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Santisteban Celis IC, Matoba N. Lectibodies as antivirals. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105901. [PMID: 38734211 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Growing concerns regarding the emergence of highly transmissible viral diseases highlight the urgent need to expand the repertoire of antiviral therapeutics. For this reason, new strategies for neutralizing and inhibiting these viruses are necessary. A promising approach involves targeting the glycans present on the surfaces of enveloped viruses. Lectins, known for their ability to recognize specific carbohydrate molecules, offer the potential for glycan-targeted antiviral strategies. Indeed, numerous studies have reported the antiviral effects of various lectins of both endogenous and exogenous origins. However, many lectins in their natural forms, are not suitable for use as antiviral therapeutics due to toxicity, other unfavorable pharmacological effects, and/or unreliable manufacturing sources. Therefore, improvements are crucial for employing lectins as effective antiviral therapeutics. A novel approach to enhance lectins' suitability as pharmaceuticals could be the generation of recombinant lectin-Fc fusion proteins, termed "lectibodies." In this review, we discuss the scientific rationale behind lectin-based antiviral strategies and explore how lectibodies could facilitate the development of new antiviral therapeutics. We will also share our perspective on the potential of these molecules to transcend their potential use as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Carlosalberto Santisteban Celis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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2
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Sun J, Zhao G, Bylund T, Lee M, Adibhatla S, Kwong PD, Chuang GY, Rawi R, Bewley CA. C3-Symmetric Aromatic Core of Griffithsin Is Essential for Potent Anti-HIV Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1450-1459. [PMID: 35537058 PMCID: PMC10091857 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins of nonimmune origin, bind to carbohydrates and glycan shields present on the surfaces of cells and viral spike proteins. Lectins thus hold great promise as therapeutic and diagnostic proteins, exemplified by their potent antiviral activities and the desire to engineer synthetic carbohydrate receptors based on lectin recognition principles. Here, we describe a new carbohydrate-binding architectural motif─namely, a C3-symmetric tyrosine-based aromatic core, present in the therapeutic lectin griffithsin (GRFT). By using structure-based amino acid substitutions, X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and HIV-1 neutralization assays, we show that this core is critical for potent (pM) antiviral activity and nanomolar binding to the glycan shield largely consisting of high mannose glycans. Crystal structures and MD simulations show that CH-π interactions stabilize the aromatic cluster to maintain the three pseudo-symmetric carbohydrate-binding sites, nonaromatic amino acid substitutions (Tyr to Ala) abrogate antiviral activity, and increasing the aromatic CH-π edge-to-centroid interface via a Tyr to Trp substitution yields a GRFT variant with improved potency and increased residence time of Man-9 observed in MD simulations. NMR titrations of a Tyr-to-Ala variant indicate that disruption of the aromatic prevents the intermolecular crosslinking between two equivalents of Man-9 and one carbohydrate-binding face observed in wild-type GRFT and known to be critical for picomolar potency of this lectin. This C3-symmetric aromatic core defines a new recognition motif for the design of carbohydrate receptors and suggests principles for engineering known lectins to have increased affinity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Sun
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gengxiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Srikar Adibhatla
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Man-Specific Lectins from Plants, Fungi, Algae and Cyanobacteria, as Potential Blockers for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Coronaviruses: Biomedical Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071619. [PMID: 34203435 PMCID: PMC8305077 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Betacoronaviruses, responsible for the “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome” (SARS) and the “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome” (MERS), use the spikes protruding from the virion envelope to attach and subsequently infect the host cells. The coronavirus spike (S) proteins contain receptor binding domains (RBD), allowing the specific recognition of either the dipeptidyl peptidase CD23 (MERS-CoV) or the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE2 (SARS-Cov, SARS-CoV-2) host cell receptors. The heavily glycosylated S protein includes both complex and high-mannose type N-glycans that are well exposed at the surface of the spikes. A detailed analysis of the carbohydrate-binding specificity of mannose-binding lectins from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, revealed that, depending on their origin, they preferentially recognize either complex type N-glycans, or high-mannose type N-glycans. Since both complex and high-mannose glycans substantially decorate the S proteins, mannose-specific lectins are potentially useful glycan probes for targeting the SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 virions. Mannose-binding legume lectins, like pea lectin, and monocot mannose-binding lectins, like snowdrop lectin or the algal lectin griffithsin, which specifically recognize complex N-glycans and high-mannose glycans, respectively, are particularly adapted for targeting coronaviruses. The biomedical prospects of targeting coronaviruses with mannose-specific lectins are wide-ranging including detection, immobilization, prevention, and control of coronavirus infection.
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Seber Kasinger LE, Dent MW, Mahajan G, Hamorsky KT, Matoba N. A novel anti-HIV-1 bispecific bNAb-lectin fusion protein engineered in a plant-based transient expression system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1646-1656. [PMID: 30729651 PMCID: PMC6662308 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) has been a major step towards better prophylactic and therapeutic agents against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, effective therapy will likely require a combination of anti-HIV agents to avoid viral evasion. One possible solution to this problem is the creation of bispecific molecules that can concurrently target two vulnerable sites providing synergistic inhibitory effects. Here, we describe the production in plants and anti-HIV activity of a novel bispecific fusion protein consisting of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of the CD4 binding site-specific bNAb VRC01 and the antiviral lectin Avaren, which targets the glycan shield of the HIV-1 envelope (VRC01Fab -Avaren). This combination was justified by a preliminary experiment demonstrating the synergistic HIV-1 neutralization activity of VRC01 and Fc-fused Avaren dimer (Avaren-Fc). Using the GENEWARE® tobacco mosaic virus vector, VRC01Fab -Avaren was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and purified using a three-step chromatography procedure. Surface plasmon resonance and ELISA demonstrated that both the Avaren and VRC01Fab moieties retain their individual binding specificities. VRC01Fab -Avaren demonstrated enhanced neutralizing activity against representative HIV-1 strains from A, B and C clades, compared to equimolar combinations of VRC01Fab and Avaren. Notably, VRC01Fab -Avaren showed significantly stronger neutralizing effects than the bivalent parent molecules VRC01 IgG and Avaren-Fc, with IC50 values ranging from 48 to 310 pm. These results support the continued development of bispecific anti-HIV proteins based on Avaren and bNAbs, to which plant-based transient overexpression systems will provide an efficient protein engineering and production platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W. Dent
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Garima Mahajan
- James Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Krystal Teasley Hamorsky
- James Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- James Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
