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Trompette A, Pernot J, Perdijk O, Alqahtani RAA, Domingo JS, Camacho-Muñoz D, Wong NC, Kendall AC, Wiederkehr A, Nicod LP, Nicolaou A, von Garnier C, Ubags NDJ, Marsland BJ. Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:908-926. [PMID: 35672452 PMCID: PMC9385498 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Barrier integrity is central to the maintenance of healthy immunological homeostasis. Impaired skin barrier function is linked with enhanced allergen sensitization and the development of diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), which can precede the development of other allergic disorders, for example, food allergies and asthma. Epidemiological evidence indicates that children suffering from allergies have lower levels of dietary fibre-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Using an experimental model of AD-like skin inflammation, we report that a fermentable fibre-rich diet alleviates systemic allergen sensitization and disease severity. The gut-skin axis underpins this phenomenon through SCFA production, particularly butyrate, which strengthens skin barrier function by altering mitochondrial metabolism of epidermal keratinocytes and the production of key structural components. Our results demonstrate that dietary fibre and SCFA improve epidermal barrier integrity, ultimately limiting early allergen sensitization and disease development.The Graphical Abstract was designed using Servier Medical Art images ( https://smart.servier.com ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trompette
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Pernot
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Perdijk
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Rayed Ali A. Alqahtani
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, University of Manchester, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Jaime Santo Domingo
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Nestlé Institute of Health, EPFL innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, University of Manchester, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Nicholas C. Wong
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Alexandra C. Kendall
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, University of Manchester, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Andreas Wiederkehr
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Nestlé Institute of Health, EPFL innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent P. Nicod
- Pneumologie, Clinic Cecil from Hirslanden, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, University of Manchester, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niki D. J. Ubags
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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Van Rymenant E, Abrankó L, Tumova S, Grootaert C, Van Camp J, Williamson G, Kerimi A. Chronic exposure to short-chain fatty acids modulates transport and metabolism of microbiome-derived phenolics in human intestinal cells. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 39:156-168. [PMID: 27840292 PMCID: PMC5756543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and phenolics produced by the gut microbiome have multiple effects on health. We have tested the hypothesis that long-term exposure to physiological concentrations of SCFA can affect the transport and metabolism of (poly)phenols by the intestinal epithelium using the Caco-2 cell model. Metabolites and conjugates of hesperetin (HT) and ferulic acid (FA), gut-derived from dietary hesperidin and chlorogenic acid, respectively, were quantified by LC-MS with authentic standards following transport across differentiated cell monolayers. Changes in metabolite levels were correlated with effects on mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and transporters. Propionate and butyrate increased both FA transport and rate of appearance of FA glucuronide apically and basolaterally, linked to an induction of MCT1. Propionate was the only SCFA that augmented the rate of formation of basolateral FA sulfate conjugates, possibly via basolateral transporter up-regulation. In addition, propionate enhanced the formation of HT glucuronide conjugates and increased HT sulfate efflux toward the basolateral compartment. Acetate treatment amplified transepithelial transport of FA in the apical to basolateral direction, associated with lower levels of MCT1 protein expression. Metabolism and transport of both HT and FA were curtailed by the organic acid lactate owing to a reduction of UGT1A1 protein levels. Our data indicate a direct interaction between microbiota-derived metabolites of (poly)phenols and SCFA through modulation of transporters and conjugating enzymes and increase our understanding of how dietary fiber, via the microbiome, may affect and enhance uptake of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Van Rymenant
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - László Abrankó
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sarka Tumova
