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Tang LT, Ran XQ, Mao N, Zhang FP, Niu X, Ruan YQ, Yi FL, Li S, Wang JF. Analysis of alternative splicing events by RNA sequencing in the ovaries of Xiang pig at estrous and diestrous. Theriogenology 2018; 119:60-68. [PMID: 29982137 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism for controlling gene expression, which regulates multiple biological processes in higher organisms. Chinese indigenous Xiang pig has distinctive biological characteristics, such as small size, early sexual maturity, lower litter size and not very clear exhibition of estrous behaviors. To further understand how AS responds to estrous cycles in Xiang pig, the genome-wide analysis of AS events was performed by RNA-seq method in Xiang pig ovaries at diestrous and estrous. Using ASprofile program, we analyzed twelve basic AS events in Xiang pig ovaries and identified 68,775 AS events in 15,142 genes from diestrous ovaries and 69,493 AS events in 15,291 genes from the estrous ovaries with average 4.54 splicing events. 94.4-95.5% of expressed genes underwent alternative splicing in this tissues. The frequencies of AS events were similar to each other at diestrous and estrous. Transcription start site (TSS) was the predominant type of AS events, followed by transcription terminal site (TTS), and skipped exon (SKIP). The remaining type of AS events, e.g., intron retention (IR) and alternative exon ends (AE), showed the lower frequencies. Further comparison analysis of gene expression indicated that 4,433 genes had at least one splice variant differentially expressed during estrous, whereas only 2,382 of them were differentially expressed at gene level. Numerous genes involved in gonad development and hormone metabolism were differentially regulated through AS. Twelve genes with different types of alternatively splicing were validated by using RT-PCR method. The GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis clearly revealed that a lot of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and DSGs (differentially spliced genes) were involved in follicular development and ovarian steroid biosynthesis. A large number of DSGs, although not differentially expressed, were enriched in circadian rhythm and several signaling pathways. These pathways potentially regulated the female animal reproductive function in gene and/or AS level. Our results suggested that alternative splicing play an essential role in regulation of gene expression in female pigs during estrous. Numerous genes involved in gonad development, hormone metabolism, circadian rhythm were differentially regulated through alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ting Tang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xue-Qin Ran
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Ning Mao
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fu-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xi Niu
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi-Qi Ruan
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fan-Li Yi
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia-Fu Wang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering / College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Tongren University, Tongren, China.
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Olson DM. The Promise of Prostaglandins: Have They Fulfilled Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets for the Delay of Preterm Birth? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:466-78. [PMID: 16202923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The elucidation some 30 years ago by Sir Mont Liggins that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-placental axis in fetal sheep led to elevated maternal prostaglandin (PG) concentrations and the initiation of labor provided hope that targeting PG synthesis or action would lead to effective tocolysis and lowering of the human preterm birth rate. This was the "promise of PGs." METHODS AND RESULTS Although early trials showed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit PG H synthase (PGHS), delayed preterm birth by 48 hours, other trials revealed an association between NSAIDs and adverse fetal effects, including oligohydramnios, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Hope was revived when studies in the mid 1990s demonstrated that much of the PGs synthesized by intrauterine tissues at preterm labor were derived from the inducible isoenzyme PGHS-2. Unfortunately, administration of specific PGHS-2 inhibitors led to the same adverse fetal effects displayed by the mixed PGHS-1 and -2 NSAIDs, causing interest in the promise of PGs to wane. This led to the development of new strategies for specific PG inhibition or antagonism. One of these is the application of a specific PGF2alpha receptor blocker, Theratechnologies (THG)113.31. THG113.31 decreases the in vitro contractile activity of mouse, sheep, and human myometrium in response to exogenous PGF2alpha, delays lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm birth in mice, and lowers uterine electromyographic activity and delays preterm birth in sheep administered RU486. There have been no observable maternal or fetal side effects with its use. CONCLUSION By developing new strategies based on other therapeutic targets, the promise of PGs may once again offer hope for delaying preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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de Moraes CN, Maia L, de Lima PF, Dias MC, Raposo-Ferreira TMM, Sudano MJ, Junior JB, Oba E. Temporal analysis of prostaglandin F2α receptor, caspase 3, and cyclooxygenase 2 messenger RNA expression and prostaglandin F2α receptor and cyclooxygenase 2 protein expression in endometrial tissue from multiparous Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) cows treated with cloprostenol sodium during puerperium. Theriogenology 2014; 83:276-84. [PMID: 25442016 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of cloprostenol sodium in puerperium is questionable, as both favorable and unfavorable responses during the uterine involution process have been reported in the literature. This study is based on the hypothesis that cloprostenol sodium promotes modifications in the prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP), caspase 3 (CASP-3), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression that may favor the process of postpartum uterine involution in multiparous Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) females. Additionally, we aimed to describe the presence and immunolocalization of the FP and COX-2 protein in endometrial tissue at different postpartum time points in these females. Multiparous Nelore cows (n = 24) were treated with cloprostenol sodium (n = 12) or saline solution (n = 12) on postpartum Days 1 and 4 (Day 0 = birth), and endometrial biopsies were performed with a Yomann biopsy instrument and collected on Days 1, 7, 14, 28, and 42 postpartum. The mRNA expression from samples on the Days 1, 7, 14, 28, and 42 and the protein expression from samples on the Days 1, 14, 28, and 42 were then analyzed. The treated cows had altered FP and CASP-3 mRNA expression, and FP and COX-2 protein were observed in the endometrial surface epithelium, the stroma, and the glandular epithelium, with cytoplasmic immunolocalization. Although we attribute the change in CASP-3 mRNA expression to physiological phenomena, the results obtained for FP mRNA expression opens new doors for the study of hormonal protocols associated with cloprostenol sodium in the puerperium of Zebu females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N de Moraes
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Maia
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula F de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne C Dias
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus J Sudano
- Laboratory of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Federal University of Pampa-UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José B Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eunice Oba
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Shirasuna K, Akabane Y, Beindorff N, Nagai K, Sasaki M, Shimizu T, Bollwein H, Meidan R, Miyamoto A. Expression of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor and its isoforms in the bovine corpus luteum during the estrous cycle and PGF2α-induced luteolysis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:227-38. [PMID: 22560179 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) induces luteolysis via a specific receptor, PTGFR. Although PTGFR mRNA expression in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) has been studied previously, changes in PTGFR protein and its localization are not fully understood during the life span of the CL. In addition to full-length PTGFR, several types of PTGFR isoforms, such as PTGFRα (type I) and PTGFRζ (type II), were reported in the bovine CL, suggesting isoform-specific luteal action. Full-length PTGFR mRNA in the bovine CL increased from the early to the mid-luteal phase and decreased during luteolysis, whereas PTGFR protein remained stable. PTGFR protein was localized to both luteal and endothelial cells and was expressed similarly during the life span of the CL. Like full-length PTGFR mRNA, PTGFRα and PTGFRζ mRNA also increased from the early to mid-luteal phases, and mRNA of PTGFRζ, but not PTGFRα, decreased in the regressing CL. During PGF2α-induced luteolysis, the mRNAs of full-length PTGFR, PTGFR,α and PTGFRζ decreased rapidly (from 5 or 15 min after PGF2α injection), but PTGFR protein decreased only 12 h later. Silencing full-length PTGFR using small interfering RNA prevented PGF2α-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2) mRNA induction. By contrast, PGF2α could stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA even when full-length PTGFR was knocked down, thus suggesting that PGF2α may stimulate PTGS2 via full-length PTGFR, whereas VEGFA is stimulated via other PTGFR isoforms. Collectively, PTGFR protein was expressed continually in the bovine CL during the estrous cycle, implying that PGF2α could function throughout this period. Additionally, the bovine CL expresses different PTGFR isoforms, and thus PGF2α may have different effects when acting via full-length PTGFR or via PTGFR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shirasuna