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Barre A, Simplicien M, Benoist H, Van Damme EJM, Rougé P. Mannose-Specific Lectins from Marine Algae: Diverse Structural Scaffolds Associated to Common Virucidal and Anti-Cancer Properties. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E440. [PMID: 31357490 PMCID: PMC6723950 DOI: 10.3390/md17080440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, a number of mannose-specific lectins have been isolated and characterized from seaweeds, especially from red algae. In fact, man-specific seaweed lectins consist of different structural scaffolds harboring a single or a few carbohydrate-binding sites which specifically recognize mannose-containing glycans. Depending on the structural scaffold, man-specific seaweed lectins belong to five distinct structurally-related lectin families, namely (1) the griffithsin lectin family (β-prism I scaffold); (2) the Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homolog (OAAH) lectin family (β-barrel scaffold); (3) the legume lectin-like lectin family (β-sandwich scaffold); (4) the Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-like lectin family (β-prism II scaffold); and, (5) the MFP2-like lectin family (MFP2-like scaffold). Another algal lectin from Ulva pertusa, has been inferred to the methanol dehydrogenase related lectin family, because it displays a rather different GlcNAc-specificity. In spite of these structural discrepancies, all members from the five lectin families share a common ability to specifically recognize man-containing glycans and, especially, high-mannose type glycans. Because of their mannose-binding specificity, these lectins have been used as valuable tools for deciphering and characterizing the complex mannose-containing glycans from the glycocalyx covering both normal and transformed cells, and as diagnostic tools and therapeutic drugs that specifically recognize the altered high-mannose N-glycans occurring at the surface of various cancer cells. In addition to these anti-cancer properties, man-specific seaweed lectins have been widely used as potent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-inactivating proteins, due to their capacity to specifically interact with the envelope glycoprotein gp120 and prevent the virion infectivity of HIV-1 towards the host CD4+ T-lymphocyte cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Simplicien
- Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Benoist
- Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Barre A, Bourne Y, Van Damme EJM, Rougé P. Overview of the Structure⁻Function Relationships of Mannose-Specific Lectins from Plants, Algae and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E254. [PMID: 30634645 PMCID: PMC6359319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, a number of mannose-binding lectins have been isolated and characterized from plants and fungi. These proteins are composed of different structural scaffold structures which harbor a single or multiple carbohydrate-binding sites involved in the specific recognition of mannose-containing glycans. Generally, the mannose-binding site consists of a small, central, carbohydrate-binding pocket responsible for the "broad sugar-binding specificity" toward a single mannose molecule, surrounded by a more extended binding area responsible for the specific recognition of larger mannose-containing N-glycan chains. Accordingly, the mannose-binding specificity of the so-called mannose-binding lectins towards complex mannose-containing N-glycans depends largely on the topography of their mannose-binding site(s). This structure⁻function relationship introduces a high degree of specificity in the apparently homogeneous group of mannose-binding lectins, with respect to the specific recognition of high-mannose and complex N-glycans. Because of the high specificity towards mannose these lectins are valuable tools for deciphering and characterizing the complex mannose-containing glycans that decorate both normal and transformed cells, e.g., the altered high-mannose N-glycans that often occur at the surface of various cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Yves Bourne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Univ, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Petrova MI, van den Broek MFL, Spacova I, Verhoeven TLA, Balzarini J, Vanderleyden J, Schols D, Lebeer S. Engineering Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and GR-1 to express HIV-inhibiting griffithsin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:599-607. [PMID: 30040991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are being explored for the in situ delivery of various therapeutic agents. In this study, we aimed to express two HIV-inhibiting lectins, actinohivin (AH) and griffithsin (GRFT), in the probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 for gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosal delivery, respectively. Constructs were generated for the intracellular and extracellular production of AH and GRFT under the control of the promoter of their Major Secreted Protein Msp1. Also, intracellular expression of GRFT was investigated under the control of the nisA promoter from the inducible nisin-controlled expression (NICE) system. For the extracellular localization, the signal leader peptide of Msp1/p75 from L. rhamnosus GG was translationally fused with the genes encoding AH and GRFT. Construction of recombinant strains expressing the AH monomer and dimer was unsuccessful, probably due to the intracellular toxicity of AH for the lactobacilli. On the other hand, recombinant strains for intra- and extracellular production of GRFT by L. rhamnosus GG and GR-1 were successfully constructed. The highest expression levels of recombinant GRFT were observed for the constructs under the control of the inducible nisA promoter and we demonstrated anti-HIV activity against an M-tropic and a T-tropic HIV-1 strain. We can conclude that recombinant Lactobacillus expressing anti-HIV lectins could contribute to the development of enhanced probiotic strains that are able to inhibit HIV transmission and subsequent replication, although further research and development are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marianne F L van den Broek
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine L A Verhoeven
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Mazalovska M, Kouokam JC. Lectins as Promising Therapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV and Other Potential Coinfections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3750646. [PMID: 29854749 PMCID: PMC5964492 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3750646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a global health problem. Current therapeutics specifically target the viral pathogen at various stages of its life cycle, although complex interactions between HIV and other pathogenic organisms are evident. Targeting HIV and concomitant infectious pathogens simultaneously, both by therapeutic regimens and in prevention strategies, would help contain the AIDS pandemic. Lectins, a ubiquitous group of proteins that specifically bind glycosylated molecules, are interesting compounds that could be used for this purpose, with demonstrated anti-HIV properties. In addition, potential coinfecting pathogens, including other enveloped viruses, bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and protozoa, display sugar-coated macromolecules on their surfaces, making them potential targets of lectins. This review summarizes the currently available findings suggesting that lectins should be further developed to simultaneously fight the AIDS pandemic and concomitant infections in HIV infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mazalovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - J. Calvin Kouokam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Piao C, Jin L, Zhao J, Liu C, Zhao Y, Wang X, Xiang W. Longispora urticae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Urtica urens L., and emended descriptions of the species Longispora albida and Longispora fulva. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:4228-4234. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Piao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Liying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Chongxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Castillo-Acosta VM, Balzarini J, González-Pacanowska D. Surface Glycans: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Kinetoplastid Diseases. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:775-787. [PMID: 28760415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomal diseases are in need of innovative therapies that exploit novel mechanisms of action. The cell surface of trypanosomatid parasites is characterized by a dense coat of glycoconjugates with important functions in host cell recognition, immune evasion, infectivity, and cell function. The nature of parasite surface glycans is highly dynamic and changes during differentiation and in response to different stimuli through the action of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. Here we propose a new approach to antiparasitic drug discovery that involves the use of carbohydrate-binding agents that bind specifically to cell-surface glycans, giving rise to cytotoxic events and parasite death. The potential and limitations of this strategy are addressed with a specific focus on the treatment of sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Castillo-Acosta
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento, s/n 18016-Armilla (Granada), Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento, s/n 18016-Armilla (Granada), Spain.