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Hermo G, Farina H, Alonso D, Gomez D. Effect of atorvastatin in a case of feline multicentric lymphoma - Case report. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:69-76. [PMID: 21354942 DOI: 10.1556/avet.59.2011.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A case of feline multicentric lymphoma is reported in an 8-year-old male cat weighing 4.7 kg. At the time of the clinical consultation the animal presented weight loss, anorexia and generalised lymphadenomegaly. After careful clinical observation and a detailed laboratory workup, the diagnosis of small cleaved cell lymphoma was established. It was classified as a stage III b multicentric lymphoma. Chemotherapy was initiated according to a classical COP protocol to which atorvastatin was added. After 34 months, the cat continues to enjoy an excellent quality of life with no clinical or haematological signs of lymphoma. This is the first report in clinical veterinary medicine about a new effective adjuvant therapy in feline multicentric lymphoma. Further studies are needed to confirm that the addition of atorvastatin can provide a regular, safe and improved treatment in feline lymphoma cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Hermo
- 1 Quilmes National University Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology R. Saenz Pena 352, Bernal B1876BXD 4365-7100 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Hernán Farina
- 1 Quilmes National University Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology R. Saenz Pena 352, Bernal B1876BXD 4365-7100 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Alonso
- 1 Quilmes National University Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology R. Saenz Pena 352, Bernal B1876BXD 4365-7100 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Gomez
- 1 Quilmes National University Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology R. Saenz Pena 352, Bernal B1876BXD 4365-7100 Buenos Aires Argentina
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Pagnotta E, Calonghi N, Boga C, Masotti L. N-methylformamide and 9-hydroxystearic acid: two anti-proliferative and differentiating agents with different modes of action in colon cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 17:521-6. [PMID: 16702808 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200606000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-methylformamide (NMF) is an anti-proliferative, differentiating agent studied in several cell lines as well as in preclinical and clinical trials, whose mechanisms of action are still unclear. 9-Hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) is an endogenous product of lipid peroxidation recently identified as a new histone deacetylase 1 inhibitor. Both agents show the same anti-proliferative effects by arresting colon cancer cell growth in G0/G1. We addressed two questions. (i) Do they act by regulating G0/G1 checkpoint proteins? (ii) Does 9-HSA have differentiating effects comparable to those of NMF? The effects of NMF and 9-HSA on growth, differentiation and invasiveness of HT29, a colon cancer cell line, have been compared by using immunoprecipitation analysis, confocal microscopy, enzyme assays and invasiveness tests. The results show that the G1 arrest caused by NMF is a cell cycle exit due to p27 induction, whereas 9-HSA has no effect on the induction of this inhibitor. Evidence is presented that the arrest in early G0/G1 induced by 9-HSA is associated with the conversion of HT29 characteristics to those of a more benign phenotype, whereas the arrest in the late G1 in response to NMF is not followed by a decrease in tumorigenicity. The failure of NMF in cancer therapy indicates that both anti-proliferative and differentiating characteristics are required for an anti-tumoral agent to be effective.
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Daniel C, Schroder O, Zahn N, Gaschott T, Steinhilber D, Stein JM. The TGFβ/Smad 3-signaling pathway is involved in butyrate-mediated vitamin D receptor (VDR)-expression. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:1420-31. [PMID: 17471513 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated the pivotal role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mediating the butyrate-induced differentiation in colon cancer cells. Smad 3, a downstream component of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling, has been shown to act as a coactivator of VDR and to possibly regulate the vitamin D signaling pathway. In this study, we demonstrate a distinct impact of the TGFbeta/Smad 3-signaling pathway in the butyrate-mediated VDR expression and induction of differentiation. Butyrate treatment resulted in a significant induction of the phosphorylation level of Smad 3, while the combination of butyrate and a specific TGFbeta1-antibody or a TGFbeta-receptor inhibitor considerably diminished the butyrate-induced upregulation of VDR expression. Using a specific inhibitor, we were also able to demonstrate an involvement of the p38 MAPK in the increase of Smad 3 phosphorylation following butyrate treatment, thus opening the view to further elucidate possible mechanisms mediating the upregulation of VDR expression following butyrate treatment in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Daniel
