whereas plasma cells in spleen are reduced relative to control animals. There are fewer IgG1 Ab-producing cells in the bone marrow of cKOs. LPS ex vivo-stimulated B220(lo)CD138(+) cells from ELL2-deficient mouse spleens are 4-fold less abundant than from control splenic B cells; have a paucity of secreted IgH; and have distended, abnormal-appearing endoplasmic reticulum. IRE1α is efficiently phosphorylated, but the amounts of Ig κ, ATF6, BiP, Cyclin B2, OcaB (BOB1, Pou2af1), and XBP1 mRNAs, unspliced and spliced, are severely reduced in ELL2-deficient cells. ELL2 enhances the expression of BCMA (also known as Tnfrsf17), which is important for long-term survival. Transcription yields from the cyclin B2 and the canonical UPR promoter elements are upregulated by ELL2 cDNA. Thus, ELL2 is important for many aspects of Ab secretion, XBP1 expression, and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Ian Bayles
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | | | - Joshua Paul
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Julie Boiko
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Patricia Santos
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - June Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Shadyside Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Lisa Borghesi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Christine Milcarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
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ELL inhibits E2F1 transcriptional activity by enhancing E2F1 deacetylation via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:765-75. [PMID: 24344198 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00878-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia protein) was first identified as a translocation partner of MLL in acute myeloid leukemia; however, the exact mechanism of its action has remained elusive. In this study, we identified ELL as a direct downstream target gene of E2F1. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ELL interacted with E2F1 in vitro and in vivo, leading to inhibition of E2F1 transcriptional activity. In addition, ELL enhanced E2F1 deacetylation via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Notably, the MLL-ELL fusion protein lost the inhibitory role of ELL in E2F1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, DNA damage induced ELL in an E2F1-dependent manner and ELL protected cells against E2F1-dependent apoptosis. Our findings not only connect ELL to E2F1 function and uncover a novel role of ELL in response to DNA damage but also provide an insight into the mechanism for MLL-ELL-associated leukemogenesis.
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Cai L, Phong BL, Fisher AL, Wang Z. Regulation of fertility, survival, and cuticle collagen function by the Caenorhabditis elegans eaf-1 and ell-1 genes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35915-35921. [PMID: 21880729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.270454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
EAF2, an androgen-regulated protein, interacts with members of the ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia) transcription factor family and also acts as a tumor suppressor. Although these proteins control transcriptional elongation and perhaps modulate the effects of other transcription factors, the mechanisms of their actions remain largely unknown. To gain new insights into the biology of the EAF2 and ELL family proteins, we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to explore the in vivo roles of their worm orthologs. Through the use of transgenic worms, RNAi, and an eaf-1 mutant, we found that both genes are expressed in multiple cell types throughout the worm life cycle and that they play important roles in fertility, survival, and body size regulation. ELL-1 and EAF-1 likely contribute to these activities in part through modulating cuticle synthesis, given that we observed a disrupted cuticle structure in ell-1 RNAi-treated or eaf-1 mutant worms. Consistent with disruption of cuticle structure, loss of either ELL-1 or EAF-1 suppressed the rol phenotype of specific collagen mutants, possibly through the control of dpy-3, dpy-13, and sqt-3 collagen gene expression. Furthermore, we also noted the regulation of collagen expression by ELL overexpression in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Together, these results reveal important roles for the eaf-1 and ell-1 genes in the regulation of extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Cai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Binh L Phong
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Alfred L Fisher
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260.
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232.
