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Wu L, Kim Y, Seon GM, Choi SH, Park HC, Son G, Kim SM, Lim BS, Yang HC. Effects of RGD-grafted phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes on the polarization of macrophages and bone tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121239. [PMID: 34753037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes (PSLs) can mimic the anti-inflammatory effects of apoptotic cells by binding to the phosphatidylserine receptors of macrophages. MGF-E8, a bridge molecule between phosphatidylserine and macrophages, can promote M2 polarization by activating macrophage integrin with its arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif. In this study, to mimic MGF-E8, PSLs presenting RGD peptide (RGD-PSLs) were prepared, and their immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and the bone tissue regeneration of rat calvarial defects were investigated. RGD peptides enhanced the phagocytosis of PSLs by macrophages, especially when the PSLs contained 3% RGD. RGD-PSLs were also more effective than PSLs for the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) as well as CD86 (M1 marker) expression. Furthermore, RGD promoted PSL-induced M2 polarization: 3%-RGD-PSLs significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of Arg-1, FIZZ1, and YM-1, as well as CD206 (M2 marker) expression. In a calvarial defect model, a significant increase in M2 with a decrease in M1 macrophages was observed with 3%-RGD-PSL treatment compared with the effects of PSLs alone. Finally, new bone formation was also accelerated by 3%-RGD-PSLs. Thus, these results suggest that the intensive immunomodulatory effect of RGD-PSLs led to the enhancement of bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wu
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yongjoon Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Gyeung Mi Seon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Choi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Gitae Son
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Bum-Soon Lim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Cheol Yang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Cheng CY, Barro L, Tsai ST, Feng TW, Wu XY, Chao CW, Yu RS, Chin TY, Hsieh MF. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Loaded Liposomes Favor Anti-Inflammation of Microglia Cells and Promote Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063037. [PMID: 33809762 PMCID: PMC8002297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is recognized to mainly contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), known as a natural antioxidant in green tea, can inhibit microglia-mediated inflammation and protect neurons but has disadvantages such as high instability and low bioavailability. We developed an EGCG liposomal formulation to improve its bioavailability and evaluated the neuroprotective activity in in vitro and in vivo neuroinflammation models. EGCG-loaded liposomes have been prepared from phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS) coated with or without vitamin E (VE) by hydration and membrane extrusion method. The anti-inflammatory effect has been evaluated against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells activation and the inflammation in the substantia nigra of Sprague Dawley rats. In the cellular inflammation model, murine BV-2 microglial cells changed their morphology from normal spheroid to activated spindle shape after 24 h of induction of LPS. In the in vitro free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, EGCG scavenged 80% of DPPH within 3 min. EGCG-loaded liposomes could be phagocytized by BV-2 cells after 1 h of cell culture from cell uptake experiments. EGCG-loaded liposomes improved the production of BV-2 microglia-derived nitric oxide and TNF-α following LPS. In the in vivo Parkinsonian syndrome rat model, simultaneous intra-nigral injection of EGCG-loaded liposomes attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored motor impairment. We demonstrated that EGCG-loaded liposomes exert a neuroprotective effect by modulating microglia activation. EGCG extracted from green tea and loaded liposomes could be a valuable candidate for disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Cheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, Changhua County 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Lassina Barro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Shang-Ting Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
- Center for Minimally-Invasive Medical Devices and Technologies, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Wei Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
- Center for Minimally-Invasive Medical Devices and Technologies, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Che-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan;
| | - Ruei-Siang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.C.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Ming Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (L.B.); (S.-T.T.); (T.-W.F.); (X.-Y.W.); (R.-S.Y.)
- Center for Minimally-Invasive Medical Devices and Technologies, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.C.); (M.F.H.)