- First Department of Internal Medicine, ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Schwab M, Reynders V, Ulrich S, Zahn N, Stein J, Schröder O. PPARgamma is a key target of butyrate-induced caspase-3 activation in the colorectal cancer cell line Caco-2. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1801-11. [PMID: 16927016 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-9788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, belongs to a promising new class of antineoplastic agents with the capacity to induce apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of action have yet not been elucidated. AIM To further investigate the molecular events involved in butyrate-induced caspase-3 activation in Caco-2 wild-type, empty-vector and dominant-negative PPARgamma mutant cells along the signalling pathway. In this context, the involvement and up-regulation of PPARgamma was examined. RESULTS Stimulation of cells with butyrate resulted in increased expression of PPARgamma mRNA, protein, and activity as well as phospho-p38 MAPK protein expression and caspase-3 activity. Arsenite, a direct stimulator of p38 MAPK, also led to an increased PPARgamma expression, thereby mimicking the effects of butyrate. In contrast, butyrate-mediated up-regulation of PPARgamma was counteracted by co-incubation with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Treatment of cells with butyrate resulted in both increased caspase-8 and -9 activity and reduced expression of XIAP and survivin. However, butyrate-mediated effects on these apoptosis-regulatory proteins leading to caspase-3 activation were almost completely abolished in Caco-2 dominant-negative PPARgamma mutant cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly unveil PPARgamma as a key target in the butyrate-induced signalling cascade leading to apoptosis via caspase-3 in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwab
- First Department of Medicine-ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ulrich S, Wächtershäuser A, Loitsch S, von Knethen A, Brüne B, Stein J. Activation of PPARγ is not involved in butyrate-induced epithelial cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2005; 310:196-204. [PMID: 16112107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase-inhibitors affect growth and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells by inducing expression of several transcription factors, e.g. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) or vitamin D receptor (VDR). While activation of VDR by butyrate mainly seems to be responsible for cellular differentiation, the activation of PPARgamma in intestinal cells remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PPARgamma in butyrate-induced cell growth inhibition and differentiation induction in Caco-2 cells. Treatment with PPARgamma ligands ciglitazone and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl) enhanced butyrate-induced cell growth inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas cell differentiation was unaffected after treatment with PPARgamma ligands rosiglitazone and MCC-555. Experiments were further performed in dominant-negative PPARgamma mutant cells leading to an increase in cell growth whereas butyrate-induced cell differentiation was again unaffected. The present study clearly demonstrated that PPARgamma is involved in butyrate-induced inhibition of cell growth, but seems not to play an essential role in butyrate-induced cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- 1st Department of Medicine-ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Daniel C, Schröder O, Zahn N, Gaschott T, Stein J. p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in butyrate-induced vitamin D receptor expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1220-6. [PMID: 15504345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that the butyrate-induced differentiation in the human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 occurs via upregulation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). However, the downstream pathways involved are unknown. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been shown to play an important role in regulation of cell differentiation, and may therefore be a potential target of butyrate action. To assess their role in butyrate-mediated cell differentiation and VDR expression, we used the specific p38-MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and the ERK1/2 MAPK-inhibitor PD98059. The p38-MAPK inhibitor abolished the butyrate effect on VDR expression and cell differentiation, while the ERK1/2 inhibitor did not influence the butyrate-mediated induction of cell differentiation and VDR expression. The essential role of the p38 pathway in up-regulation of VDR expression was further confirmed by using the p38 stimulator arsenite. These results imply an important role of the p38-MAPK in regulation of cellular differentiation through upregulation of VDR expression by butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Daniel
- 2nd Department of Medicine, ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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9