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Córdoba-Chacón J, Gahete MD, Durán-Prado M, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Truncated somatostatin receptors as new players in somatostatin-cortistatin pathophysiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1220:6-15. [PMID: 21388399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) and cortistatin (CORT) act through a family of seven transmembrane domain (TMD) receptors (sst1-5) to govern multiple functions, from growth hormone (GH) secretion to neurotransmission, metabolic homeostasis, gastrointestinal and immune function, and tumor cell growth. Thus, SST analogs are used to treat endocrine/tumoral pathologies. Yet, some SST/CORT actions cannot be explained by their interaction with known ssts. We recently identified novel sst5 variants in human, pig, mouse, and rat that lack one or more TMDs and display unique molecular/functional features: they exhibit distinct tissue distribution, divergent responses to SST/CORT, and intracellular localization as opposed to the typical plasma-membrane distribution of full-length ssts. When coexpressed in the same cell, truncated sst5 variants colocalize and physically interact with full-length ssts, providing a molecular basis to disrupt normal sst2/sst5 functioning. This may explain the inverse correlation between hsst5TMD4 expression in pituitary tumors and octreotide responsiveness in acromegaly. Discovery of these new truncated sst5 variants provides novel insights on SST/CORT/sst pathophysiology and suggests new research avenues for the therapeutic potential of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Córdoba-Chacón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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7
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Hay A, Wood S, Olson D, Slater DM. Labour is associated with decreased expression of the PGF2alpha receptor (PTGFR) and a novel PTGFR splice variant in human myometrium but not decidua. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:752-60. [PMID: 20519365 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostaglandin F(2α) receptor (PTGFR) is believed to play a role in the process of parturition. The main support for this comes from animal studies; however, in humans, the evidence is less clear. The gene coding for PTGFR may be subject to alternative splicing to generate alternate variants with different signalling pathways. We have determined regional (upper versus lower segment) and labour-associated expression of PTGFR mRNA and a recently identified splice variant of PTGFR in human myometrium and decidua. We also examined the effect of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on PTGFR mRNA expression in a model of cultured human myometrial smooth muscle cells. We identified a PTGFR transcript variant 2 (PTGFR-v2) generated by alternate splicing in human myometrium and decidua. The PTGFR-v2 contains an additional 71 base pair exon, which results in a truncated protein at 297 amino acids compared with the PTGFR transcript variant 1 (PTGFR-v1) at 359 amino acids. In contrast to our hypothesis, we demonstrate that PTGFR-v1 and PTGFR-v2 mRNA expression is not significantly higher in upper segment compared with lower segment paired samples. We also show a labour-associated decrease in PTGFR-v1 and PTGFR-v2 mRNA expression in lower segment myometrial samples. IL-1β-stimulated mRNA expression of both PTGFR variants in a distinct time-dependent manner in myometrial cell cultures. We suggest that the role of the PTGFR in the human uterus requires further validation prior to pursuing it as a target for the treatment of preterm labour. In addition, the presence of distinct variants suggests further levels of gene regulation within the pregnant uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Rada T, Ribeiro LA, Forni M, Bacci ML. Prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor (FPr) expression on porcine corpus luteum microvascular endothelial cells (pCL-MVECs). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:31. [PMID: 17659079 PMCID: PMC1949401 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland and prostaglandin F2-alpha is considered to be the principal luteolysin in pigs. In this species, the in vivo administration of prostaglandin F2-alpha induces apoptosis in large vessels as early as 6 hours after administration. The presence of the prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor (FPr) on the microvascular endothelial cells (pCL-MVECs) of the porcine corpus luteum has not yet been defined. The aim of the study was to assess FPr expression in pCL-MVECs in the early and mid-luteal phases (EL-p, ML-p), and during pregnancy (P-p). Moreover, the effectiveness of prostaglandin F2-alpha treatment in inducing pCL-MVEC apoptosis was tested. METHODS Porcine CLs were collected in the EL and ML phases and during P-p. All CLs from each animal were minced together and the homogenates underwent enzymatic digestion. The pCL-MVECs were then positively selected by an immunomagnetic separation protocol using Dynabeads coated with anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody and seeded in flasks in the presence of EGM 2-MV (Microvascular Endothelial Cell Medium-2). After 4 days of culture, the cells underwent additional immunomagnetic selection and were seeded in flasks until the confluent stage.PCR Real time, western blot and immunodetection assays were utilized to assess the presence of FPr on pCL-MVEC primary cultures. Furthermore, the influence of culture time (freshly isolated, cultured overnight and at confluence) and hormonal treatment (P4 and E2) on FPr expression in pCL-MVECs was also investigated. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay of pCL-MVECs exposed to prostaglandin F2-alpha. RESULTS We obtained primary cultures of pCL-MVECs from all animals. FPr mRNA and protein levels showed the highest value (ANOVA) in CL-MVECs derived from the early-luteal phase. Moreover, freshly isolated MVECs showed a higher FPr mRNA value than those cultured overnight and confluent cells (ANOVA). prostaglandin F2-alpha treatment failed to induce an apoptotic response in all the pCL-MVEC cultures. CONCLUSION Our data showing the presence of FPr on MVECs and the inability of prostaglandin F2-alpha to evoke an in vitro apoptotic response suggest that other molecules or mechanisms must be considered in order to explain the in vivo direct pro-apoptotic effect of prostaglandin F2-alpha at the endothelial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Rada
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luciana A Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
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Arvisais EW, Romanelli A, Hou X, Davis JS. AKT-independent phosphorylation of TSC2 and activation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling by prostaglandin F2alpha. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26904-13. [PMID: 16816403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605371200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) is an important mediator of corpus luteum (CL) regression, although the cellular signaling events that mediate this process have not been clearly identified. It is established that PGF2alpha binds to a G-proteincoupled receptor (GPCR) to stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf-MEK-Erk signaling in luteal cells. The present experiments were performed to determine whether PGF2alpha stimulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling pathway in steroidogenic luteal cells. We demonstrate that PGF2alpha treatment results in a timeand concentration-dependent stimulation of the phosphorylation and activation of S6K1. The stimulation of S6K1 in response to PGF2alpha treatment was abolished by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Treatment with PGF2alpha did not increase AKT phosphorylation but increased the phosphorylation of Erk and the tumor suppressor protein tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), an upstream regulator of mTOR. The effects of PGF2alpha were mimicked by the PKC activator PMA and inhibited by U0126, a MEK1 inhibitor. The activation of mTOR/S6K1 and putative down stream processes involving the translational apparatus (i.e. 4EBP1 phosphorylation, release of 4EBP1 binding in m(7)G cap binding assays, and the phosphorylation and synthesis of S6) were completely sensitive to treatment with rapamycin, implicating mTOR in the actions of PGF2alpha. Taken together, our data suggest that GPCR activation in response to PGF2alpha stimulates the mTOR pathway which increases the translational machinery in luteal cells. The translation of proteins under the control of mTOR may have implications for luteal development and regression and offer new strategies for therapeutic intervention in PGF2alpha-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Arvisais
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3255, USA
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Hirst JJ, Parkington HC, Young IR, Palliser HK, Peri KG, Olson DM. Delay of preterm birth in sheep by THG113.31, a prostaglandin F2alpha receptor antagonist. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193:256-66. [PMID: 16021088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel prostaglandin F2alpha receptor antagonist, THG113.31, was tested for the suppression of uterine contractility and delay of preterm labor in sheep. STUDY DESIGN We determined the tocolytic effectiveness of THG113.31 on contractions that were stimulated in vitro by prostaglandin F2alpha and E2 in longitudinal and circular myometrial strips. We also tested the ability of THG113.31 in vivo to lower uterine electromyographic activity that was induced by the progesterone receptor blocker, RU486, and to delay preterm birth. RESULTS THG113.31 suppressed the amplitude of prostaglandin F2alpha, but not prostaglandin E2-induced contractions of both circular and longitudinal myometrium (P<.01). The times to delivery after RU486 were 34.8+/-1.1 hours (saline solution) and 41.9+/-0.5 hours (THG113.31; P<.001) or an average delay of 7.1 hours. There were no changes in fetal blood gases (PaO2 , PaCO2 , pH, or SaO2) because of THG113.31. Fetal cortisol levels rose in each group, and fetal and maternal prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha metabolite concentrations rose similarly in both groups. CONCLUSION THG113.31 specifically suppresses prostaglandin F2alpha-induced myometrial contractility and delays delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hirst