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Mitchell CA, Ramessar K, O'Keefe BR. Antiviral lectins: Selective inhibitors of viral entry. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:37-54. [PMID: 28322922 PMCID: PMC5414728 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many natural lectins have been reported to have antiviral activity. As some of these have been put forward as potential development candidates for preventing or treating viral infections, we have set out in this review to survey the literature on antiviral lectins. The review groups lectins by structural class and class of source organism we also detail their carbohydrate specificity and their reported antiviral activities. The review concludes with a brief discussion of several of the pertinent hurdles that heterologous proteins must clear to be useful clinical candidates and cites examples where such studies have been reported for antiviral lectins. Though the clearest path currently being followed is the use of antiviral lectins as anti-HIV microbicides via topical mucosal administration, some investigators have also found systemic efficacy against acute infections following subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter A Mitchell
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Koreen Ramessar
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
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12
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Matsumoto A, Takahashi Y. Endophytic actinomycetes: promising source of novel bioactive compounds. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:514-519. [PMID: 28270688 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic actinomycetes associated with plant roots are a relatively untapped source of potential new bioactive compounds. This is becoming increasingly important, as the returns from discovery research on soil-dwelling microbes, have been continuously diminishing. We have isolated more than 1000 strains of actinomycetes from plant roots in our search for novel bioactive compounds, identified and assayed their bioactive metabolites, as well as investigated their biosynthetic genes for generating secondary metabolites. This has resulted in the discovery of several interesting compounds. Creation of plant root clone libraries enabled us to confirm that we had, indeed, isolated endophytes. In this paper, we introduce our approach to this promising line of research, incorporating data from other publications, and illustrate the potential that endophytic actinomycetes offer as a new source of novel lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Matsumoto
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Microbial Functions, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yōko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Microbial Functions, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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Profiling of core fucosylated N-glycans using a novel bacterial lectin that specifically recognizes α1,6 fucosylated chitobiose. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34195. [PMID: 27678371 PMCID: PMC5039751 DOI: 10.1038/srep34195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fucose-binding lectin (SL2-1) from the bacterium Streptomyces rapamycinicus was identified by analysis of metagenomic DNA sequences. SL2-1 belongs to a new group of bacterial fucose-specific lectins that have no similarity to known bacterial fucose-binding proteins, but are related to certain eukaryotic fucose-binding lectins. The 17 kDa protein was expressed recombinantly in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Glycan microarray analysis with fluorescently labeled recombinant SL2-1 demonstrated its ability to bind to core α1-6 fucosylated N-glycans, but not to core α1-3 fucosylated N-glycans, or other α1-2, α1-3 and α1-4 fucosylated oligosaccharides. The minimal high affinity binding epitope of SL2-1 was α1-6 fucosylated di-n-acetylchitobiose. The recombinant lectin was efficient in detection of N-glycan core fucosylation using lectin blotting and lectin ELISA assays. Finally, a workflow using SL2-1 for selective and quantitative profiling of core fucosylated N-glycans using UPLC-HILIC-FLR analysis was established. The approach was validated for selective capture and analysis of core fucosylated N-glycans present in complex glycan mixtures derived from mammalian serum IgG.
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Hirayama M, Shibata H, Imamura K, Sakaguchi T, Hori K. High-Mannose Specific Lectin and Its Recombinants from a Carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii Represent a Potent Anti-HIV Activity Through High-Affinity Binding to the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:215-31. [PMID: 26661793 PMCID: PMC7088246 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a high-mannose binding lectin KAA-2 from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii, which is an economically important species and widely cultivated as a source of carrageenans, had a potent anti-influenza virus activity. In this study, the full-length sequences of two KAA isoforms, KAA-1 and KAA-2, were elucidated by a combination of peptide mapping and cDNA cloning. They consisted of four internal tandem-repeated domains, which are conserved in high-mannose specific lectins from lower organisms, including a cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii and a red alga Eucheuma serra. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, an active recombinant form of KAA-1 (His-tagged rKAA-1) was successfully generated in the yield of 115 mg per a litter of culture. In a detailed oligosaccharide binding analysis by a centrifugal ultrafiltration-HPLC method with 27 pyridylaminated oligosaccharides, His-tagged rKAA-1 and rKAA-1 specifically bound to high-mannose N-glycans with an exposed α1-3 mannose in the D2 arm as the native lectin did. Predicted from oligosaccharide-binding specificity, a surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the recombinants exhibit strong interaction with gp120, a heavily glycosylated envelope glycoprotein of HIV with high association constants (1.48-1.61 × 10(9) M(-1)). Native KAAs and the recombinants inhibited the HIV-1 entry at IC50s of low nanomolar levels (7.3-12.9 nM). Thus, the recombinant proteins would be useful as antiviral reagents targeting the viral surface glycoproteins with high-mannose N-glycans, and the cultivated alga K. alvarezii could also be a good source of not only carrageenans but also this functional lectin(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirayama
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shibata
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Koji Imamura
- Medical and Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kanji Hori
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Hirayama M, Shibata H, Imamura K, Sakaguchi T, Hori K. High-Mannose Specific Lectin and Its Recombinants from a Carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii Represent a Potent Anti-HIV Activity Through High-Affinity Binding to the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:144-60. [PMID: 26593063 PMCID: PMC7088233 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a high-mannose binding lectin KAA-2 from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii, which is an economically important species and widely cultivated as a source of carrageenans, had a potent anti-influenza virus activity. In this study, the full-length sequences of two KAA isoforms, KAA-1 and KAA-2, were elucidated by a combination of peptide mapping and complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning. They consisted of four internal tandem-repeated domains, which are conserved in high-mannose specific lectins from lower organisms, including a cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii and a red alga Eucheuma serra. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, an active recombinant form of KAA-1 (His-tagged rKAA-1) was successfully generated in the yield of 115 mg per liter of culture. In a detailed oligosaccharide binding analysis by a centrifugal ultrafiltration-HPLC method with 27 pyridylaminated oligosaccharides, His-tagged rKAA-1 and rKAA-1 specifically bound to high-mannose N-glycans with an exposed α1-3 mannose in the D2 arm as the native lectin did. Predicted from oligosaccharide binding specificity, a surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the recombinants exhibit strong interaction with gp120, a heavily glycosylated envelope glycoprotein of HIV with high association constants (1.48 - 1.61 × 10(9) M(-1)). Native KAAs and the recombinants inhibited the HIV-1 entry at IC50s of low nanomolar levels (7.3-12.9 nM). Thus, the recombinant proteins would be useful as antiviral reagents targeting the viral surface glycoproteins with high-mannose N-glycans, and the cultivated alga K. alvarezii could also be a good source of not only carrageenans but also this functional lectin(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirayama
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shibata
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Koji Imamura
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kanji Hori