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Liu L, Ai J, Xiao W, Liu J, Wang Y, Xin D, He Z, Guo Y, Wang Z. ELL is an HIF-1alpha partner that regulates and responds to hypoxia response in PC3 cells. Prostate 2010; 70:797-805. [PMID: 20166137 PMCID: PMC2857586 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and animal development. HIF-1 is a transcriptional factor that functions as a master regulator of O(2) homeostasis. Our previous studies showed that a binding partner of ELL, U19/Eaf2, can modulate HIF-1alpha activity and hypoxia response, suggesting that ELL may also influence HIF-1alpha pathway and hypoxia response. METHODS Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to test the interaction between ELL and HIF-1alpha. PC3 cells with stable ELL knockdown and PC3 cells with stable ELL overexpression, along with their controls, were established using lentiviral expression system. Western blot and real-time PCR were performed to test the effect of ELL on HIF-1alpha protein and its down-stream gene transcription. To elucidate potential effect of hypoxia on ELL, cell growth and colony formation assays were performed using PC3 subline with stable ELL overexpression. RESULTS ELL is associated with HIF-1alpha in transfected cells. In PC3 prostate cancer cells, ELL inhibited HIF-1alpha protein level and down-stream gene expression. As expected, ELL inhibited cell growth and colony formation under normoxia. Interestingly, the inhibition was alleviated under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ELL and HIF-1alpha are binding partners and can modulate the functions of each other in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - June Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dianqi Xin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisong He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinglu Guo
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Requests for reprints: Yinglu Guo, Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China. . Zhou Wang, University of Pittsburgh Medical College, Suite G40, 5200 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232. Phone: 412-623-3903; Fax: 412-623-3904;
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Requests for reprints: Yinglu Guo, Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China. . Zhou Wang, University of Pittsburgh Medical College, Suite G40, 5200 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232. Phone: 412-623-3903; Fax: 412-623-3904;
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Abstract
Components of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery mediate endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated membrane proteins. They are key regulators of biological processes important for cell growth and survival, such as growth-factor-mediated signalling and cytokinesis. In addition, enveloped viruses, such as HIV-1, hijack and utilize the ESCRTs for budding during virus release and infection. Obviously, the ESCRT-facilitated pathways require tight regulation, which is partly mediated by a group of interacting proteins, for which our knowledge is growing. In this review we discuss the different ESCRT-modulating proteins and how they influence ESCRT-dependent processes, for example, by acting as positive or negative regulators or by providing temporal and spatial control. A number of the interactors influence the classical ESCRT-mediated process of endosomal cargo sorting, for example, by modulating the interaction between ubiquitinated cargo and the ESCRTs. Certain accessory proteins have been implicated in regulating the activity or steady-state expression levels of the ESCRT components, whereas other interactors control the cellular localization of the ESCRTs, for example, by inducing shuttling between cytosol and nucleus or endosomes. In conclusion, the discovery of novel interactors has and will extend our knowledge of the biological roles of ESCRTs.
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Wan X, Ji W, Mei X, Zhou J, Liu JX, Fang C, Xiao W. Negative feedback regulation of Wnt4 signaling by EAF1 and EAF2/U19. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9118. [PMID: 20161747 PMCID: PMC2817739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that EAF (ELL-associated factor) family members, EAF1 and EAF2/U19, play a role in cancer and embryogenesis. For example, EAF2/U19 may serve as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. At the same time, EAF2/U19 is a downstream factor in the non-canonical Wnt 4 signaling pathway required for eye development in Xenopus laevis, and along with EAF1, contributes to convergence and extension movements in zebrafish embryos through Wnt maintenance. Here, we used zebrafish embryos and mammalian cells to show that both EAF1 and EAF2/U19 were up-regulated by Wnt4 (Wnt4a). Furthermore, we found that EAF1 and EAF2/U19 suppressed Wnt4 expression by directly binding to the Wnt4 promoter as seen in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These findings indicate that an auto-regulatory negative feedback loop occurs between Wnt4 and the EAF family, which is conserved between zebrafish and mammalian. The rescue experiments in zebrafish embryos showed that early embryonic development required the maintenance of the appropriate levels of Wnt4a through the feedback loop. Others have demonstrated that the tumor suppressors p63, p73 and WT1 positively regulate Wnt4 expression while p21 has the opposite effect, suggesting that maintenance of appropriate Wnt4 expression may also be critical for adult tissue homeostasis and prevention against tumor initiation. Thus, the auto-regulatory negative feedback loop that controls expression of Wnt4 and EAF proteins may play an important role in both embryonic development and tumor suppression. Our findings provide the first convincing line of evidence