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Scott G, Jacobs S, Leopardi S, Anthony FA, Learn D, Malaviya R, Pentland A. Effects of PGF2alpha on human melanocytes and regulation of the FP receptor by ultraviolet radiation. Exp Cell Res 2004; 304:407-16. [PMID: 15748887 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are potent lipid hormones that activate multiple signaling pathways resulting in regulation of cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the skin, prostaglandins are rapidly released by keratinocytes following ultraviolet radiation and are chronically present in inflammatory skin lesions. We have shown previously that melanocytes, which provide photoprotection to keratinocytes through the production of melanin, express several receptors for prostaglandins, including the PGE2 receptors EP1 and EP3 and the PGF2alpha receptor FP, and that PGF2alpha stimulates melanocyte dendricity. We now show that PGF2alpha stimulates the activity and expression of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis. Analysis of FP receptor regulation showed that the FP receptor is regulated by ultraviolet radiation in melanocytes in vitro and in human skin in vivo. We also show that ultraviolet irradiation stimulates production of PGF2alpha by melanocytes. These results show that PGF2alpha binding to the FP receptor activates signals that stimulate a differentiated phenotype (dendricity and pigmentation) in melanocytes. The regulation of the FP receptor and the stimulation of production of PGF2alpha in melanocytes in response to ultraviolet radiation suggest that PGF2alpha could act as an autocrine factor for melanocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Scott
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box 697, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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12
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Vielhauer GA, Fujino H, Regan JW. Cloning and localization of hFPS: a six-transmembrane mRNA splice variant of the human FP prostanoid receptor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 421:175-85. [PMID: 14984197 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
FP prostanoid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that mediate the actions of prostaglandin F2alpha. Two isoforms, designated FP(A) and FP(B), have been previously described. We now report the cloning of a FP receptor mRNA alternative splice variant from human heart and placenta cDNA, named hFP(S). The cDNA encoding hFP(S) has a 71 bp insert that produces a frame shift resulting in a truncated receptor lacking transmembrane-7 and the intracellular carboxyl tail. This 71 bp sequence has been identified as a distinct exon localized in the human FP receptor gene on chromosome one. Northern blot analysis suggests that hFPs is expressed in skeletal muscle as well as human heart and placenta. Immunohistochemical microscopy showed positive immunoreactivity on vascular endothelial, trophoblast, and decidual cells from human placenta. hFPs represents the first confirmed alternative splice variant of the human FP prostanoid receptor gene, however, its function is presently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vielhauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
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Olson DM, Zaragoza DB, Shallow MC, Cook JL, Mitchell BF, Grigsby P, Hirst J. Myometrial activation and preterm labour: evidence supporting a role for the prostaglandin F receptor--a review. Placenta 2003; 24 Suppl A:S47-54. [PMID: 12842413 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the myometrial expression of the prostaglandin (PG) receptors, and especially the PGF(2alpha) receptor (FP), may be an important component of the process initiating preterm labour. In this review of the literature and presentation of new possibilities, evidence will be discussed that demonstrates an increase in mouse uterine FP mRNA occurs at preterm birth whereas uterine PGF(2alpha) concentrations do not increase, suggesting elevated uterine receptor expression and sensitivity is a mechanism for preterm labour initiation. The first examination of the complete human myometrial FP promoter will be described and evidence presented that demonstrates the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta, stimulates FP mRNA expression. Finally new data showing that administration of a specific FP antagonist delays preterm birth in sheep will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Olson
- The Perinatal Research Centre, the CIHR Group in Perinatal Health and Disease, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Abstract
Prostanoids are a group of lipid mediators that include the prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (TX). Upon cell stimulation, prostanoids are synthesized from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and released outside the cells to exert various physiological and pathological actions in a variety of tissues and cells. The activities of prostanoids are mediated by specific G protein-coupled receptors, which have been classified on the basis of pharmacological experiments into eight types and subtypes according to their responsiveness to selective agonists and antagonists. These prostanoid receptors have been cloned from various species including human, and their distinct binding properties and signal transduction pathways have been characterized by analyses of cells expressing each receptor. Furthermore, the distribution patterns of prostanoid receptor mRNAs have been determined in tissues and cells for various species. This information is useful for understanding the molecular basis of the pathophysiological actions of prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
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