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Acharya P, Lusvarghi S, Bewley CA, Kwong PD. HIV-1 gp120 as a therapeutic target: navigating a moving labyrinth. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:765-83. [PMID: 25724219 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The HIV-1 gp120 envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates attachment of virus to human target cells that display requisite receptors, CD4 and co-receptor, generally CCR5. Despite high-affinity interactions with host receptors and proof-of-principle by the drug maraviroc that interference with CCR5 provides therapeutic benefit, no licensed drug currently targets gp120. AREAS COVERED An overview of the role of gp120 in HIV-1 entry and of sites of potential gp120 vulnerability to therapeutic inhibition is presented. Viral defenses that protect these sites and turn gp120 into a moving labyrinth are discussed together with strategies for circumventing these defenses to allow therapeutic targeting of gp120 sites of vulnerability. EXPERT OPINION The gp120 envelope glycoprotein interacts with host proteins through multiple interfaces and has conserved structural features at these interaction sites. In spite of this, targeting gp120 for therapeutic purposes is challenging. Env mechanisms that have evolved to evade the humoral immune response also shield it from potential therapeutics. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in understanding HIV-1 gp120 structure and its interactions with host receptors, and in developing therapeutic leads that potently neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains. Synergies between advances in understanding, needs for therapeutics against novel viral targets and characteristics of breadth and potency for a number of gp120-targetting lead molecules bodes well for gp120 as a HIV-1 therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Acharya
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Vaccine Research Center, Structural Biology Section , Room 4609B, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA
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Férir G, Gordts SC, Schols D. HIV-1 and its resistance to peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs): an overview. Molecules 2014; 19:21085-112. [PMID: 25517345 PMCID: PMC6270665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteins on the surfaces of enveloped viruses, such as HIV, can be considered as a unique target for antiviral therapy. Different carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) target specific glycans present on viral glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. It has been shown that long-term CBA pressure in vitro can result in mutant HIV-1 isolates with several N-linked glycan deletions on gp120. These studies demonstrated that mainly high-mannose type glycans are deleted. However, interestingly, N241, N262 and N356 on gp120 have never been found to be affected after prolonged CBA exposure. Here, we review the mutation and (cross)-resistance profiles of eleven specific generated CBA-resistant HIV-1 strains. We observed that the broad-neutralizing anti-carbohydrate binding mAb 2G12 became completely inactive against all the generated CBA-resistant HIV-1 clade B isolates. In addition, all of the CBAs discussed in this review, with the exception of NICTABA, interfered with the binding of 2G12 mAb to gp120 expressed on HIV-1-infected T cells. The cross-resistance profiles of mutant HIV-1 strains are varying from increased susceptibility to very high resistance levels, even among different classes of CBAs with dissimilar sugar specificities or binding moieties [e.g., α(1,3), α(1,2), α(1,6)]. Recent studies demonstrated promising results in non-topical formulations (e.g., intranasally or subcutaneously), highlighting their potential for prevention (microbicides) and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Stephanie C Gordts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
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Koharudin LMI, Gronenborn AM. Antiviral lectins as potential HIV microbicides. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:95-100. [PMID: 25010042 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing class of potential antivirals encompasses carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as antibodies and lectins. They block virus entry into host target cells and halt virus transmission from virus-infected cells to non-infected cells, thereby preventing infection. Here, we review the structural basis for the anti-HIV activity of various lectins, describing their structures and determinants of high-affinity oligosaccharide binding. The mechanism of glycan recognition on the gp120 envelope protein by these antiviral lectins may therefore be exploited for developing agents and alternative strategies to prevent HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardus M I Koharudin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Suzuki K, Tsunoda M, Hoque MM, Zhang F, Jiang J, Zhang X, Ohbayashi N, Tanaka H, Takénaka A. Peculiarity in crystal packing of anti-HIV lectin actinohivin in complex with α(1-2)mannobiose. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:1818-25. [PMID: 23999305 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913017812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the anti-HIV lectin actinohivin (AH) was cocrystallized with the target α(1-2)mannobiose (MB) in the apparent space group P213. However, three MB-bound AH rotamers generated by ±120° rotations around the molecular pseudo-threefold rotation axis are packed randomly in the unit cell according to P212121 symmetry [Hoque et al. (2012). Acta Cryst. D68, 1671-1679]. It was found that the AH used for crystallization contains short peptides attached to the N-terminus [Suzuki et al. (2012). Acta Cryst. F68, 1060-1063], which cause packing disorder. In the present study, the fully mature homogeneous AH has been cocrystallized with MB into two new crystal forms at different pH. X-ray analyses of the two forms reveal that they have peculiar character in that the space groups are the same, P22121, and the unit-cell parameters are almost the same with the exception of the length of the a axis, which is doubled in one form. The use of homogeneous AH resulted in the absence of disorder in both crystals and an improvement in the resolution, thereby establishing the basis for AH binding to the target MB. In addition, the two crystal structures clarify the interaction modes between AH molecules, which is important knowledge for understanding the multiple binding effect generated when two AH molecules are linked together with a short peptide [Takahashi et al. (2011). J. Antibiot. 64, 551-557].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Suzuki
- College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
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20
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Petrova MI, Mathys L, Lebeer S, Noppen S, Van Damme EJM, Tanaka H, Igarashi Y, Vaneechoutte M, Vanderleyden J, Balzarini J. Inhibition of infection and transmission of HIV-1 and lack of significant impact on the vaginal commensal lactobacilli by carbohydrate-binding agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2026-37. [PMID: 23640125 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A selection of carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) with different glycan specificities were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against HIV infection and transmission, and their interaction with vaginal commensal bacteria. METHODS Several assays were used for the antiviral evaluation: (i) cell-free virus infection of human CD4+ T lymphocyte C8166 cells; (ii) syncytium formation in co-cultures of persistently HIV-1-infected HUT-78/HIV-1 and non-infected CD4+ SupT1 cells; (iii) DC-SIGN-directed capture of HIV-1 particles; and (iv) transmission of DC-SIGN-captured HIV-1 particles to uninfected CD4+ C8166 cells. CBAs were also examined for their interaction with vaginal commensal lactobacilli using several viability, proliferation and adhesion assays. RESULTS The CBAs showed efficient inhibitory activity in the nanomolar to low-micromolar range against four events that play a crucial role in HIV-1 infection and transmission: cell-free virus infection, fusion between HIV-1-infected and non-infected cells, HIV-1 capture by DC-SIGN and transmission of DC-SIGN-captured virus to T cells. As candidate microbicides should not interfere with the normal human microbiota, we examined the effect of CBAs against Lactobacillus strains, including a variety of vaginal strains, a gastrointestinal strain and several non-human isolates. None of the CBAs included in our studies inhibited the growth of these bacteria in several media, affected their viability or had any significant impact on their adhesion to HeLa cell monolayers. CONCLUSIONS The CBAs in this study were inhibitory to HIV-1 in several in vitro infection and transmission models, and may therefore qualify as potential microbicide candidates. The lack of significant impact on commensal vaginal lactobacilli is an important property of these CBAs in view of their potential microbicidal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, bus 2460, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Suzuki K, Ohbayashi N, Jiang J, Zhang X, Hoque MM, Tsunoda M, Murayama K, Tanaka H, Takénaka A. Crystallographic study of the interaction of the anti-HIV lectin actinohivin with the α(1-2)mannobiose moiety of gp120 HMTG. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1060-3. [PMID: 22949194 PMCID: PMC3433197 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112031077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Actinohivin (AH) is a new potent anti-HIV lectin of microbial origin. In order to modify it to produce a more efficient drug, its three-dimensional structure has previously been determined with and without the target α(1-2)mannobiose moiety of the high-mannose-type glycan (HMTG) attached to HIV-1 gp120. However, ambiguity remained in the structures owing to packing disorder that was possibly associated with peptide fragments attached at the N-terminus. To resolve these problems, the duration of cultivation of the AH-producing strain was examined and it was found that in a sample obtained from a 20 d culture the heterogeneous fragments were completely removed to produce mature AH with high homogeneity. In addition, the purification procedures were simplified in order to increase the yield of AH and the addition of solvents was also examined in order to increase the solubility of AH. AH thus obtained was successfully crystallized with high reproducibility in a different form to the previously obtained crystals. The crystal diffracted well to beyond 1.90 Å resolution and the crystallographic data suggested that it contained no packing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Suzuki