that EAF and Wnt4 form an auto-regulatory negative feedback loop in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Su F, Pascal LE, Xiao W, Wang Z. Tumor suppressor U19/EAF2 regulates thrombospondin-1 expression via p53. Oncogene 2010; 29:421-31. [PMID: 19826414 PMCID: PMC2809809 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of U19/EAF2 has been shown previously to lead to tumorigenesis in multiple organs; however, the mechanism of U19/EAF2 tumor suppression remains unclear. In this paper, we report that the expression of an anti-angiogenic protein, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is down-regulated in the prostate and liver of U19/EAF2 knockout mouse. The U19/EAF2 knockout liver displayed increased CD31-positive blood vessels, suggesting that the TSP-1 down-regulation can contribute to increased angiogenesis. TSP-1 is reported to be a p53-target gene and p53 is a known binding partner of ELL, which binds to U19/EAF2. Here, we show that U19/EAF2 can co-localize and co-immunoprecipitate with p53 in transfected cells. In a TSP-1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay, p53 transfection suppressed the TSP-1 promoter activity and U19/EAF2 co-transfection blocked the p53 suppression of TSP-1 promoter. However, U19/EAF2 transfection alone had little or no effect on the TSP-1 promoter. The above observations together suggest that U19/EAF2 regulates the expression of TSP-1 via blocking p53 repression of the TSP-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Laura E. Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Zhou J, Feng X, Ban B, Liu J, Wang Z, Xiao W. Elongation factor ELL (Eleven-Nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) acts as a transcription factor for direct thrombospondin-1 regulation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19142-52. [PMID: 19447890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) gene undergoes translocation and fuses in-frame to the multiple lineage leukemia gene in a substantial proportion of patients suffering from acute forms of leukemia. Studies show that ELL indirectly modulates transcription by serving as a regulator for transcriptional elongation as well as for p53, U19/Eaf2, and steroid receptor activities. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that ELL could also serve as a transcriptional factor to directly induce transcription of the thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) gene. Experiments using ELL deletion mutants established that full-length ELL is required for the TSP-1 up-regulation and that the transactivation domain likely resides in the carboxyl terminus. Moreover, the DNA binding domain may localize to the first 45 amino acids of ELL. Not surprisingly, multiple lineage leukemia-ELL, which lacks these amino acids, did not induce expression from the TSP-1 promoter. In addition, the ELL core-response element appears to localize in the -1426 to -1418 region of the TSP-1 promoter. Finally, studies using zebrafish confirmed that ELL regulates TSP-1 mRNA expression in vivo, and ELL could inhibit zebrafish vasculogenesis, at least in part, through up-regulating TSP-1. Given the importance of TSP-1 as an anti-angiogenic protein, our findings may have important ramifications for better understanding cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Liu JX, Hu B, Wang Y, Gui JF, Xiao W. Zebrafish eaf1 and eaf2/u19 mediate effective convergence and extension movements through the maintenance of wnt11 and wnt5 expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16679-16692. [PMID: 19380582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have attributed several functions to the Eaf family, including tumor suppression and eye development. Given the potential association between cancer and development, we set forth to explore Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 activity in vertebrate embryogenesis, using zebrafish. In situ hybridization revealed similar eaf1 and eaf2/u19 expression patterns. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of either eaf1 or eaf2/u19 expression produced similar morphological changes that could be reversed by ectopic expression of target or reciprocal-target mRNA. However, combination of Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 (Eafs)-morpholinos increased the severity of defects, suggesting that Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 only share some functional redundancy. The Eafs knockdown phenotype resembled that of embryos with defects in convergence and extension movements. Indeed, knockdown caused expression pattern changes for convergence and extension movement markers, whereas cell tracing experiments using kaeda mRNA showed a correlation between Eafs knockdown and cell migration defects. Cardiac and pancreatic differentiation markers revealed that Eafs knockdown also disrupted midline convergence of heart and pancreatic organ precursors. Noncanonical Wnt signaling plays a key role in both convergence and extension movements and midline convergence of organ precursors. We found that Eaf1 and Eaf2/U19 maintained expression levels of wnt11 and wnt5. Moreover, wnt11 or wnt5 mRNA partially rescued the convergence and extension movement defects occurring in eafs morphants. Wnt11 and Wnt5 converge on rhoA, so not surprisingly, rhoA mRNA more effectively rescued defects than either wnt11 or wnt5 mRNA alone. However, the ectopic expression of wnt11 and wnt5 did not affect eaf1 and eaf2/u19 expression. These data indicate that eaf1 and eaf2/u19 act upstream of noncanonical Wnt signaling to mediate convergence and extension movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xia Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Hu
- From the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- From the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Wuhan 430072, China.