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Klein ME, Mauch S, Rieckmann M, Martínez DG, Hause G, Noutsias M, Hofmann U, Lucas H, Meister A, Ramos G, Loppnow H, Mäder K. Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) nanodispersions as potential anti-inflammatory therapeutics: Comparison of in vitro activity and impact of pegylation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 23:102096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Maciel E, Neves BM, Martins J, Colombo S, Cruz MT, Domingues P, Domingues MRM. Oxidized phosphatidylserine mitigates LPS-triggered macrophage inflammatory status through modulation of JNK and NF-kB signaling cascades. Cell Signal 2019; 61:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Van Kaer L, Hong S, Hong S. Graphene oxide polarizes iNKT cells for production of TGFβ and attenuates inflammation in an iNKT cell-mediated sepsis model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10081. [PMID: 29973666 PMCID: PMC6031608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) modulates the functions of antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells (DCs). Although carbon nanotubes affect expression of the MHC class I-like CD1d molecule, whether GO can influence immune responses of CD1d-dependent invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of GO on inflammatory responses mediated by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), an iNKT cell agonist. We found that in vivo GO treatment substantially inhibited the capacity of α-GalCer to induce the iNKT cell-mediated trans-activation of and cytokine production by innate and innate-like cells, including DCs, macrophages, NK cells, and γδ T cells. Such effects of GO on α-GalCer-induced inflammatory responses closely correlated with iNKT cell polarization towards TGFβ production, which also explains the capacity of GO to expand regulatory T cells. Interestingly, the absence of TLR4, a receptor for GO, failed to downregulate, and instead partially enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of GO against α-GalCer-elicited responses, implying negative effects of TLR4 signaling on the anti-inflammatory properties of GO. By employing an α-GalCer-induced sepsis model, we further demonstrated that GO treatment significantly protected mice from α-GalCer-induced lethality. Taken together, we provide strong evidence that GO holds promise as an adjuvant to modulate iNKT cell responses for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
- Graphene Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Suklyun Hong
- Graphene Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
- Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
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Quan H, Park HC, Kim Y, Yang HC. Modulation of the anti-inflammatory effects of phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes by PEGylation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1479-1486. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Quan
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Korea
| | - Yongjoon Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Korea
| | - Hyeong-Cheol Yang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Korea
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Takayama F, Wu Z, Ma HM, Okada R, Hayashi Y, Nakanishi H. Possible involvement of aiPLA2 in the phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes induced production of PGE2 and PGD2 in microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 262:121-4. [PMID: 23850486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes containing phosphatidylserine (PSL) produce PGE2 after being phagocytosed by microglia, but the precise underlying mechanism behind it still remains unclear. Here, we showed that liposomes consisting of phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylcholine, a lipolysis product of phosphatidylcholine by PLA2, were phagocytosed by microglia, but failed to induce secretion of PGE2. Furthermore, PSL-induced PGE2 secretion was significantly inhibited by MJ33, an aiPLA2 inhibitor, but not by AACOCF3, a cPLA2 inhibitor. PSL also produced PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2 in microglia. We thus hypothesize that free arachidonic acid is supplied through aiPLA2-mediated lipolysis of phagocytosed phosphatidylcholine, leading to the production of PGH2 and its downstream metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Takayama
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Tada R, Koide Y, Yamamuro M, Hidaka A, Nagao K, Negishi Y, Aramaki Y. Maleylated-BSA induces TNF-α production through the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2013.34023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Takasugi Y, Kurai F, Kazume I, Otsuka M, Negishi Y, Tada R, Aramaki Y. Down Regulation of MyD88 in Macrophages Treated with Liposomes Composed of Phosphatidylserine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.42035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Yang HS, Oh HH, Choi HY, Park JH, Kim KH, Oh JH, Jung HK. Immunological Activity of Bovine Colostral Whey Protein Containing TGF-β from Imsil Province. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2012. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2012.32.3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Bastos GNT, Silveira AJA, Salgado CG, Picanço-Diniz DLW, do Nascimento JLM. Physalis angulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rats by inhibiting different pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:246-251. [PMID: 18513903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Physalis angulata is a popular medicine used in Brazil due to its anti-inflammatory effects, but the pharmacological mechanisms underlying these actions remain to be better understood. In the present work, lyophilized aqueous extract from the roots of Physalis angulata Linneu (AEPa) was used to control the inflammatory response induced by the injection of 1% carrageenan into subcutaneous rat's air pouches. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, nitrite level, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) level were used to evaluate the action of inflammatory mediators. Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) level was used as a bioindicator of immunomodulatory response. Rats were injected with vehicle, indomethacin, or AEPa (0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg i.p.), 1h before carrageenan administration. AEPa at 0.5 mg/kg had no effect. However, 1mg/kg of AEPa showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing exudate volume, total number of inflammatory cells, ADA activity, nitrite level, and PGE(2) level in 50%, 41%, 20%, 60%, and 41%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of 5 mg/kg AEPa appeared to be more effective than those of 1 mg/kg AEPa (84%, 80%, 43%, 70%, and 75%, respectively). In addition, TGF-beta level was upregulated to 9700 pg/ml after 5mg/kg AEPa, in comparison with 160 pg/ml in the vehicle-treated group, and 137 pg/ml in the indomethacin-treated group. The results indicate that AEPa exerts powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, interfering with the cyclooxygenase pathway, lymphocyte proliferation, NO, and TGF-beta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N T Bastos