- College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohbayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - M. Mominul Hoque
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Masaru Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Haruo Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
- KIIM Pharm. Lab. Inc., Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Akio Takénaka
- College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Koharudin LMI, Kollipara S, Aiken C, Gronenborn AM. Structural insights into the anti-HIV activity of the Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homolog lectin family. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33796-811. [PMID: 22865886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homolog (OAAH) proteins belong to a recently discovered lectin family. All members contain a sequence repeat of ~66 amino acids, with the number of repeats varying among different family members. Apart from data for the founding member OAA, neither three-dimensional structures, information about carbohydrate binding specificities, nor antiviral activity data have been available up to now for any other members of the OAAH family. To elucidate the structural basis for the antiviral mechanism of OAAHs, we determined the crystal structures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Myxococcus xanthus lectins. Both proteins exhibit the same fold, resembling the founding family member, OAA, with minor differences in loop conformations. Carbohydrate binding studies by NMR and x-ray structures of glycan-lectin complexes reveal that the number of sugar binding sites corresponds to the number of sequence repeats in each protein. As for OAA, tight and specific binding to α3,α6-mannopentaose was observed. All the OAAH proteins described here exhibit potent anti-HIV activity at comparable levels. Altogether, our results provide structural details of the protein-carbohydrate interaction for this novel lectin family and insights into the molecular basis of their HIV inactivation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardus M I Koharudin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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23
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François KO, Balzarini J. The highly conserved glycan at asparagine 260 of HIV-1 gp120 is indispensable for viral entry. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42900-10. [PMID: 22006924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding agents bind to the N-glycans of HIV-1 envelope gp120 and prevent viral entry. Carbohydrate-binding agents can select for mutant viruses with deleted envelope glycans. Not all glycosylation motifs are mutated to the same extent. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that deletions destroying the highly conserved (260)NGS(262) glycosylation motif resulted in non-infectious virus particles. We observed a significant lower CD4 binding in the case of the N260Q mutant gp120 virus strains, caused by a strikingly lower expression of gp120 and gp41 in the virus particle. In addition, the mutant N260Q HIV-1 envelope expressed in 293T cells was unable to form syncytia in co-cultures with U87.CD4.CXCR4.CCR5 cells, due to the lower expression of envelope protein on the surface of the transfected 293T cells. The detrimental consequence of this N-glycan deletion on virus infectivity could not be compensated for by the creation of novel glycosylation sites near this amino acid, leaving this uncovered envelope epitope susceptible to neutralizing antibody binding. Thus, the Asn-260 glycan in the gp120 envelope of HIV-1 represents a hot spot for targeting suicidal drugs or antibodies in a therapeutic effort to efficiently neutralize a broad array of virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien O François
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Alen MMF, De Burghgraeve T, Kaptein SJF, Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D. Broad antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents against the four serotypes of dengue virus in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21658. [PMID: 21738755 PMCID: PMC3128091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC), present in the skin, are the first target cells of dengue virus (DENV). Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is present on DC and recognizes N-glycosylation sites on the E-glycoprotein of DENV. Thus, the DC-SIGN/E-glycoprotein interaction can be considered as an important target for inhibitors of viral replication. We evaluated various carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) against all four described serotypes of DENV replication in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells and in monocyte-derived DC (MDDC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A dose-dependent anti-DENV activity of the CBAs Hippeastrum hybrid (HHA), Galanthus nivalis (GNA) and Urtica dioica (UDA), but not actinohivin (AH) was observed against all four DENV serotypes as analyzed by flow cytometry making use of anti-DENV antibodies. Remarkably, the potency of the CBAs against DENV in MDDC cultures was significantly higher (up to 100-fold) than in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells. Pradimicin-S (PRM-S), a small-size non-peptidic CBA, exerted antiviral activity in MDDC but not in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells. The CBAs act at an early step of DENV infection as they bind to the viral envelope of DENV and subsequently prevent virus attachment. Only weak antiviral activity of the CBAs was detected when administered after the virus attachment step. The CBAs were also able to completely prevent the cellular activation and differentiation process of MDDC induced upon DENV infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The CBAs exerted broad spectrum antiviral activity against the four DENV serotypes, laboratory-adapted viruses and low passage clinical isolates, evaluated in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells and in primary MDDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M. F. Alen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine De Burghgraeve
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J. F. Kaptein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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The high mannose-type glycan binding lectin actinohivin: dimerization greatly improves anti-HIV activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:551-7. [PMID: 21694730 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The actinomycete-derived lectin actinohivin (AH) inhibits entry of HIV-1 to susceptible cells at low nM concentrations. The cooperative binding of three segments of AH to three high mannose-type glycans (HMTGs) of HIV-1 gp120 generates specific and strong anti-HIV activity. Dimerization of AH effectively improves anti-HIV activity by increasing the number of HMTG-binding pockets. AH dimers were prepared using an Escherichia coli expression system and their anti-syncytium formation and anti-HIV activities were evaluated. Each dimer was constructed by a head-to-tail fusion of two AH molecules, with or without a spacer. As a result, His-TEV-AH/RTB(132-143)/AH, which has the residues 132-143 of ricin toxin B-chain (RTB) as a spacer, had 20-fold higher anti-syncytium formation activity and also exhibited 2-30-fold higher anti-HIV activity than AH against various clinically isolated HIV-1 strains, including drug-resistant ones. Mutation analysis implies that all six HMTG-binding pockets of the dimer participated in HMTG binding. Several AH dimers with different spacer sequences showed diverse activities, suggesting that the spacer sequence is an important factor to create higher anti-HIV activity. A dimer with improved anti-HIV activity would be a good candidate for investigation as a potential microbicide to prevent HIV transmission.
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Teissier E, Penin F, Pécheur EI. Targeting cell entry of enveloped viruses as an antiviral strategy. Molecules 2010; 16:221-50. [PMID: 21193846 PMCID: PMC6259279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells involves several successive steps, each one being amenable to therapeutic intervention. Entry inhibitors act by targeting viral and/or cellular components, through either the inhibition of protein-protein interactions within the viral envelope proteins or between viral proteins and host cell receptors, or through the inhibition of protein-lipid interactions. Interestingly, inhibitors that concentrate into/onto the membrane in order to target a protein involved in the entry process, such as arbidol or peptide inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), could allow the use of doses compatible with therapeutic requirements. The efficacy of these drugs validates entry as a point of intervention in viral life cycles. Strategies based upon small molecule antiviral agents, peptides, proteins or nucleic acids, would most likely prove efficient in multidrug combinations, in order to inhibit several steps of virus life cycle and prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eve-Isabelle Pécheur
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, IFR 128 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 69367 Lyon, France; E-Mails: (E.T.); (F.P.)