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16
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Wong RLY, Wlodarczyk BJ, Min KS, Scott ML, Kartiko S, Yu W, Merriweather MY, Vogel P, Zambrowicz BP, Finnell RH. Mouse Fkbp8 activity is required to inhibit cell death and establish dorso-ventral patterning in the posterior neural tube. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:587-601. [PMID: 18003640 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lee Yean Wong
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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17
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Xiao W, Zhang Q, Habermacher G, Yang X, Zhang AY, Cai X, Hahn J, Liu J, Pins M, Doglio L, Dhir R, Gingrich J, Wang Z. U19/Eaf2 knockout causes lung adenocarcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Oncogene 2007; 27:1536-44. [PMID: 17873910 PMCID: PMC2800355 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Upregulated gene 19 (U19)/ELL-associated factor 2 (Eaf2) is a potential human tumor suppressor that exhibits frequent allelic loss and downregulation in high-grade prostate cancer. U19/Eaf2, along with its homolog Eaf1, has been reported to regulate transcriptional elongation via interaction with the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) family of proteins. To further explore the tumor-suppressive effects of U19/Eaf2, we constructed and characterized a murine U19/Eaf2-knockout model. Homozygous or heterozygous deletion of U19/Eaf2 resulted in high rates of lung adenocarcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. Within the mouse prostate, U19/Eaf2 deficiency enhanced cell proliferation and increased epithelial cell size. The knockout mice also exhibited cardiac cell hypertrophy. These data indicate a role for U19/Eaf2 in growth suppression and cell size control as well as argue for U19/Eaf2 as a novel tumor suppressor in multiple mouse tissues. The U19/Eaf2 knockout mouse also provides a unique animal model for three important cancers: lung adenocarcinoma, B-cell lymphoma and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Habermacher
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - X Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A-y Zhang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X Cai
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Hahn
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Pins
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Doglio
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Dhir
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Gingrich
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Ito T, Saso K, Arimitsu N, Sekimizu K. Defective FESTA/EAF2-mediated transcriptional activation in S-II-deficient embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:603-9. [PMID: 17892859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
S-II is a transcription stimulation factor that enhances RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II in vitro. To elucidate the function of S-II in transcriptional activation in mammalian cells, we generated an S-II-deficient murine embryonic stem (ES) cell line, DKO20, through targeted gene disruption. The DKO20 cells were viable, grew normally, and had a stable karyotype. The ability to evoke transcriptional activation of hsp70 and c-fos genes was not significantly altered in DKO20. In contrast, transcriptional activation mediated by FESTA/EAF2, a transcription factor that interacts with S-II, was decreased in DKO20 cells. The reduced transactivation potential of FESTA/EAF2 was rescued by introducing the wild-type S-II gene in DKO20. The amino-terminal region of S-II, a binding surface for FESTA/EAF2, was essential for the recovery. These results suggest that S-II is selectively required for positive transcriptional regulation of a subset of genes in murine ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ito
- Division of Developmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Jiang F, Ai J, Xiao W, Wang Z. FB1, an E2A fusion partner in childhood leukemia, interacts with U19/EAF2 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Cancer Lett 2007; 253:265-72. [PMID: 17395368 PMCID: PMC1989770 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND U19/EAF2 is a potential tumor suppressor exhibiting frequent down-regulation and allelic loss in advanced human prostate cancer specimens. U19/EAF2 has also been identified as ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) based on its binding to ELL, a fusion partner of MLL in acute myeloid leukemia. U19/EAF2 is a putative transcription factor with a transactivation domain and capability of sequence-specific DNA binding. METHODS Yeast-two-hybrid-screening was used to identify U19/EAF2-binding partners. Co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian 1-hybrid assay were used to characterize a U19/EAF2-binding partner. RESULTS FB1, an E2A fusion partner in childhood leukemia, was identified as a binding-partner of U19/EAF2. FB1 also binds to EAF1, the only homologue of U19/EAF2. FB1 also interacts and co-localizes with ELL in the nucleus. Interestingly, FB1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of U19/EAF2 but not EAF1. CONCLUSIONS FB1 is an important binding partner and a functional regulator of U19/EAF2, EAF1, and/or ELL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Department of Urology, Phone: (412)623-3903; Fax: (412)623-3904; E-mail:
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20
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Hahn J, Xiao W, Jiang F, Simone F, Thirman MJ, Wang Z. Apoptosis induction and growth suppression by U19/Eaf2 is mediated through its ELL-binding domain. Prostate 2007; 67:146-53. [PMID: 17044034 PMCID: PMC2801832 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND U19/Eaf2 is an androgen-response gene and its downregulation is frequently observed in advanced human prostate cancer. U19/Eaf2 interacts with ELL, a fusion partner of MLL in the (11;19) (q23;p13.1) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia. U19/Eaf2 overexpression induces apoptosis and suppresses xenograft tumor growth. METHODS Transfection and colony formation were used to assay for apoptosis and growth suppression of various U19/Eaf2 mutants. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to test the interaction between the U19/Eaf2 constructs and ELL. RESULTS The region of U19/Eaf2 essential for apoptosis and growth suppression was mapped to amino acids 68-113. This region was necessary and sufficient for binding ELL. Co-expression of U19/Eaf2 and ELL in 293 cells lead to significant increase in cell death and growth suppression. CONCLUSIONS These observations argue that the interaction with ELL is essential for the induction of apoptosis and growth suppression by U19/Eaf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Hahn
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Federico Simone
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J. Thirman
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232.