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900 Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are known to play a crucial role in pancreatic fibrogenesis in chronic pancreatitis and in the desmoplastic reaction of pancreatic cancer. When PSC are stimulated by oxidative stress, the phenotype of quiescent fat-storing cells converts to myofibroblast-like activated PSC that then produce extracellular matrix (ECM), adhesion molecules, and various chemokines in response to inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent stimulator of PSC proliferation, and transforming growth factor-beta, PDGF, and basic fibroblast growth factor stimulate ECM synthesis by PSC. As induction of acinar cell apoptosis and necrosis is a major mechanism in the pathogenesis of mild to severe acute pancreatitis, the rapid removal of apoptotic acinar cells may be helpful in preventing the release of toxic intracellular materials, preventing further progression of the inflammation, and restoring normal tissue homeostasis. Although PSC are not professional phagocytes, we have demonstrated that PSC engulf apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and necrotic acinar cells. Apoptotic PMN are ingested into the cytoplasm of the PSC, and troglitazone induces a dose-dependent increase in both phagocytic activity and expression of CD36, which is a representative scavenger receptor for phagocytic function. Engulfment of necrotic acinar cells by PSC induced PSC death and inhibited PSC activation in an in vitro study, suggesting that engulfment of necrotic acinar cells by PSC may inhibit the progression of fibrogenesis. These findings suggest that engulfment of damaged cells by PSC may be one of the mechanisms that prevent the progression of pancreatitis and restore tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Shimizu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Otsuka M, Negishi Y, Aramaki Y. Involvement of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and ERK pathways in the production of TGF-beta1 by macrophages treated with liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:325-30. [PMID: 17222412 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We explored the involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and ERK pathways in the production of TGF-beta1 by macrophages treated with liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS-liposomes). PS-liposomes activated Akt, downstream of the PI3K signal cascade, and ERK which led to the expression of TGF-beta1. PI3K inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, inhibited the activation of Akt and ERK following the treatment with PS-liposomes. These inhibitors also suppressed the production of TGF-beta1. Furthermore, PS-liposomes activated macrophages to induce TGF-beta1 expression through PS-specific receptors. These findings suggested that a PI3K-ERK signaling pathway via the PS-receptor is intimately involved in the production of TGF-beta1 which regulates macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Otsuka
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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14
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Stowell SR, Karmakar S, Stowell CJ, Dias-Baruffi M, McEver RP, Cummings RD. Human galectin-1, -2, and -4 induce surface exposure of phosphatidylserine in activated human neutrophils but not in activated T cells. Blood 2006; 109:219-27. [PMID: 16940423 PMCID: PMC1785076 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular turnover is associated with exposure of surface phosphatidylserine (PS) in apoptotic cells, leading to their phagocytic recognition and removal. But recent studies indicate that surface PS exposure is not always associated with apoptosis. Here we show that several members of the human galectin family of glycan binding proteins (galectins-1, -2, and -4) induce PS exposure in a carbohydrate-dependent fashion in activated, but not resting, human neutrophils and in several leukocyte cell lines. PS exposure is not associated with apoptosis in activated neutrophils. The exposure of PS in cell lines treated with these galectins is sustained and does not affect cell viability. Unexpectedly, these galectins bind well to activated T lymphocytes, but do not induce either PS exposure or apoptosis, indicating that galectin's effects are cell specific. These results suggest novel immunoregulatory contribution of galectins in regulating leukocyte turnover independently of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Sougata Karmakar
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Caleb J. Stowell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Rodger P. McEver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; and
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; and
- Correspondence: Richard D. Cummings,
William Patterson Timmie Professor and Chair, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd # 4001, Atlanta, GA 30322; e-mail:
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Otsuka M, Tsuchiya S, Aramaki Y. Comparison of Inhibitory Effects of Polyanions on Nitric Oxide Production by Macrophages Stimulated with LPS. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:499-502. [PMID: 16508153 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the inhibitory mechanism of the production of nitric oxide (NO) by polyanions and liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS-liposomes) focusing on cytokine production and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) activation. NO production by macrophages was inhibited by treatment with oxidized lipoprotein (OxLDL), maleylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA), and heparin. No inhibitory effect was exhibited by poly-cytidilic acid (PolyC). To clarify the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of polyanions on NO production, we evaluated the productions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin (IL)-10 which are known to be anti-inflammatory cytokines. TGF-beta was produced when macrophages were treated with OxLDL as was the case with PS-liposomes. No increase in TGF-beta production was observed for mBSA, heparin, and PolyC. On the other hand, significant production of IL-10 was observed using mBSA. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member of the MAP kinase superfamily, was activated when macrophages were treated with OxLDL as well as PS-liposomes. In the case of mBSA, the activation of ERK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was observed. No activation of p38 MAP kinase was observed using any of the polyanions. Although heparin had an inhibitory effect on NO production by macrophages, no activation of MAP kinase or production of TGF-beta and IL-10 was observed. The inhibitory effect of these ligands on NO production may be regulated via different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Otsuka
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan
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Zhang J, Fujii S, Wu Z, Hashioka S, Tanaka Y, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y, Nakanishi H. Involvement of COX-1 and up-regulated prostaglandin E synthases in phosphatidylserine liposome-induced prostaglandin E2 production by microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 172:112-20. [PMID: 16371234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
After engulfment of apoptotic cells through phosphatidylserine (PS)-mediated recognition, microglia secrete prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent anti-inflammatory molecule in the central nervous system. Despite the clinical significance, the mechanism underlying PGE2 production by phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is poorly understood. In the present study, we used PS liposomes to elucidate the phagocytic pathway for PGE2 production in microglia, because PS liposomes mimic the effects of apoptotic cells on microglia/macrophages. The level of PGE2 in the culture medium of primary cultured rat microglia was significantly increased by PS liposomes treatment but not by phosphatidylcholine liposomes treatment. The specific ligand for class B scavenger receptor (SR-B), high density lipoprotein, significantly suppressed PS liposome-induced PGE2 production. PS liposomes were immediately phagocytosed by microglia and sorted to endosomes/lysosomes. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) were induced by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not with PS liposomes. On the other hand, mPGES-2 and cytosolic PGES (cPGES) that are functionally coupled with COX-1 were upregulated after treatment with PS liposomes or LPS. Furthermore, PS liposome-induced PGE2 production was significantly suppressed by indomethacin, a preferential COX-1 inhibitor, but not by NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. PS liposomes induced activation of p44/p42 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in SR-BI independent manner. These observations strongly suggest that the up-regulation of terminal PGESs that are preferentially coupled with COX-1, especially mPGES-2, plays the pivotal role in PS liposome-induced PGE2 production by microglia. Although SR-BI plays an essential role in PS liposome-induced PGE2 production, other PS-recognizing receptors, possibly PS-specific receptor, could also promote PGE2 production by transducing intracellular signals including p44/p42 ERK after PS liposomes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Oral Aging Science, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Otsuka M, Goto K, Tsuchiya S, Aramaki Y. Phosphatidylserine-Specific Receptor Contributes to TGF-.BETA. Production in Macrophages through a MAP Kinase, ERK. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1707-10. [PMID: 16141544 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We explored the involvement of the phosphatidylserine (PS)-receptor in the production of TGF-beta by macrophages treated with PS-liposomes. The binding of anti-PS-receptor antibody to macrophages was specifically inhibited by PS-liposomes. The antibody led to an increase in the production of TGF-beta, and also activated ERK, a member of the MAP kinase. But no activations in p38 and JNK were observed. ERK inhibitor, U0126 completely prevented TGF-beta production. On the addition of a TGF-beta neutralizing antibody or U0126, the inhibitory effect of the anti-PS-receptor antibody on macrophage function, nitric oxide production, was restored. These findings suggested that TGF-beta is one of factors produced by PS-liposomes, and the ERK signaling pathway via the PS-receptor is intimately involved in the production of TGF-beta in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Otsuka
- School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Kagan VE, Borisenko GG, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Jiang J, Potapovich AI, Kini V, Amoscato AA, Fujii Y. Oxidative lipidomics of apoptosis: redox catalytic interactions of cytochrome c with cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1963-85. [PMID: 15544916 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary life-supporting function of cytochrome c (cyt c) is control of cellular energetic metabolism as a mobile shuttle in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. Recently, cyt c's equally important life-terminating function as a trigger and regulator of apoptosis was identified. This dreadful role is realized through the relocalization of mitochondrial cyt c to the cytoplasm where it interacts with Apaf-1 in forming apoptosomes and mediating caspase-9 activation. Although the presence of heme moiety of cyt c is essential for the latter function, cyt c's redox catalytic features are not required. Lately, two other essential functions of cyt c in apoptosis, that may rely heavily on its redox activity have been suggested. Both functions are directed toward oxidation of two negatively charged phospholipids, cardiolipin (CL) in the mitochondria and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the plasma membrane. In both cases, oxidized phospholipids seem to be essential for the transduction of two distinctive apoptotic signals: one is participation of oxidized CL in the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore that facilitates release of cyt