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Takahashi A, Inokoshi J, Tsunoda M, Suzuki K, Takenaka A, Sekiguchi T, Omura S, Tanaka H. Actinohivin: specific amino acid residues essential for anti-HIV activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:661-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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François KO, Balzarini J. Potential of carbohydrate-binding agents as therapeutics against enveloped viruses. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:349-87. [PMID: 20577974 PMCID: PMC7168447 DOI: 10.1002/med.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty‐seven years after the discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS more than 25 drugs directed against four different viral targets (i.e. reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, envelope gp41) and one cellular target (i.e. CCR5 co‐receptor) are available for treatment. However, the search for an efficient vaccine is still ongoing. One of the main problems is the presence of a continuously evolving dense carbohydrate shield, consisting of N‐linked glycans that surrounds the virion and protects it against efficient recognition and persistent neutralization by the immune system. However, several lectins from the innate immune system specifically bind to these glycans in an attempt to process the virus antigens to provoke an immune response. Across a wide variety of different species in nature lectins can be found that can interact with the glycosylated envelope of HIV‐1 and can block the infection of susceptible cells by the virus. In this review, we will give an overview of the lectins from non‐mammalian origin that are endowed with antiviral properties and discuss the complex interactions between lectins of the innate immune system and HIV‐1. Also, attention will be given to different carbohydrate‐related modalities that can be exploited for antiviral chemotherapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev
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Affiliation(s)
- K O François
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Matoba N, Husk AS, Barnett BW, Pickel MM, Arntzen CJ, Montefiori DC, Takahashi A, Tanno K, Omura S, Cao H, Mooney JP, Hanson CV, Tanaka H. HIV-1 neutralization profile and plant-based recombinant expression of actinohivin, an Env glycan-specific lectin devoid of T-cell mitogenic activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11143. [PMID: 20559567 PMCID: PMC2886112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a topical microbicide blocking the sexual transmission of HIV-1 is urgently needed to control the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. The actinomycete-derived lectin actinohivin (AH) is highly specific to a cluster of high-mannose-type glycans uniquely found on the viral envelope (Env). Here, we evaluated AH's candidacy toward a microbicide in terms of in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity, potential side effects, and recombinant producibility. Two validated assay systems based on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC) infection with primary isolates and TZM-bl cell infection with Env-pseudotyped viruses were employed to characterize AH's anti-HIV-1 activity. In hPMBCs, AH exhibited nanomolar neutralizing activity against primary viruses with diverse cellular tropisms, but did not cause mitogenicity or cytotoxicity that are often associated with other anti-HIV lectins. In the TZM-bl-based assay, AH showed broad anti-HIV-1 activity against clinically-relevant, mucosally transmitting strains of clades B and C. By contrast, clade A viruses showed strong resistance to AH. Correlation analysis suggested that HIV-1's AH susceptibility is significantly linked to the N-glycans at the Env C2 and V4 regions. For recombinant (r)AH expression, we evaluated a tobacco mosaic virus-based system in Nicotiana benthamiana plants as a means to facilitate molecular engineering and cost-effective mass production. Biochemical analysis and an Env-mediated syncytium formation assay demonstrated high-level expression of functional rAH within six days. Taken together, our study revealed AH's cross-clade anti-HIV-1 activity, apparent lack of side effects common to lectins, and robust producibility using plant biotechnology. These findings justify further efforts to develop rAH toward a candidate HIV-1 microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matoba
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America.
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Actinohivin, a broadly neutralizing prokaryotic lectin, inhibits HIV-1 infection by specifically targeting high-mannose-type glycans on the gp120 envelope. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3287-301. [PMID: 20498311 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00254-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The lectin actinohivin (AH) is a monomeric carbohydrate-binding agent (CBA) with three carbohydrate-binding sites. AH strongly interacts with gp120 derived from different X4 and R5 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gp130, and HIV type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 with affinity constants (KD) in the lower nM range. The gp120 and gp41 binding of AH is selectively reversed by (alpha1,2-mannose)3 oligosaccharide but not by alpha1,3/alpha1,6-mannose- or GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides. AH binding to gp120 prevents binding of alpha1,2-mannose-specific monoclonal antibody 2G12, and AH covers a broader epitope on gp120 than 2G12. Prolonged exposure of HIV-1-infected CEM T-cell cultures with escalating AH concentrations selects for mutant virus strains containing N-glycosylation site deletions (predominantly affecting high-mannose-type glycans) in gp120. In contrast to 2G12, AH has a high genetic barrier, since several concomitant N-glycosylation site deletions in gp120 are required to afford significant phenotypic drug resistance. AH is endowed with broadly neutralizing activity against laboratory-adapted HIV strains and a variety of X4 and/or R5 HIV-1 clinical clade isolates and blocks viral entry within a narrow concentration window of variation (approximately 5-fold). In contrast, the neutralizing activity of 2G12 varied up to 1,000-fold, depending on the virus strain. Since AH efficiently prevents syncytium formation in cocultures of persistently HIV-1-infected HuT-78 cells and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes, inhibits dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin-mediated capture of HIV-1 and subsequent virus transmission to CD4+ T lymphocytes, does not upregulate cellular activation markers, lacks mitogenic activity, and does not induce cytokines/chemokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, it should be considered a potential candidate drug for microbicidal use.
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Shiratori-Takano H, Yamada K, Beppu T, Ueda K. Longispora fulva sp. nov., isolated from a forest soil, and emended description of the genus Longispora. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 61:804-809. [PMID: 20435743 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.023531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel actinomycete, strain KZ0017(T), was isolated from a forest soil collected in Ohnuma, Fukushima, Japan. Strain KZ0017(T) formed spore chains borne on top of short sporophores arising from vegetative hyphae. Spores were non-motile and cylindrical with smooth surfaces. Strain KZ0017(T) contained meso-diaminopimelic (A(2)pm) acid, 3-OH A(2)pm, d-glutamic acid, glycine and l-alanine in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, and xylose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose and ribose in cell-wall hydrolysates. The acyl type of the cell-wall polysaccharides was glycolyl. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H(4)) and MK-10(H(6)); MK-10(H(8)) was a minor component. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and several unknown lipids and glycolipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), 10-methyl-C(17 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate formed a monophyletic cluster with the single member of the genus Longispora in the family Micromonosporaceae. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain KZ0017(T) represents a novel species of the genus Longispora, for which the name Longispora fulva sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is KZ0017(T) ( = NBRC 105670(T) = DSM 45356(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsumi Shiratori-Takano
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Beppu
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kenji Ueda
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
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Tanaka H, Chiba H, Inokoshi J, Kuno A, Sugai T, Takahashi A, Ito Y, Tsunoda M, Suzuki K, Takénaka A, Sekiguchi T, Umeyama H, Hirabayashi J, Ōmura S. Mechanism by which the lectin actinohivin blocks HIV infection of target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15633-8. [PMID: 19717426 PMCID: PMC2734881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907572106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various lectins have attracted attention as potential microbicides to prevent HIV transmission. Their capacity to bind glycoproteins has been suggested as a means to block HIV binding and entry into susceptible cells. The previously undescribed lectin actinohivin (AH), isolated by us from an actinomycete, exhibits potent in vitro anti-HIV activity by binding to high-mannose (Man) type glycans (HMTGs) of gp120, an envelope glycoprotein of HIV. AH contains 114 aa and consists of three segments, all of which need to show high affinity to gp120 for the anti-HIV characteristic. To generate the needed mechanistic understanding of AH binding to HIV in anticipation of seeking approval for human testing as a microbicide, we have used multiple molecular tools to characterize it. AH showed a weak affinity to Man alpha(1-2)Man, Man alpha(1-2)Man alpha(1-2)Man, of HMTG (Man8 or Man9) or RNase B (which has a single HMTG), but exhibited a strong and highly specific affinity (K(d) = 3.4 x 10(-8) M) to gp120 of HIV, which contains multiple Man8 and/or Man9 units. We have compared AH to an alternative lectin, cyanovirin-N, which did not display similar levels of discrimination between high- and low-density HMTGs. X-ray crystal analysis of AH revealed a 3D structure containing three sugar-binding pockets. Thus, the strong specific affinity of AH to gp120 is considered to be due to multivalent interaction of the three sugar-binding pockets with three HMTGs of gp120 via the "cluster effect" of lectin. Thus, AH is a good candidate for investigation as a safe microbicide to help prevent HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Kuno