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Buechler C, Bodzioch M, Bared SM, Sigruener A, Boettcher A, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Aslanidis C, Duong CQ, Grandl M, Langmann T, Dembinska-Kiec A, Schmitz G. Expression pattern and raft association of NIPSNAP3 and NIPSNAP4, highly homologous proteins encoded by genes in close proximity to the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Genomics 2004; 83:1116-24. [PMID: 15177564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The highly homologous genes NIPSNAP3 and NIPSNAP4, with 87% amino acid identity, are members of the NIPSNAP family with putative roles in vesicular trafficking. NIPSNAP3 mRNA and NIPSNAP4 mRNA and protein were detected in multiple tissues and cells at varying degrees. Interestingly, NIPSNAP3 is most highly expressed in skeletal muscle, where NIPSNAP4 has a low mRNA abundance. NIPSNAP4 was found associated with membranes and partly localized in rafts. The ubiquitous expression of the highly conserved NIPSNAPs and their association with membranes further support an important cellular function of these proteins probably linked to vesicular trafficking. The NIPSNAP3 and NIPSNAP4 genes are located in close proximity to the 3' end of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), whose mutations cause familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency syndromes. The adjacent genomic location and the finding that ABCA1 is a regulator of vesicular trafficking may indicate a functional relation of these proteins, even though NIPSNAP4 does not interact directly with ABCA1 nor is its expression altered in cells with mutated ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buechler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Gaschott T, Stein J. Short-chain fatty acids and colon cancer cells: the vitamin D receptor--butyrate connection. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 164:247-57. [PMID: 12899527 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate and its prodrug tributyrin, as well as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), have important physiological effects on proliferation and differentiation in a variety of malignant cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in butyrate-induced cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest in Caco-2 cells, a human colon cancer cell line. Cell differentiation was evaluated by analyzing the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP). Protein of VDR, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) and of cdk inhibitors was quantified by Western blot analysis, VDR-mRNA by PCR. Pre- and postconfluent cells were assessed for VDR binding activity. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tributyrin significantly increased VDR-mRNA level (250% vs. control) and VDR binding activity. Butyrate also enhanced VDR protein content in the nucleus in a time- and dose-dependent manner and more potently than other short-chain fatty acids of a related structure. Both butyrate (640% vs. control) and 1,25-(OH)2D3 (350% vs. control) significantly stimulated differentiation, whereas combined treatment with butyrate and 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in a synergistic amplification of AP activity (1400% vs. control). In the presence of the VDR antagonist ZK 191732, butyrate-induced differentiation was completely abolished (150% vs. control). While butyrate alone increased p21Waf1/Cip1 expression and down-regulated cdk 6 and cyclin A, and combined exposure with 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in a synergistic enhancement of butyrate-induced changes, expressions did not change from control level after treatment with butyrate and ZK 191732. G1 cell cycle arrest induced by butyrate was also abolished after combined treatment with butyrate and ZK 191732. In conclusion, differentiation and cell cycle arrest of Caco-2 cells induced by butyrate are mediated by up-regulation of VDR, followed by a stimulation of the negative cell cycle regulator p21Waf1/Cip1 and by a down-regulation of cdk 6 and cyclin A, both involved in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gaschott
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Bu LM, Ji X, Han Y, Chen G, Wang ZH, Sun SH. Effect of sodium butyrate combined with chuanhuning on HCT-8 cell line proliferation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1193-1196. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i8.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of sodium butyrate in combination with chuanhuning on HCT-8 cell line proliferation.
METHODS Inhibition of HCT-8 cell line by sodium butyric acid in combination with chuanhuning was detected by MTT assay and growth curve, and apoptosis was determined by morphological assay and flow cytometry (FCM). Apoptotic cells were observed electro- microscopically.
RESULTS Sodium butyric acid showed inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HCT-8 cell line in dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The inhibitory rates were 15.7%, 20.3%, and 33.3% (P<0.01) in different groups. Differentiation and apoptosis were observed under electronic microscope. Sub-G1 peak was detected by FCM. Cell cycle was blocked in S phase. The apoptotic rate of combined group 1 were 23.5%, 48.6% at 24 h, and 48 h, and the apoptotic rate of combined group 2 were 30.8%, 54.2% at 24 h, and 48 h (P<0.01).