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21
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Ito T, Arimitsu N, Takeuchi M, Kawamura N, Nagata M, Saso K, Akimitsu N, Hamamoto H, Natori S, Miyajima A, Sekimizu K. Transcription elongation factor S-II is required for definitive hematopoiesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3194-203. [PMID: 16581793 PMCID: PMC1446961 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.8.3194-3203.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription elongation factor S-II/TFIIS promotes readthrough of transcriptional blocks by stimulating nascent RNA cleavage activity of RNA polymerase II in vitro. The biologic significance of S-II function in higher eukaryotes, however, remains unclear. To determine its role in mammalian development, we generated S-II-deficient mice through targeted gene disruption. Homozygous null mutants died at midgestation with marked pallor, suggesting severe anemia. S-II(-/-) embryos had a decreased number of definitive erythrocytes in the peripheral blood and disturbed erythroblast differentiation in fetal liver. There was a dramatic increase in apoptotic cells in S-II(-/-) fetal liver, which was consistent with a reduction in Bcl-x(L) gene expression. The presence of phenotypically defined hematopoietic stem cells and in vitro colony-forming hematopoietic progenitors in S-II(-/-) fetal liver indicates that S-II is dispensable for the generation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. S-II-deficient fetal liver cells, however, exhibited a loss of long-term repopulating potential when transplanted into lethally irradiated adult mice, indicating that S-II deficiency causes an intrinsic defect in the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Thus, S-II has critical and nonredundant roles in definitive hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ito
- Division of Developmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033
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22
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Ono R, Ihara M, Nakajima H, Ozaki K, Kataoka-Fujiwara Y, Taki T, Nagata KI, Inagaki M, Yoshida N, Kitamura T, Hayashi Y, Kinoshita M, Nosaka T. Disruption of Sept6, a fusion partner gene of MLL, does not affect ontogeny, leukemogenesis induced by MLL-SEPT6, or phenotype induced by the loss of Sept4. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 25:10965-78. [PMID: 16314519 PMCID: PMC1316963 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.24.10965-10978.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are evolutionarily conserved GTP-binding proteins that can heteropolymerize into filaments. Recent studies have revealed that septins are involved in not only diverse normal cellular processes but also the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. SEPT6 is ubiquitously expressed in tissues and one of the fusion partner genes of MLL in the 11q23 translocations implicated in acute leukemia. However, the roles of this septin in vivo remain elusive. We have developed Sept6-deficient mice that exhibited neither gross abnormalities, changes in cytokinesis, nor spontaneous malignancy. Sept6 deficiency did not cause any quantitative changes in any of the septins evaluated in this study, nor did it cause any additional changes in the Sept4-deficient mice. Even the depletion of Sept11, a close homolog of Sept6, did not affect the Sept6-null cells in vitro, thus implying a high degree of redundancy in the septin system. Furthermore, a loss of Sept6 did not alter the phenotype of myeloproliferative disease induced by MLL-SEPT6, thus suggesting that Sept6 does not function as a tumor suppressor. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that a disruption of the translocation partner gene of MLL in 11q23 translocation does not contribute to leukemogenesis by the MLL fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ono
- Division of Hematopoietic Factors, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
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Li M, Wu X, Zhuang F, Jiang S, Jiang M, Liu YH. Expression of murine ELL-associated factor 2 (Eaf2) is developmentally regulated. Dev Dyn 2004; 228:273-80. [PMID: 14517999 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eaf2, ELL-associated factor 2, encodes a protein that is homologous to the human EAF1, which was shown to interact with the transcriptional elongation factor MEN/ELL. During mouse embryogenesis, Eaf2 is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system and in sensory and neuroendocrine organs, including the brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal ganglia, developing otocyst, the retina, and the pituitary. Eaf2 transcripts were also found in sites where active epithelium-mesenchymal interactions are occurring. These included the invaginating tooth buds, mammary gland anlage, submandibular glands, the lung, the pancreas, and the kidney. Other sites of expression included bladder and intestine. In the developing lens, Eaf2 transcripts were absent in the proliferating anterior lens epithelial cells but were present in the terminally differentiated primary lens fiber cells and also in nonproliferating lens fiber cells in the equatorial zone where lens epithelial cells withdraw from cell cycle and terminally differentiate into secondary lens fiber cells. This spatially restricted pattern of Eaf2 expression in the developing lens suggests that Eaf2 may play an important role in regulating lens maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Division of Craniofacial Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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