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; and
| | | | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaru Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Akio Takénaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sekiguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | | | - Jun Hirabayashi
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Liu Y, Carroll JR, Holt LA, McMahon J, Giomarelli B, Ghirlanda G. Multivalent interactions with gp120 are required for the anti-HIV activity of Cyanovirin. Biopolymers 2009; 92:194-200. [PMID: 19235857 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a cyanobacterial lectin that binds to specific oligomannoses on the surface of gp120, resulting in nanomolar antiviral activity against HIV. In its monomeric form, CV-N contains two functional carbohydrate-binding domains, A and B. When refolded at high concentration, the protein can form a domain-swapped dimer. To clarify the role of multiple-binding sites in CV-N, we previously designed a monomeric mutant, P51G-m4-CVN, in which the binding site on domain A was rendered ineffective by four mutations (m4); in addition, a hinge region mutation (P51G) hinders the formation of a domain swapped dimer. The protein bound gp120 with diminished affinity and was completely inactive against HIV. Here, we present two mutants, DeltaQ50-m4-CVN and S52P-m4-CVN, which fold exclusively as domain-swapped dimers while containing the four mutations that abolish domain A. The dimers contain two intact B domains, thus restoring multivalency. DeltaQ50-m4-CVN and S52P-m4-CVN bind gp120 at low-nanomolar concentrations and recover in part the antiviral activity of wt CV-N. These results indicate that the number of carbohydrate binding domains, rather than their identity, is crucial to CV-N functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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Abstract
Several chronic viral infections (such as HIV and hepatitis C virus) are highly prevalent and are a serious health risk. The adaptation of animal viruses to the human host, as recently exemplified by influenza viruses and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, is also a continuous threat. There is a high demand, therefore, for new antiviral lead compounds and novel therapeutic concepts. In this Review, an original therapeutic concept for suppressing enveloped viruses is presented that is based on a specific interaction of carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) with the glycans present on viral-envelope glycoproteins. This approach may also be extended to other pathogens, including parasites, bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Scanlan CN, Offer J, Zitzmann N, Dwek RA. Exploiting the defensive sugars of HIV-1 for drug and vaccine design. Nature 2007; 446:1038-45. [PMID: 17460665 DOI: 10.1038/nature05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The sustained effort towards developing an antibody vaccine against HIV/AIDS has provided much of our understanding of viral immunology. It is generally accepted that one of the main barriers to antibody neutralization of HIV is the array of protective structural carbohydrates that covers the antigens on the virus's surface. Intriguingly, however, recent findings suggest that these carbohydrates, which have evolved to protect HIV and promote its transmission, are also attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Scanlan
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Xie H, Belogortseva NI, Wu J, Lai WH, Chen CH. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry by a binding domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3070-4. [PMID: 16940103 PMCID: PMC1563519 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01578-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through saliva is extremely low. Several oral components, including secretory immunoglobulin A and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, are known as potential inhibitory agents of HIV oral transmission. Here we examined anti-HIV activity of oral bacterial components. We showed that recombinant protein HGP44 derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the primary infectious agents of periodontitis, was capable of inhibiting HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication. HGP44 bound specifically to HIV-1 gp120 and blocked HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion. These findings suggest that HGP44 of P. gingivalis can inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xie
- School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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38
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Balzarini J. Inhibition of HIV entry by carbohydrate-binding proteins. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:237-47. [PMID: 16569440 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP) can be isolated from a variety of species, including procaryotes (i.e. cyanobacteria), sea corals, algae, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. A number of them, in particular those CBP that show specific recognition for mannose (Man) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are endowed with a remarkable anti-HIV activity in cell culture. The smallest CBP occur as monomeric peptides with a molecular weight of approximately 8.5 kDa. Many others are functionally dimers, trimers or tetramers, and their molecular weight can sometimes largely exceed 50 kDa. CBP can contain 2 to up to 12 carbohydrate-binding sites per single molecule, depending on the nature of the lectin and its oligomerization state. CBP qualify as potential anti-HIV microbicide drugs because they not only inhibit infection of cells by cell-free virus (in some cases in the lower nano- or even subnanomolar range) but they can also efficiently prevent virus transmission from virus-infected cells to uninfected T-lymphocytes. Their most likely mechanism of antiviral action is the interruption of virus entry (i.e. fusion) into its target cell. CBP presumably act by direct binding to the glycans that are abundantly present on the HIV-1 gp120 envelope. They may cross-link several glycans during virus/cell interaction and/or freeze the conformation of gp120 consequently preventing further interaction with the coreceptor. Several CBP were shown to have a high genetic barrier since multiple (>or=5) glycan deletions in the HIV envelope are necessary to provoke a moderate level of drug resistance. CBP are the prototypes of conceptionally novel chemotherapeutics with a unique mechanism of antiviral action, drug resistance profile and an intrinsic capacity to trigger a specific immune response against HIV strains after glycan deletions on their envelope occur in an attempt to escape CBP drug pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Doncel G, Mauck C. Vaginal microbicides: a novel approach to preventing sexual transmission of HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2005; 1:25-32. [PMID: 16091220 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-004-0004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The AIDS epidemic continues its unrelentless expansion. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, there are more than 40 million people living with HIV, and more than 15,000 new infections occur every day. One approach to curbing HIV is the development of topical microbicidal agents or microbicides. These are compounds designed to protect the body's mucosal surfaces from infection by sexually transmitted disease-causing pathogens, including HIV. Several candidates are in preclinical stages; however, only a handful have been tested in humans for safety, and even fewer are ready for clinical efficacy trials. In this update, we describe microbicide research and development, including preclinical screening algorithms, ideal properties, compounds in the pipeline, and future prospects. This review is based on a previous work, which has been updated to contain new information, especially regarding microbicide candidates in preclinical and clinical stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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Takahashi A, Inokoshi J, Chiba H, Omura S, Tanaka H. Essential regions for antiviral activities of actinohivin, a sugar-binding anti-human immunodeficiency virus protein from an actinomycete. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 437:233-40. [PMID: 15850563 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Actinohivin (AH) is a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protein that consists of highly conserved three-tandem repeats (segments 1, 2, and 3). The molecular target of AH in its anti-HIV activity is high-mannose-type saccharide chains of HIV gp120. This article deals with sequence requirements for the anti-HIV activity of AH. The deleted or substituted DNAs encoding AH or His-AH were prepared using mutagenic oligonucleotide primers in PCR. The mutant constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the activities of the recombinant protein products were examined by a syncytium-formation assay system that mimics anti-HIV activity. The single segment mutant His-AHs showed no anti-syncytium-formation activity, but the mutant His-AHs, which consists of 2 or 3 segments, retained reduced activities. His-AH(6-114) dramatically reduced the anti-syncytium-formation activity to that of His-AH(36-114) or His-AH(I5A). Furthermore, His-AH(Q33A), His-AH(Q71A), and His-AH(Q109A) in which glutamine residues were substituted into alanine showed reduced activities of 1/20, 1/10, and 1/30, respectively, in anti-syncytium formation compared with His-AH. These results indicate that three segments of AH are necessary for potent anti-syncytium-formation activity-that is, for potent anti-HIV activity and the cooperated involvement of each segment of AH increased the AH-gp120 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takahashi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Shiomi K, Matsui R, Isozaki M, Chiba H, Sugai T, Yamaguchi Y, Masuma R, Tomoda H, Chiba T, Yan H, Kitamura Y, Sugiura W, Omura S, Tanaka H. Fungal Phenalenones Inhibit HIV-1 Integrase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2005; 58:65-8. [PMID: 15813183 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2005.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A phenalenone compound, atrovenetinone methyl acetal, was isolated from a culture broth of Penicillium sp. FKI-1463 as an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor, and it showed anti-HIV activity in vitro. HIV-1 integrase inhibition and anti-HIV activity of two other natural phenalenones were also studied. Among the tested compounds, funalenone inhibited HIV-1 integrase with an IC50 value of 10 microM and showed the best selectivity (anti-HIV, IC50=1.7 microM; cytotoxicity, IC50=87 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuro Shiomi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Bewley CA, Cai M, Ray S, Ghirlando R, Yamaguchi M, Muramoto K. New carbohydrate specificity and HIV-1 fusion blocking activity of the cyanobacterial protein MVL: NMR, ITC and sedimentation equilibrium studies. J Mol Biol 2004; 339:901-14. [PMID: 15165858 PMCID: PMC2650105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins that bind their carbohydrate ligands with high affinity are rare and therefore of interest because they expand our understanding of carbohydrate specificity and the structural requirements that lead to high-affinity interactions. Here, we use NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry techniques to determine carbohydrate specificity and affinities for a novel cyanobacterial protein, MVL, and show that MVL binds oligomannosides such as Man(6)GlcNAc(2) with sub-micromolar affinities. The amino acid sequence of MVL contains two homologous repeats, each comprising 54 amino acid residues. Using multi-dimensional NMR techniques, we show that MVL contains two novel carbohydrate recognition domains composed of four non-contiguous regions comprising approximately 15 amino acid residues each, and that these residues make numerous intermolecular contacts with their carbohydrate ligands. NMR screening of a comprehensive panel of di-, tri-, and high-mannose oligosaccharides establish that high-affinity binding requires at least the presence of a discrete conformation presented by Manbeta(1-->4)GlcNAc in the context of larger oligomannosides. As shown by sedimentation equilibrium and gel-filtration experiments, MVL is a monodisperse dimer in solution, and NMR data establish that the three-dimensional structure must be symmetric. MVL inhibits HIV-1 Envelope-mediated cell fusion with an IC(50) value of approximately 30 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chiba H, Inokoshi J, Nakashima H, Omura S, Tanaka H. Actinohivin, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus protein from an actinomycete, inhibits viral entry to cells by binding high-mannose type sugar chains of gp120. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:203-10. [PMID: 15003531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We searched human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry inhibitors and found a novel anti-HIV protein, actinohivin (AH), in a culture filtrate of the newly discovered genus actinomycete Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov. This paper deals with the mechanism of action of the anti-HIV activity of AH. AH exhibited potent anti-HIV activities against various strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2. AH bound to the glycoprotein gp120 of various strains of HIV-1 and gp130 of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), but did not bind to non-glycosylated gp120 nor to cells having CD4 and coreceptors, suggesting that AH inhibits viral entry to cells by binding to the envelope glycoprotein. The investigation of the effects of various sugars on AH-gp120 binding by ELISA revealed that yeast mannan alone strongly inhibited the binding (IC50 = 3.0 microg/ml). Experiments investigating the binding of AH to other glycoproteins revealed that AH binds to ribonuclease B and thyroglobulin that have a high-mannose type saccharide chain, but not to other glycoproteins having a N-glycoside type saccharide chain. The above results indicate that high-mannose type saccharide chains of gp120 are molecular targets of AH in its anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Chiba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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44
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Exploitation of New Microbial Resources for Bioactive Compounds and Discovery of New Actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.3209/saj.18_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Matsumoto A, Takahashi Y, Shinose M, Seino A, Iwai Y, Ōmura S. Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1553-1559. [PMID: 13130047 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel actinomycete strain was isolated from a soil sample collected in Japan by using gellan gum as a solidifying agent. Spore-chains from the short sporophores were straight and each had more than 20 spores per chain. Spores possessed no motility. Cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid; whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose and xylose. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan was glycolyl. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H(4)) and MK-10(H(6)); MK-10(H(8)) was a minor component. Mycolic acids were not detected. The diagostic phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Cellular fatty acids included heptadecenoic (C(17 : 1)), 14-methylpentadecanoic (i-C(16 : 0)) and octadecenoic (C(18 : 1)) acids. The G+C content of the DNA was 70 mol%. On the basis of morphogical and chemotaxonomic properties and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence data, it is proposed that this strain should be classified in a novel genus and species, Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov., in the family MICROMONOSPORACEAE: The type strain is K97-0003(T) (=NRRL B-24201(T)=JCM 11711(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Matsumoto
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yōko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shinose
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Akio Seino
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Iwai
- The Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- The Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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46
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Takahashi Y, Omura S. Isolation of new actinomycete strains for the screening of new bioactive compounds. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2003; 49:141-54. [PMID: 12949697 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.49.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to facilitate the discovery of novel bioactive compounds from microorganisms, various techniques for isolation of new actinomycete strains have been attempted. Studies of the vertical distribution of actinomycetes in soil, isolation of actinomycetes from desert soils or fallen leaves, selective isolation of Kitasatospora strains using novobiocin or Actinoplanes strains using the chemotactic method, and the use of gellan gum as a solidifying agent were carried out. We discovered 9 novel bioactive compounds from actinomycete strains isolated under unusual conditions, and proposed two new genera, five new species and one new subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yōko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, and The Kitasato Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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47
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Inokoshi J, Chiba H, Asanuma S, Takahashi A, Omura S, Tanaka H. Molecular cloning of actinohivin, a novel anti-HIV protein from an actinomycete, and its expression in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:1261-5. [PMID: 11243871 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Syncytium-inducing variants of the HIV-1 virus are correlated with poor diagnosis and rapid disease progression. We have recently discovered a novel anti-HIV protein, referred to as actinohivin, that inhibits syncytium formation. Here we describe the cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding actinohivin from the actinomycete strain K97-0003, and its expression in Escherichia coli. The actinohivin gene was located on a 0.8-kb BamHI fragment of genomic DNA. The fragment contained an open reading frame of 480 bp, which encoded a protein of 160 amino acids with calculated molecular weight of 17492.7. The N-terminal region was found to be a typical signal peptide of prokaryotes, and actinohivin was located at amino acid positions 46-160. The actinohivin gene could be expressed in E. coli using a pET30Xa/LIC expression vector and the purified recombinant actinohivin was found to inhibit syncytium formation to a similar extent as actinohivin from its natural source.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Inokoshi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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