CONCLUSION Sodium butyric acid can induce apoptosis and differentiation of HCT-8 cells of human colorectal carcinoma, and inhibit proliferation of HCT-8 cells. Apoptotic rate was significantly increased when sodium butyric acid was combined with Chuanhuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing Command, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing Command, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing Command, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Beijing Military Medical College, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing Command, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shu-Hong Sun
- Chengde Medical College, Chengde 06700, Hebei Province, China
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Zgouras D, Wächtershäuser A, Frings D, Stein J. Butyrate impairs intestinal tumor cell-induced angiogenesis by inhibiting HIF-1alpha nuclear translocation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:832-8. [PMID: 12559948 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is known to stimulate proliferation of normal crypt cells, whereas it inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells. We examined the effects of butyrate on colon cancer (Caco-2) cell-induced angiogenesis. HUVEC proliferation was significantly inhibited when incubated with medium conditioned by butyrate-treated Caco-2 cells. Simultaneously, levels of the proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were reduced. HIF-1alpha protein, a transcription factor known to be a key regulator in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, was upregulated by butyrate. This is in contrast to its importance as a VEGF regulating component. However Western blot of nuclear extracts revealed a downregulation of HIF-1alpha protein. HIF-1alpha DNA-binding activity was also decreased by butyrate. Our findings indicate that HIF-1alpha nuclear sequestration is repressed by butyrate, through inhibition of nuclear translocation. We postulate that diminished HIF-1alpha nuclear presence and activity in butyrate-treated Caco-2 cells could be responsible for decreased VEGF expression and antiangiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Zgouras
- Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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13
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Wolter F, Stein J. Resveratrol enhances the differentiation induced by butyrate in caco-2 colon cancer cells. J Nutr 2002; 132:2082-6. [PMID: 12097697 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.7.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced in the colon by microbial fermentation of fiber, inhibits growth of colonic carcinoma cells while inducing differentiation. Resveratrol, a plant polyphenol found in red wine and peanuts, has been shown to exert chemopreventive properties on colon cancer cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether resveratrol modulates the effects of butyrate on Caco-2, a colonic adenocarcinoma cell line. The growth inhibitory effect of resveratrol (50 micromol/L) was more powerful than that of butyrate (2 mmol/L). Butyrate did not intensify the inhibition of proliferation exerted by resveratrol. Although the polyphenol enhanced the differentiation-inducing effect of butyrate, it did not elevate alkaline phosphatase activity or E-cadherin protein expression, markers of epithelial differentiation, when applied alone. Butyrate-induced transforming growth factor-beta1 secretion was inhibited by resveratrol. Treatment with the combination of resveratrol and butyrate attenuated levels of p27(Kip1), whereas resveratrol enhanced butyrate's effect on the induction of p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. These data demonstrate a possible combined chemopreventive effect of two substances naturally occurring in the colonic lumen after ingestion of fibers and resveratrol-containing food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Wolter
- 2nd Department of Medicine, J. W. Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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14
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Gaschott T, Steinmeyer A, Steinhilber D, Stein J. ZK 156718, a low calcemic, antiproliferative, and prodifferentiating vitamin D analog. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:504-9. [PMID: 11779200 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The physiologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), plays an important role not only in the establishment and maintenance of calcium metabolism, but also in regulating cell growth and differentiation. Because the clinical usefulness of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is limited by its tendency to cause hypercalcemia, new analogs with a better therapeutic profile have been synthesized, including ZK 156718. We compared the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and ZK 156718 on growth, differentiation, and on p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1) expression in human colon cancer cells (Caco-2). Whereas ZK 156718 at the concentration [10(-8) M] was as potent as 10(-6) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in inducing differentiation and p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression, it was even more effective in inhibiting cell growth and stimulating p27(Kip1) expression than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) itself. In summary, our study presents a new and potent vitamin D analog with a decreased metabolic stability, making it useful for the treatment of a diversity of clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gaschott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Faust D, Hormann S, Friedrich-Sander M, Milovic V, Stein J. Butyrate and the cytokine-induced alpha1-proteinase inhibitor release in intestinal epithelial cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:1060-3. [PMID: 11903492 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI), an anti-inflammatory protein thought to play a role in the intestinal inflammation, is synthesised by and released from the intestinal epithelial cells. IL-1beta is a key proinflammatory cytokine in the abnormal immune response that occurs in inflammatory bowel disease. Butyrate is a normal luminal constituent in the colon, known to be of benefit in preventing inflammatory