c into the cytosol and the other is the contribution of oxidized PS to the externalization and recognition of PS (and possibly oxidized PS) on the cell surface by specialized receptors of phagocytes. In this review, we present a new concept that cyt c actuates both of these oxidative roles through a uniform mechanism: its specific interactions with each of these phospholipids result in the conversion and activation of cyt c, transforming it from an innocuous electron transporter into a calamitous peroxidase capable of oxidizing the activating phospholipids. We also show that this new concept is compatible with a leading role for reactive oxygen species in the execution of the apoptotic program, with cyt c as the main executioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Otsuka M, Tsuchiya S, Aramaki Y. Involvement of ERK, a MAP kinase, in the production of TGF-β by macrophages treated with liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1400-5. [PMID: 15504369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have already reported that TGF-beta could be involved in the inhibitory effects of negatively charged liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS-liposome) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LPS [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 281 (2001) 614]. In this paper, we explored the mechanism by which PS-liposomes promote the production of TGF-beta and the involvement of MAP kinases. When macrophages were treated with PS-liposomes, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member of MAP kinase superfamily, was activated quickly and potently. However, no activation was observed with p38 MAP kinase. TGF-beta production was completely inhibited by U0126, a specific inhibitor for ERK. Furthermore, TGF-beta neutralizing antibody and U0126 decreased the inhibitory effect of PS-liposomes on NO production by macrophages. These findings suggested that TGF-beta is the factor produced by PS-liposomes that suppresses production of NO, and the ERK signaling pathway is intimately involved in TGF-beta production by macrophages following treatment with PS-liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Otsuka
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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20
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Aktan F. iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production and its regulation. Life Sci 2004; 75:639-53. [PMID: 15172174 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its regulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. NO is an important biological mediator in the living organism that is synthesized from L-arginine using NADPH and molecular oxygen. However, the overproduction of NO which is catalyzed by iNOS, a soluble enzyme and active in its dimeric form, is cytotoxic. Immunostimulating cytokines or bacterial pathogens activate iNOS and generate high concentrations of NO through the activation of inducible nuclear factors, including NFkB. iNOS activation is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level, but also at posttranscriptional, translational and postranslational levels through effects on protein stability, dimerization, phosphorylation, cofactor binding and availability of oxygen and L-arginine as substrates. The prevention of the overproduction of NO in the living organism through control of regulatory pathways may assist in the treatment of high NO-mediated disorders without changing physiological levels of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugen Aktan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Building A15, Room N257, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Moreira MEC, Barcinski MA. Apoptotic cell and phagocyte interplay: recognition and consequences in different cell systems. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:93-115. [PMID: 15048198 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death by apoptosis is characterized by specific biochemical changes, including the exposure of multiple ligands, expected to tag the dying cell for prompt recognition by phagocytes. In non-pathological conditions, an efficient clearance is assured by the redundant interaction between apoptotic cell ligands and multiple receptor molecules present on the engulfing cell surface. This review concentrates on the molecular interactions operating in mammalian and non-mammalian systems for apoptotic cell recognition, as well as on the consequences of their signaling. Furthermore, some cellular models where the exposure of the phosphatidylserine (PS) phospholipid, a classical hallmark of the apoptotic phenotype, is not followed by cell death will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabete C Moreira
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brasil.
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Vanlandschoot P, Roobrouck A, Van Houtte F, Leroux-Roels G. Recombinant HBsAg, an apoptotic-like lipoprotein, interferes with the LPS-induced activation of ERK-1/2 and JNK-1/2 in monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:486-91. [PMID: 12270119 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yeast expressed Hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) binds to monocytes through interaction with the LPS binding protein (LBP) and the LPS receptor CD14. Charged phospholipids of rHBsAg determine the interaction with these proteins. Although attachment of rHBsAg resembles the pro-inflammatory binding of LPS to CD14, rHBsAg does not activate monocytes and even reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by LPS-stimulated monocytes. It is reported here that addition of rHBsAg to LPS-stimulated PBMC often results in increased secretion of IL-10, suggesting a similarity between the interaction of monocytes with apoptotic cells and rHBsAg. Using THP-1 cells, it is shown that IL-10 is not necessary to reduce TNFalpha protein levels. Addition of rHBsAg to LPS-stimulated cells reduces TNFalpha mRNA levels, but does not affect phosphorylation of p65 NF-kappaB and p38 MAP kinase. Instead, a reduced phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 and JNK-1/2 MAP kinases is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vanlandschoot
- Center for Vaccinology, Department of Clinical Biology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Literature alerts. J Microencapsul 2001; 18:685-92. [PMID: 11508773 DOI: 10.1080/02652040110060526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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