bowel disease. Direct modes of action of butyrate in intestinal inflammation have been poorly studied so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of butyrate on cytokine-mediated alpha1-PI release in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS Differentiated Caco-2 cells were incubated with IL-1beta in the presence or absence of 2 mM butyrate. Alpha1-PI expression in the cells was evaluated by Western blot analysis and alpha1-PI release by ELISA. RESULTS Treatment with butyrate alone had no effect on alpha1-PI expression in differentiated Caco-2 cells. However, treatment of the cells with 2 mM butyrate significantly reduced the alpha1-PI level in IL-1beta-treated cells. In the cell culture medium, the presence of butyrate impaired the IL-1beta-induced alpha1-PI release to 17-35%. The treatment induced no change in the number of detached cells or the percentage of viable cells. CONCLUSION Our data show that butyrate inhibits alpha1-PI release from Caco-2 colonocytes treated with IL-1beta. It is therefore likely that anti-inflammatory actions of butyrate occur via a mechanism that does not involve direct regulation of cytokine-induced anti-inflammatory protein expression in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Faust
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Gaschott T, Werz O, Steinmeyer A, Steinhilber D, Stein J. Butyrate-induced differentiation of Caco-2 cells is mediated by vitamin D receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:690-6. [PMID: 11676498 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate in combination with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] produces a synergistic effect on cell differentiation of human colon cancer cells (Caco-2). The objective of this study was to confirm the role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in butyrate-induced cell differentiation of Caco-2. We studied the effects of the novel VDR antagonist ZK 191732 on butyrate-induced cell differentiation and on p21Waf1/Cip1 expression. Butyrate induced cell differentiation which was further enhanced after addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3. Experiments using ZK 191732 indicate that the synergistic effect of butyrate and 1,25-(OH)2D3 was due to butyrate-induced upregulation of VDR. While butyrate alone increased expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and combined exposure of butyrate and 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in a synergistic amplification, p21Waf1/Cip1 expression did not change from the control level after treatment with butyrate plus ZK 191732. These data further imply that butyrate-induced differentiation and p21Waf1/Cip1 expression of Caco-2 cells occur via upregulation of VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gaschott
- Second Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Wächtershäuser A, Akoglu B, Stein J. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mevastatin enhances the growth inhibitory effect of butyrate in the colorectal carcinoma cell line Caco-2. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:1061-7. [PMID: 11408350 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.7.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, reduces proliferation and induces differentiation of human colon cancer cells. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of mevastatin, alone or in combination with butyrate, on proliferation, the cell cycle and apoptosis in the human colorectal carcinoma cell line Caco-2. In this report we show that mevastatin combined with butyrate synergistically suppressed growth of Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, incubation with mevastatin arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle after 24 h with a switch to the G2/M phase after 72 h. This was accompanied by a down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) 4 and cdk 6 as well as cyclin D1, while cdk 2 and cyclin E protein levels remained unchanged during mevastatin treatment. Cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 were significantly upregulated by mevastatin. The proapoptotic properties of mevastatin were further enhanced by co-incubation with butyrate. Lastly, the effects of mevastatin could be reversed by addition of mevalonate, but not farnesyl- or geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, intermediate products of cholesterol synthesis, to the medium. These results suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors like mevastatin may enhance the antiproliferative effect of butyrate in colon cancer cells via induction of apoptosis together with a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wächtershäuser
- Second Department of Medicine, J.W.Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Gaschott T, Wächtershäuser A, Steinhilber D, Stein J. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol enhances butyrate-induced p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:80-5. [PMID: 11322770 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced in the colon, as well as its prodrug tributyrin, reduce proliferation and increase differentiation of colon cancer cells. p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1) are negative regulators of cell cycle and are thought to have a key function in the differentiation of various cell lines. We studied the effects of butyrate on differentiation, VDR expression, as well as on p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1) expression in human colon cancer cells (Caco-2). Butyrate induced cell differentiation, which was further enhanced after addition of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Synergistic effect of butyrate and dihydroxycholecalciferol in Caco-2 cells was due to butyrate-induced overexpression of VDR. While butyrate as well as dihydroxycholecalciferol increased p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1) expression, in contrast combined exposure of butyrate and dihydroxycholecalciferol resulted in a synergistic amplification of p21(Waf1/Cip1), but not of p27(Kip1) expression. These data imply that butyrate selectively increases p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression via upregulation of VDR in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gaschott
- Second Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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